GAS ‘Specification, % ‘Methane 93.05 Ethane 347 Nitrogen 167 Carbon dioxide ogi Propane 0.66 mebutane 0.2 butane 0.08 n-hexane 0.06 pentane 0.04 n-pentane 0.03 Oxygen 0.01 100.00 Calculate: a) Sexcess air 'b) complete analysis of the exhaust gases assuming complete combustion of CNS ‘¢) Volume of the fuel tank per 1 kg-mole of CNG 4) Km that 1kg-mole of CNG can run ifthe estimated mileage is 3.4 km/L Basis: 100 kg-moles CNG Air 30, 1atm ssi AH 16% ‘sts co: O66 Cate ORK ms 2.08% FCs Gas a atc ath mol; ch 93.05 372.2 Gite 6982082 % CO; O8136 Gtk 0.66 1985.28 Gy = 012 04B a. Hite 0080328. MGHy 006 = 036.84 HH, 0082 0.48 MGHy 0.03 0.15036 o 0.01 0.01 Total "100 10429 40198 0.82 ‘Theo 0, = 104.29 + 401.98/4 -0.82 = 203.965 1 273440 m3CNG = (100) x 224 =*. G = (100) x224 x55 x = 295356 im? wet air = 2853,56/0.10 = 28535.6 At30re exp (73.649 ~ 7582 7.3037 In(7) 44.1653 x 10-87?) x Te 760 ~ 31.5894 Moles Dry Air = (1147.78) x92 31.5008) _ 1497.23 760 1,0 from air = 1147.78 - 1107.23 = 40.55 3 from air = 0.21 x 1107.23 = 232.52 Na from air = 0.79 x 1107.23 = 874.71 23252 - 203.965 % Excess air = ————————> x 100 = 14 Ans 203.965, 0; formed = at C= 104,29 Free Op = Xss O; = 232.52 -203.965 = 28.555 Nz= Ne from air +N in fuel = 874.71 + 1.67 = 876.38 H,0 = H,0 from air + H,0 formed = 40.55 + 401.98/2 = ©). Complete Analysis of Exhaust Gas37 GAS mole co, 10829834 eS oo 28.555 2.28 Ny 876.38 70.07 HO 24154 :19.31 1250.76, 4) smteneg (100) x 224 x LOSI,» 27S AO con edond) 275 - 0026 kgmole 100 €) Mileage/kgmol = 0.026 x 1000 x 3.4 = 88.5 km sroce CALCULATIONS BASED ON FLUE GAS ANALYSIS (CASE I!) 2.6 2) Ifthe Np in the fuel is negligible, the Ns in the flue gas may be ‘assumed to be all coming from air. b) Excess O, may be computed as: ah SH, 8501 =freeO: -(CO/2)-(2/2) I (0p unaccounted for. This 2 was used to burn H, to ce water is not included in the orsat analysis. ¢) An 0; balance will determine the nal, all the Carbon in the fuel water, and was not accounted sin d) When losses ‘of combustible matter such as soot are st ‘are accounted for in the stack gas. from air for combustion. ¢) The NET HYDROGEN i the hydrogen in the fuel that uses O> .) Is burned with excess air. Orsat analysis ire saturated hydrocarbon (CoHzor 1.63% CO, 5.28% O, and no free H:- Example 7. A pur ion shows 9.08% CO>, of the products of combusti Calculate: 1) The formula of the hydrocarbon38 b) % excess air ) kg dry air/kg of hydrocarbon Solution: Basis: 100 kg moles dry stack gas. AIR, Stack Gas 9.08%CO,, 4.63% CO, 5.28% — ee og ruc, | sel hi CHa 40, 5 wozp By difference: % Na in the stack gas= 84.01 0, from air = 84.01 x (21/79) = 22.33 2.33 - (9.08 + .63/2+5.28)=7.16) H+ 0; unaccounted for = net Hy =H, in the fuel 2 =1432 Total at H in the fuel = 14.32x 2=28.64 Total atCin the fuel= 9.08+ 1.63 = 10.71 ac im a atH” 2864” 2n+2 a) Formula of the hydrocarbon: Hs ans Excent b) % Bxcess air = A455 — « 100 = 25 Ans Nupylied Excess Sh © Q sites 7. kg Dry Air _ (84.01 + 22.33)(29) kg Fuel 10.71(12) + 28.64 9.62 Ans39 Example 8. Orsat analysis of the burner gas from the combustion of a gaseous mixture of acetylene and methane shows 9.82% COz, 1.37 % CO, 0.69% Hz, 5.43% O, and 82.69% Nz. Determine: FO Lg He melhone 2) excess ar 'b) Mole % composition of the gaseous fuel. c) m* wet air supplied at 26°C , 765 torrs and 70% RH per kg of fuel Solution: Basis: 100 moles dry burner gas ea Fuel Gals Che Air 20°C mee dad 765 Torrs > et 5.43% O2 0.69% He 70% RH 82.59% Ny 0; from air = 82,69 x (21/79) = 21.98, X's5 Oz = 5.43 -(1.37/2) - (0.69/2) = 4.4 a) % Excess air = (0; unaccounted for = 21.98 - [9.82 + (1.37/2}+ 5.43] = 6.045 ‘Moles net H; burned to water = 6.042 x2 = 12.09 Total moles H, in fuel = 12.09 + 0.69 = 12.78 or 25.56 at H Total at: = 982413721119 Let x= moles CH and y= moles CH,40 | GAS mole atc ath Gh x x coy hoy y 4y xy Dery Ixy Chatance: 2x+y=11.19 H balance: 2x+ ay = 25.56 Solving simultaneously: x=3.2 and y=4.79 | b)% GH = [3.2/(3.244.79)] x 100= 40.05% ANS | CHe = [4.79 / (3.244.79) ] x 100 = 59.95% | ‘At 26°C or F-26273 72582 672) _760 P= exp (73649-2227 0a7ingr) + 4.1653 x 10°67?) TE = 25012 mmHg 25.012(0.1) Moles Water from Air = (21.98 + 82.69) x 7e5—rs01207) ~ >"? ¢ 760 | 273+ 26 Bair (21.98 + 82.69 + 2.452) x 22.4 x: x a TENG 209 ASD) SEA Teg Ae Poe oy Ko fuel FI9CI) +3206) 2.7 CALCULATIONS BASED ON PARTIAL ANALYSIS OF FLUE GAS (CASEI!) 4) From the complete analysis of the fuel, the theoretical 0; can be determined; O; and Nz from air can be expressed in terms of the theoretical O; and the unknown excess 0, ') Carbon is used as a tie substance to relate the fuel with the stack gas4 Example 9. The burning of pure butane with excess air gives a stack gas which analyzes 11.55% CO, on a dry basis. Assuming complete combustion, calculate: a) % excess air ) Complete orsat analysis of the stack gas Stack Gas Air 11.55%C02 Fuel > tha Solution: Basis: 100 moles CqH19 wo +: ‘Theo 02 = 400 + (1000/4) = 650 Let R=¥550) +650 +650) [79/21], Ny from ai free O, in stack gas = x vt aed 0.3135 {moles dry stack 2s) moles DSG = 3463.2, 400-++ (650%x)179/21) X=D9TT — exces Oy a) 29.77 x 65 1 % Excess air = b) Orsat Analysis ANS42 cas mole % co; 400 1155 0 977-375 Nz 293343 84.7 3463.2, ‘Example 10; A gaseous fuel at 22°C, 763 torrs and saturated with water vapor is burned with excess air, Air with 60% RH is supplied at the same temperature and pressure as the uel. The composition of the fuel shows 9.2% CO,, 0.4% C;H, 20.9% CO, 15.6% H,, 1.9% (CH, and 52% N. The stack gas leaves at 400°C and 735 mm Hg and contains 13.16% CO, and 1.84% CO on a dry basis. Calculate: Tyo wD a) excess ar 'b) Complete analysis of the stack gas c) Dew point of the stack gas Solution: Basis: 100 kgmoles gaseous fuel Ar Stack Gas Pz Restor 400°C, 735 mmHg OwRH 13.16% CO: | 1.84% CO Fuel 22°C, 763 Torrs, 100%RH 9.2% CO 0.4% CoH 20.9% CO 15.6% Hz 1.9% CHy 52% Nz43 GAS mole atc ath Mole 0; GHy 04 08 16 “ co 908 ; 1045 186 : nua i aut May a) a : mass ' : ‘ mo «BOA Theo 0; = 32.8 + (40.4/4) - 19.65 =23.25 Lety = excess 0; 0; from air=y +23.25 NN, from air= (y + 23.25) x (79/21) ‘AtC bal: (0.13164.0184)(moles DSG) =32.8 moles DSG = 218.67 056 = 1316x218. free O: =y+ (4.023/2) Nz = 52+ (y#23.25)(79/21) SG bal: 218,67 = 28.77 + 4.023 + y + (4.023/2) +52 + (y + 23.25)(79/21) y= 9.324 a) 9234 % Excess alr = F>— x 100 = 40.1 Ans At22°C or T=224273, wo exp (731649 - 22 — 73037 In(T) + 4.1653 x 10°*T7) x aoe 19.662 mm Hg,Moles Water from Fuel = (100) x 72 = 2.645 Moles Water from Air = 22222129 3840108 > 45g 1.0 from combustion = 40.4/2= 20.2 Total water in stack gas= 20.2 + 2.645 + 2.436 = 25.281 ) Complete analysis of Stack Gas ANS GAS mole % ©, 877 11.79 4023165 0; 1133465 N 17453 71.55 40 25.281 10.36 243,948 Partial Pressure of H,0 in SG: Ps= 735 x (25.281/243.948) = 76.17 mm Hg P, = exp (73.649 — 2582 _ 7.20371n(7) + 4.1653 x 107672) x 200 eg T=4626% ©) DEW Point = 46.26°C ANS45 PROBLEMS 1. Calculate the orsat analysis of the products of combustion upon burning pure hexane with 38% excess air if a) Combustion is complete (10.18% CO, 6.13% O2) 'b) 85% of the C burns to CO,, the rest to CO, molal ratio of Hy toCOis 1:2. (8.49% CO;, 1.5% CO) 2. The synthesis of methane enriched gas from water gas isa promising solution to the problem of hydrocarbon shortages in the future. In one such process, the following gas composition is obtained: 34% methane, 3% CO;, 11% CO, 39% Hy, and 13% N, Determine the gross calorific value and net calorific value of the gas in: ‘a) Mi/kgmol ANS: GCV: 445.62 NCV: 398.5 b) keal/kgmot 106.43 95.18 )Mijdscm 18.85 16.86 ) mu/scM 18.54 16.58 3. Synthetic Natural Gas (SNG from a US based plant) has the molar composition: 96.59% (CH, 1.29%Hp, 0.22% CO and 1.9% CO>. Calculate the GCV and NCY in: a) Mi/kgmol Ans: (864.88 ; 779.24) b) keal/gmo! (206.56 ; 186.11) ) kcal/kg (12612.19 ; 11363.55) 4) kcal/SCM (9593.04; 7742.12) 4 A fuel containing 75% ethane and 25% propane is burned with dry air. All the Hy burns to 20 and the CO, to CO ratio is 10:1 Fifteen excess airs supplied. Calculate: ‘a) Moles stack gas/100 moles fuel (22.85) b) Orsat analysis ofthe stack gas (20.38% CO,,, 1.04%C0) €) Complete analysis of stack gas (8.91% CO; ,0.89%C0) dl) m? dry air at 28°C , 765 mm Hg /kgmole fuel (520.66) 5. Blue Water Gas (BWG) is obtained by passing steam over red hot carbon enriched coal ‘Coke. The gas scaled "Blue" water gas because ofits blue flame, a characteristic of the combustion of CO. A typical composition shows 8.7% CO:, 41% CO, 49% H, 0.8% CHy and ‘4,596 Nz. If blue water gas at 25°C, 745 torrs and 90% RH is burned in wet ai, 30% in excess, supplied at the same conditions as BWG with 85% RH, calculate: ‘a) Complete analysis ofthe stack gas if the molal ratio of CO to CO, is 1 fytoCOlsi:a Ans (11.56% CO,, 1.44360) b) m*air/m? BWG (2.88) ‘c)m? stack gas(100 kPa; 300°C }/100 moles dry BWG —(17035.82) 4) GCV of BWG (M/kgmol) (263.39)46 €) % Calorific Value lost due to ico (5.55) i), (4) iil) #0 (8.24) iy) Sensible Heat (123) f) Thermal efficiency (72.5%) (@2Carbureted water gas is produced in the same way as blue water gas but in the presence of cracked oil vapors ina carburetor. Atypical gas analysis shows 4.7% COs, 7.8% CHa, 0.396 O,, 36.5% Hs, 35.5% CO, 8.6% CH, and 6.696 N;. If this gasis saturated with H;0 at 20°C, 742 torrs and burned in 10.434 m? air at 30°C, 101 kPa and 60% RH perm? fuel, calculate: a) %excess 0, (183%) ») Orsat analysis of the stack gas (400°C, 760 torrs) if 85% of C burns to CO; alll bunsto H;0. (5.33KC02,0.94%C0) 9) GCV in Mi/kgmot (391.68) 4) % calorific value lost due to: co (6.984) Uncondensed water Vapor (7.79) sensible heat (34.84) 7. Bottled Gas Liquefied Petroleum Gas) is found to contain 1.4% ethane, 23.8% propane, 20.7% i-butane and 54.1% n-butane. Itis available at P15/kg, Associated gas analyzing 83.6% methane, 9.6% ethane, 12% propane, 0.9% n-butane and 4.7% i-butane is available at P2.50/SCM. A fuel is to be selected between the two for curing a refractory lined furnace. Which is cheaper? Explain your answer. (Ans: Associated Gas is cheaper) 8. A pure saturated hydrocarbon is burnt with excess ai. Orsat analysis ofthe stack gas shows 7.9% CO,, 1.18% CO, 0.24% Hp, 5.25% O,, and 85.43% Nz. Airis substantially dry. The stack gases leave at 750 mm Hg pressure. Calculate: 2) %excess air (24.987%) b) kg alr/kg fuel (21.65) ) Formula of the hydrocarbon (CH) 4) Dew point of the stackgas(54.17°C) 9. Bottled gases are the liquefied petroleum gases propane and butane. if a sample of this 25 Is burned in excess air, a burner gas ofthe following analysis is obtained: 8.62% CO;, 1.38% CO, 6.45% O,, and 83.55% Nz. Calculate: a) % excess ait (35) b) Composition of the bottled gas (55% propane) 10. The burning of pure ethane with dry ar gives a stack gas which analyzes 9.92% CO. The stack gases leave at 745 mm Hg. Assuming complete combustion, determine: a) % excess air (29.97%) b) Complete orsat analysis of stackgas (5.2% O,, 84.88% Na) €) Dew point of stack gas (s0.97°C)47 11. Producer gas analyzing 25.3% CO, 13.2% H, 0.4% CHs, 5.4% CO, 0.5% Oz, and 55.2% Nz is burned in excess air at 25°C , 745 torrs and 60% RH. Partial orsat analysis of the stack gas shows 16.13% CO. , 1.79% CO and 0.72% Hs . Calculate: a) % excess 0; (11.08) +) Complete orsat analysis ofthe stack gas (2.50% 0, ,78.86% N;) <)Gcv (112.96 M/kgmol) 4) % Calorific value lost due to CO and Hy (7.77, 3.164) ) Adiabatic Flame Temperature (2138.9°C) 12. A pure saturated hydrocarbon is bummed in excess air. Airis supplied at the rate of 284.14 m* /kgmol of the hydrocarbon. Air enters at 30°C, 1 atm and saturated with water ‘vapor. Partial orsat analysis of the stack gas shows 8.68% CO; and 1.3% CO. Calculate: a) %excess air (15%) b) Formula of the hydrocarbon (CHa) ) Complete orsat analysis of the stack gas (3.65% 0,, 86.37% N,) 13. A mixture of a saturated hydrocarbon and N; is burned in excess air supplied at 25°C, 740 torrs with 90% RH. An orsat analysis of the stack gas shows 7.6% CO», 2.28% CO, 1.14% Hz, 6.03% 0, and 82.95% Nz with a dew point of 53.46°C. The stack gases leave at 300°C, 765 mm Hg with a volume ratio of 2.049 m? wet stack gas/m’ wet air. Calculate: a) Formula of the hydrocarbon (GH) b) Volume % analysis of the fuel (74% CaH) c) % excess air (25)