ESE 2020

UPSC ENGINEERING SERVICES EXAMINATION

Preliminary Examination

General Studies and

Engineering Aptitude

Information and Communication

Technologies (ICT)

Comprehensive Theory with Practice Questions

and ESE Solved Questions

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ESE 2020 Preliminary Examination :

Information and Communication Technologies (ICT)
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Preface
The compilation of this book Information and
Communication Technologies was motivated by the
desire to provide a concise book which can benefit
students to understand the concepts of this specific topic
of General Studies and Engineering Aptitude section.

This textbook provides all the requirements of the

students, i.e. comprehensive coverage of theory,
fundamental concepts and objective type questions
articulated in a lucid language. The concise presentation will help the
readers grasp the theory of this subject with clarity and apply them with ease to solve objective
questions quickly. This book not only covers the syllabus of ESE in a holistic manner but is also
useful for many other competitive examinations. All the topics are given the emphasis they deserve
so that mere reading of the book clarifies all the concepts.

We have put in our sincere efforts to present detailed theory and MCQs without compromising the
accuracy of answers. For the interest of the readers, some notes, do you know and interesting facts
are given in the comprehensive manner. At the end of each chapter, sets of practice question are
given with their keys, that will allow the readers to evaluate their understanding of the topics and
sharpen their question solving skills.

Our team has made their best efforts to remove all possible errors of any kind. Nonetheless, we would
highly appreciate and acknowledge if you find and share with us any printing and conceptual errors.

It is impossible to thank all the individuals who helped us, but we would like to sincerely thank all
the authors, editors and reviewers for putting in their efforts to publish this book.

With Best Wishes

B. Singh
CMD, MADE EASY
Information and Communication Technologies
Chapter 1
Introduction to ICT............................................... 1
1.1 Overview of ICT........................................................1
1.2 Measuring ICT...........................................................2
1.3 ICT and Development............................................2
1.4 ICT Targets..................................................................3
1.5 Technology Mapping with ICT...........................4
1.6 Impact of ICT.............................................................5
1.7 Advantages and Disadvantages of ICT............5
1.8 ICT Challenges..........................................................6
1.9 ICT in Daily Life.........................................................8
Objective Brain Teasers........................................ 10
Chapter 2
ICT Based Tools................................................... 11
2.1 Computer................................................................ 12
2.2 Computer Generations....................................... 12
2.2.1 First Generation of Computers
(1945-1955)............................................... 13
2.2.2 Second Generation of Computers
(1955-1965)............................................... 13
2.2.3 Third Generation of Computers
(1965-1975)............................................... 14
2.2.4 Fourth Generation of Computers
(1975-1989)............................................... 14
2.2.5 Fifth Generation of Computers
(1989-till date).......................................... 15
2.3 Types of Computers............................................ 15
2.3.1 Personal Computers.............................. 15
2.3.2 Workstation............................................... 16
2.3.3 Mini Computer......................................... 16
2.3.4 Mainframe................................................. 17
2.3.5 Super Computer...................................... 17
2.4 Structure of Computer....................................... 18
2.4.1 Input Unit.................................................. 19
2.4.2 Central Processing Unit (CPU)............ 24
2.4.3 Output Unit............................................... 25
2.5 Computer Memory.............................................. 30
2.5.1 CPU Registers........................................... 31
Contents
2.5.2 Cache Memory......................................... 31
2.5.3 Primary Memory (Main memory)..... 31
2.5.4 Secondary Memory................................ 33
2.6 Motherboard.......................................................... 34
2.7 Computer Ports..................................................... 35
2.8 Hardware and Software..................................... 36
2.8.1 Other Types of Software....................... 37
2.9 Programming Languages.................................. 37
2.9.1 Classification of Programing
Languages................................................. 38
2.9.2 Assembly Language.............................. 39
2.9.3 Assembler.................................................. 39
2.9.4 Emulator..................................................... 39
2.9.5 High Level Language............................. 39
2.9.6 Some Important Programing
Languages................................................. 40
Objective Brain Teasers........................... 42
Chapter 3
Communication.................................................. 46
3.1 Mobile Communication..................................... 46
3.1.1 Multiple Access Techniques................ 46
3.1.2 Mobile Generation Technologies...... 47
3.2 Television (TV) Communication...................... 50
3.3 Satellite Communication................................... 52
3.3.1 Active and Passive Satellites............... 52
3.3.2 Satellite Orbit........................................... 53
3.3.3 Satellite Applications............................. 53
3.3.4 Satellite Bands Spectrum..................... 53
3.3.5 Geostationary and
Geosynchronous Satellite.................... 54
3.3.6 Global navigation Satellite
System (GNSS).......................................... 54
3.3.7 Satellite based Augmentation........... 55
Objective Brain Teasers........................... 57
Chapter 4
Networking ........................................................ 60
4.1 Introduction........................................................... 60
4.2 Protocols and Standards.................................... 61
4.3 Standards Organizations................................... 62
4.4 Switching Techniques......................................... 63
4.5 Transmission Bandwidth Allocation.............. 64
4.6 Transmission Media............................................. 64
4.6.1 Bounded or Guided Media.................. 65
4.6.2 Unbounded or Unguided Media....... 66
4.7 Transmission Modes............................................ 66
4.8 Network devices................................................... 68
4.9 Network Topologies............................................ 71
4.10 Types of Network and Connections.............. 74
4.10.1 Personal Area Network (PAN)............. 75
4.10.2 Local Area Network (LAN).................... 75
4.10.3 Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)......77
4.10.4 Wide Area Network (WAN).................. 77
4.10.5 Internet....................................................... 77
4.10.6 Network Connections........................... 78
4.11 Network Models................................................... 78
4.11.1 The OSI Model.......................................... 79
4.11.2 The TCP/IP Model.................................... 81
4.12 Internet and E-mail Protocols.......................... 82
4.12.1 Internet Protocol (IP)............................. 82
4.12.2 E-mail Protocols....................................... 83
4.13 Wireless Technologies......................................... 84
4.13.1 Wi-Fi............................................................. 84
4.13.2 WiMAX........................................................ 85
4.13.3 Bluetooth................................................... 85
4.13.4 Zigbee......................................................... 86
4.13.5 NFC............................................................... 86
4.13.6 RFID.............................................................. 87
4.14 Recent Advancements Related to
Networking............................................................. 87
4.14.1 Li-Fi............................................................... 87
4.14.2 White-Fi...................................................... 88
4.14.3 Project Loon.............................................. 88
4.14.4 Internet of Things (IoT)......................... 89
4.15 Cloud Computing................................................ 89
4.15.1 Meaning of Cloud Computing........... 90
4.15.2 Cloud Computing Architecture......... 90
4.15.3 Essential characteristics of
Cloud Computing................................... 91
4.15.4 Cloud Services......................................... 92
4.15.5 Cloud Service Models............................ 92
4.15.6 Cloud Delivery Models.......................... 95
4.15.7 Severs in the Cloud................................ 96
(v)
4.16 Grid Computing.................................................... 98
4.16.1 Common Features of
Grid Computing...................................... 98
4.16.2 Applications.............................................. 98
4.16.3 Current Development in
Grid Computing...................................... 99
4.16.4 Indian Scenario........................................ 99
4.17 Audio & Video Compression ............................ 99
4.18 Web .....................................................................100
4.18.1 WWW.........................................................100
4.18.2 HTML.........................................................102
4.18.3 XML............................................................102
4.18.4 HTTP..........................................................103
4.18.5 URL.............................................................103
4.18.6 Domain Names......................................103
4.18.7 DNS (Domain Name Service)............104
4.18.8 Web Browsers.........................................105
4.18.9 Web Service............................................105
4.18.10 SOAP.......................................................105
4.19 Network Security................................................106
4.19.1 Cryptography.........................................106
4.19.2 Digital Signature...................................107
4.19.3 Communication Security...................107
4.19.4 E-mail Security.......................................108
4.19.5 Web Security...........................................108
4.19.6 Social Security........................................108
4.19.7 Security Threats.....................................109
4.20 IT Act .....................................................................110
Objective Brain Teasers......................................113
Chapter 5
e-Governance ................................................... 116
5.1 Introduction.........................................................116
5.2 Smart Governance.............................................116
5.3 Types of Interactions in e-Governance.......116
5.3.1 G2G (Government to Government).. 116
5.3.2 G2C (Government to Citizen)...........117
5.3.3 C2G (Citizen to Government)...........118
5.3.4 G2B (Government to Business)........118
5.3.5 G2E (Government to Employee)......119
5.4 Objectives of e-Governance...........................119
5.5 Strategies for e-Governance..........................120
5.6 Advantages for e-Governance.......................121
5.7 Challenges in e-Governance..........................122
5.8 Disadvantages in e-Governance...................122
5.9 National e-Governance Plan (NeGP)...........123
5.9.1 Implementation Strategy for NeGP... 123
5.9.2 Components of NeGP.........................124
5.9.3 NeGP 2.0 - e-Kranti...............................131
5.10 Digital India..........................................................134
5.10.1 Approach to Digital India Programme.135
5.10.2 Management Structure of the
Digital India Programme....................135
5.10.3 Pillars of Digital India...........................136
5.10.4 Agencies for Implementatio
of the Digital India Initiatives...........139
5.10.5 Some Digital India Initiatives............144
Objective Brain Teasers.........................161
Chapter 6
Technology Based Education .......................... 166
6.1 Introduction.........................................................166
6.2 Objectives of ICT in Education......................166
6.2.1 Smart Learning......................................166
6.2.2 e-learning................................................169
6.3 A Continum of a Approach.............................173
6.4 ICT in Schools......................................................173
6.5 ICT Enabled Teaching-Learing Processes...174
6.6 ICT for Children with Special Need..............174
6.7 ICT for Open and Distance Learning...........174
6.8 ICT for School Management...........................175
6.9 School Management Information
System (School MIS).........................................175
6.10 Tools Used for ICT in Education.....................175
6.11 Advantage of ICT in Education......................176
6.12 Limitation of ICT in Education.......................176
6.13 ICT in India: Government initiatives............177
6.13.1 National Mission on
Education through ICT (NMEICT)....177
6.13.2 E-content.................................................178
6.13.3 Other Initiatives.....................................182
Objective Brain Teasers.....................................196
Chapter 7
Recent Development Related to ICT .............. 199
7.1 Quantum Computing.......................................199
7.2 Optical Computing............................................199
7.3 DNA Computing.................................................200
(vi)
7.4 Cryptocurrency...................................................200
7.4.1 Marshall Islands created its
own Digital Cryptocurrency.............201
7.5 Big Data..................................................................201
7.6 Sunway Taihulight..............................................202
7.7 Pratyush.................................................................202
7.8 Aaditya...................................................................202
7.9 PARAM Yuva - II....................................................203
7.10 Net Neutrality......................................................203
7.11 Petya .....................................................................203
7.12 WannaCry..............................................................203
7.13 STUXNET................................................................204
7.14 SAPOSHI: A New Malware
Threat to the Cyberspace................................205
7.15 Intrusion detection system.............................205
7.16 Chronicle - Cyber Security...............................205
7.17 PSLV-C40 Cartosat-2 Series
Satellite Mission..................................................205
7.18 Evolved EDGE Technology..............................206
7.19 SONAR....................................................................206
7.20 LIDAR
.....................................................................206
7.21 RADAR....................................................................207
7.22 Holographic Storage.........................................208
7.23 HVD .....................................................................209
7.24 Holographic Display..........................................209
7.25 Network Virtualization......................................209
7.26 Artificial Intelligence (AI).................................209
7.27 Virtual Reality (VR).............................................210
7.28 Augmented Reality............................................210
7.29 Dye Sublimation printer..................................210
7.30 Machine Learning..............................................211
7.31 Automation..........................................................211
7.32 Aadhaar..................................................................211
7.33 eMulazim...............................................................212
7.34 EduBOSS................................................................212
7.35 Rich Site Summary.............................................212
7.36 Exocortex...............................................................212
7.37 Smart Speaker.....................................................213
7.38 Networked Readiness Index...........................213
7.39 Internet Readiness Index.................................213
7.40 ICT Development Index...................................213
Objective Brain Teasers......................................214
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