Sirichenko 1 PDF

CONTENTS
Unit 1. Peculiarities of pilot's job. (Prepositions) 3
Unit 2. PeculiaritiesofATC's job. (Prepositions) 20
Unit 3. Weather. (Present Simple) 36
Unit 4. Communication problems.(Present Simple/ Present Continuous) 53
Unit 5. Bird Strike. (Past Simple) 69
Unit 6. Depressurization. (Past Simple/ Past Continuous) 84
Unit 7. Engine Failure. (Past Simple/ Present Perfect) 97
Unit 8. Fire on Board. (Future tenses) Ill
Unit 9. Fuel Problems. (Degrees of comparison) 127
Unit ID. Landing Gear Problems. (Modal verbs) 142
Unit 11. Medical Emergencies. (First/ Second Conditional) 156
Unit 12. Hijacking and Security. (Passive voice) 173
Video Description 189
Word Maps 190
Articles 203
Bibliography 223
Unit 1. Peculiarities pilot's job.
N J I R I X 1
g g C U X I A B ^ I T I g g 0 3 F g l X O T ^ S T O B
• То assume responsibility for

• To be in charge of /to be responsible for
• To make ultimate decision
• To deal with
• Official designation
• To follow in smb's footsteps
• To cope with the problems
• Benefits/ advantages/ positive aspects
• Drawbacks/ disadvantages/ negative aspects
• Up-to-date
• To encourage
• To be familiar with
• To be aware of
• To be good at
• To apply skills and knowledge
• Airmanship
• To steer the aircraft
• Responsibility rests with
• To meet demands/ requirements
• Advanced/ state-of-art/enhanced/sophisticated equipment
• Indispensable
• To be equipped with/to be fitted with
• To adhere to
• To ensure safety
• To enhance safety
• To master
• To be obliged to
• Pilot's powers
• To comply with the rules
• To take into account
• To assess the situation/ to evaluate the situation
• To estimate the problem
• To bear one's responsibility for
• To encompass
• To convey aircraft to another crew
• To place aircraft under security
• To verify information
• Jet-lag
• Fatigue
• To eliminate/ to exclude
• Flare
• To be at smb's disposal
• Aircraft profile
Unit 1. Peculiarities of pilot's job.
• Paramount importance
II. Replace the words and word combinations with their synonyms.
To know, to be responsible for, to use skills, enhanced, to follow the rules, official position,
positive aspects, negative aspects, demands, to satisfy demands, to include, tiredness, to exclude,
to check, to bear responsibility, to solve problems, flying skills, to increase the level of safety,
great importance, to work with, modem, to be equipped with, to make final decision, to operate the
plane.
III. Use the necessary preposition.
1. to be responsible
2. to be good
3. to be charge
4. to be aware
5. to cope the problems
6. to be familiar
7. to deal
8. to take account
9. to follow the footsteps
10. to be obliged
11. to bear responsibility
12. to be fitted
13. to place the aircraft security
14. responsibility rests pilots
IV. Make up sentences with the given phrases.
• To assume responsibility/ indispensable

• Official designation/ to follow in one's footsteps
• To be familiar with/ to estimate the problem
• To be aware of/ to cope with the problem
• Advanced equipment/ to encompass
• To master/ to ensure safety
• To meet requirements/ airmanship
• To assess the situation/ to adhere to
• Jet lag/ to exclude
• Pilot's powers/to be obliged to
• To be of paramount importance/ to be at smb's disposal
V. Answer the questions. Use the underlined phrase in your answer.
1. What is_a first officer in charge of?

2. How is it possible to eliminate the problem with the jet-lag?
3. What documents do vou have to adhere to?
4. Does the captain comply with the first officer's instructions if the latter is pilot flying?
5. What enhanced and advanced systems are there in your cockpit?
6. Who assumes responsibilitv for the evacuation of the passengers?
7. How much time do the pilots have for evaluating the depressurization problem?
8. What requirements do the pilots have to meet?
9. Why is it necessary for a pilot to master English?
10. Why do pilots have to be aware of the weather forecast?
11. What is of paramount importance for pilots in case of hijacking?
12. Can the first officer make an ultimate decision if he is pilot flying?
VI. Answer the following questions.
1. Why have you given preference to pilot's job?

2. What are the main purposes of the flight crew/cabin crew?
3. What is the captain in charge of?
4. What are the duties of the first officer?
5. How do you prepare for the flight?
6. How are the duties shared between the captain and the first officer during the flight?
7. What do you undertake after the flight?
8. What navigational devices and systems is your cockpit equipped with?
9. Speak about the fimctions of the major navigational systems.
10. What makes a good pilot?
11. What are the pros and cons of pilot's profession?
12. What is your airline's policy aimed at?
13. What trainings is it necessary to undergo in order to maintain professional skills?
14. What is better to fly passenger or cargo aircraft?
15. Give the examples of the situations when pilot's mistake led to catastrophe.
VII. Read the text and discuss it.
RESPONSIBILITIES OF A PILOT
Up-to-date aircraft are operated by two pilots that create a crew.

Despite subordination (captain- first officer) they are interdependent and
both are of paramount importance for the safe outcome of the flight. One of
them flies the aircraft and another handles communications and collision
avoidance. This provides a sort of human redundancy as this team work
allows them to cross check each other and thus minimize human factor
mistakes.
Flight crew is responsible for

• ensuring the safety of all crew members and passengers on board
• mastering flight technique and aircraft operation to complete safe flight
• readiness of the aircraft for the flight and its correct loading
• correct assessment of meteorological and aeronautical information as per take-off, landing
or during the flight
Captain bears responsibility for
- all crew members preparation for the flight
correspondence of passengers number on board and number in transportation documents
safe outcome of the flight, not depending on the fact whether he is pilot-flying or not
following assigned flight plan and observance of minimum heights
- in time filling of log book
First officer submits to the captain. His responsibilities encompass participation in flight
operation to be ready to assume responsibihty at any moment under the captain's order or in case the
captain is unable to execute his functions. Thus, first officer is empowered
- to operate the aircraft on all stages of the flight
- to make ultimate decisions as per the flight if he is PF
- to adopt pilot in command's power in case of his incapacitation
- to fill documentation
Before the flisht
Pilots typically report for work an hour before departure in order to meet with other crew
members on pre-flight briefing which is conducted by the captain. Prior to briefing the captain
confers with forecasters, obtains and verifies meteorological information related to the flight.
On the briefing the captain selects altemative aerodromes, ultimately defines the necessary amount
of fuel and discusses with other crew members the flight peculiarities. A first officer is in charge of
calculation of take-off and landing characteristics, loading and centering.
Then crew proceeds to the aircraft and takes up other duties. Firstly, a first officer and following
him the captain perform visual check of the plane for determining any dents, scratches, cut tires,
consequences of maintenance work, for ensuring that outer surfaces are free from any deposits that
may affect aircraft performance, that cargo is correctly loaded and fixed. A first officer checks and
reports to the captain on closing of cargo hatches and fillers.
The first officer ensures that all radio and navigational equipment is operative, that fuel amount
on board equals to the calculated one, that proper type of fuel is used and also controls correct fuel
distribution. Then he reports to the captain. So, the captain has to be ensured that the aircraft is
technically suitable, equipment and instruments are operative except the ones that are allowed by
MEL.
Then all necessary information should be inserted into FMS.
In flisht.
Pilots operate the flight in accordance with the Flight Plan. On modem aircraft pilots share their
duties in accordance with being pilot-flying and pilot-non-flying. They steer the aircraft with
assistance of autopilot and the flight management computer. PF operates the aircraft, PNF conducts
communication with АТС, monitors and assesses the work of different systems, every 30 minutes
checks the fuel supply which has to be efficient for reaching the destination. PNF duly reports to PF
on all deviations and failures of airplane equipment. Pilots have to interact closely with the cabin
crew to ensure friendly and effective passengers' service.
Most modem aircraft have advanced computer systems that alert the pilot about any changes in
weather or deviation from a scheduled flight
After the flisht.
When on the ground first officer visually inspects the aircraft, fills the flight task and the captain
certifies it with his signature. First officer arranges all manuals, maps and charts for another crew or
returns them to Flight Dispatch Department. The captain conveys the aircraft to another crew or
engineering personnel or properly parks and seals it and then places it under security.
Navigational equipment.
Up- to- date aircraft possess a glass cockpit which is fitted with different navigational
equipment and devices.
A GLASS COCKPIT is a cockpit with electronic instrament

displays. While on conventional aircraft there were mechanic gauges
for displaying information, glass cockpits have electronic displays
which are monitored by FMS. It simplifies the work of the pilots,
allows to focus only on necessary information. This enhanced
technology eliminates the necessity of flight engineer and navigator.
One more innovation that reduces workload on the crew is A

HEAD-UP DISPLAY. It is transparent display on the glass of the
cockpit that depicts necessary information which allows pilots to keep
the heads up and not to be distracted by looking at the instruments.
^ Copilot's HUD of a C-130J
A FLIGHT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM(FMS) is an advanced

computer system that performs a great variety of in-flight tasks. It
minimizes the workload on the flight crew and excludes the necessity to
carry flight engineers or navigators. A primary function of it is in-flight
management of the flight plan. The FMS makes use of different sensors
to identify the position of the aircraft. The FMS guides the aircraft along the flight plan. The
navigational data inserted into the FMS is usually updated every 28 hours. These include
V Waypoints
V Airways
V Radio navigational aids including DME, VOR and NDB
V Airports
V Runways
V Standard Instrument Departure ( SID)
V Standard Terminal Arrival ( STAR)
V Holding patterns
DISTANCE MEASURING EQUIPMENT (DME) is a transponder-

based radio navigation technology that measures distance from aircraft to
a land-based transponder by sending and receiving special impulses. The
ground stations are typically co-located with VORs.
So, the DME system is composed of transmitter/receiver in the aircraft
and a receiver/transmitter on the ground. They measure the distance in
miles from aircraft to the RW threshold. It checks the distances from five
different DME simultaneously in order to determine one position every 10 seconds.
VOR, omnidirectional radio range, is a type of radio navigation system

for aircraft. A VOR ground station broadcasts a signal including the
station's identifier, voice (if equipped), and navigation signal. The
identifier is a morse code. The voice signal is usually station name, in-
flight recorded advisories, or live flight service broadcasts. The navigation
signal allows the airborne receiving equipment to determine a direction to
the VOR station.
Unit 1. Peculiarities ofpilot's job.
GPS- Global Positioning System, precise navigation system using signals
received from a fleet of low-orbiting satellites, allows pilots to determine
their position. The aircraft unit finds the signals from the two nearest
satellites and notifies the crew about their latitude and longitude.
Aircraft Description.
One of the most sophisticated aircraft is A 320 at present time.
The A320 was the first civil airliner to include a fiill

digital fly-by-wire flight control system, system which
allows pilots to act as operators- to steer the aircraft by
operating the computerized system.
The A320's flight deck is equipped with
• Electronic Centralized Aircraft Monitor (ECAM) which supplies the flight crew with a
complete range of information about all the systems of the aircraft. It consists of
- upper ECAM display (depicts engine parameters and issues warnings in case of engine
malfunctions)
- low ECAM display (depicts conditions of aircraft systems and gives advice)
• FMGS which is displayed by

- Primary Flight Display which contains
- Vertical Speed Indicator that measures rate of ascending or descending
- Attitude Indicator that gives pilots information about the aircraft's pitch and roll
characteristics and the orientation of the aircraft with respect to the horizon
- Airspeed Indicator that displays the speed of the aircraft in knots
- Altitude Indicator that displays the aircraft's altitude above the sea level
- Heading Display that shows the pilot the magnetic heading of the aircraft
- Navigation display (depicts flight route, control points, constrains)
• Automatic Directional Finding (ADF) is an onboard receiving instrument, with a needle

that continuously indicates bearing to a selected radio beacon on the ground or commercial
broadcast station.
• Autopilot
Requirements for the pilots.
Every pilot is required to be...

-quick-thinking (as the aircraft moves rather quickly and especially during take-off and
landing ultimate decision should be made in some seconds)
-responsible (pilots bear responsibility for the people who are behind their backs)
-attentive (aircraft has variety of systems, malfunction of any of them should be spotted in
time)
-able to work under pressure (flying in congested airspace, landing at busy airports create
tense and anxious atmosphere in the cockpit because any distraction can be lethal)
-level-headed (in case of emergency pilot has to pull himself together and do his best in order
to cope with the problem)
-able to multi-task (pilots have to steer the aircraft, communicate with АТС, monitor different
displays, keep in mind theoretical information simultaneously)
Benefits and drawbacks of pilot's job.
Like every profession pilot's position has its benefits and drawbacks. Speaking about positive
aspects it is necessary to mention that this job gives an opportunity to travel abroad, to enjoy visiting
different countries, to develop our outlook. 1 find this job stimulating as 1 always need to be fit
physically and professionally. I like that I have an excellent salary and 1 work for a respected
company. I have a responsible position, because 1 assume great responsibility for the lives of people
who are on board the plane. One more positive point is having social benefits (paid holiday, paid
sick-leave)
But there are also disadvantages in this profession. For example, one of the most challenging
aspects of this job is schedule. So, fatigue from night flights, a lot of business trips, not being at
home for a long time can be tiring. Pilots having long-range flights often experience jet-lag -
tiredness and disorientation when you need to adjust to new climatic and time zones.
Commercial pilots face other types of job hazards- feeling of mental stress and pressure during
take- off and landing as these are the most complicated phases of the flight (pilot's pulse increases
significantly at this moment).
Nevertheless the pluses prevail minuses.
VIII. Complete the sentences.
1. The flight crew encompasses

2. Flight crew is in charge of.
3. The captain is responsible for
4. The first officer is obliged to
5. Before the flight crew has to
6. Inflight
7. After the flight
8. The cockpit is fitted with
9. My aircraft
10. Every pilot is required to be
11. Benefits of pilot's job are
12. Drawbacks of pilot's job are
IX. Make an excursion to your aircraft's cockpit.

X. Decode the terms and explain what they mean.
• NOTAM
• TCAS
• MEL
• QRH
• RVSM
• FMGS
• UTC
XI. Describe the picture and speculate about possible reasons.
Use the active vocabulary:
• To collapse
• To scratch
• To eliminate the problem
• To assess the situation
• Buckled/dented
• To execute successful landing
• To adhere to
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Unit 1. Peculiaritiesofpilot's job.
XII. Complete the diagram and comment on it. How is it possible to cope with stress?
A pilot's job is considered to be rather stressful due to different factors
XIII. Comment on the factors that can lead to crucial and fatal mistakes that will jeopardize
safety.
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XIV. Explain the meaning of the proverbs. How are they connected with your job?
• More haste, less speed.

• A word spoken is past recalling.
• Nothing venture, nothing have.
• There is no smoke without fire.
• Every cook praises its broth.
XV. Role-play.
Work in pairs. Act out an interview between a journalist and a pilot.
Journalist should ask extended questions ( e.g. As far as I am concerned pilots hardly undergo any
hardships nowadays as the risk of crucial mistake is mitigated by enhanced equipment on board.
How do you assess present situation?) about:
• Reasons of becoming a pilot

• Advanced equipment
• Requirements for pilots
• Air company policy
• Safety £ind reliability of your type of aircraft
• Stress in the job
• Human factor mistakes
• Challenging situations
XVI. Choose one of the pictures and speak about difficulties while approach and landing on
these RWs.
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-A
XVIL What do you know about these types of aircraft? What are their flying characteristics?
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IJrtit 1 nfn/Vn/'vJoZ),
XVIII. Comment on the statements.
• You have to fly before the aircraft.

• Computer flies better than pilot.
• It is possible to fly without GPS now. It is not necessary.
• Fly-by-wire technology can enhance the safety to such extent as conventional one.
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XIX. Listening.
I. AXIS.
Complete the statements with the appropriate information.
1. Wind direction and strength
2. QNH
3. Departure RW
II. Urgency message.

1. Answer the questions.
1. What do the pilots request?
2. What should the pilots expect?
3. Why does the crew need to start-up quickly?
1. What does pilot request a few minutes for?
2. What do the pilots expect while landing?
3. What does the first officer advise?
III. Emergency message.

1. What are the ATC's instructions?
2. What kind of smell do they have in the cabin?
3. What do the pilots report?
1. What does the crew report?
2. What were the controller's instructions?
3. What did the pilots experience?
IV. Aviation-related audio.
1) Answer the questions.

1. What has happened to the plane according to the witness?
2. What were rescue teams involved in?
3. Who did the aircraft carry?
4. What was the technical condition of the plane?
5. What did military forces disapprove of?
Questions for discussion.

1. What can cause explosion on board the plane?
2. Is it considered dangerous to fly over the residential area for people who live there?
3. What procedures have to be carried out by the crew in case of post explosion fire on board?
4. What people's behavior can you expect during in-flight fire?
5. What evacuation rules is it necessary to observe following emergency landing in case of fire?

1. What is new policy aimed at?
2. In what period of time are improvements expected at both airports?
3. What problems do the authorities face with at Heathrow?
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4. What is the situation concerning the passenger flow?
5. What airline owns both airports?

1. What improvements does your base airport require?
2. Does environment suffer from aviation greatly? What should be done?
3. What is the ideal location of the airport?
4. Is it possible to make some of the а1фоЛ8 private or should they be only state ones?
5. How is it possible to reduce traffic congestion at big airports?
XX. Silent Video. Describe the video.

Discussion.
1. What problems with gear can the pilots experience?
2. What should be done if nose gear is not extended/not locked in correct position?
3. What may be the consequences of landing with not all gears extended?
4. What can cause tire burst? What may be the results?
5. What preparation should airport authorities perform if the traffic is going to make belly
landing?
XXI. Common Mistakes in Aviation English.
* АТС spotted a flock of birds in the end of the RW.

* At the end АТС cleared them for landing.
In the end- is used to denote finally

At the end- is used to denote at the edge of smth
*ATC spotted a flock of birds at the end of the RW.
*In the end АТС cleared them for landing.
Fill the gaps with an appropriate preposition.

1. Pilots tried to establish communication with traffic control many times and the end
they succeeded.
2. A controller was exhausted and wiped out the end of the shift.
3. The examination was a bit complicated the end.
4 the end investigators revealed a technical malfunction.
5 the end of medical examination he was assessed as unfit.
6. Crew experienced engine vibration the end of the flight.
7. Captain performed a number of procedures, they didn't do any good and the end he
declared emergency.
8. There was a discrepancy the end of controller's instruction.
* There are some aircrafts on the apron.

Aircraft- is a noun which has identical forms for singular and plural.
* There are some aircraft on the apron.
Fill the gaps with an appropriate word.

1. Both were in sight.
2. Air company is inclined to buy some more
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XXII. Grammar.
Insert the appropriate prepositions where it is necessary.

I. The aircraft stopped the end of the RW.
2 accordance the documents they have to postpone the flight.
3. This responsibihty rests the crew.
4. Airbus is fitted FMS.
5. Wind shear may occur any height.
6. The traffic crashed the mountain.
7. Medical certificates have to be renewed 2 years.
8. The passenger suffered severe asthma reaction.
9. After the flight the captain places the plane security.
10. Engine failure may be caused bird strike.
II. They penetrated prohibited zone.
12. The traffic departed the airport 9.30.
13. The first officer assumes responsibility captain's order.
14. Icing greatly affects aerodynamic characteristics of the aircraft.
15. This document was implemented 1С AO.
16. Pilot has to be good navigation.
17. The traffic landed RW 23R.
18. The hijackers were armed guns.
19. FMS guides the aircraft the flight plan.
20. Before landing in poor visibility pilots take account their minima.
21. If pilot fails medical exam, he is assessed unfit.
22. The aircraft plunged the ground.
23. First officer submits the captain.
24. There was a near miss FL 220.
25. Not every aircraft is equipped GPS.
26. A321 is similar A320.
27. When alarm goes the pilots have to react quickly.
28. Prior flight crew passes medical check.
29. Controller didn't allow pilots to enter the restricted area.
30. The crew was rather tired, as they worked 3 days a row.
31. Lightning strike led engine vibration.
32. The captain insisted changing flight level.
33. 1000 meters equals 3300 feet.
34. Arriving the airport the crew takes their duties.
35. Pilots comply controller's instructions.
36. Captain conveys the aircraft another crew.
37. This air company flies only abroad.
38. The flight arrived Kiev 5 p.m.
39. Marginal weather conditions contributed the incident.
40. Meteorologist is charge issuing the forecast time.
41. Flight attendants deal emergency equipment.
42. The flight is carried over the Indian ocean.
43. Hypoxia may cause fatality.
44. There is another aircraft eastbound leg.
45. These factors are divided 3groups.
46 my mind it was electrical short circuit.
47. Inform us when you reach the destination.
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48. The cabin crew reported the captain about abusive passenger.
49. Ukraine joined this organization in 1984.
50. They encountered CB clouds route.
51. He decided to follow his father's footsteps.
52 the end they exited thunderstorm activity.
53. Pilots are aware cargo which is carried
54. They discussed weather on the pre-flight briefing.
55. They adhered the flight plan.
XXIII. Do the crossword puzzle.

1 i 1 Tm
14 15 22
21 24
25
17
13 23
16 10
19 11
20
12
Across:
I. Post-flight briefing is conducted when pilots the aircraft to security.
2. Every crew member s responsibility for safety and comfort of the passengers.
3. The captain s responsibility for all people on board.
4. Increasing of salary is sure to aviation personnel to study English.
5. This pilot is good at performing
6 of pilots allowed them to execute smooth landing.
7. Experiencing severe he couldn't pull himself together.
8. If you don't possess required theoretical knowledge you won't with an
emergency.
9. Crew was not with the layout of this airport as it wasn't their alternative.
10 ing pilot's profession calls for a long training and experience.
II. In any case crew has to to check lists stubbornly.
12. This aircraft doesn't meet SAFA s concerning safety.
Down:
13. While landing wind direction and strength is taken into
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ijBt 1. Peculiarities pilot's job.
14. He was promoted to of an instractor.
15. They promised to fiilly with our requests.
16. Following all engines stall pilots had 2 seconds to the situation and act
accordingly.
17. One of the s of Yak-42 is enormous fuel consumption.
18. Any airline tries to do its best to safety of its flights.
19. Investigation team will these suspicions.
20. They had to adjust to new conditions after a long-range flight, trying to avoid
21. Airbus is considered to be the most aircraft in the world.
22. Only technologies are used in A380.
23. The captain was un of looming storm.
24.1 suppose s prevail all disadvantages in aviation profession.
25. Co-pilots are in of filling all documents.
XXIV. Recollect some air catastrophes which took place due to pilot's error. Analyze them from
your point of view.
I. Watch the video and discuss it.
Active vocabulary.
• Mishap
• To be baffled by
• To be sturmed
• Deadly chain of events
• Amazing
• Peculiarity
• Incredible
• To plunge
• To regain control
Answer the questions.
1. What was the date of the crash?
2. Where was the plane bound for?
3. What was the type of the plane and the number of flight?
4. Why did the pilot allow taking his seat?
5. Why was the autopilot turned off partially?
6. Why didn't the pilots react to disengaged autopilot?
7. Why couldn't they reach the controls?
8. What was the reason of autopilot shutting down?
9. What speed did they crash with?
10. Who has to be blamed for the outcome of the situation?
XXV. Read the texts and comment on them.

Crash of Tu-134 in Carelia.
On the 20'*' of June, 2011 there was a scheduled flight from

Domodedovo to Petrozavodsk aiфort operated by TU-134. On final
approach it crashed killing 45 people and injuring 7 more. Next day 2
more people passed away.
The aircraft was performing approach for landing at airport
which was shrouded in fog and pilots deviated from the course. АТС
instructed them to climb and take the second approach but crew neglecting this command decided to
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land. It was night time, poor visibility, aircraft's navigational equipment didn't establish contact
with irmer marker, they were approaching visually and confiised RW with highway. Being in tight
comer pilots attempted to land on the highway but hit the trees and then power lines (it de-energized
the airport for some time - RW landing lights were cut off). The plane impacted with the highway
about 1200 meters short of the RW, broke apart and burst into flames.
Investigation is still in progress but it has been already revealed that the engines were miming
smoothly, there were no any explosions on the board. The aircraft was flying off-course and
executed premature descent below glide path. And there is exact mle for aviation in all over the
world - if at the altitude of making decision, in this case it was 60 meters, there is no safe visual
contact with the RW, the crew in any case has to increase engine power, retract landing gear and go
around. In Petrozavodsk it wasn't done. Moreover the captain of this flight was a retrained
helicopter pilot and apparently in critical situation he got used to set visual contact with the ground
discrediting navigational devices.
Crash of A-320 in Sochi.
On the 3d of May 2006, an Armavia Airbus A320 plunged

into the Black Sea en route from Yerevan to Sochi. Investigation
commission found out that the aircraft was in good technological
condition, engines were mnning smoothly, there were not any
system malftmctions and it was fiieled enough for safe completion
of the flight.
Being tracked by Sochi controller pilots were informed that the
weather at the airport was above minima and they were cleared for descent to 600 meters, before
entering the turn to the final approach. Whilst performing the turn, the mnway extended centerline
was overshot. After eliminating the deviation, the crew started descending the aircraft along the
glide slope, following the approach pattem. In 30 seconds the controller advised crew about
deteriorating meteorological situation (cloud ceiling 100 meters) and instmcted them to cease their
descent, abandon the landing attempt, and carry out a right turn and climb 600 meters. In some
seconds the aircraft crashed. All 105 passengers and 8 crew on board perished.
It was revealed that the crew didn't use standard procedure for going around. The crash was
caused by inadequate control inputs of the Captain following a go-around after the first attempted
approach. Contributing factors to the accident were the lack of necessary monitoring of the aircraft
descent parameters by the First Officer, and the improper reaction of the crew to the subsequent
GPWS waming.
According to assessed data pre-flight crew rest was more than 24 hours. Otherwise cockpit voice
recorder indicates of pilots sleepy condition that could affect the outcome of the flight. And the
flight was performed at night time when probability of committing mistake is rather high.
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Unit 2. Peculiarities of АТСs job.
ж л г ж т г
УЖСХГЬЖАВ.ЖТЖЖШ Q g A X C ' S J O B
/ . New vocabulary.
Inalienable part
To be in charge of/ to be responsible for
To be obliged to
To deal with
To bear responsibility for/ to assume responsibility for
To follow in smb's footsteps
Handover
To be equipped with/ to be fitted with
To substitute
To eliminate the problem
Separation infringement
State-of-art/advanced/sophisticated/ enhanced equipment
To be at smb's disposal
Level-headed
To distinguish
Designation
To advise/inform/notice/notify
To predetermine
To designate
To assign
To take into account
To spot
To collaborate
To undertake measvires
To ensure safety
To enhance safety
Benefits/advantages/positive aspects
Drawbacks/ disadvantages/negative aspects
In a row
Sharp-razor reaction
To meet requirements /to meet demands
To work out
To drill
To enhance knowledge
To adhere to rules
To apply skills and knowledge
To cope with the problems
Paramount importance
To evaluate the situation
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II. Change the explanations with the suitable words from the active vocabulary.
1. to take responsibility
2. broken separation
3. to provide safety
4. to appoint to a position
5. to notice
6. position
7. to invent
8. to change
9. to work with
10. to have smth, to use smth
III. Recollect the synonyms.

• To increase the level of safety
• To meet demands
• Advantages
• Disadvantages
• Advanced
• To advise
• To be responsible for
• To bear responsibility
• To follow the rules
• To notice
• To solve the problem
• To have obligation
• Great importance
• To deal with/to communicate with
• To change
• Violated separation
• To increase knowledge
• Quick reaction
Make up questions with the given phrases. Answer these questions using synonyms.
e.g. Are you responsible for giving clearance for take off?
No, I ШП not in charge of it as I work as an ACC.
IV. Match the beginning and the end of the sentences.
1. АТС undertook immediate actions a) applied for designation of simulator instructor.

2. Our operational room is equipped with b) in order to avoid separation infringement,
automatic system which
3. It took technical staff 20 minutes c) posed danger to safety of the flight.
4. Controllers are obliged to monitor d) led to near miss,
air situation
5. Thunderstorm predetermined avoiding e) to eliminate the problem with affected radio
actions of the traffic and station.
6. He took into account all pluses and f) to enhance safety,
minuses and
21
Unit 2. Peculiarities of АТСs job
1. If you are not level-headed g) substitutes many human actions.
8. Controller didn't spot the separation h) you won't make a perfect controller
infringement which
V. Enlarge the sentence by using as many words from the active vocabulary as possible.
1. АТС ensures safety in the air.

2. АТС has to collaborate with other services.
VI. Answer the following questions using underlined words in the answers.
1. What is an АТС in charge of?

2. What sectors of control can we distinguish?
3. What other services does АТС collaborate with?
4. What devices is your operational room equipped with?
5. What kind of weather information does an АТС have at his/her disposal?
6. What are the benefits of controller's job?
7. What are the drawbacks of controller's job?
8. What essential psychological requirements should АТС meet?
9. What should an АТС take into account to prevent separation infringement?
10. What / Who affected your decision to choose this profession?
VII. Read the text and discuss it,

AIR TRAFFIC CONTROLLER
АТС service is an inalienable part of air traffic. It provides the

users with complete range of air navigation services. Controllers bear
responsibility for providing flights safety during servicing air traffic.
They are in charge of
• listening to operational frequency of their sector and keeping
radio communication with the traffic
• listening to emergency frequency
• identification of the traffic
• preventing collisions between the aircraft
• coordinating planes movements: assigning them speed,
heading, flight path, flight conditions in holding pattern etc.
keeping the aircraft safely separated from each other on all phases of the flight, taking
into account air space classification, flight rules according to which flight is performed
and type of the aircraft
accepting and handover of the aircraft from/to adjacent sector
relaying controller's instructions, clearances and recommendations to the pilots
concerning safety of flights
controlling of pilots' flight plans following
supplying the crew with meteorological information if they are in need
analyzing, revealing and solving conflict situations with the aim of preventing minimum
separation infringement
assisting the crews in emergency situations
22
Thus, the controllers assume responsibility for the lives of all people who are in the air in
their areas.
Depending on the area where controller works we distinguish
Ground controllers
They
-give clearances to start-up, run-up engines
-issue taxiing direction
-inform pilots about TW and RW conditions, construction work and
meteorological conditions at the aiфort
-designate a parking stand number for arriving aircraft
-guide pilots in parking area, give clearance for holding position before take-
off
-provide safe movement of the aircraft in maneuvering area
Tower controllers
They
- clear the crew for occupying the RW
- monitor RW occupation, crossing and vacation by ground personnel
- designate RW number for landing and take-off
- issue clearance for take-off and landing
- instruct pilots as for initial climb
- inform pilots about RW conditions, birds activity and meteorological
conditions at the airport
- provide safe separation between departing and arriving aircraft
- inform airport services about readiness and emergency/alarm signal
Approach controllers
They
- monitor and control air traffic in the area restricted by altitudes peculiar
to each aiфort
-issue instructions to aircraft who are intending to land at the airport
(it involves vectoring aircraft in a safe, orderly, and expeditious
manner and, if needed, stacking the aircraft at different holding altitudes)
- prioritize sequence of approach for landing
- provide necessary separation between the aircraft
ACCs
They
- provide safe passage of traffic at high flight levels
- constantly monitor air space situation on the screen
- coordinate planes movements assigning them FLs, routes, speed,
heading
- warn crews about possible conflict situations
- advise avoiding actions due to another traffic or weather conditions
- offer weather information if required
23
ATC's facilities.
Some years ago all control centres in Ukraine were equipped with automated system which
substituted a lot of controller's functions. On these monitors АТС can observe aircraft plot, its
call sign, its heading, speed and flight level. It eliminates necessity to keep this information in
mind. This system provides controllers with such information as flight plans, delays, flight plans'
conflict, weather conditions at the aiфorts. There are two warning functions of this system:
function of prediction which helps controller to maintain necessary separation between the
planes and warns АТС in case of infringement of this separation 120 seconds in advance;
function of violation which goes off in case of violation of minimum separation.
Thus, state-of-art, advanced and sophisticated equipment which is at controllers disposal is
aimed to enhance the safety in the air and on the ground.
Pre-shift preparation.
ATCs work in shift pattern. Each controller's shift is proceeded by pre-shift briefing where
meteorologists notify the team about weather conditions for different sectors of control, issue
SIGMET, and inform controllers about met conditions at own airport and the nearest airports.
Then military officers take the floor. They remind the team about prohibited areas, advise
about restricted areas, state flights, training military flights. For low areas they note explosive
work and applications of small-engine aviation. Then a technician reports on technical condition
of the operative system, on any changes and malfunctions.
Then the supervisor informs the audience about RW, apron, TW, stand conditions, states if
there are any traffic congestions and gives instructions to his team and it is for him to assign
controllers to their positions in sectors.
ATC's career.
The career in air traffic control service starts with an operational controller who may have
ratings for different control sectors. Then career is predetermined by experience and level of
proficiency. If gained knowledge and skills allow, operational controller may become a senior
controller or a supervisor.
If controller has a calling for this profession and he is good at documents, regulations and
recommendations, he may obtain the designation of Simulator Training Instructor.
Supervisor.
Supervisor bears responsibility for all controllers in his team, for their actions. So, he has to
be an excellent psychologist to select members for his team as he has to be sure in them as in
himself He has to be familiar with all leading documents, to be highly experienced as an
operational controller.
The Supervisor is responsible for
his team controllers to ensure safety in their sectors of control
- coordinating the work with aviation authorities and other services
- monitoring controller's actions in case of emergency
- adhering to all necessary working documents
- organizing professional training for his controllers and checking their knowledge
- undertaking preventive measures in case of appearance of complicated situations
24
Simulator Training Instructor.
Simulator Training Instructor is the top of controller's career. Mainly, it's a person who has a
good command of leading documents, who is perfect at practical skills, who has huge experience
as an operational controller. It's also a person who has some pedagogical skills and knowledge,
as his primary task is to drive home to controllers some aspects of their job, to drill their practical
skills, to enhance their theoretical knowledge.
Simulator Training Instructors create various exercises for controllers: e.g. controlling air
space with high congestion of aircraft or in restricted visibility due to thick fog or in limited
situation e.g. with big front of CB activity and thus with a big workload for controller. They can
also work out exercises with emergency situations: fire on board, depressurization, engine failure
and so on.
Requirements for the controllers.
General requirements for controllers are:

• to have appropriate high education and to complete special training programme
• to possess perfect health (eyesight, hearing, no problems with heart and blood pressure
etc.)
• to have a good command of English (to possess at least the 1С AO level)
• to possess appropriate articulation (clear and distinct speaking)
• to have spatial awareness
ATC's activity and responsibility for the lives of people specify certain requirements for
candidates' qualities that have to be met.
Every controller is required to be...

-quick-thinking and having sharp-razor reaction (as the aircraft moves rather quickly and
especially during take-off and landing; so, separation may be violated quickly and ATC's
decision should be made up in some seconds)
-responsible (controllers assume responsibility for the people on board the plane within
their air space)
-attentive (there are various rules concerning controlling air traffic, infringement of any of
them should be spotted in time, otherwise it may become fatal)
-able to plan, predict and calculate in mind quickly (any conflict situation has to be
foreseen and eliminated)
-able to work under pressure/able to handle stress (in case of controlling congested
airspace, working at busy airports; it creates tense and anxious atmosphere in the
operational room because any distraction can be lethal)
-level-headed and able to make adequate decisions in extreme situations (in case of
emergency controller has to pull himself together and do his best in order to cope with the
problem and assist the crew)
-able to multi-task (ATCs have to communicate with the crew, monitor other traffic on the
screen and keep in mind theoretical information simultaneously)
-able to work in team and collaborate with people
Benefits and drawbacks of ATC's job.
Like every profession ATC's position has its benefits and drawbacks.
Benefits comprise
25
- working for a respected company
иг
- high salary
- plenty of free time as it is shift work (there are 3 days off in a row)
- having long holidays (56 days with additional payment for health improvement)
- commimication with pilots from all over the world
- having wide opportunities for promotion
- having free professional training
- working with state-of-art equipment
- having social benefits (medical insvirance, high pension, early retirement, free sport activities)
- having free transportation from home to work and visa versa.
Drawbacks include
- dealing with stress due to traffic congestion and emergencies (as it is rather responsible job and
any minor mistake can lead to fatality)
- fatigue due to night shifts
- pressure from constant professional exams and medical checks
VIIL Complete the sentences.
1. АТС is responsible for

2. There are different sectors of control
3. Ground controller
4. Tower controller
5. APP
6. ACC
7. Supervisor
8. Simulator Training Instructor
9. Operational room is equipped with
10. On the pre-shift briefing
11. АТС has to meet requirements
12. The benefits of controller's job are
13. The drawbacks of controller's job are
IX. Decode the terms and speak about the functions of these items.
• SMR
• ILS
• RVSM
• SSR
• PSR
• UTC
X. Agree or disagree.
• ATCs will be substituted by automated systems in the future.

• Native crews are easier to deal with than foreign ones.
• All controllers take risk at working place as criminal prosecution exists in case of
error.
• It is better to retire at the age of 55 as your abilities deteriorate after 55.
26
XI. Describe the picture and speculate about possible reasons.

• To collapse
• To scratch
• To eliminate the problem
• Buckled/dented
• To execute successful landing
• To adhere to
XII. Complete the scheme and speak about causes of stress in controller's job.
A controller s job is considered to be rather stressfiil due to different factors
27
XIII. Comment on the factors which can lead to crucial andfatal mistakes that will jeopardize
safety.
^ Lack of Pressure from air n.

[ knowledge and traffic )
V experience congestion J
XIV. Complete the sentences applying the ideas concerning improvements of ЛТСservice.
• АТС authorities should as
• АТС authorities would better because
XV. Explain the meaning of the proverbs. How are they connected with your job?
• More haste, less speed.
• A word spoken is past recalling.
• Nothing venture, nothing have.
• There is no smoke without fire.
28
• Every cook praises its broth.
XVI. Read the articles (pages 204-205) and compare the authors' thoughts with your ones.
XVII. Role-play.
Work in pairs. Act out an interview between a journalist and a controller.

Journalist should ask extended questions (e.g. As far as I am concerned controllers hardly
undergo any hardships nowadays as the risk of crucial mistake is mitigated by enhanced
equipment which is at their disposal. How do you assess present situation?) about:
• Reasons of taking up controller's profession

• Advanced equipment
• Requirements for controllers
• Safety and reliability of flying by aircraft
• Stress in the job
• Human factor mistakes
• Challenging situations
XVIII. Common Mistakes in Aviation English.
* АТС spotted a flock of birds in the end of the R W.

* At the end АТС cleared them for landing.
In the end- is used to denote finally

At the end- is used to denote at the edge of smth
*ATC spotted a flock of birds at the end of the RW.
*In the end АТС cleared them for landing.
Fill the gaps with the appropriate prepositions.

1. Pilots tried to establish communication with traffic control many times and the
end they succeeded.
2. A controller was exhausted and wiped out the end of the shift.
3. The examination was a bit complicated the end.
4 the end investigators revealed a technical malfiinction.
5 the end of medical examination he was assessed as unfit.
6. Crew experienced engine vibration the end of the flight.
7. Captain performed a number of procedures, they didn't do any good and the end he
declared emergency.
8. There was a discrepancy the end of controller's instruction.
* There are some aircrafts on the apron.

Aircraft- is a noun which has identical forms for singular and plural.
* There are some aircraft on the apron.
Fill the gaps with the appropriate words.

1. Both were in sight.
2. Air company is inclined to buy some more
29
L
W* XIX. Listening.
1. Defining information.
I. Put letter С for controller's words and P for pilot's words.
1. start-up
2. five zero
3. live stock
4. approved
II. Put letter С for controller's words and P for pilot's words.
1. warning light has just flashed on
2. emergency services
3. call you back
4. call tower on 118,5
III Put letter С for controller's words and P for pilot's words.
1. severe wake turbulence
2. FL360
3. FL340
4. clear of wake turbulence
II. Answering the questions.
I Answer the questions.
1. What does an АТС suggest to the crew?
2. What does pilot request a few minutes for?
3. What do the pilots expect while landing?
4. What does the first officer advise?
//. Answer the questions

1. What are the instructions of АТС?
2. What kind of smell do they have in the cabin?
3. Do the pilots report about the smoke?
4. What is happening to the smell?
in. Answer the questions

1. What does the crew report?
2. What were the controller's instructions?
3. What did the pilots experience?
4. What altitude are the pilots instructed to descend to?
III. Multiple-choice.
I Circle the correct option.
A. We have a passenger with a broken leg.
B. We have a violent passenger.
C. We have an ill passenger.
A. These passengers aren't endangering the safety of the flight.

B. This passenger doesn't pose danger to the safety of the flight.
C. This passenger is endangering the safety of the flight.
A. The police and airport authorities will meet you.
30
B. The police will meet you.
C. The police sent the airport authorities to meet you.
II. Circle the correct option.

A. GBA 737 Request emergency medical support.
B. GAB 773 Request emergency medical support.
C. GAB 737 Request emergency medical support.
A. Can you make it to stand 27 the nearest available?

B. Can you make it to stand 17 the nearest available?
C. Can you make it to the nearest stand?
A. It will take about 22 min after vacating the RW.

B. It will take about 23 min after vacating the RW.
C. It will take about 12 min after vacating the RW.
Ill Circle the correct option.

A. We see flames from your starboard engine
B. We see flames and smoke fi-om your left engine.
C. We see flames and smoke fi-om your right engine.
A. We hit 1800 birds.

B. We hit 8 birds at 1800.
C. We hit lots of birds at 1800.
A. Fuel endurance is 194 000kg.

B. Fuel endurance is 94 000kg.
C. Fuel endurance is 19400 kg.
XX. Video.
Watch the video and mark the statements as TRUE or FALSE.

1. The aircraft skidded off the RW and was disintegrated.
2. Fire was extinguished in an hour.
3. It was a В 737.
4. The aircraft was on route from Sharm-el-sheih to Bahrain.
5. More than 4000 travelers were delayed at the airport.
XXI. Silent Video. Describe the video.

Discussion.
1. What problems with gear can the pilots experience?

2. What should be done if nose gear is not extended/not locked in correct position?
3. What may be the consequences of landing with not all gears extended?
4. What can cause tire burst? What may be the results?
5. What preparation should airport authorities perform if the traffic is going to make belly
landing?
31
2. Peculiarities of АТСs job
Grammar.
the appropriate prepositions where it is necessary.

I. The aircraft stopped the end of the RW.
2 accordance the documents they have to postpone the flight.
3. This responsibihty rests the crew.
4. Airbus is fitted FMS.
5. Wind shear may occur any height.
6. The investigators spotted a mistake the air.
7. Medical certificates have to be renewed 2 years.
8. The passenger suffered severe asthma reaction.
9. After the flight the captain places the plane security.
10. Engine failure may be caused bird strike.
II. They penetrated prohibited zone.
12. The flight left the airport 9.30.
13. The first officer assumes responsibility captain's order.
14. Icing greatly affects aerodynamic characteristics of the aircraft.
15. This document was implemented 1С AO.
16. Pilot has to be good leading documents.
17. The traffic landed RW 23 R.
18. The hijackers were armed guns.
19. FMS guides the aircraft the flight plan.
20. Before landing in poor visibility pilots take account their minima.
21. If controller fails medical exam, he is assessed unfit.
22. The aircraft plunged the ground.
23. Operational controller submits the supervisor.
24. There was a near miss PL 220.
25. Not every aircraft is equipped GPS.
26. A321 is similar A320.
27. When alarm goes the pilots have to react quickly.
28. Prior a shift a controller passes medical check.
29. Controller didn't allow pilots to enter the restricted area.
30. The crew was rather tired, as they worked 3 days a row.
31. Lightning strike led engine vibration.
32. The captain insisted changing flight level.
33. 1000 meters equals 3300 feet.
34. Arriving the а1фог1 the crew takes their duties.
35. Pilots comply controller's instructions.
36. Captain conveys the aircraft another crew after landing.
37. This air company flies only abroad.
38. The flight arrived Kiev 5 p.m.
39. Marginal weather conditions contributed the incident.
40. Meteorologist is charge issuing the forecast time.
41. Flight attendants deal emergency equipment.
42. The flight is carried over the Indian ocean.
43. Hypoxia may cause fatality.
44. There is another aircraft eastbound leg.
45. These factors are divided 3 groups.
46 my mind it was electrical short circuit.
47. Inform us when you reach the destination.
32
48. The cabin crew reported the captain about abusive passenger.
49. Ukraine joined this organization in 1984.
50. They encountered CB clouds route.
51. He decided to follow his father's footsteps.
52 the end they exited thunderstorm activity.
53. Pilots are aware cargo which is carried
54. They discussed weather on the pre-flight briefing.
55. They adhered the flight plan.
XXIII. Do the crossword puzzle.
21
18
16^
17 19 22
10
20
11 12
13
14
15
Across:
1. If АТС doesn't meet medical s he will be deprived of medical certificate.
2. Simulator Instructors conduct a of the most significant ATC's procedures.
3. Controllers have to be patient, quick-thinking, attentive and
4. ACC has computer at his
5. In order to the problem, pilots used another radio station.
6. Only and sophisticated equipment can ensure safety.
7 should be maintained and enhanced not to be lost.
8. The main of controller's job is night shift.
9. АТС has to pay particular attention to the screen in order to conflicting
situation in time.
10. The crew ignored the instruction and АТС faced with separation
11. Pilots have to controller about engine stall.
12. Automated system is used in order to safety.
13. The of the traffic was performed at 500 feet.
14. The ed FL was impossible to keep due to thunderstorm cell.
15. In case of emergency airport services have to immediate actions.
33
Down:
16. His official became a supervisor.
17. Having social insurance is one of the in this job.
18. All control sectors tightly
19 part in pilot's profession is love to the air.
20. АТС can with 10 traffic simultaneously.
21. ATCs and pilots bear the same for people's lives
XXIV. Recollect some air catastrophes which happened due to ATCs or pilot's error. Analyze
them from your point of view.
Watch the video and discuss it.
/. Active vocabulary.
• Mishap
• To be baffled by
• To be stunned
• Deadly chain of events
• Amazing
• Peculiarity
• Incredible
• To plunge
• To regain control
II. Mark the sentences as true or false.
1. The crash happened in Siberia in May, 1994.

2. All 75 people perished.
3. It was a scheduled flight from Novosibirsk to Hong Kong.
4. The captain allowed his children to take his seat as he was sure that the autopilot was
flying the plane.
5. The autopilot was disconnected because the boy pushed the button by accident.
6. There isn't any alarm of disengaging the autopilot on this type of the aircraft.
7. Nobody was able to reach the controls due to Earth gravity.
8. The autopilot was disconnected itself because of physical forces influencing the aircraft.
9. The plane was plunging down with the speed of 200 feet per second.
10. The boy has to be blamed for the outcome of the situation.
XXV. Read the texts and comment on them.
Collision over Germany.
In 2002 Russian Tul54 of Bashkirian airline was carrying

children from Russia to a Spanish resort in Barcelona for vacation.
The same day cargo B757 of DHL with two crew members on
board was directing from Bahrain to Brussels. Both aircraft
collided with each other at 35 OOOfeet over southern boarder of
Germany with Switzerland. Debris was scattered over 20miles
radius. Nobody survived. 71 people on both planes perished.
34
Both aircraft were equipped with TCAS which went off 45 seconds before the collision. It
instructed Tul54 to rise and B757 to descend. Swiss controller gave instruction to Tupolev to
descend as well. And it started descent.
The thing is, it was night time and there was only one controller in the control centre and he
was working with two radio stations simultaneously. The contributing factor was that ground
avoiding collision system was switched off for maintenance that time. АТС was busy with the
traffic on another frequency and missed a near miss. A minute before impact he spotted it and
tried to prevent it by giving Tupolev command to descend. By the way, the controller misled
Russian crew by giving them wrong information about conflicting traffic. (He stated that
conflicting traffic was on the right, while in fact it was on the left) Russian crew decided that
there was one more aircraft which they were ignorant about and followed ATC's instruction.
So, both aircraft left FL 360, descended about 200 meters and collided at FL 354. During last
seconds pilots tried to avoid each other but in vain. Boeing's stabilizer hit Tupolev's ftiselage
and caused its explosion in the air. Crippled B757 with a part of stabilizer torn apart lost control
and crashed as well.
Collision over Dneprodzerzhinsk.
On the ll'*' of August in 1979 twoTu-sl34 collided in air over

Dneprodzerzhinsk. One of them was performing flight Tashkent-
Donetsk-Moscow. There were 84 people on its board, including 17
footballers of Pakhaakor team. Another traffic was executing flight
with the route Chelyabinsk-Voronezh-Kishinev. There were 88
passengers and 6 crew members there.
That day there were 6 controllers on duty at Kharkov control centre.
The supervisor assigned inexperienced young controller to the busiest
sector and one more ACC to control him (though according to instruction he had to execute it
himself). The situation was complicated by the state flight that day. (Deputy of Leonid Brezhnev
who was resting in the Crimea was supposed to visit him on the peninsular.) One of three
existing air corridors was reserved for the state flight.
The two aircraft were flying ahead each other with the 90° angle at the altitude 8400meters in
clouds. The young controller calculated that the two aircraft would avoid conflicting point. It
was his crucial fault. Another controller spotted the eminent danger and instructed Belarus crew
to climb 9600 meters . " Roger"- it was an answer heard on the air. But the call sign was
indistinct. The АТС was sure that Minsk crew replied and the instruction was being performed.
But in fact these words belonged to another aircraft 1162 which was flying to Tashkent. In 1
minute 5 seconds both aircraft collided at 8400meters.None of the passengers survived. Both
area controllers were convicted in homicide by negligence and sentenced to 15 years
imprisonment.
35
\ Units. Weather.
Ж 7 Ж 1 Х 3
I. New vocabulary.
Crucial importance/ paramount importance
Hazardous/ dangerous weather conditions
Marginal weather conditions
Adverse weather conditions
To postpone the flight/to suspend the flight
To circumnavigate
To be of great advantage/ disadvantage
To deteriorate / to impair
The decision rests with the pilot
Runway visual range
To present danger to/to pose danger to
To melt
To alert/ to warn
To resist the strike
To be vulnerable
Humidity
To affect smth/smb / to have an effect on smb/smth
To influence smb/smth / to have influence on smb/smth
To encounter smth/smb
To be aware of
Sliding off the RW
Skidding off the RW
Overrunning
Blustery
Violent wind
Sleet
Slush
Ascending air current / air flow
Descending air current / air flow
Airport comes to a standstill
Wind velocity
To break out
To pay particular attention to
To take into account
Ball lightning
Bolt of lightning
Sheet lightning
Fog clears / lets up / lifts
Volcano eruption
To impend
36
\ Units. Weather.
II. Replace the explanations with suitable words from the active vocabulary.
1. to delay the flight for some period of time

2. to become hazardous for smth
3. to get worse
4. to meet unexpectedly
5. to know smth
6. going up air flow
7. going down air flow
8. to start
9. flash of lightning
10. fog disappears
III. Fill the gaps with words and word combinations in the necessary form from the box.
to rest with the pilot to deteriorate to break out to be vulnerable

to pose danger circumnavigation to come to a standstill to be aware
to take into account bolt of lightning crucial importance
1. It is a common situation in our country when airport due to severe

snow storm.
2 blinded the pilots and for some seconds they lost control.
3. There was poor visibility when they were approaching to the airport. In such conditions
the decision
4. Braking coefficient is of in winter time while performing landing.
5. The weather and they had to divert to the alternative.
6. The crew of wind shear.
7. Thunderstorm suddenly and caused of this area.
8. Wind direction is before landing and take-off.
9. Blustery cross wind to landing aircraft.
10. Aircraft on approach to the influence of wind shear.
IV. Make up sentences from the words given below.

1. can, at, the, any, weather, moment, deteriorate.
2. be, us, wind, advantage, flight, of, tail, for, will, during, great.
3. to, adverse, better, conditions, the, due, flight, weather, postpone, you'd .
4. RW, the, are, aware, slush, on, of, you?
5. lightning, failure, by, be, strike, communication, can, caused.
6. will, to, when, able, only, fog, the, they, clears, depart, be.
7. into, low, we, area, account, take, to, have, pressure.
8. was, by, braking, overrunning, coefficient, caused, poor.
V. Answer the questions using the underlined words in your answers.

1. Why is weather forecasting of crucial importance for flight?
2. What weather conditions are marRinal and adverse?
3. Why is jet stream of great advantage for the flight?
4. What can deteriorate visibility?
5. What can impair flying characteristics of the aircraft?
6. Does decision as for clearing the landing in thick fog rest with an АТС?
7. What precipitation poses risk to taking off aircraft?
37
Units. Weather.
8. Can the plane's skin resist hail strike or will it lead to dents?
9. Where can turbulence be encountered?
10. What can lead to skidding off the RW or sliding off the RW?
11. Due to what reasons can airport come to a standstill?
12. What do crew take into account if they see bolt of lightning ahead of them?
VI. Answer the following questions.

1. How significant is the weather for flight?
2. What types of weather information do the pilots/ATCs get?
3. What can cause aiфort coming to a standstill?
4. How does wind affect the aircraft?
5. What is wind shear? Why and when can it be hazardous?
6. What actions should be carried out by the crew if they encountered wind shear?
7. How can controller assist the crew in this situation?
8. What is jet stream? How can it be of advantage for the airlines?
9. What kind of danger can CB activity cause?
10. How can lightning strike affect the plane?
11. What is turbulence? Why does it appear? What threat can it pose?
12. What is CAT? Can it be forecasted?
13. What phenomenon do we call icing?
14. In what way can it negatively affect the aircraft?
15. How is it possible to prevent icing in the air and on the ground?
16. What can decrease visibility?
17. What should the pilots take into account while landing in poor visibility?
18. What hazards can volcano eruption pose to the aircraft?
VII. Read the text and discuss it.

WEATHER
Weather is of paramount importance for aviation. It influences every flight greatly because
there is direct connection between weather and safety of flight. Marginal weather may cause
postponing or canceling the flight, diversion to another airport, circumnavigation of areas with bad
weather conditions, losing orientation at unfamiliar airport. Rough weather may also lead to
communication problems because of noise static and poor readability. That's why before each
flight the pilots receive meteorological information for the airport of departure, for the airport of
destination and on the route.
For example, wind greatly affects the flight. A headwind will obviously suspend the arrival
of flights and is to be avoided on the route if it is possible. But it is of an advantage on landing and
take-off as it increases lift and reduces landing distance. On the other hand, a tail wind can be of
great advantage on the route as it increases the ground speed and results in a reduction of fuel
consumption. Severe cross wind can pose great risk on landing as the plane may slide off or skid
off the RW. That's why wind direction and strength are taken into account before planning the
flight.
The weather phenomena that can pose hazard to the safety of flight are:
• CB clouds
• Lightning
38
\ Units. Weather.
Hail
Wind shear
Severe turbulence
Icing
Fog
Shower rain
Squall
Blizzard
Drizzle
Volcanic ash
CB clouds create the greatest threat for the safety of the

flight due to ascending and descending air flows, as a result
severe turbulence. Their tops can reach 10 000-12 ООО metres.
These areas can pose another risk - lightning and hail and another
severe precipitation.
Lishtnins strike can cause

- electrical system failure on the aircraft
- communication failure
- ignition and malfiinction of any another system that in its turn can result in loss of control
- may blind the pilot
Hail can also damage the fuselage skin or windshield that can lead to depressurization or any
other unforeseen consequences. But the greatest hazard to the plane is posed by air currents
within CB clouds area. They can easily disable the aircraft by throwing it up and down. Having
lost the speed and having been unable to be supported in the air, the plane is sure to plunge
down.
That's why it is strictly prohibited to enter CB clouds areas. It is allowed to circumnavigate

them under the cloud base if the aircraft can maintain altitude not less than 200 metres above the
ground and not less than 600 metres above mountainous area while vertical separation between
the plane and the cloud base has to be also 200 metres. The distance between clouds top and the
aircraft has to be not less than 500 metres. Thunderstorm cells have to be avoided with the
distance of 15 kilometres.
Wind shear is a rapid change of wind speed or direction

over a short distance horizontally or vertically. It can occur at any
height, but is far more dangerous when encountered close to the
ground as it can result in loss of controllability of the aircraft
because during approach phase the plane reduces its speed and
becomes more vulnerable to the influence of the outside factors.
Thus, wind shear can lead to stall, overshooting or touching
down before landing zone.
Wind shears are usually common due to thunderstorms (they appear under thunderstorm
cells because of downdrafts and updrafts) or jet streams.
As wind shear is a rapid change of wind, it is rather complicated to foresee it for
meteorologists. In the majority of cases the ATCs and meteorological centres obtain report about
wind shear from the previous plane. Sophisticated aircraft are equipped with a wind shear alerting
system that warns the crew about the danger with a woman's voice.
39
\ Units. Weather.
Microburst is a localized hazardous wind shear condition. It

is a narrow downdraft of very high speed wind. When the
downdrafit approaches the surface of the ground, the wind flows
outward from the core in all directions. Encountering microburst,
the aircraft will pitch up and climb and then rapidly pitch down
and descend. These conditions can exceed the performance
capability of some aircraft. For this reason it is imperative to
avoid microburst.
Turbulence is a situation when the smooth flow of air is

disturbed by something in its path on the ground or by rising or
descending air. It affects the plane so that the abrupt jolts and
bumps of the ftiselage are felt. Turbulence can occur in
mountainous area, while entering the clouds, in the zone of
atmospheric fronts, in the zones of jet streams or due to air
friction close to the ground because of differences in surface and
air temperatures.
Turbulence can be light, moderate and severe. In severe turbulence an aircraft is tossed
greatly: it can lose or gain ahitude and attitude, experience structural damages and sometimes
become out of control.
It's recommended for the pilots to avoid the turbulence by changing the altitudes and it is
forbidden to land under severe turbulence.
Clear Air Turbulence ( CAT) is the turbulent movement of air masses in the absence of any
visual cues such as clouds. It is impossible to note CAT with a naked eye because it is invisible
and it is very complicated to identify it with a conventional radar. The most susceptible altitudes
for CAT are between 7000 and 12000 meters, in the regions where jet streams pass. At lower
altitudes it may also occur near mountain ranges. Thin cirrus cloud can also indicate high
probability of CAT.
Jet stream is a fast flowing air current moving from west

to east in the upper portion of the troposphere. The main jet
streams are located near the tropopause, the transition between
the troposphere (where temperature decreases with altitude)
and the stratosphere (where temperature increases with
altitude).
Jet streams may be of great advantage for aviation.
Commercial use of the jet stream started in 1952, when Pan Am flew from Tokyo to Honolulu. It
cut the trip time by over one-third, from 18 to 11.5 hours. It also saved the fuel.
Icing is a build-up of ice on the surfaces of aircraft which

increases the weight of the plane, makes it difficult to climb
and maintain altitudes and can lead to dangerous and even fatal
results:
-increased weight of the plane can cause worsening of
aerodynamic characteristics of the plane
- frozen contaminants cause critical control surfaces to be
rough; it greatly degrades the ability of the wing to generate lift
40
Units. Weather.
and increases drag
- movable controls may be jammed
- engines propellers may be crippled and cause unbalanced vibration (due to injection of ice)
- engine stoppage (due to icing up of carburetor, cowling and intakes)
- flame outs may take place
- accumulation of ice on internal or external windscreen can impair visibility
- sometimes landing gear extension may be affected
- antennas can vibrate so severely that can easily break
- different sensors can be covered with ice and transfer incorrect data to the cockpit
- excessive fuel consumption
The combination of all these factors can lead to stall and even crash of the aircraft.
In order to prevent icing de-icing procedure takes place on the ground. De-icing is a
procedure that can be accomplished by mechanical methods (scraping, pushing); with the
application of heat; by spraying the plane with liquid chemicals designed to lower the freezing
point of water; or by a combination of these different techniques.
Anti-icing system is used in the flight. Leading edges of the wing, windscreen, engine
clawing are heated to prevent build-up of ice while flying in extremely low temperatures.
Fog is a phenomenon caused by water droplets

suspended in the air that decreases visibility. Fog is
dangerous when the aircraft is going to land as it reduces
visibility and aircraft flying in VFR will experience
hazardous situations when there is no visual contact with the
ground.
Reduced visibility because of fog may result in:

- restrictions on movements at an aiфort, reduced capacity (because of procedviral increased
separation between aircraft take-offs and landings in order to maintain safety)
RW incursion
disorientation (especially at an unfamiliar airport) that in its turn can cause near collision
Thick fog creates obvious hazards to landing. Nowadays the responsibility rests with the
pilots; they decide themselves to perform landing or not, taking into account airport category,
aircraft minima, and crew minima.
There are three airport categories:
1. ILS CATEGORY I - An ILS approach procedure which allows to perform landing with
decision height not lower than 60m and a visibility not less than 800m or a
runway visual range not less than 550m.
2. ILS CATEGORY II (Special authorization required) - An ILS approach procedure which
provides for an approach to a decision height lower than 60m but not lower
than 30m and a runway visual range not less than 350m.
3. ILS CATEGORY III (Special authorization required) -
a. IIIA - an ILS approach procedure which provides for approach with either a decision
height lower than 30m or with no decision height and with a runway visual
range of not less than 200m.
b. IIIB - an ILS approach procedure which provides for approach with either a decision
height lower than 15m or with no decision height and with a nmway visual range of
less than 200m but not less than 50m.
c. IIIC - An ILS approach procedure which provides for approach with no decision
height and no runway visual range limitations.
41
\ Units. Weather.
Landing is the most complicated phase of flight, that's why a great attention is paid to RW
condition. It may be
dry
wet/damp
with water patches
flooded
slippery
covered with slush
covered with rime or frost/ ice
covered with compacted snow
covered with ruts and ridges
Volcano eruption.
Erupted volcanic ash reaches high altitudes and is easily

spread by winds. It poses significant threat to the safety of air
traffic over a large territory of the planet.
• Volcanic pieces (rock particles) get into the engine, melt
as there is temperature more than 1000°C, stick to the
blades and compressor and resuh in engine flame out or
cutting off or fooling of the engines temperature sensors.
• Volcanic ash is charged so it will negatively affect communication.
• Air speed indicators will be clogged and will fail to operate.
• Safety of the aircraft flying through volcanic ash cloud is endangered as volcanic parts
floating in the air reduce visibility, can cause damage of the fuselage, lights and movable
surfaces.
Vni. Complete the sentences.
1. Weather is of paramount importance for aviation

2. Different types of wind affect the aircraft
3. The most hazardous weather phenomena are
4. Wind shear is
5. Wind shear can result in
6. Microburst is
7. Jet stream is
8. Jet stream can be of advantage for the crew
9. CB clouds are of great danger
10. Lightning strike can lead to
11. Turbulence is
12. CAT is
13. Fog poses threat during take off and landing
14. Icing is
15. It can result in
16. Icing can be prevented by
17. Volcano eruption
18. RW conditions may be
42
\ Units. Weather.
IX. Fill the gaps with the necessary prepositions.
1. Wind shear greatly influences the aircraft the landing.

2. Adverse weather conditions caused delay of the flight.
3. Are you aware weather conditions the airport of arrival?
4. Tailwind will obviously result fuel consumption reduction.
5. We have to take account hazardous met phenomena before the flight.
6. CB clouds can reach 12000 meters.
7. The traffic is sure plunge down.
8. It's strictly prohibited to enter CB clouds area.
9. Thunderstorm cells have to be avoided 15 kilometers distance.
10. Wind shear can occur any height.
11. Pilots encountered wind shear close to the ground.
12. During landing aircraft becomes vulnerable wind shear.
13. Airbus is equipped wind shear warning system.
14. It is forbidden to land severe turbulence.
15. It is impossible to notice CAT a naked eye.
16. CAT may be caused jet streams.
17. Lightning strike can lead stall of the aircraft.
X. Approve or disapprove the statements.
• Summer season creates less hazards for flying than winter.

• All weather related accidents could have been avoided as human factor played a
crucial and primary role there.
XI. Complete the diagram with the names of different types of clouds.
43
Units. Weather.
XIL Name the types of the clouds and speak about hazards they pose to the aircraft
20.000 AGL
fi Ы<0 AGL
XIII. Name the weather phenomenon and speak about its influence on aviation.
44
шиз. Weather.
XIV. Listening.(for ATCs)

I. Defining information.
1. 2000 feet
2. leaving the frequency
3. 124,65
4. QNH1005
1. engine failure
2. dump 40 tones of fuel
3. fuel dumping in progress
4. approach to Rexbery
III Put letter С for controller's words and P for pilot's words.
1. bird strike
2. require landing priority
3. no fire warning
4. heading 250

/. Answer the following questions.
1. What problem do the pilots seem to have?
2. What do they request?
3. What A T C s instructions can the pilots manage to perform?
II Answer the following questions.
1. What problem is reported?
2. What have they done with the passenger?
3. What does the crew request?
III Answer the following questions.
1. What does passenger suffer from?
2. What is the nearest aiфort?
3. Why is another а1фог1 offered?
I Circle the correct option.
A) Airbus has blocked the RW
B) Airbus is being towered off the RW
C) Airbus has vacated the RW
A) Expect further delay due to debris from Airbus

B) Expect further delay due to weather
C) Expect further delay due to sweepers cleaning debris
45
Units. Weather.
A) RW 42
B) RW 2F
C) RW 24
A) Take descent left, contact ground on 121,7
B) Take descent ahead of you, contact ground on 121,7
C) Take descent left, contact ground on 112,7
A) We seem to have nose gear jammed on landing

B) We seem to have nose tire blown out on landing
C) We seem to have main gears blown out on landing
A) Can you move right 50 yards?

B) Can you move left 50 yards?
C) Can you move forward 50 yards?
III. Circle the correct option.
A) Instrumental approach on RW 07
B) Visual approach on RW 07
C) Visual approach on RW 27
A) We are struggling to keep descending

B) We are straggling to keep speed
C) We are straggling to keep heading
A) We have flaps and landing gear is down

B) We have spoilers and landing gear is down
C) We have slats and landing gear is down
m. XV. Video(forATCs).
Mark the statements as TRUE and FALSE.
1. Cargo aircraft crashed in highly populated area after landing.
2. The reason of crash is unknown.
3. Visibility was 4000 metres.
4. Weather couldn't be a factor of the crash.
5. There were 8 people on board.
^ XVI. Listening, (for pilots)

I. AXIS.
2. QNH and dew point
3. Departure RW
II. Urgency.
I Answer the following questions.
1. What airport is landing requested at?
2. What is the type of the aircraft?
3. Why should flying below 500 feet be avoided?
46
\ Units. Weather.
II. Answer the following questions.
1. What problem do the pilots seem to have?
2. What do they request?
3. What ATC's instructions can the crew manage to perform?
III. Emergency.
1. What does the passenger suffer from?
2. What is the nearest airport?
3. Why is another airport offered?
1. What is the cause of distress?
2. What does crew request and report about?
3. Why is distress ended?
IV. Aviation related audio.

1)
Answer the following questions.
1. What was flying experience of the pilot?
2. What was the first communication failure caused by?
3. On what phase of the flight did the second communication failure occur?
4. What conditions did they fly in?
5. What were the pilot's actions?
1. What human actions can lead to communication failure?
2. How is it possible to prevent it?
3. What is the connection between weather and communication problems?
4. What airports do miscommunications often happen at? Due to what?
5. What are the actions of the crew?
2)
1. How many people were there on board?
2. What has happened to the aircraft?
3. What was possible reason of fire?
4. Where and when did China airline have crash?
5. How many victims were there?
1. What technical malfunctions can cause ignition?
2. What goods are considered to be dangerous?
3. What are the regulations as for their transportation?
4. What should be done in case of fire in cargo hold?
5. What are possible consequences of engine fire?
XVII. Silent Video. Describe the video.

Discussion.
1. What can cause ignition on board?
2. What kind of goods do we call dangerous? In what cases can they flare up?
3. What can be expected in case of engine fire?
47
Units. Weather.
4. How can fire affect other systems on board?
5. What airport services should be alerted? What are they in charge of?
XVIII. Describe the picture and speak about possible reasons of the crash.
Use the active vocabulary

• Marginal/adverse weather
• To deteriorate/ to impair
• To pose danger to
• To encounter
• To affect
• To be vulnerable to
• To take into accoimt
• To disintegrate
шш
XIX. Common Mistakes in Aviation English.
* Wind shear is one of the most hazardous phenomenon.

* Wind shear is a phenomena that poses great threat for the aircraft.
Phenomenon- is used to denote singular

Phenomena - is used to denote plural
* Wind shear is one of the most hazardous phenomena.
* Wind shear is a phenomenon that poses great threat for the aircraft.

1. Adverse weather jeopardize the safety of the flight.
2. We encountered a number of meteorological on the route.
3. Wind is a significant weather that has to be taken into account before
each flight.
4. If we are speaking about various perilous met that pilots can face with, we
can't but mention fog.
We have a lot of precipitations this year.
48
Units. Weather.
Precipitation- is uncountable noun which denotes rain, snow, etc. that falls (used only in
singular)
Precipitations- is countable noun which denotes a chemical process in which solid material is
separated from the liquid (used in singular and plural).
* We have a lot of precipitation this year.

1. We expect an increase in annual
2. Due to severe they postponed the departure.
3. The children have obtained two on Science.
4. Airport came into standstill due to a lot of
5 endangers the safety of the flight.
XX. Grammar.
I. Put the verbs in the appropriate forms. (Present Simple)
1. Person (to experience) dehydration during the flight.
2. If the weather (not to deteriorate), we'll depart in accordance with
the slot.
3. 1 think the crew (not to be aware) of coming front.
4. Severe cross wind (to jeopardize) landing.
5. Four snow ploughs (to clean) the apron from the snow for 20 minutes.
6. Where the headquarters of your airline (to be located)?
7. We suppose this airline (to violate) the rules of pre-flight rest of the
crew.
8. What measures you (to undertake) when you see squawk
7500?
9. We (to follow) ICAO documents.
10. It (to take) 50 minutes to fly from Donetsk to Kiev.
11. How much time it (to take) to fly from
Dnepropetrovsk to Kiev?
12. АТС (to issue) clearance and pilots (to follow) them.
13. Severe precipitation (to reduce) visibility.
14. Every aircraft (to have) to meet international requirements.
15. Birds on the RW (to pose) threat to smooth running of the engine.
16. Passengers (to claim) to get refimd.
17. The captain (to need) to know if Odessa airport (to be) ready to
accept them.
18. In majority of cases stress and work pressure (to cause) human mistakes.
19. If you (not to pass) medical or Enghsh exams, you will be deprived of
your license.
20. The crew (not to require) priority for landing.
II. Translate into English.

1. Аэробус 380 выполняет дальнемагистральные полеты.
2. Наша полоса не позволяет принимать такие самолеты.
3. Пассажиры знают о причинах задержки рейса?
4. Рейс на Афины вылетает в 7 ровно.
5. Кто несет ответственность за загрузку бортового питания?
6. Вы знакомы с процедурами руления?
7. Сдвиг ветра возникает на любой высоте, но представляет опасность только при
взлете и посадке.
49
Units. Weather.
8. Руководство авиакомпаний редко возмещают пассажирам убытки за отмененный
рейс.
9. Мы не уверенны, что можем вьщерживать заданный эшелон.
10. Туман обычно рассеивается к обеду, и мы возобновляем полеты.
11. В днепропетровском аэропорту нет большой пропускной способности.
12. Яркая вспышка молнии вблизи самолета приводит к ослеплению экипажа на
некоторое время.
13. Я не вижу улучшения погоды.
14. По каким направлениям летает ваша компания?
15. Неблагоприятные погодные условия значительно усложняют визуальные полеты.
16. Ваш самолет оборудован GPS?
17. В случае отказа всех двигателей экипаж начинает планирование.
18. Когда вылетают рейсы на Борисполь сегодня?
19. У нас нет недостатка в техническом персонале.
20. Диспетчер не разрешает занятие полосы, если там идет уборка снега.
XXI. Speaking focused on grammar.

Speak about:
• how technical staff services the aircraft
• what captain/supervisor informs crew/team about before the flight/shift
• what your base airport lacks
• what earlier you did (concerning your job) and now you don't
• how some systems on board/ some equipment in operational room works
XXII. Do the crossword puzzle.

Across:
1. The apron was so that snow ploughs couldn't get to the RW.
2. The weather has ed significantly, all departures are postponed.
3 wind pointed to hurricane.
4. Pilots have never ed this phenomenon.
5. Everything was in snow banks, braking coefficient was poor, so the а1фог1 came to a
6. Even meteorologists were not of looming volcano eruption.

7. Thunderstorm has to be avoided with 15 kilometers distance.
8. Controller didn't manage to pilots about near miss.
9 of lightning frightened the passengers.
10. Airport authorities had to the flight because of late arrival of aircraft.
11. CB activity area was so large and there is nothing else left for crew to do but
to it.
Down:
12. Volcano in 2011 paralyzed the whole Europe.

13. Thunderstorm can during 10 minutes in this area.
14 caused impairing of aerodynamic characteristics of the aircraft.
15. Wind shear is very during landing phase.
16 weather conditions delayed the departure for 14 hours.
17. Birds in the vicinity of RW always the safety of the flight.
18 mainly appears at the altitudes where jet streams pass.
19. It seemed as if the RW condition d.
20. The fog is sure to by the noon.
50
Unit 3. Weather.
XXII. Read the texts and comment on them. Speak about your examples of air catastrophes
due to weather.
Pullkovo airline crash.
On the 22d of August in 2005 Tu-154 of Pullkovo airlines

was executing flight from a Russian resort Anapa to Saint
Petersburg. The aircraft was crossing Ukrainian territory and
over the eastern part of it encountered severe thunderstorm.
The crew was reported about it by the controller. The previous
traffic of Turkish Airlines diverted to departure airport due to
this cell. But Tu-154 crew requested from АТС to climb FL390
(approximately 119000metres), as the captain made up his
mind to overfly this activity above. There were some contributing factors that affected the
captain: the plane was not refiieled in Anapa and the pilots feared short of fuel because of
diversion from the route and the crew was pressed financially by the airline for extra fee it would
have to pay in case of landing at the alternative.
The things went wrong when the pilots climbed 12100meters instead of 11900 cleared by the
controller. It was a fateful decision as at such extremely high altitude the plane lost speed, pitch
angle reached 45 degrees and the aircraft entered a deep stall. The flight crew couldn't recover
the situation. The plane entered a spin with a high angle of attack and was falling sliding from
one wing to another like a leaf from the tree. The pilots didn't even realize the situation at once.
But when they did, they tried to save the aircraft desperately but in vain. The plane plunged to
the ground, broke apart and burst into flames about 40 kilometers north of Donetsk. All
passengers and crew perished in this accident.
Polish Air Force Tu-154 crash.
On the lO'*' of April in 2010 Tu-154 belonging to Polish Air

Force crashed near Smolensk in Russia. There were
representatives of Polish government on board: the Polish
President Lech Kachinskiu and his wife, the chief of the Polish
General Staff and other senior Polish military officers. They were
on route from Warsaw to the settlement being about 20
kilometers from Smolensk in order to be present on the
51
Units. Weather.
anniversary of Khatyn massacre. None of the occupants survived this crash.
The crew attempted to land the plane at Smolensk military base aiфort in extremely poor
visibility (about SOOmeters). The airport was not equipped with sophisticated equipment and the
plane was performing visual approach but found itself lower than a glidepath and striking the
tops of the trees it rolled upside down and collided with the ground 200 meters missing the RW.
Shortly before the catastrophe the aircraft with Polish journalists landed safely at the same
aiфort. 20 minutes before Government Tu-154 Russian 11-76 diverted to Moscow. Polish Tu-154
was also advised two alternatives either Moscow or Minsk but being pressed by the President
(who wasn't intending to be late for the anniversary) the captain decided to land in thick fog.
The result of this decision was fatal - 96 fatalities.
52
Unit 4. Communication problems.
Ж71Г1Х 4
С О М М У Ж Ж С А Х Ю Ж g B ^ O B b l E M g
I. New vocabulary.
To misunderstand
To т181п1ефге1
To mishear
Radio malfunction
Communication breakdown
Code switching
Multiple communication
Ambiguous words
To transmit blind
Fluency of speech
Plain English
Disbehef
Strobe lightning
Overanticipation
To miss
Complicated instructions
Runway incursion
Personal friction/ rank barrier
To establish communication
To resume communication
To relay a message
Simultaneous transmitting
Phraseology deviation
Garbled phraseology
Adherence to
To pronounce clearly and distinctly
Even rate of speech
To maintain assigned level
Affected aircraft/ Crippled aircraft
To distract
II. Match the synonymous expressions.
Balanced speed complicated

Difficult resume
General affected
Distrust malfunction
Flashlight plain
Recommence postpone
Breakdown disbelief
Crippled strobe light
Suspend even rate
53
Lnit 4. Communication problems.
III. Make up sentences which comprise the following 2 word combinations.
1. to miss, to postpone
2. even rate, complicated instractions
3. to distract, crippled aircraft
4. to misinterpret, to resume
5. affected aircraft, malfiinction
6. to distract, to transmit blind
7. simultaneously, to relay message
8. adherence, multiple communication
9. overanticipation, disbelief
10. phraseology deviation, fluency of speech
IV. Make up sentences which comprise the following 3 word combinations.
1. to distract, even rate, disbelief

2. adherence, to misinterpret, fluency of speech
3. to suspend, simultaneous transmitting, runway incursion
4. breakdown, crippled aircraft, to transmit blind
5. to resume communication, complicated instructions, to miss
6. code switching, ambiguous words, misinterpretation
7. multiple communication, fluency of speech, to speak clearly and distinctly
8. to postpone, adherence, to maintain assigned level
9. to establish communication, strobe lightning, to relay message
10. overanticipation, to distract, misinterpretation
V. Discuss the following questions.
1. What ways of communication between people can you name?

2. Which ones are the most efficient? Prove.
3. What do we mean by radio conununication failure in aviation?
4. What technical devices malftmction can cause communication failure?
5. Enumerate human mistakes in communication that can result in misunderstanding?
6. Are there any weather phenomena deteriorating readability?
7. What types of communication failure are you familiar with?
8. How can a controller identify the type of failiire?
9. What procedures should be observed in case of one-way communication failure?
10. What do pilots have to undertake in case of two-way communication failure when flying
in VMC?
11. What do pilots have to undertake in case of two-way communication failure when flying
in IMC?
12. What is expected from АТС in this situation?
13. How is it possible to minimize misunderstanding between pilots and controllers?
VI. Read the text and discuss it.
54
COMMUNICATION PROBLEMS
Radio communication is considered to be failed if during 5 minutes the crew or the АТС
unit doesn't answer the repeated calls through all available radio communication channels.
Communication problems
can be caused by a number of reasons
Technical reasons Human factor Outside factor

• • Multiple
Transmitter/receiver/ • Marginal weather
failure communication (flying close to CB
• • Ambiguous wording
Defectof headsets or, clouds, lightning strike,
microphone •V* Code switching < noise static, aircraft
• Broken wire ^ • Poor English
V.' electrification, severe
• Power failure (engine
• Cultural differences icing) ,,
shut down/APU failure)
« • Disbelief f'4 ^ ^ • Terrain effect
• Overanticipation • Long distance between
• Personal the plane and АТС
friction/rank • Traffic congestion
barrier
у/
" • Jargon/Garbled
phraseology
ШШ^ШШШйЩЩШШШ
There are two types of communication failure- one-way communication failure and two-
way communication failure.
One-way communication failure is a situation when either a pilot or a controller is unable to
transmit or receive a message.
Two-way communication failure is a situation when both pilot and controller are unable to
transmit and receive a message.
In the event of one-way communication failure (i.e. aircraft can receive only), the
controller may request the aircraft to make identifying turns, flash its navigational lights, transmit
codes or IDENT signals on the transponder, rock its wings, etc, to acknowledge clearances or
instructions
When it is known that two-way communication failure has occurred, АТС shall maintain
separation between the aircraft having the communication failure and the other aircraft based on
the assumption that the aircraft will operate in accordance with VMC or IMC.
In the event of any (one-way or two-way) radio communication failures the pilot-in-
command shall
55
1) use all available facilities, take measures to re-establish communication with the АТС directly
or by means of other aircraft. In such cases, if necessary, the emergency frequency 121.5 MHZ
may be used.
2) transmit position reports and intentions, assuming the aircraft transmitter is operating, and
prefixing all transmissions with "TRANSMITTING BLIND".
3) turn on landing lights, beacons, and strobe lighting.
Adherence to the appropriate RCF emergency procedures depends on the flight conditions -
VMC or IMC.
In VMC:
Pilots shall
• set transponder to Code 7600
• continue to fly in visual meteorological conditions
• land at the nearest suitable aerodrome
• report the arrival by the most expeditious means to the appropriate air traffic control unit.
In IMC
1) Crew has to set squawk 7600, maintain the last assigned speed and level, or minimum
flight altitude if higher, for a period of 7 minutes following the aircraft's failure, to report its
position over a compulsory reporting point and thereafter adjust level and speed in accordance
with the filed flight plan;
2) In the event of radio communication failure directly after take-off, the pilot-in-command
shall carry out approach according to the established pattern and land at the departure aerodrome.
3) If it is impossible to land at the departure aerodrome after take-off (due to meteorological

conditions or if the aircraft mass exceeds the landing mass and ftiel jettison is impossible etc.),
the pilot-in-command has the right:
a) to proceed to the destination aerodrome according to flight plan. Complete a normal

instrument approach procedure as specified for the designated navigation aid or fix; and
land, if possible, within 30 minutes after the estimated time of arrival
b) to proceed to the alternate aerodrome at the flight level assigned by the ATS unit or at
proximate lower flight level (in accordance with vertical separation rules), but not below
minimum safe flight level.
АТС will consider aircraft experiencing communication failure if the expected report is
missing within 5 minutes.
Firstly, it is necessary to call the aircraft on definite frequencies (on current and previous
sector frequencies) and identify whether it is one-way communication failure or two-way
communication failure.
If an identified aircraft experiences a radio failure, the radar controller shall instruct the
aircraft to make a tum(s) or set another transponder code. If movements of the plane or another
code indicate that the aircraft receiver is operating the controller shall continue to pass
instructions blind and twice. Supervisor has to be informed and engineer has to be invited to
check the equipment.
After attempts to establish normal two-way radio communication have failed, controllers
are to carry out the following standard radio failure procedures:
56
• Maintain separation between the radio failure aircraft and other known traffic;
• When operating in RVSM airspace, provide a minimum vertical separation of 2000
feet between the radio failure aircraft and any other aircraft;
• Give pertinent information about the movements of the radio failure aircraft to
other aircraft in the presumed vicinity;
• Ask aircraft in the presumed vicinity to establish communication with the radio
failure aircraft and relay messages;
• Use all means possible to monitor the aircraft's progress;
• Transmit, on the appropriate frequencies:
• level, route and EAT (or ETA) to which the radio failure aircraft is assumed to be
adhering;
• the weather conditions at the destination aerodrome, a suitable alternate and, if
practicable, in areas suitable for a descent through cloud.
• When, in consultation with the operator, instructions to divert have been transmitted to
the radio failure aircraft, inform the alternate aerodrome and request that they attempt to
establish communication.
During flight without radio communication at night, the crew shall, if possible, indicate
aircraft position by periodical switching on onboard landing lights or by onboard lights flashing.
In order to avoid miscommunication both pilots and controllers have to
• Pronounce each word clearly and distinctly

• Maintain an even rate of speech (not exceeding — typically — 100 words per minute)
• Make a slight pause preceding and following numerals; this makes them easier to
understand
• Maintain the speaking volume at a constant level
• Be familiar with microphone-operating techniques (particularly in maintaining a constant
distance fi-om the microphone)
• Usage of standard phraseology (non-standard phraseology, garbled phraseology or the
omission of key words may change completely the meaning of the intended message,
resulting in potential conflicts)
The most significant example is the North American phrase "Taxi into position and hold." It has
the same meaning as the ICAO phrase "Line up and wait," whereas the ICAO phrase "Taxi to
holding position" is a clearance to taxi to and hold at a point clear of the runway. Always read
back the necessary clearances:
V АТС route clearances
V Clearances and instructions to enter, land, take off, hold short of, cross or
backtrack on RW
V Runway in use
V Altimeter setting
V АТС transponder code
V Altitude or flight level instructions
V Heading and speed instructions
V Transition levels
• Undergo constant enhanced training as for communication for situational awareness
Miscommunication can cause RW incursion.
57
Runway incursion is called "Any occurrence at an

aerodrome involving the incorrect presence of an aircraft,
vehicle or person on the protected area of a surface
designated for the landing and take-off of aircraft".
We can speak about typical scenarios of RW incursion:

• Controller-related situation-, not having visual contact with the aircraft due to poor
visibility controller instructs one plane to clear the RW but pilots misunderstand the
instruction or appear on the RW by mistake and without checking their position АТС
clears another aircraft for take-off.
• Pilot-related situation: pilots at unfamiliar airport acknowledge taxing instructions but
being disorientated by night time or hot spots enter the active RW.
• Driver-related situation -, ground vehicle driver crosses the RW without АТС clearance.
There are also contributing factors: poor visibility, night time when there is no visual contact,
complexity of airport marks and signs that can confuse the pilots, usage of non-standard
phraseology that can result in misunderstanding.
VII. Complete the sentences.
1. Communication failure is considered

2. Communication problems may be caused by....
3. Multiple communication is
4. By cultural differences we mean
5. Code switching is
6. Overanticipation is
7. By personal friction we mean
8. Weather conditions that can cause communication problems are
9. It's possible to define the way of communication failure
10. In case of one-way communication failure
11. In case of two-way communication failure
12. In IMC pilots will
13. In VMC pilots will
14. A controller has to
15. It's possible to avoid miscommunication
16. RW incursion is
17. There are typical scenarios for RW incursions
VIII. Judging by the scheme given below analyze the contributing causes of RW incursions.
58
G)nl№ibuting causes Ы experienced RWii' Incursions
///////AV/
1. What are the most difficult airports you have flown to?
2. What peculiarities of their layout can result in RW incursion?
3. Is your base airport exposed to RW incursions? What constant weather conditions can
deteriorate the situation? What can you say about its airfield design, position of the RW?
Do you experience any problems there?
4. Have you ever encountered difficult situations in hot spots of any airport?
5. What recommendations would you give to avoid unauthorized entrance the RW?
IX. Decode the abbreviations.
RVSM
VFR
IFR
SID
X. Explain the meaning of the terms.

• Code switching
• Overanticipation
• Multiple communication
• Ambiguous words
• Cultural differences
• Runway incursion
XI. Insert the prepositions where necessary.
1. According JAR rules the plane has to fly 7 minutes accordance

assigned flight level and speed.
2. Pilots have to continue carrying their flight and direct... .the destination.
3. If it is impossible to proceed to destination, crew will divert to alternative make safe
landing.
4. It is prohibited to enter restricted area.
59
5. Controllers were not aware this jargon meaning and it caused great
misunderstanding.
6. If the aircraft is equipped Datalink system, it may simplify transmitting.
7. What do you mean code switching?
8. Multiple communication is usually caused congestion of traffic.
9. Adherence the appropriate emergency procedures depends the flight
conditions - VMC or IMC.
10. Interlocutors have to maintain an even rate of speech and keep the speaking
volume a constant level.
XIL Listening.(forATCs)
I. Put the letter P for pilot's words and С for controller's words.
1. turn left to FK
2. trouble on board
3. descend to 33 OOmeters
4. can I make 3000meters
II. Put the letter P for pilot's words and С for controller's words.
1. put you through to the company
2. check the handbook
3. both engines nacelles will contact RW
4. I would shut sooner
in. Put the letter P for pilot's words and С for controller's words.
1. taking off
2. take-off abandoned
3. taxing to the parking area
4. return to parking area

/. Answer the questions.
1. What problem did the crew experience?
2. What was the position of the aircraft?
3. What did the crew request?
4. What was the wind like?
II. Answer the questions.
1. What is the problem on board?
2. What is the problem between a pilot and an АТС?
3. What are the crew's intentions?
4. What services do they need?
Ill Answer the questions.
2. What are the problems with the flight plan?
3. What does the crew need?
4. What are they going to do?
/. Circle the correct option.
A. We have problems with avionics
60
в . We have problems with autopilots
C. We have problems with hydraulics
A. We can hold over BO from 12 to 20 minutes

B. We can hold over BO from 15 to 30 minutes
C. We can hold over BO from 15 to 20 minutes
A. We need all autopilots for automatic landing

B. We need 2 autopilots for automatic landing
C. We need 3 autopilots for automatic landing

A. We are experiencing problems with fuel remaining
B. We are experiencing problems with fuel pipes
C. We are experiencing problems with fuel flow
A. One engine is feathered

B. Two engines are feathered
C. We can't feather the engine
A. They landed on the water

B. They landed on the frozen water
C. They landed on marsh
III Circle the correct option.

A. Cleared ILS approach, RW 26, heading 350
B. Cleared ILS approach, RW 16, heading 350
C. Cleared ILS approach, RW 06, heading 350
A. Descend to altitude 6000 feet, transition level 110, QNH 1105

B. Descend to altitude 600 feet, transition level 110, QNH 1015
C. Descend to altitude 6000 feet, transition level 110, QNH 1015
A. The position is 45 km south-west from OSDS

B. The position is 45 km south-east from OS
C. The position is 50 km south-east from ODS
XIIL Video. Watch the video and mark the statements as TRUE or FALSE.
1. Rain and lightning were obvious reasons of crash.
2. There were no survivors.
3. The type of the plane was A 320.
4. Aircraft was spotted flying to the wrong direction.
5. AirBlue has a good safety record.
XIV. Listening, (for pilots)

I. AXIS.
Complete the statements with appropriate information.
1. Surface wind
2. Visibility
61
3. Dew point, QNH
11. Urgency message.
I. Answer the questions.

2. What is the problem between a pilot and АТС?
4. What services do they need?
2. What are the problems with the flight plan?
3. What does the crew need?
4. What are they going to do?

1. What problems did the crew experience?
2. What was the position of the aircraft?
3. What did the crew request?
4. What was the wind like?
1. What malfunction have they run into?
2. What FL are they cleared to?
3. What do pilots intend to do?
4. What airport are they proceeding to?

1. When and where did American bomber aircraft disappear from the radar?
2. When and where did the aircraft depart from?
3. What was happening to the aircraft? Why did controller advise pilots to fly west?
4. What caused pilots being lost?
5. What was revealed on the bottom of the sea?
1. Is it grounded information concerning Bermuda Triangle?
2. Why do planes face with the troubles exactly there in your opinion? What can cause it?
3. Can engine failure be caused by magnetic storms?
4. What are flight regulations as for this mysterious area now?
5. What other cases are you familiar with?

1. What has happened to the transport on the west coast of the USA?
2. What caused the problem?
3. How did the weather influence the President?
4. What is this situation similar to?
5. What are passengers advised to do?
62
1. What aircraft systems will suffer from hail?
2. What can severely restrict visibility? What does this phenomenon lead to?
3. What can scorching sun result in for aviation?
4. What phenomena can't be predicted? Why? What should be done in these cases?
5. What is icing? How can it jeopardize the safety of the flight?
I P , XV. Silent video.

Discussion.
1. Are jet engines aircraft more reliable than propeller driven ones?
2. What can cause engine failure on take off phase?
3. What problems can occur in case of engine surge? How will you tackle them?
4. What other plane's systems will be affected in case of engine failure?
5. What is possible to expect if single engine aircraft loses its engine?
XVI. Approve or disapprove the statements.

• Radio phraseology is enough for communication between a pilot and an АТС.
• It is necessary to implement the S"* level as operational because there are still
miscommunications with the 4"* one.
XVII. Common Mistakes in Aviation English.
* I don't know what has happened with the radio transmitter.

To happen- is followed by preposition "to".
* / don't know what has happened to the radio transmitter.

Fill the gaps with an appropriate preposition.
1. What has happened the passenger?
2. Nobody can predict what will happen the aircraft after lightning strike.
3. Air crash happened the plane which belonged to British Airways.
4. Nothing serious happened the crew despite some bruises.
5. 1 am not aware what has happened the radar but it was inoperative.
* lam agree with my colleague's opinion.

Agree - is a verb, not an adjective.
* I agree with my colleague's opinion.
We agree ON a matter for decision.

TO a proposal/TO do something.
WITH an opinion/WITH an idea/WITH somebody.

1. Hijackers agree dropping their demands.
2. If the captain agree the co-pilot, the decision rests with the first.
3. I agree ideas that woman can't work as a pilot.
4. The controller agreed give a lower level.
5. Has the pilot agreed executing this maneuver?
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XVIII. Grammar Block.

See the difference between Present Simple and Present Continuous.
PRESENT SIMPLE PRESENT CONTINUOUS

1. permanent situations 1. action that is happening at the moment
He worb as an ACC at Dnepropetrovsk Fire brigade is extinguishing the fire.
airport.
2. habitual, repeated action 2. temporary situation
Before every flight pilots have pre-flight We are using only one taxiway due to
briefing. construction work.
3. universal truth 3. fixed arrangements for the nearest future
Tail wind increases landing distance. Donbassaero is buying a new aircraft next
month.
4. timetables 4. changing or developing situation
The flight to Athens departs at 8 p.m The traffic flow is increasing annually.
tomorrow.
XIX. Grammar.
Open the brackets and put the verbs in the correct form. (Present Simple/ Present Continuous)
1. If pilots (not to hear) a controller, it (to mean) communication
failure (to take place).
2. Where (to be) general director? - He (to speak) over the
telephone and then he (to fly) to Kiev.
3 controllers often (to go) on business trip?
4. Don't interfere with me. I (to try) to establish communication with this
board.
5. If the aircraft (to overrun) the RW, we can speak about RW
excursion.
6. How much time (to take)it this aircraft to overfly this area?
7. Have a look. A first officer (to perform) walk around procedure despite
it (to rain).
8. Crew (not to depart) without clearance from АТС.
9. What (to do) you ?I (to hope) you (to
discuss)
regulations for this zone.
10. It (to be) necessary to switch on the RW lights. It (to get) darker.
11. He always (to enter) the restricted area.
12. According to their rules they (to transmit) information about their position.
13. АТС (to consider) communication failure if there (not to be) reply for
5 minutes.
14 he (to be) in a hurry? Why he (to attempt) to
depart before his slot time?
15. The pilot (not to have) possibility to land at alternative as
visibility (to deteriorate) there now due to thick fog.
16. This crew (not to be familiar) with airport layout.
17 (to be)there any traffic on the final?
18. It (to take) 20 minutes to overfly restricted area.
19. What aircraft (to pass) you at the moment?
64
20. How the passengers (to feel) now? -
They (to choke).
Translate into English.

1. Когда самолет будет взлетать?- Наверное, через несколько минут. Пассажиры уже
поднимаются по трапу.
2. Если передатчик работает, пилот передает информацию о своих намерениях.
3. Он обычно летает визуально?
4. Статистика показывает, что отказ связи чаще всего вызван человеческим фактором.
5. Вы надеетесь, этот самолет выйдет на связь?
6. Туман ухудшает видимость и часто приводит к потере ориентировки экипажем в
незнакомом аэропорту.
7. Посмотри, самолет выруливает на исполнительный старт без разрешения.
8. Пилот должен попытаться совершить посадку перед собой, если у него отказали
все двигатели.
9. Он летит слишком быстро. Надо уменьшить скорость, чтобы увеличить интервал.
10. Они постоянно нарушают правила, это приводит к аварийным ситуациям.
11. Этот экипаж не летает за границу.
12. Вы понимаете мои команды, которые я сейчас произношу?
13. Где экипаж?- Они готовят кабину ко взлету.
14. Мы взлетаем через 3 минуты.
15. Почему вы запреш:аете нам взлет? У нас отправление через 10 минут по слоту.
16. Идет сильный дождь. Нам нужно будет подождать.
17. Отказ двигателя приводит к проблемам с герметизацией салона.
18. Что с этим бортом?- У них топливное голодание. Они запрашивают приоритетную
посадку.
19. Диспетчер считает самолет потерявшим связь, если экипаж не отвечает в течение 5
минут.
20. Я вижу как самолет входит в нашу зону.
XX. Speaking focused on grammar.
Speak about
• Changing or developing situations concerning your job
E.g. The airport is expanding with every decade and it creates hardships.
• Plans of your authorities

E.g. My air company is implementing new rules as for transportation of dangerous
cargo.
XXI. Do the crossword puzzle.

Across:
1. АТС needs to the information about emergency traffic to other ones.
2 lightning caused transmitter malfunction.
3. There were rather slim chances but pilots didn't give up and kept transmitting
4. He was good at phraseology but English presented difficulties for him.
5. The situation was d by poor weather conditions.
6. Usage of. words in air speak has to be avoided.
7. Low level of knowledge of airport layout led to RW
8. Domodedovo is a busy airport, so communication is a common
thing there.
65
9. Engine failure ed pilots from navigational display.

10. is widely spread in foreign language atmosphere with poor
knowledge of this language.
11. transmitting caused misunderstanding and confusion among
controllers.
12. of speech was very high and it was complicated to get the idea.
Down:
13. After 20 minutes of silence the ACC managed to communication.
14. The message was d and lack of this information caused confusion.
15. The of speech should be within assigned minima.
16. Human factor is the main cause of.
17. Unfortunately, crew wasn't able to communication due to radio
malfimction.
18 to the rules of communication is checked by special services.
19 was caused by the fact that the captain knew this airport as a back of his
hand.
20. Air speak had to be ed due to extremely poor readability.
1 17 20
19
16 2
3 18
14
4
5
— —
6
7
8
13
9 15 10
111 12
XXIL Read the text and complete the sentences below.
CONTROLLER-PILOT DATA LINK COMMUNICATION
CPDLC is a communication system which allows pilot

and controller to communicate with the help of data link.
CPDLC allows controllers to issue common clearance
directions, such as flight level assignments and constraints,
frequencies, route changes and deviations, speed restrictions,
and requests for information. Then the flight crew can respond.
66
The CPDLC application provides air-ground data communication for the АТС service. This
includes a set of clearance/information/request message elements which correspond to voice
phraseology employed by Air Traffic Control procedures. The controller is provided with the
capability to issue
• level assignments
• crossing constraints
• lateral deviations
• route changes and clearances
• speed assignments, radio frequency assignments
• various requests for information.
The pilot is provided with the capability to respond to messages, to request clearances
and information, to report information, and to declare an emergency. A "free text" capability
is also provided to exchange information.
The benefits of flight deck integrated АТС systems include the following:
V Enhancing flight crew situational awareness.
V Shifting of workload from controller to pilot. For example, controllers can issue sequence
positions and pilots can be left to maintain their sequencing without further controller direction.
V Alleviating miscommunication problems.
V Improving efficiency and system capacity by allowing a reduction of necessity to repeat missed
messages or correct errors in read-backs.
V Data-link communication can act as a back-up to traditional radio communication.
V Digital communications are (generally) more reliable than analogue communications.
But these radio communications are inherently vulnerable to error.

V Resources for radio communications (particularly frequencies) are limited.
V When there is congestion of air traffic it requires from controller high workload.
V Congestion on АТС fi-equencies results in communication errors, particularly due to blocked
transmissions (which themselves only generate further congestion).
Complete the statements.
1. CPDLSis
2. Its principle of work is
3. Its benefits are
4. Its drawbacks are
5. I consider that this system can/ can/t be used as
XXIIL Comment on the texts. Speak about other examples of air crashes due to
misunderstanding.
KLM and Pan American collision.

This catastrophe occurred at Tenerife airport in 1977. It was a collision of two Bs 747
belonging to KLM and Pan Am America airlines that led to about six hundred fatalities. It
remains the biggest and the deadliest crash in the history of aviation.
KLM plane was taking off in heavy fog on the airport's only RW and crashed into the top of
the Pan Am aircraft taxing to the opposite side.
The investigation concluded that there were some contributing factors that caused the crash:
1. KLM captain attempted to take off as soon as possible in order to comply with the
company's duty-time regulations and before the weather deteriorated more. So, he
67
decided that Pan Am had already vacated the RW and started take-off without distinct
clearance from АТС.
2. Dense fog was another major reason of the crash as it limited the visibility so control
tower and the crews of both planes were unable to see one another.
3. Simultaneous radio transmissions also resulted in the fact that no message was heard.
4. ATC's strong Spanish accent and deviation from the standard phraseology by the
controller and the KLM pilot were also the contributing factors of the catastrophe.
Dan Air crash.

On the of April, 1980 В 727 belonging to Dan Air airline was executing charter flight
from Manchester (the UK) to Tenerife (Spain). When the aircraft was on final approach to the
airport Tenerife, a controller gave a holding pattern clearance to it by using the phrase 'turn to
the left' when he should have said 'turns to the left' (for circling). The captain complied with
controller's instructions and directed the aircraft left towards the southeast into the area of high
mountains. Ambiguous command of Spanish controller disorientated the pilot. Moreover, АТС
cleared the traffic for unrealistic track for holding pattern. In mountainous area for this aircraft it
was impossible.
So, the aircraft made a single left turn rather than making circles using left turns. The jet hit a
mountain killing 146 people.
Crash over JFK.

On the 25'^ of January in 1990 B707 was carrying out the flight from Bogota, Spain to JFK,
New York. They were flying in holding pattern over JFK for over an hour due to thick fog at the
airport. They burnt all the fuel which was already not sufficient for getting to their alternative
Boston. Having the fuel for some minutes the pilots addressed the controller with the words " we
are running of fuel, we request priority for landing". For controller it wasn't an emergency and
that's why priority was not cleared. Soon the engines flamed out due to exhaustion and the plane
dived towards the ground.
Misunderstanding between АТС and pilot was caused by the fact that the controller was
unaware of linguistic differences of the word "priority" which for Spanish-speaking pilots means
emergency. 73 out of 149 people on board perished in the accident.
Collision over Delhi.

On the 12'*^ of November in 1996 Saudi Arabian B747 was en route from New Delhi, India to
Dhahran, Saudi Arabia and collided in mid-air with Kazakhstan 11-76 en route from Kazakhstan
to New Delhi. All 349 people on both aircraft were killed.
The investigators revealed that it was Kazakhstan pilots' fault ( due to lack of English). Pilots
were relying on their radio operator on communication with АТС . The radio operator asked
controller about position of the Saudi airplane. Controller replied " traffic is 8 o'clock now, FL
140". Pilots with their poor level of English ignored this communication and heard the last
phrase " FL 140" understood as clearance for their descent. In some minutes both aircraft
impacted.
68
Unit 5. Bird Strike.
Ж7ЖЖХ 5
В Ж Ж 1 ) ^ х ж ж к ж
I. New vocabulary.
Impact
Rubbish dump/ landfill waste disposal site
To attract birds
To encounter smth/smb
To occur
To endanger the flight
To pose hazard/ threat to the aircraft
To cause significant damage to the plane
Bird ingestion
Majority of strikes
Breeding places
To be resistant to
To suck the bird/to ingest the bird
Flock of birds
Vulnerable parts of the aircraft
Bird of prey/ predator
Precaution measures
Short-time solution
To eliminate the problem
Nestling
Natural habitat
Roosting site
Shelter
Feathers
Cow scare
Residential area
Likelihood
To jeopardize
To deteriorate/ to impair
Sufficient malfunction
To mitigate the risk
Constant vigilance of the RW
To emit high frequency sounds
To frighten/ chase/ scare away the birds
Feathers
Beak
II. Explain the meaning of the words.
• Rubbish dump
• Breeding place
• Roosting site
• Natural habitat
• Birds of prey
69
Ш 5. Bird Strike.
• Cow scare
• Short-time solutions
• Precaution measures
III. Find the synonyms to the words.
Impact, landfill disposal site, to cause threat, bird ingestion, weak places, preventive measures,
to eradicate the problem, to put at risk, to frighten away, constant inspection, to present a risk, to
produce sounds, being withstand , probability, to meet, the biggest amount of strikes, to happen, to
make worse, serious breakdown, to lessen the risk, natural place for living.
IV. Change the words to fill the gaps.

1. The windscreen has to a bird strike. Resistant
2. Rubbish dumps plenty of birds. Attraction
3. The bird was into the engine. Ingestion
4. The sound system cries of predators. Emitting
5 of engine work led to diversion. To deteriorate
6. Birds in the vicinity of the airport the safety of Danger
flight.
7. Shooting the birds at the airfield is a short-time To solve
8. This took place in Donetsk. To occur
9. Their maneuver the risk of impact. Mitigation
10. The bird strike caused damage to the aircraft. Significance
V. Answer the questions using the underlined words in the answers.
1. What places usually attract birds?

2. What can endanger the flight?
3. Can a wild animal cause a significant damage to landing gears?
4. What can mitigate the risk of collision with a bird?
5. Do you consider usage of rockets a short-time solution of the problem?
6. How do your airport services chase the birds away?
7. What can jeopardize the safety of the flight?
8. How is it possible to eliminate the problem with bird strikes?
9. What are the most vulnerable parts of the aircraft?
10. Are there any restrictions as for land field disposal sites in the vicinity of the airport?
VI. Discuss the following questions.
1. What is a bird strike?

2. What factors affect the likelihood of a bird strikes?
3. How can size of the bird influence the consequences of the bird strike?
4. What altitudes do the majority of bird strikes occur at?
5. What can a strike on windscreen lead to?
6. What can bird ingestion into engine result in?
7. What damage will the aircraft experience if the flock of birds impacts the landing gear?
8. How will the safety of the flight be jeopardized if the birds strike the leading edge of the
wing?
9. What kinds of birds inhabit your region?
10. What kinds of birds are mainly sucked into the engine?
11. What precaution measures can be used at the airports in order to eliminate this problem?
12. Which methods do you consider the most efficient?
70
VIL Read and discuss the text.
BIRD STRIKE.
A BIRD STRIKE is a collision between a bird or flock of birds and an aircraft in flight or on
a take-off or landing roll. The term usually covers other wildlife strikes - with bats or ground
animals. It is a common threat to aircraft safety and has caused a number of fatal accidents.
Different factors can affect the likelihood of the bird strike:

1. Location of the airport (the risk of the bird impact is higher if the airport is located close
to the water surface - seas, rivers, lakes, residential area,
city rubbish dumps, breeding places, agricultural fields as these
places attract the birds)
2. Season of the year (there is high hazard during spring and autumn as it is migration time)
3. Time of the day (birds activity is more intensive in the morning when they rush to the
breeding place and in the evening when they come back)
The seriousness of the bird strike depends on

• The size of the bird (The bigger the bird, the bigger the damage it causes to the aircraft.
Small birds simply die when they collide with the airplane, and the airplane moves on. Big
birds can damage some parts of the airplane, which may endanger the flight.)
• The speed of the aircraft on impact (If it happens on the ground while taxing when the
speed of the plane is low, the effect of the impact will be minimum, if the aircraft
encounters the birds on cruising level or during rolling for take-off when the speed is higher,
the damage of the plane will be more serious.)
• The phase of the flight (The majority of the strikes happen during take-off, landing or
approach phase.)
Day to day flight altitudes for

most birds are in the range
from the ground to 500 feet.
Though great number of bird
strikes occur till 50 feet during
5 0 0 ft landing or take-off. The risk
decreases doubly till 500 feet.
Outside that range, they rarely
5 0 ft exceed 1000 feet except on
long distance migration flights.
Oft These typically occur at a 5000
- 7000 feet altitude, but geese have sometimes been detected at over 20000ft.
• The place of impact
71
lit 5. Bird Strike.
The most vulnerable parts of the aircraft are

• Windscreen
• Engine
In case of bird strike on windscreen it

can cause windshield dirtiness that can lead
to deterioration of view. In some cases the
windshield can crack due to bird strike and it
will lead to communication problems due to
wind blast and sometimes pilots'
incapacitation or depressurization.
In case of bird strike on engine it can cause engine surge (as the blades may be distorted) or
flame out (as bird's feathers may ignite or crippled blades may be sucked into a compressor and
damage it) and as a result impairing flying characteristics of the aircraft. Bird strike can also cause
engine failure and create an emergency. Depending on how many engines are affected by the birds
it may make levels and heading difficult to maintain or even forced landing outside the airport or
ditching.
Another damage from the birds impact can be to extended landins gear assemblies in flight. It
can lead to sufficient malfunction of brakes or nose gear steering systems and cause directional
control problems during a subsequent landing roll.
Thus, the bird strike can result in
• Broken Windshield/Canopy
• Engine Failure (multi-engine)
• Engine Failure (single engine)
• Hydraulic Problems
• Handling Difficulties
• Electrical Problems
• Gear Problems
Birds that can pose risk to the aircraft in our region are
Gulls
Seagulls
Sparrows
Swallows
Crows
Geese
Ducks
Eagles
Falcons
Owls
Pigeons
Partridges
Cranes
72
• Starlings
• Tomtits
The opportunities to mitigate the risk of hazardous bird strikes are centered on airports,
because this is where the majority of strikes occur.
In order to prevent bird strikes different precautions can be used
1. Habitat management, including reduction or elimination of trees, shrubs and other plants
which provide food, shelter or roosting sites for birds.
2. Cooperation with local authorities to ensure that landfill waste disposal sites are not
operated so as to create an aircraft hazard.
3. Cooperation with local farmers to limit the attraction of birds to fields.
4. Use of bird scaring techniques at the airports such as:
• Usage of sound systems emitting high frequency sounds or cries birds of prey
• Constant vigilance by special airport services who have to inspect the RW
• Switching on landing lights by pilots
• Usage of signal rockets for chasing the birds away
• Usage of cow scares
• Usage of specially trained falcons for scaring the birds away
• Keeping the grass near the RW cut so that birds can not settle there

1. Bird strike is
2. The likelihood of bird strike is affected by
3. The seriousness of bird strike depends on
4. Impacts with the birds mainly occur
5. The most vulnerable parts of the aircraft are
6. Birds that inhabit our region are
7. If a bird hits the windscreen
8. In case of bird ingestion into the engine
9. If a bird hits the landing gear
10. The precautionars are.
IX. Judging by the scheme comment on bird strike situations in aviation. How can it be
explained?
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Y«ef
F^r» f: MunberofeceittMts dvioe bMs^m wonOtrfOe 0999-2908}.
73
г 5. Bird Strike.
X. Comment upon the statements.
1. Bird strikes are rare cases in aviation.
2. Bird strikes can not cause serious damage to a big aircraft.
3. It's illegal to kill birds just to protect the aircraft.
4. If birds pose risk to the airport, killing all of them will eliminate the problem.
5. Other representatives of wild life can not jeopardize aviation safety.
XI. What can be expected in the following situations?
1. Bird ingestion to three out of four engines of a departing jet transport occurs at 200 feet
after take-off.
2. A flock of medium-sized birds is struck by a jet transport just after VI .
3. A twin-engine light aircraft impacts with a single eagle flying at ISOOOfeet which breaks
the windscreen.
4. Wing root damage to a single-engine light aircraft is caused by a vulture-strike during climb.
XIL Name the birds.
XIII. Name the animals and speak about the hazard they can present if they are on the RW.
Add other ones that endanger the safety of the aircraft.
74
:<
XIV. Speaking activity.

Be divided into two groups and initiate a debate.
1. Ecologists.
You are worried about extinction of birds and animals on the planet. And aviation sphere
contributes to this formidable problem. You demand to stop eliminating roosting sites of the birds,
using guns and other types of weapon.
Use statistics of birds fatalities. Prove your point of view.
2. Airport authorities.
You are representatives of aiфort authorities. You need to give response to the claims of
ecologists. You have to persuade them that not all methods are lethal and that people's lives are
more significant than birds' ones.
Use statistics of bird related accidents in aviation. Prove your point of view.
XV. Listening, (for Л TCs)

1. expect it so bumpy
2. wake turbulence
3. more comfortable ride
4. further climb at 45
1. mix of slush and rain
2. change RW
3. adjust the speed
4. 405 is going around
in. Put letter С for controller's words and P for pilot's words.
1. problem with engine
2. turn right
75
г 5. Bird Strike.
3. need descent now
4. actual weather
П. Answering the questions.

1. What is happening to Airbus? Due to what?
2. What is the reason of delay?
3. What is the time of delay?
U. Answer the questions.
1. What did АТС warn pilots about?
2. Why did the crew declare emergency?
3. Why did B555 decide to dump fuel?
III. Answer the questions.
1. What problem did they experience?
2. What did the crew undertake? Were they successful in it?
3. What were the crew's intentions?
Multiple-choice.
I. Circle the correct option.
A) Our left main landing gear is twisted
B) Our left main landing gear is jammed
C) Our nose gear is jammed
A) Climb 200 feet and turn left heading 250 to MEL VOR
B) Climb 2000 feet and turn left heading 350 to MQL VOR
C) Climb 2000 feet and turn left heading 350 to MEL VOR
A) Your landing gears seem to be completely extended

B) Your landing gears seem to be partially extended
C) Your landing gears seem to be completely retracted

A) We are requesting a diversion to the alternative aiфort
B) We are requesting a diversion to departure а1фой:
C) We are requesting a diversion to the nearest airport
A) The diversion is caused by fire in the cockpit

B) The diversion is caused by fuel exhaustion
C) The diversion is caused by fumes in the cockpit
A) There is no smell but the smoke is getting stronger

B) There is no smoke but the smell is getting stronger
C) There is no smoke but it's getting hotter
///. Circle the correct option.

A) 1 will make a decision in the next 23 minutes
B) I will make a decision in the next 4 or 5 minutes
C) 1 will make a decision in the next 2 or 3 minutes
A) We have to disembark one passenger with health problem

B) We have to disembark two passengers with health problem
76
C) We have to disembark one passenger due to behavior problem
A) LTU 175, turn left, heading 250

B) LUT 175, tum left , heading 250
C) LTU 175, tum left, heading 240
XVI. Video. Watch the video and mark the statements as TRUE or FALSE.
1. There were 213 passengers on board.
2. The plane was on route from Boston to Warsaw.
3. Passengers were not aware of emergency landing.
4. There was no fire.
5. None from passengers and crew was hurt.
XVII. Listening, (for pilots)

I. AXIS.
1. Transition level
2. Vertical visibility
3. TW
II. Urgency.
1. What problem did they experience?
2. What did the crew undertake? Were they successful in it?
3. What were the crew's intentions?
1. Why is take-off aborted?
2. Why is the aircraft unable to taxi from the RW?
III. Emergency.
1. What did АТС warn pilots about?
2. Why did the crew declare emergency?
3. Why did B555 decide to dump fuel?
//. Answer the questions.
2. What is the reason of emergency?
3. What are the ATC's instructions?

1)
1. What was the reason of distress?
2. What aircraft sections were demolished?
3. Why couldn't controller establish communication with the crew?
4. Why couldn't pilots stabilize the aircraft?
5. When and where did the aircraft crash?
77
mt5. Bird Strike.

1. What can cause engine failure just after lifting up?
2. How dangerous is engine working rough? What does your manual prescribe to do in this
case?
3. What actions should be undertaken if your type of aircraft has lost one engine on FL?
4. Are there any restrictions as for flying single-engine aircraft?
5. What can engine stall be caused by? What may it cause?
2)

1. When did this occurrence happen?
2. Why has Airbus become crippled?
3. At what altitude did collision take place?
4. Why couldn't airspeed be controlled?
5. What aircraft parts were affected?
1. What are the crew's actions in case of bomb on board?
2. Is it acceptable to try to throw it away? Why?
3. Who has to deal with an unruly passenger? How is it possible to restrain him?
4. What are the leading motives of the terrorists?
5. Is it allowed not to follow their demands and act at your discretion? Why?
XVJIL Silent video.

Discussion.
1. What is the difference between RW incursion and RW excursion?
2. What can they be caused by?
3. What do we mean by hot spots? What airports are they peculiar to?
4. What evacuation procedures should be carried out in these cases?
5. How can misunderstanding cause RW incursion?
XIX. Describe the picture and speak about possible consequences.
• To pose threat/hazard to the plane

• To cause significant damage
• Majority of strikes
• To deteriorate
• To mitigate the risk
• To scare/chase the birds away
• Vulnerable parts of the aircraft
78
XX. Common Mistakes in Aviation English.
*This air company has 4 aircraft at its disposal and they are going to buy other one.
*Controller dealt with W134 and another boards simultaneously.
ANOTHER - denotes "one more of the same category" and is followed by singular countable
noun.
*This air company has 4 aircraft at its disposal and they are going to buy another one.
ANOTHER - can be followed by singular and plural if there is a word " few" or a " numeral with
plural form".
* The crew was stuck in Dnepropetrovsk for another 2 days.
OTHER- denotes "different" and can be followed by singular and plural nouns.
*There was no other way to eliminate the problem.
* Pilots have possibility to visit Ukrainian and other cities.

1 engineer is in charge of it.
2. The flight is suspended due to technical reason. But don't worry, aircraft will fly.
3. It is not the only instructor, we have ones.
4. This device is inoperative, we need one.
5. C- check had to continue for 5 days.
6 crew was not aware of construction work.
7. Pilots conveyed the aircraft to crew.
8 controller's instructions were not taken into account.
9. He will keep this designation for few months.
10. Authorities have to encourage employees to study English.
11. They have to adhere to document.
12. Some controllers were performing their duties while ones were relaxing.
79
i5. Bird Strike.
XX. Do the puzzle.
Across:
1. Any kind of bird can the safety of the flight.
2. Bird strikes usually close to the ground.
3. There are not so many s against bird strikes that are used at our airport.
4. The loudspeaker ts the sounds of birds of prey.
5. A flock of starlings was ed into the engine.
6. Airport authorities try to bird strike risk by using sound system.
7 of birds fly away to warm countries in winter.
8. They ed a flock of gulls at the altitude SOOOmeters.
9 is out-of-date precaution.
10. Engineers constantly Birds away in the vicinity of the RW.
11. Southern part of Ukraine is auspicious area for seagulls.
Down:
12. Bird caused engine blades demolishing.
13. The aircraft nearly ed with a huge eagle.
14. Wind shear s a great danger to a landing aircraft.
15. Pilots were informed by Tower controller about flock of crossing the RW
16. Constant of RW and TWs is performed at our airport.
17. The risk of near miss was d by ACC.
18 period starts in the middle of spring.
19. Sometimes s are used to chase other birds away at the airfield.
20. Bird strike on the windscreen may visibility.
XXII. Grammar.
I. Put the verbs in an appropriate form. (Past Simple)
1. Following the explosion the tail of the aircraft (to catch fire).
2. Pilots (not to expect) that they (to have) to circumnavigate such a
large area.
3. The aircraft (to undergo) С check last year.
80
Units. Bird Strike.
4. First officer (to feel ) unwell and in some seconds (to lose)
consciousness.
5. The crew (to manage) to stop the plane at the end of the RW but 8 tires (to
burst).
6. The captain (to forget) that the aircraft (to have) a metric
system.
7. Pilots (to lose control) of the aircraft and it (to fall) down.
8. Controller (to foresee) a conflicting situation and (to do) his best to
prevent it.
9. ACC (to be unaware) of ftiel shortage on the board and (to
give)the traffic a lower flight level.
10. They (to leave) prohibited area as soon as controller (to instruct)
them.
11. We (not to fly) to Sophia yesterday.
12. The crew (to understand) there was engine malfiinction and (to
shut) it down.
13. Passengers (to see) a flame coming out from port engine.
14. Nobody ( not to know) that the weather was deteriorating.
15. Who (to speak) to the general director yesterday?
16. What alternative they (to chose) when all engines (to cut) off?
17. The radio transmitter (to go) dead.
18. What he(to say)?- He (to say) to change the frequency.
19.1 (to write) an explanatory note when I was asked.
20. They (to come) back to base airport late.

1. Мы знали о литерном рейсе.
2. Экипаж узнал об изменении маршрута уже в полете.
3. Когда он подписал этот документ?
4. Мы думали, что он последует на запасной вчера, а он ушел на второй круг.
5. Рейс в Калининград вылетел в 4.30, не так ли?
6. Авиакомпания Донбассаэро купила 2 новых Аэробуса в прошлом месяце.
7. Аэросвит взял в лизинг новый Боинг.
8. Экипаж не справился с управлением, так как полоса была скользкой, и самолет
съехал с полосы.
9. Пилоты не бьши знакомы с данным аэропортом, поэтому посадка была трудной.
10. Никто не предполагал, что аэропорт бьш закрыт из-за шквала.
11. В условиях плохой видимости они перелетели полосу.
12. Самолет взлетел с 20минутной задержкой.
13. Самолет упал, взорвался и сгорел дотла.
14. Они не смогли выявить и устранить неполадку.
15. Второй пилот принял на себя ответственность за управление самолетом, когда
капитан потерял сознание.
16. Один из бортов нарушил интервал и спровоцировал опасное сближение.
17. Пилоты понимали, что самолет не долетит.
18. Что привело к разгерметизации?
19. Пилот или диспетчер принял это решение?
20. Я поставил подпись под этими инструкциями.
81
ли/5. Bird Strike.
XXIIL Speaking focused on grammar.
• Recollect how you came to know about pilot's/ATC's job.
• Recollect your first maiden flight/ first shift.
• Recollect any challenging situation fi-om your experience. Describe your actions in
detail.
XXIV. Read the texts and comment on them.

Kallita Air Incident.
On the 25th of May, 2008 B-747 belonging to Kallita Air had

to perform a flight from Brussels to Bahrain. During take-off roll the
third engine ingested a European kestrel. There was a loud bang,
followed by a loss of power and. flames from the affected engine. It
occurred 4 seconds following VI speed. Two seconds after the bang,
all four engines were brought back to idle, and braking action was
initiated. Thus, 6 seconds after VI the crew attempted to reject take-
off. The aircraft failed to stop on the remaining RW length, traveling
SOOmeters beyond the end and broke in three parts.
So, bird strike was a contributing factor to the incident. And the investigation commission states
that the crucial mistake was made by the crew- to abort take-off after VI speed.
Ryanair airline Incident.
On the lOth of November in 2008 B737 of Ryanair airline

flying from Frankfurt to Rome and having 166 passengers on
board encountered a multiple bird strike on short final approach
to Rome Ciampino airport. When the crew sighted a huge flock
of starlings ahead they initiated a go-around, but the birds rose
into the flightpath and the aircraft suffered a considerable loss of
power on both engines.
The crew were flying the aircraft manually when, passing

about 200ft, the starlings - an estimated 1,000 in number - "engulfed" the airplane, and the speed
on the engines dropped from its normal approach setting of about 65% to 40%, and moving the
power levers produced no result. Within SOseconds of the pilots' first sighting of the birds the
aircraft had made a hard landing and come to a halt on the runway. All passengers were evacuated
using emergency chutes.
Crocodile causes panic among passengers and crew
To escape
Smuggler
To cause distress
To stamped
Tiny plane
Sole survivor
82
It has been reported that a small airplane crashed in the Democratic Republic of Congo on 24th
of August, 2010, killing all but one of the passengers. The cause of the accident was an escaped
crocodile which created panic among the passengers and crew.
The propeller driven plane was approaching its destination when a crocodile hidden in the
smuggler's hand luggage escaped and caused a distress. Passengers stampeded to one side of the
tiny plane, causing it to be thrown off-balance.
The crocodile also survived the crash, but was later killed with a machete by authorities. The
reptile was being smuggled by a passenger who had plans to sell it illegally. The sole survivor told
authorities that the crocodile escaped as the plane was on its final approach. The terrified flight
attendant hurried towards the cockpit, followed by the passengers.
The pilots were unable to maintain control of the Czech-made L-410 Turbolet once it became
unbalanced. The twin-engine plane crashed into a house just short of the regional airport at
Bandundu killing the pilots and 18 passengers on board.
Discuss the questions.
1. What kind of animals can pose danger to the aircraft?

2. What aircraft's parts may be vulnerable due to strike with wild animal?
3. Do you possess any information about occurrences with animals?
83
Unit 6. Depressurization.
ЖЛГЖХ 6
/ . New vocabulary.
• Explosive decompression
• To withstand the pressure
• To deploy oxygen masks
• To put oxygen mask on/ to don oxygen mask
• To deteriorate readability
• To reach safe altitude
• Thin oxygen
• To lose consciousness/to faint/to collapse
• To regain consciousness
• To retain consciousness
• To be exposed to
• Suffocation
• Lack of oxygen
• To go off (about alarm)
• To experience hypoxia
• To sustain life
• To be pressed of time
• To plummet
• Ambient temperature
• Frostbite
• Slugging thinking
• Dimmed vision
• Nausea
• Dehydration
• To initiate/to commence descent
• Supplementary oxygen
• To evaluate situation
• To suck out
84
11. Put the words and word combinations in a correct form into the gaps.
to be pressed of time to plummet to initiate emergency descent thin to go off
to deteriorate readability supplementary oxygen to put oxygen mask on
slugging thinking to don oxygen mask to reach the safe altitude fainting suffocation
to sustain life dimmed vision to evaluate the situation to lose consciousness
to be exposed to to collapse
1. When the pilot , communication becomes complicated as

it
2. Crew to where people can breathe
without
3. In case of decompression oxygen inside the cabin becomes very , so not
to people have to immediately.
4. Once the plane climbed 10 000 feet, non-pressurization alarm in the
cockpit.
5. Without supplementary oxygen at high altitude people suffer from and
can
6. Explosive decompression at altitude 10 ООО feet can result
in , and
7. After pilots made up their mind to proceed to destination.
8. When the air pressure inside the cabin pilots
to react correctly.
9. Fuselage frame constant pressure from inside and outside.
10. Aircraft flying at high altitudes have to be pressurized in order to of
passengers.
HI. Name the synonyms of the words.

• Depressurization
• To lose consciousness
• To start emergency descent
• To put oxygen mask on
• To make readability worse
• Pressure drops
• To activate oxygen masks
• To come round
IV. Reply to the following questions. Your answer should contain the underlined words from the
question.
1. What is it necessary to do in order the passenger will regain consciousness?
2. What can deteriorate visibility in the cockpit?
3. Are oxygen masks deployed automatically?
4. Why should the oxygen mask be dormed firstly by the parent and only then by the child?
5. What is recommended to do to avoid dehydration?
6. Why should АТС work in dimmed room?
7. What should be done in case engine stall alarm goes off?
8. What can be expected in case the captain collapses?
9. What forces is_an aircraft exposed to?
10. How much time does the person have to retain consciousness in depressurized aircraft?
V. Complete the sentences with your own ideas.

1. Hypoxia can result in
85
2. Slow decompression can lead to
3. Deteriorated visibility in the cockpit can cause
4. Explosive decompression can result from
5. Slugging thinking and dimmed vision can be caused by
VI. Discuss the questions below.

1. What are the airplanes pressurized for?
2. What situation is called depressurization?
3. What can cause depressurization on board? (Divide the reasons into three factors: technical,
human factor, outside factor)
4. What are the two types of depressurization? Which one is more dangerous?
5. At what altitudes does the risk of decompression exist?
6. What problems will the people experience in case of decompression?
7. What are pilots expected to do in this situation?
8. What procedures have to be carried out in case of decompression over the mountainous area?
9. How can АТС assist the crew in case of decompression?
10. What catastrophes due to depressurization can you recall and describe?
VII. Read and discuss the text.
DEPRESSURIZATION
Depressurization is a rapid loss of atmospheric pressure due
to damage of fuselage construction when the air inside the aircraft
becomes as thin as outside and thus not appropriate for breathing.
Pressurization problems can be caused by:
• Technical reasons (malfunctioning of the air-conditioning system, electrical system

failure, engine failure because engine supplies the work of air
conditioning system , metal fatigue, glass fatigue)
• Outside factor (bird strike on a windscreen on high level, detachment of engine that can
damage the fuselage, encountering adverse weather conditions, such as
severe turbulence, lightning strike that can cause significant damage of
the construction of the aircraft)
• Human factor ( explosion of bomb, shooting, not properly closed door, poor
maintenance before departure)
Any damage to the system could resuh in a leakage and consequently a rapid loss of cabin pressure.
Pressurization problems can cause an immediate danger to the aircraft, as the reduction of the
cabin pressure will affect the crew and the passengers. The time during which people can retain
consciousness without oxygen depends on the altitude flown, the size of the oxygen leak and the
dimensions of the fuselage . It can vary from 4 to 30 seconds.
There are two types of depressurization: rapid (explosive) and slow (gradual).
86
о A rapid decompression is a drop in cabin pressure in a matter of seconds. It
occurs faster than the lungs can decompress the air. Pilots and passengers are short
of time to don the oxygen masks, otherwise they will faint.
о A slow decompression is a gradual change of cabin pressure. It is complicated to

determine it without automatic visual and aural warning system.
All of them are very dangerous as during explosive and rapid depressurization pilots are
pressed of time to react while during slow one they can not even notice it and faint. Rapid
decompression is easy to recognize as it is accompanied with a loud bang, sudden fogging of the
air. During decompression at high altitude the temperature inside the aircraft will plummet to the
outside ambient temperature with the danger of frostbite. So cabin pressure will instantly drop well
below the freezing point while moisture in the air condenses to and forms a thick fog. Slow
depressurization also poses the hazard as pilots can not notice it and thus faint.
In all these critical conditions crew will have to retain consciousness by donning the oxygen
masks and initiating an emergency descent.
So, people can suffer from

• Hypoxia (condition of oxygen starvation in the human's body that can lead to sluggish
thinking, dimmed vision, impaired motor skills- not able to coordinate body movements,
loss of consciousness and even death)
• Decompression sickness (disease caused by the rapid loss of pressure of inhaled air mass
which being dissolved in the blood starts producing bubbles that block the bloodstream.
It can result in paralysis and death)
• Altitude sickness (disease state which is connected with oxygen starvation due to low
partial oxygen pressure in the air at high altitudes; it can cause fatigue, nausea,
sleepiness, dehydration of the body)
In case of pressurization problems, the pilots
1) will put oxygen masks on and check if the oxygen masks were activated in passenger cabin
automatically. In this case the headset is switched automatically to a cabin loudspeaker, with the
pilot using the microphone in the mask which may reduce the readability to АТС.
2)Then they start emergency descent to the safe altitude (3000-4000 metres) where people can
breathe easily without masks, set all thrust levers to idle, extend full speed brakes, descend at
maximum permitted speed to MEA (FL 100) or minimum obstacle clearance altitude. In case of
structural damage is suspected, reduce the speed as appropriate.
3) Simultaneously pilots inform АТС about the situation. If АТС can't be contacted they need to set
squawk 7700 or transmit a distress message on emergency frequency.
4) After reaching the safe altitude the crew will evaluate the situation and make up decision to
proceed to the nearest alternative or direct to the airport of destination at low altitude. This decision
depends on the circumstances of the depressurization, the condition of the aircraft and the condition
of the passengers.
87
Oxygen is supplied to the passenger for about 10-12 minutes which is enough to perform
descent to a safe altitude. But if the aircraft flies over the mountainous area where the range of
mounts doesn't allow pilots to get minimum safe altitude, descent will be extended and thus more
oxygen will be necessary for sustaining life of passengers on board the aircraft.
АТС has to react quickly:

• Acknowledge emergency on RTF( to receive pilot's report as for emergency)
• Take all necessary actions to clear the airspace below affected aircraft and provide safe
separation with other aircraft
• Impose radio silence if necessary
• Inform supervisor and other concerned services
• May be required to suggest a heading
• May be required to state the minimum safe altitude
• Emergency broadcast if necessary
• After emergency descent, request intentions:
• Diversion
• Injuries
• ACFT damage
Controller has to be aware of the fact that decompression will reduce quality of RTF
communication due to oxygen mask. Some of the possible actions are:
• increase the volume of the receiver;
• try to keep aircraft within radar cover;
• have in mind the features of the existing radar system and refrain from attempting to
transfer the aircraft to another sector.
VIII. Complete the sentences.

1. Depressurization is....
2. Decompression may be caused by....
3. There are different types of depressurization...
4. Depressurization may lead to....
5. People can suffer from
6. In case of depressurization over mountainous area
7. Pilots have to
8. ATCs are obliged to
IX. Insert the prepositions where necessary.

1. Passengers suffered dehydration.
2. What can decompression be caused ?
3. Pilots spotted a scratch on the windscreen due to bird strike ... it.
4. Lack of oxygen can result paralysis of person and even fatality.
5. Slow and rapid depressurization differ time of their occurrence.
6. People have to retain consciousness donning oxygen masks
7. Passengers were instructed to put oxygen masks
8. In case of explosive decompression pilots may be pressed time.
9. Oxygen masks are deployed automatically.
88
X. Approve or disapprove the statement.
• Artificial decompression can be applied by the crew if the aircraft is hijacked.
XI. Describe the picture and speculate about possible causes.

• Crippled aircraft
• To collapse
• To scratch
• Dents
• Visual trace of fire
• Friction
XILListening.(forATCs)
/. Put letter P pilot's words and С for controller's words.
1. kind of problem
2. high oil temperature
3. FL270
4. 127.3
II. Put letter P pilot's words and С for controller's words.
1. flames from the engine
2. lost engine
3. engine 1 ingested birds
4. holding wing level
III Put letter P pilot's words and С for controller's words.
1. vapors after you
2. dump any fuel
3. overheating of brake units
89
4. airport services
II. Answering the question.

1. What trouble do they have?
2. What does hydraulic failure cause?
4. Why do the pilots want a longer RW?
1. What were the pilots advised of?
2. What did controller request?
3. How much time did they have fuel for?
4. How many passengers were there on board?
1. What is the phase of flight?
2. What approach do the pilots want?
3. Do the pilots dump fuel?
4. What approach are they cleared for?
A) Eva 632, climb and maintain 2400 feet
B) Eva 632, climb and maintain 2000 feet
C) Eva 622, climb and maintain 2000 feet
A) Eagle 173, you are cleared to land

B) Eagle 73, you are not cleared to land
C) Eagle 73, you are cleared to land
A) Maintain visual separation with В 747

B) Maintain visual separation with В 737
C) Maintain visual separation with A 320
11. Circle the correct option.

A) Ground, request take-off, B344
B) Ground, request start-up, B334
C) Ground, request start-up, B344
A) The plan was filed a couple of hours ago

B) The plan has failed a couple of hours ago
C) The plan was lost again
A) They don't need clear area to start up

B) They need clear area to start up
C) They need clear area to run up
III. Circle the correct option.

A) F22, Newbrick Tower. Turn right, heading 050. Reduce speed to 180 knots.
B) F22, Newbrick Tower. Turn right, heading 060. Reduce speed to 180 knots.
C) F22, Newbrick Tower. Turn right, heading 060. Reduce speed to 170 knots.
90
A) You have to be above 2500feet. Climb to 2500 and turn right on 2120 degrees.
B) You have to be above 2500feet. Climb to 2500 and turn right on 220 degrees.
C) You have to be above 2500feet. Climb to 2500 and turn right on 120 degrees.
A) Climb immediately, there is a mast 4 miles of your current position, height is 1200feet.
B) Climb immediately, there is a mast 2 miles of your current position, height is 1300feet.
C) Climb immediately, there is a mast 4 miles of your current position, height is ISOOfeet.
m 1.
XIII. Video. Watch the video and mark the statements as TRUE or FALSE.
There were 28 passengers on board.
2. Medical staff experienced problems while getting to the accident place.
3. The probable reason of crash was a tornado.
4. The fuselage of the aircraft was left intact.
5. The safety record of the airline was good.
XIV. Listening (for pilots).

I. AXIS.
Complete the following statements with the appropriate information.
1. Departure RW, Arrival RW
3. Visibility, dew point

1. What were the pilots advised of?
2. What did controller request?
3. How much time did they have fuel for?
4. How many passengers were there on board?
1. What is the phase of flight?
2. What approach do the pilots want?
3. Do the pilots dump fuel?
4. What approach are they cleared for?

1. What trouble do they have?
2. What does hydraulic failure cause?
4. Why do the pilots want a longer RW?
1. What altitude was traffic cleared to? And what was a transition level?
2. What is the reason of distress?
3. What is the problem between АТС and crew?
4. What is the position of the traffic?
91
1)
1. What was the route of the flight?
2. Where did the pilots divert to?
3. How many people were injured?
4. What part of the plane were damaged?
5. What are the possible causes?

1. Is depressurization a common emergency?
2. What equipment failure causes it?
3. How is it possible to help a collapsed passenger?
4. What procedures does the crew have to perform in case of explosive decompression?
2)
2. What does the doctor request?
3. What aiфort are they going to divert?
4. What will happen to the passengers at the airport?
1. What can cause medical emergency on board during the flight?
2. How is it possible to minimize the amount of medical diversions?
3. What do you take into account when you identify if it is medical emergency or urgency?
4. How would you react if some of the passengers suffer from food poisoning on the long range
flight over the Atlantic ocean?
5. What medical equipment is your aircraft fitted with?
XV. Silent video.

Discussion.
1. Up to what altitude does the risk of bird strike exist?
2. What can bird ingestion into the engine lead to during take off phase?
3. What kinds of birds pose risk to your type of the aircraft?
4. How hazardous is a situation when flaps and slats are inoperative due to multiple bird strike?
5. Have you witnessed any bird strike incidents?
XVI. Common Mistakes in Aviation English.
* They entered to the prohibited area.

ENTER- is not followed by prepositions.
* They entered the prohibited area.
* I entered the University in 1984. (Though ENROLL INTO THE UNIVERSITY is more
preferable now)./ enrolled into the University in 1984.
Fill the gaps with a suitable word.
1 this zone has to be avoided.
2. This traffic our zone 5 minutes ago.
3. 1 the high educational establishment after school.
4. As soon as they the operational room, two computers went dead.
5. Only airport staff has the right airfield area.
92
* There was a total loss of communication but after some minutes we resumed it
AFTER - is used to denote the period of time following and corresponds to Russian «после».
* Pilots reported engine failure 15 minutes after take o f f .
* We 'II have briefing after 12 о 'clock.
IN- is used to denote the length of time before a future event that is expected to happen and
corresponds to Russian « через».
* There was a total loss of communication but in some minutes we resumed it.
Fill the gaps with a suitable preposition.

1 the flight pilots needed rest badly.
2. The maintenance will probably be finished tomorrow or the day
3. The flight attendant put out fire some minutes.
4 5 years he was retrained for A 320.
5. This aircraft is on final approach. It will land 10 minutes.
XVII. Do the crossword puzzle.

Across:
I thinking can be caused by continuous lack of oxygen supply to the brain.
2. Decompression was and pilots were pressed of time to notify АТС about
emergency descent.
3. The nose landing gear d and it jeopardized the landing.
4. The oxygen was and not sufficient for breathing.
5. An elderly person lost because of lack of oxygen.
6. The aircraft s 2 oxygen masks.
7. Following explosive decompression due to broken windscreen, the visibility in the
cockpit d.
8. Severe turbulence caused among the passengers.
9. A child ed as the mother didn't follow emergency instructions in case of
depressurization.
10. Any kind of flight is accompanied by for people.
II of the passenger on Aloha flight was reported in news.
12. People are of time to don the masks in case of explosive decompression.
13. Mouth-to-mouth resuscitation was applied to the passenger in order
he ed consciousness.
14. The crew d emergency descent without АТС warning.
Down:
15. Thick smoke filled up the cabin and passengers suffered from
16. Emergency should be executed with great caution over mountainous area.
17. His vision was
18. Without air conditioning system at high altitudes people are to death leading
situation.
19 is condition of oxygen starvation in human's body.
20. Mother requested safety belt for the child.
21. Pilots are trained to oxygen mask in a matter of seconds in case of
depressurization.
22. The captain d the situation and made up his decision to continue the flight.
23. It was critical situation as they couldn't 4000meters as minimum safe altitude
was higher due to range of mountains.
93
24. People can suffer from s in case of explosive decompression on high flight
level.
25. The aircraft is sure to towards the ground.
20 1
18 21 23
15 2
3
4
5
25
6 7
8 22
9 17
10 19 1 24
16
11
1
12 13
14
XVIII. Grammar.
Open the brackets and put the verbs in the correct tense (Past Simple or Past Continuous).
1. When I (to hear) the news , I (to hurry) to the place of accident.
2. They (to abort) take off because the birds (to fly) over the airfield at
that time.
3. The aircraft (to wait) for improvement of weather in holding pattern for about
half an hour.
4. When the plane (to arrive)?
5. The aircraft (to climb) when the bird strike (to occur).
6 this bird (to pose) risk to the aircraft?
7. The engine (to catch) fire when they (to taxi) to the RW.
8. Bird strike (to cause) engine failure.
9 authorities (to eliminate) the problem last year?
10. The aircraft (to encounter) the flock of birds that (to fly) east.
11. The visibility (to get worse) when they (to approach) to the airport.
12. Non-depressurization alarm (to go off) and the crew (to initiate)
emergency descent.
13. They (to avoid) thunderstorm when the controller (to request) their position.
14. When this traffic (to enter) restricted area?
15. The crew (not to make) missed approach procedures.
94
16. It (to take) the crew 40 minutes to get to destination.
17. The captain (to perform) the check-list for 20 minutes.
18. Pilots (to report) their position when they (to pass) KW.
19. Depressurization (to occur) when they (to be) on FL 330.
20. One of the passengers (to suffer) decompression sickness.
1. Они прибыли в аэропорт, когда самолет взлетал.

2. Что вы делали, когда (they) объявили ваш peiic?
3. Вчера во время посадки шел дождь.
4. Я собирался лететь в Киев, но мне пришлось отложить поездку.
5. Когда мы набирали высоту, видимость становилась лучше.
6. Почему вы не сообщили нам, что вы собираетесь сделать экстренную посадку?
7. Второй пилот принял решение, когда капитана не было в кабине.
8. Самолет заходил на посадку, когда диспетчер предупредил об угрозе столкновения с
птицами.
9. Какую последнюю информацию вы получили от диспетчера, перед тем как пропала
связь?
10. Самолет бьш уже на исполнительном старте, а диспетчер не дал разрешение на взлет.
11. Пока технический персонал ликвидировал проблему, экипаж пытался связаться с
начальством.
12. В каком аэропорту они решили произвести посадку, когда у них отказал двигатель?
13. Они запросили смену эшелона, так как грозовая облачность развивалась очень быстро.
14. Самолет был на исполнительном старте, когда пилоты заметили стаю птиц на полосе.
15. Этот борт вошел в нашу зону несколько минут назад?
16. Им не удалось перезапустить двигатель.
17. Второй пилот проводил визуальный осмотр шасси, а техники заправляли самолет.
XIX. Speaking focused on grammar.
Imagine you are invited to give testimony to investigation inspector concerning your last
flight/shift (there was urgency or emergency situation). Explain in detail what your actions were,
what your colleagues were doing at that time, what the weather conditions were like.
XX. Read the texts and comment on them.

Aloha Flight
On the 28*'' of April in 1988 Aloha airline performed a

scheduled flight from Honolulu to Hilo, Hawaii. The
aircraft experienced an explosive decompression and
structural failure due to metal fatigue in an upper cabin area.
There were 90 passengers and five crew members on board.

No unusual occurrences were reported during the take-off
and climb.
On reaching the altitude of 24,000 feet, a small section on the left side of the roof ruptured. This
structural damage caused an explosive decompression which in its turn tore off a large section of
95
Unit б. Depressurization.
the roof. Due to separation of upper-fuselage section one of the flight attendants who was standing
in the aisle at that moment was ejected out of the aircraft.
It was possible to see blue sky through a rapped apart top of the fuselage. The captain notified
АТС about the emergency and requested priority for landing at the nearest airport. The explosive
decompression caused the electrical problems and pilots lost nose gear indicator light on the
cockpit instrument panel. Thus, they were imaware if it was extended completely.
Before landing, passengers were instructed to don their life jackets, in case the aircraft wouldn't
make it to Kahului.
The crew managed to execute a successful emergency landing with a significant portion of the
upper ftiselage missing. In addition to the fatally injured flight attendant seven passengers were
seriously injured.
Flying Dutchman.
There is a legend of Flying Dutchman, mysterious ship,

which was doomed to sail the oceans without getting into
the ports. The ghost ship tried to send messages to the land
but they failed to get their destination. This legend roots
back to the 18'*' century and finds its reflection in 1988 in
aviation.
In 1988 aircraft Anl2 was exposed to a gradual
decompression. A day before the flight the crew was formed
from 4 members (captain, co-pilot, flight engineer and
navigator). In the evening they celebrated their reunion
abusing the alcohol drinks. Next day during pre-flight visual check of the plane they neglected the
fact that door was not locked properly.
On reaching cruising level all flight crew felt unwell (they felt dizziness and disorientation).
Having decided there were previous day consequences, they disregarded these symptoms as they
were unaware of the fact that gradual decompression emerged due to not tightly closed door (as
they were flying at the altitude of 6000metres). Seconds later all crew members fainted and the
aircraft flew approximately over the whole Siberia on autopilot. In some time the co-pilot, the
youngest and the healthiest in the crew, regained consciousness, realized critical situation and
immediately initiated emergency descent. With the loss of altitude the other flight crew members
regained consciousness. Having made 4 approaches, the co-pilot managed to execute safe landing.
All crew members were treated by medical staff upon arrival but unfortunately the resuhs of
hypoxia could not pass urmoticeably as the lack of oxygen destroyed brain cells and in a half of a
year all 4 crew members died.
96
Unit 7. Engine Failure.
Ж Л П Х 7
1. New vocabulary.
To be detached/to be separated
To fail
To shut down/ to cut off
Contained/ uncontained
To ingest (ingestion)
To suck (suction)
To pass VI speed
To bank/ to roll
To execute wide turns
To provide thrust
To feather the engine propeller
Port-side engine
Starboard engine
To relight the engine
Engine surge
Engine vibration
Engine working rough
Engine popping
To relight the engine
Overheating
Engine stall
To get into stall
To evaluate the situation
Landing ahead of aircraft
To seek the best glide ratio
To turn into glider
Noise abatement procedure
Prescribed speed
Steep approach
To perform ditching/ to ditch
II. Put the words from the box in the appropriate form into the sentences.
To feather engine propeller to turn into glider ingestion to cause (2)

starboard to result noise abatement procedures to get into stall
to seek the best glide ratio to roll to suck surge to lead initial climb
to pass VI speed to land ahead of the plane to shut down the engine
prescribed speed
97
lit 7. Engine Failure
1. After they were unable to stop safely.
2. Due to the crew couldn't maintain and it near
miss.
3. If there is engine failure just after the pilots will experience problems
with
4. The crew reported bird which engine failure.
5. Having lost all power, they were forced and
6. Only quick captain's reaction prevented the plane from

7. Failure of engine to to the right.
8. The engine foreign object on the RW and it in its
9. At least they managed to the engine propeller.
10. Engine was the reason of decreased speed.
Explain the difference.
•• To shut working
Engine down/ torough
cut off/ engine
engine vibration
• Contained/ uncontained engine failure
L Find the synonyms.
1. To get into engine

2. To analyze the situation
3. To start flying without power from engines
4. Engine separation
5. Not shaф turns
6. Engine working not smooth
7. Assigned speed
1 Fill the gaps using an appropriate form of the words in brackets.
1. The pilots managed to the aircraft on the water, (ditching)

2. Starboard engine a flock of birds, (sucking)
3. The third engine due to low oil pressure, (fail)
4. Pilots were unaware of engine (detach)
5. Pilots decided to the aircraft ahead of them, (landing)
6. Landing was despite severe cross wind, (success)
7 of volcanic ash by all engines resulted in nearly catastrophe, (ingest)
8. Crew made up decision to shut down engine, (failure)
9. When the aircraft into glider, crew the best glide ratio and looked
for appropriate place for landing, (turning, seeking)
10. Engine was and it led to (to overheat, to ignite )
Speculate upon the questions.
1. What may engine failure be caused by?

2. What problems may happen to the engine?
3. Are there any restrictions for single-engine aircraft?
4. What is the most hazardous phase of flight when engine failure may occur?
98
5. What may be the consequences of one engine failure on multi-engine aircraft?

6. What may be the consequences of engine failure on single-engine aircraft?
7. What assistance should controller provide in this case?
ENGINE FAILUItE.
Engine failure may be caused by:
• Technical reasons( ^fuel system problems such as fuel
contamination, ftiel leak, fuel exhaustion, fuel control system
malfunction, wrong fuel calculation;
л/ hydraulic system failure;
V electrical system malfunction;
V high or low oil pressure
V metal fatigue-demolishing ofpylon which
attaches engine to the wing)
• Weather conditions(icing , hail storm that can impair the
work of engine or lead to its stall; volcanic ash- volcanic pieces of rock get into
engine, melt, stick to the compressor and cause flame out or failure, lightning strike )
• Human factor (pilot's error- e.g. shutting down running engine by mistake due to
stress or high work load; poor maintenance service on the ground)
• Outside factor (bird strike on the engine - depending on the size of the bird it can
cause blades damage; overheating due to ingestion of a foreign object or debris on
the RW)
There are various engine problems:

Vengine cut off
Vengine fire
Vhigh vibration
There are two types of engine failure

- "contained" engine failure means failure when components might separate inside the
engine but either remain within the engine or exit the engine through the tail pipe,
"uncontained" engine failure can pose a greater risk as ejected debris from the engine exit
it at high speeds in other directions, posing potential danger to pressurized aircraft structure.
Consequences.
The consequences of an engine failure depend on the number of engines the aircraft has.
Multi-engine aircraft. The loss of one engine on a multi-engine aircraft will reduce its power and the
ability to fly normally:
• High altitudes, above FL 200, may not be maintained
• Turns to the side where the engine has failed need to be wider not to get into stall and are
expected to be slower
• Propeller driven aircraft may descend to increase speed and maintain cabin pressure
• Heavy workload in the cockpit will restrict the pilot's ability to communicate with АТС
99
Unit 7. Engine Failure
• Long and high speed approach and landing (due to performance limitations attributed to the
engine failure the approach speed might be higher than prescribed, which could consequently
result in non-established approach, runway excursion and blocked runway)
Single-engine aircraft. The engine failure of a single-engine aircraft will be followed by

• loss of electrical power
• loss of navigational systems
• loss of communication systems
• loss of cabin pressure
• manual gear extension
In case of engine failure during rolling, take-off should be aborted if it occurred before VI speed,
ind after a complete stop the situation should be reported to АТС.
f it happened after V1 speed the crew must
perform take-off
climb 400 feet minimum and apply ECAM procedure
level off the aircraft
retract slats and flaps
set idle mode for affected engine
set fiill power thrust for running engine
make turn and perform landing.
Deviation from SID may be expected - if the engine failure occurs at take-off or after rotation, the
:rew might not follow the published SID and any associated noise abatement procedures.
[t is possible to expect:
• Aircraft may not follow initial departure clearance - it may continue straight ahead or follow its
own emergency turn procedure.
• A stepped climb may be required to retract high lift devices.
• A larger radius of turn can be expected due to reduced aircraft performance and
maneuverability.
• The flight crew may experience other handling difficulties. For example, turns in one
direction may be preferred.
• The flight crew may elect to dump fuel.
• A longer landing distance may be required.
In case of engine failure on multi-engine aircraft at cruising level the crew has to increase power
m running engine, shut down affected engine, analyze the situation, attempt to restart the engine (if
hey are sure there is no fire) and decide whether to fly to the nearest alternative or to proceed to the
lestination (if fuel amount permits as they will fly at lower altitude and it will result in more fuel
onsumption).
The aircraft will maintain the lower levels in order to restart affected engine or APU. If the crew
lecided to restart the engine, necessary increase of speed is provided by descending. Sometimes total
ngine failure may result in depressurization as air conditioning system is supplied by engines. In this
ase emergency descent without notifying АТС may be expected.
In case of engine failure on single-engine or multiple engine failure on multi-engine aircraft pilots
leed to start gliding. The crew will seek the best glide ratio in order to attempt to restart the engine(s)
nd/or to reach next suitable aerodrome/airfield or a place suitable for emergency landing. In this
ase approach speed may be higher than prescribed, landing distance may be increased. So, this
huation can cause
100
RW excursion
Rough landing
АТС has to
• Evaluate the situation (receive pilot's report as for emergency: reason and consequences,
remind pilots to set squawk 7700)
• Clear the air space below the affected aircraft
• Impose radio silence, if necessary
• Provide safe separation with the other aircraft in this sector
• Inform supervisor and military services
• Inform landing aerodrome, alert emergency services
• Inform the nearest to destination airport (in case the route is changed)
• Request the information concerning changes on board
• Clear RWY when ACFT 50 track kilometres from touchdown
• Keep safety strip clear
• Offer pilot extended final
• In case of emergency landing request if there is dangerous cargo and flammable goods on
board and РОВ
• In case of forced landing outside the airfield, record last known position and time and alert
rescue teams
If needed, inform the crew about next suitable aerodrome and provide alternate aerodrome details
(RWYin use, length, surface, elevation, ILS-andNAV-frequencies) and weather information.
Inform landing aerodrome of the inboxmd traffic with engine failure
АТС has to keep in mind that due to engine failure on multi-engine aircraft work load on the crew
increases, as they have to perform emergency procedures. So, controller may be informed with some
delay and radio communication will be resumed after report of the crew.
VI. Complete the sentences.

1. Engine failure may be caused by technical reasons
2. Engine failure may be caused by human mistake
3. Engine failure may be caused by outside factor
4. There are different problems with the engine
5. There are two types of engine failure
6. Loss of engine on multi-engine aircraft may lead to
7. Loss of engine on single-engine aircraft may result in
8. In case engine failed during rolling for take-off.
9. In case engine failure occurred on cruising level
10. АТС has to
11. АТС has to keep in mind
VIL Approve or disapprove the statements.
• Turboprop engines are less reliable than jet engines.

Noise abatement procedures in adverse weather jeopardize the safety.
101
Init 7. Engine Failure
'7//. Describe the pictures and speculate about possible reasons of these failures.
Jse the active vocabulary:
• To ingest/to suck
• To execute wide turns
• High vibration
• Contained/ uncontained failure
• To evaluate the situation
• Engine surge
• To cause in its turn
• Steep climb/approach
• To carry out forced landing
X. Speculate how situation may develop in the following cases.
1. Dual engine aircraft experiences total engine failure just after lifting from the RW.
2. The engine has been detached on the RW at the moment of rotation.
3. Dual engine aircraft lost both engines flying over the ocean.
4. Single-engine aircraft is rolling for take-off. Having passed VI speed, the aircraft
experiences engine failure.
5. Twin-engine aircraft is rolling for take-off Having passed VI speed, the plane
experiences one engine failure.
6. While making final approach twin-engine aircraft losses all engines.
7. Multi-engine aircraft (with 4 engines), performing long-range flight, experiences one

engine failure at cruising level.
8. Dual engine aircraft, performing short-range flight (l,3hours) experiences engine fire.
But fire is extinguished soon.
102
9. Aircraft experiences engine failure on line up position.
10. Aircraft experiences engine high vibration while climbing the altitude.
X. Listening. (for A TCs)
1. Defining information.
I. Put letter P for pilot's words or С for controller's words.

1. continue heading 270
2. wet conditions
3. change the RW
4. understood going around
II. Put letter P for pilot's words or С for controller's words.

1. straight ahead
2. passing SOOOfeet
3. clear of traffic
4. to file report
III. Put letter P for pilot's words or С for controller's words.

1. centerline lights are missing
2. turn of sequence
3. RW is beautifully clear
4. turn other lights

1. What is the situation with the fuel?
2. Why doesn't the crew want to wait?
3. What is the information concerning the foam carpet?
4. What is the wind direction and strength?
1. What is the nature of distress?
2. What airport do the pilots request?
3. What instructions are given by АТС?
4. What does the crew suppose?
1. Why should United 439 hold on?
2. Where is Airbus?
3. What does Rynair request?
4. Why should Rynair expect delay?
103
Jnit 7. Engine Failure
11. Multiple-choice.
. Circle the correct option.
A) 105 knots, 3000 feet, heading 085
B) 104 knots, 3000feet, heading 075
C) 105 knots, 3000feet, heading 075
A) There is visual contact with a rake

B) There is visual contact with a lake
C) There is a visual contact with a rock
A) RW24
B) RW 14
C) RW25

A) Your main gear has not extended
B) Your main gear has not retracted
C) Your main gear isn't locked
A) Our main gear is still stuck

B) Our main gear is partially retracted
C) Our main gear is still visible
A) Trying to deal with the problem

B) Trying to figure out the problem
C) Trying prevent the problem
//. Circle the correct option.

A) Eva 632 maintain 2000 meters
B) Eva 632 maintain 200 feet
C) Eva 632 maintain 2000 feet
A) АТС reports Eagle 73 that it is not cleared to land

B) АТС reports Eagle 73 that there is severe turbulence
C) АТС reports Eagle 73 that there is wake turbulence
A) Maintain separation 2000 feet with another aircraft

B) Maintain visual separation with B747
C) Maintain separation 2000 feet with В 747
IPXI. Video. Watch the video and mark the statements as TRUE or FALSE.
1. 70 bodies were found among the debris of a crashed aircraft.
2. Pilots were confused by a number of warnings.
3. It's impossible that the indicators were covered by ice in flight.
4. Quantas airline aircraft made a dive maneuver due to a computer failure.
5. AirFrance had the same chain of events as Quantas.
104
XII. Listening, (for pilots)

I. AXIS,
2. Temperature, dew point, QNH
3. Departure RW

1. What is the situation on board?
2. Why doesn't the crew want to wait?
3. What is the information concerning the foam carpet?
4. What is the wind direction and strength?
1. Why should United 439 hold on?
2. Where is Airbus?
3. What does Rynair request?
4. Why should Rynair expect delay?

2. What is total number of people on board?
3. What are controller's instructions concerning landing?
4. What is approach frequency?
2. What airport do the pilots request?
3. What instructions are given by АТС?
4. What does the crew suppose?
IV. Aviation-related text.

1)
1. What was the problem between American pilot and Colombian controller?
2. Where did В 747 fly in December, 1995?
3. What mistake did the crew perform?
4. Why didn't controller inform the crew about their mistake?
5. Has anybody survived the crash?
1. What usually causes misunderstanding?
2. What is meant by language barrier?
3. What problems arise in communication with native speakers (Americans and British)?
4. What is the English language situation among Ukrainian controllers like?
5. What language trainings for pilots and ATCs would you recommend to undergo?
2)
1. When did В 737 crash and due to what reason?
2. How many passengers were there on board and what prominent people were among them?
3. What measures did Europe undertake against Itek Air?
4. How many fatal accidents with В 737 does the history of aviation amount to?
105
гИ 7. Engine Failure
5. Where was the last fatal crash with В 737?
uestions for discussion.
1. Do you agree that technical reasons prevail human mistakes in air crashes?
2. Are there any restrictions as for the usage of old aircraft in your country/ in Europe?
3. What are the main purposes of SAP A organization?
4. Do you consider Boeings and Airbuses more reliable than other types?
5. Do you posses any information about air crashes with prominent people on board?
XIIL Silent video.

iscussion.
1. What can cause the explosion on board?
2. What cargo is called dangerous? Are there restrictions as for its transportation?
3. What should be performed in case there is suspect about bomb on board?
4. What are crew's actions if the bomb is identified?
5. What preventive measures are observed at the а1фоЛ8?
IV. Do the crossword puzzle.
11/1
13 2 17
3 14
4
19
5 18 20
12
15 6
7
8 16
10 9
cross:
1. The crew was cleared for rate of climb which they couldn't maintain due to
engine surge.
2. Port engine and demolished part of the wing.
3. Aircraft lost all power and turned into
4. Crew declared engine failure and requested diversion.
5. The captain was against noise procedure as it jeopardized the safety.
6. The only chance for surviving was
7. The aircraft was ing for take-off when engine failed.
8. In order to prevent engine fire spreading they had to the engine.
9. Volcanic ash was ingested into and melted on its sides.
10.They needed to the engine propeller not to impair the situation.
'hwn:
11 .The plane experienced and plunged to the ground.
12. They were not going to take risk and fly over mountainous range with engine
13. In order to tackle the problem with high of engine they decreased power.
106
14. The debris was ed into the engine and caused cutting it off.
15. The pilots attempted to find the most appropriate glide
16. The crew reported that they were able to perform only turns.
17. Pilots had seconds to the situation.
18. One engine on jumbo aircraft will not pose great threat.
19. They tried to carry out ditching but it was due to low wing configuration on this
type of plane.
20. Single d aircraft are not certified for transcontinental flights.
XV. Grammar aspect.

Mind the difference between Past Simple and Present Perfect.
PAST SIMPLE PRESENT PERFECT

1. action that happened at a stated time in 1. action that happened at an unstated time
the past in the past
He experienced engine failure 2 months He has experienced engine failure. ( When?
ago.( When? Two months ago) We don't know.)
2. a past state or habit 2. action which has finished recently and
Last year we flew to Dubai twice a week. there is evidence in the present
The plane has just landed.
fWe can see it on the apron.)
3. past actions which happened one after 3. action that started in the past and keeps
another on going in the present(you make accent on
Pilots initiated emergency descent, set result)
squawk 7600 and notified АТС about the / have worked for Donbassaero for 12
cause. years.
Markers: yesterday, last week/month/year, in Markers: just, already, ever, never, yet, for,
2005, ago, etc. since, recently, today, this year, etc.
XVI. Grammar.
Open the brackets and put the verbs in appropriate form. (Past Simple/ Present Perfect)
1 the engine of Airbus (to ignite) yesterday? - Yes, it (to catch) fire.
2. The pilots already (to eliminate) the problem.
3. When the fire (to break out)?
4. The controller .just (to give) priority to affected aircraft.
5. They (to initiate) emergency descent , (to notify) АТС and (to request)
emergency services.
6. What has happened? - Port side engine (to detach) from the aircraft.
7. When they (to experience) engine failure?
8. The crew (to restart) the affected engine yet.
9. Pilots (report) about engine working rough 2 minutes ago.
10. " All engines (to fail), we (to turn) into glider."
11. Where is A 320?- It just (to take off). It (to be) airborne for
two minutes.
12. This pilot (to work) for South Airlines for 5 years and then he
(to go) to Africa.
13. " Can you call the supervisor? The traffic 342 (to disappear) from the
radar."
14. What (to happen)?- When we were climbing , we (to hear) a
loud bang , then engine (to fail) and we (to return).
107
7. Engine Failure
15. The visibility (not to improve) yet.
16. Who (to control) this traffic during approach last night?
17 you (to pass) KW?
18. Engineer ( t o inspect) the tires and the plane successfully (to
depart).
19. You are cleared for take-off. Donbassaero (to vacate) the RW.
20. They (to miss) approach and (to make) another attempt to
land.
1. Вы уже заправили самолет?

2. Когда вы заправили самолет?
3. Где я могу найти генерального директора? -Он только сегодня вернулся из Москвы,
но две минуты назад он вышел из офиса.
4. Почему вы не записали эти параметры?
5. Вы были в Анталии?" Да, два года назад.
6. За последние два года поток пассажиров в нашем аэропорту увеличился втрое.
7. Техперсонал устранил неполадку. Видите?
8. Экипажу удалось доказать, что они приняли правильное решение.
9. Им пришлось выбирать - лететь на запасно!! аэродром или возвращаться назад.
10. Вы уже подготовили самолет ко взлету?
11. Какой у вас опыт работы в гражданской авиации?- С 2005 года я работал на Як-42, а
сейчас уже год летаю на А-320.
12. Что вы предприняли во время прошлого полета, чтобы ликвидировать замыкание?
13. Самолет из Афин уже прилетел?- Да. - Во сколько он приземлился?- Он приземлился
в 14.30.
14. Вы долго работаете в авиакомпании?- Да, я работаю в авиакомпании с 1998 года.
15. Вы убедили свое руководство, что вам нужно проходить переобучение заграницей?
16. Что случилось с рулем высоты? Он не работает.
17. Вы загрузили бортовое питание?
18. Он установил связь с вами?
Г. Speaking focused on grammar.
. What burning ambitions of yours have you fulfilled?

I. What countries have you been to?
i. Role play.
' Deputy of Minister of Transport of Ukraine.

You have to report what your ministry has done for the current year. ( how much
money you have invested in the airports, what enhanced equipment and sophisticated
navigational systems were installed, what new rules concerning improvement of
working conditions were implemented, etc)
Representative of Donetsk airport.
Representative of Dnepropetrovsk airport.
Representative of Boryspol airport.
Representative of Kharkov airport.
Representative of Simpheropol airport.
Representative of Odessa airport.
108
Representatives report to the Deputy of Minister of Transport about situations at your airports,
what your authorities have done over the current year and what they haven't done.
* There were 180 passengers on board and neither of them survived.
NEITHER- refers to two people or things.

* There were two crew members in the cockpit and neither of them was injured.
NONE- refers to more than two people or things.
* There were 180 passensers on the board and none of them survived.

1. Have you seen B747 and A3 80 at our airport?- of them has been here.
2. Pilot has made a couple of attempts to relight the affected engine but of them was
successful.
3. The flights were suspended for two days due to snow storm but of passengers
claimed a refund.
4. They have five aircraft in their fleet but of them meets European requirements.
5. A320 experienced technical problem. But of the flight couldn't identify the reason
of it during the flight.
* What about another engine it is working rough.
WHAT ABOUT- is used to talk about news, someone's plans or suggestions.

* What about your new RW? Is it already operative?
AS FOR- is used to introduce a different subject or person.
* As for another engine it is working rough.
Fill the gaps with appropriate word.

1. We are flying on ALFA Airbus today BRAVO Airbus it is on C-check.
2. Aerosvit and Transaero will carry out flights from Donetsk to Moscow. -
Donbassaero?
3 installation of new equipment?
4 new equipment, it will be at our disposal in 2 weeks.
5. Odessa airport, it is still at standstill.
XVIII. Read the texts and discuss them.
Flying on three engines across the Atlantic.
On the 19th of February in 2005 British Airways B747 was performing a scheduled flight from
Los Angeles to Heathrow, carrying 351 passengers on board.
Just after airborne tower controllers reported seeing sparks
and hearing popping of the engine. Crew made attempt to
throttle the engine back but finally had to shut it down to avoid
overheating. The captain established communication with
British Airways control center in London to discuss the
situation. They decided that it was safe to continue to the United
Kingdom on three engines.
109
B747 was unable to climb assigned altitude of 36 ООО feet, so it flew over the Atlantic ocean at
' ООО feet. It increased drag and as a result fuel consumption. Having two engines on one side and
ily one on the other, plane's rudder was used to keep the aircraft flying straight.
On approaching the UK pilots realized that they wouldn't make it to Heathrow due to short of
el and requested emergency landing at Manchester.
The incident happened three days after adopting European regulation that obliged airlines to
mpensate passengers for long delays (British Airways would need to dump 100 tones of ftiel and
ftind passengers about 100 OOOpounds in case of returning to Los Angeles.)
Amsterdam Air Crash.
On the 4'%f October in 1994 Israel EL AL air company В 747 performed a cargo flight from
usterdam to Tel Aviv. Seconds after airborne a terrifying jolt rocked the plane and it started rolling
to the right.
In 30 seconds after a great struggle with the machine the

captain managed to regain a stable flight. Instruments
revealed that both engines on the right wing were out of
action.
Crew contacted АТС and requested emergency landing at
departure aiфort. But it was necessary to make a wide turn
over Amsterdam suburb for executing landing at the aiфort.
But soon the roll came back. Any of pilots' desperate
tions could not save the plane. It crashed into the 11 storey apartment building. 43 people who were
side the building including the members of the crew perished.
The investigation revealed the cause of the crash. The pylon attaching one of the engines to the
jht wing failed due to metal fatigue and the engine detached from the wing disintegrating the
arest one. Thus, both engines were torn off enabling the aircraft to keep stability in the air.
110
Unit 8. Fire On Board.
Ж7Ж1Х S
O H B O A B . D .
/ . New vocabulary.
To ignite
To catch fire
To biirst into flames
To blaze up
To extinguish fire
To put out fire
To contain fire
Sparkle
To smoulder
To suffocate
To choke from toxic fumes
Easy flammable materials
To go off (about alarm)
Source of fire
To spread
to break out
to bum
to bum out to ashes
to explode
electrical short circuit
fire suspension system
noxious fumes
to reignite
to fill up the cabin
thick smoke
substances
fire resistant materials
to intensify
loosely packed
to cut off fuel supply
to discharge fire extinguisher
escape chutes
to alert fire services
to eliminate the source of fire
flammable solids
smoke goggles
smoke hood
intervention of the flight crew
11. Match the words with their meaning.
1. odor a) source of fire
111
2. to increase b) to put out
3. fire started c) to suffocate
4. harmful air d) smell
5. carelessly e) to intensify
6. the origins of fire f) to smoulder
7. to bum without flames g) to break out
8. emergency slides h) to choke
9. to gasp for breath, to pant i) noxious fumes
10. to eradicate j) loosely
11. to blaze up k) escape chutes
12. to extinguish fire 1) to burst into flames
13. to have breathing problems m) to eliminate
III. Complete the sentences with a suitable word in the correctform.{sometimesparts

of speech transformations are necessary)
to intensify loosely to ignite(2) to spread to catch noxious

to eliminate to smoulder substances to discharge to choke to put out
to reignite to go off to explode source of fire escape chutes to burst
into flames evacuation fire resistant to burn out to ashes
1. People started coughing and due to fumes in the

cabin.
2. The engine fire after a bird strike.
3. As the fire the chaos in the cabin increased.
4. The aircraft which were visible for a long distance.
5. The cargo was packed, so because of friction it
6. Flight attendant didn't manage to fire as it very quickly.
7. They fire extinguisher.
8. Feared of the crew diverted to the nearest airport.
9. As the fire alarm pilots immediately started the
problem.
10. They failed in determining and the aircraft
11. The plane seats are made of materials but it can not exclude the
possibility of in the cabin.
12. It's necessary to deploy for immediate
13. Nobody was aware of wires inside the control panel.
14. Easy flammable caused
IV. Mind the prepositions and answer the questions.
..can result in.

.can lead to...
..can cause—
1. What can a sparkle result in?

2. What can loosely packed dangerous cargo lead to?
3. What can electrical short circuit cause?
V. Speculate upon the questions.

1. How hazardous is in-flight fire?
112
2. What can it be caused by?
3. What kind of human mistakes can lead to ignition on board?
4. What do we call dangerous goods?
5. What groups do they fall into?
6. Are there any restrictions as for their transportation?
7. What types of fire exist on board? Which one is more perilous in your opinion?
8. What emergency equipment is your plane equipped with? What is the purpose of it?
9. What are the actions of crew in case fire in the cabin is not extinguished?
10. What actions do they have to undertake if the engine caught fire?
11. How should АТС act if he/she has traffic with fire on board in his/her sector?
FIRE ON BOARD
Fire is one of the most hazardous situations as it spreads rather

quickly. According to statistics crew of affected aircraft has only
17 minutes to initiate emergency descent, to perform emergency
landing and to evacuate the passengers. Otherwise, without
aggressive intervention by the flight crew, the aircraft will bum to
ashes.
Causes
Fire may be caused by a number of reasons:
• technical problems (electrical system malfunction, electrical short circuit, ignition
of dangerous easy-flammable goods during transportation)
• outside factor (lightning strike, hail, severe turbulence, bird or debris ingestion into
the engine)
• human factor :
V Passensers' error. Most carriers prohibit smoking on board the aircraft. This,
coupled with the use of fire resistant materials, has reduced the likelihood of fire
caused by a cigarette. Nevertheless, despite it minority of passengers continue to
smoke in the lavatories. Thus, not extinguished cigarette can pose risk to the
safety. Explosion of bomb by terrorists can obviously lead to fire.
V Cabin crew error. Airlines comment that most in-flight and ground fire/smoke
events relate to the galley and involve some kind of electrical equipment. Oven
fires may occur because of items (which are not heat resistant) being placed
inside the oven by FAs (e.g. oven being used as storage place for folders or
checklists, or to dry shoes) or because of overheating, or electrical overload/short
circuit. In addition to ovens, there is a lot of equipment in the galley wrong usage
of which can cause fire (e.g. coffee or water heaters on without any water in).
V Airport security officers' error. Overhead compartment fire is often caused

by passengers' hand luggage which was not thoroughly checked (e.g. nail polish
remover, medicinal or toilet articles, matches, and other prohibited items).
V Flisht crew's / loaders' error. Loosely packed dangerous goods (which are
not thoroughly controlled by pilots) by loaders can ignite due to friction.
113
The International Civil Aviation Organization defines Dangerous goods as " articles or
substances which are capable of posing risk to health, safety, property and the
environment."
Dangerous goods fall into 9 classes:
• Class 1: Explosives - Explosive substances, explosive articles, and pyrotechnic

devices, for example, ammunition, and fireworks.
• Class 2: Gases
• Class 3: Flammable liquids - Examples are petrol, alcohol, and perfume.
• Class 4: Flammable solids - Examples are matches, flammable metal powder.
• Class 5: Oxidizing Agents and Organic peroxides
These substances are sensitive to impact or friction, or may create a dangerous reaction
when in contact with other substances. They may be explosive and bum rapidly. Some
examples are fertilizers and chemicals.
• Class 6: Toxic (poisonous) and infectious substances
These substances can cause death or injury if swallowed, inhaled or absorbed through
the skin. Examples are pesticides and poisons, mercury.
• Class 7: Radioactive materials
• Class 8: Corrosives.
• Class 9: Miscellaneous - Hazardous substances such as dry ice and magnets.
Dangerous goods fall into three types:

1. Goods that are acceptable on passenger and cargo aircraft
2. Goods that are acceptable on cargo aircraft only
3. Goods that are prohibited for air transportation
Goods which are strictly prohibited for transportation in the cabin are
• Explosives - fireworks, flares, toy gun caps
• Compressed gases - filled or partly filled aqualung cylinders
• Flammable liquids and solids - lighter fuel, matches, paints
• Oxidizers - some bleaching powders
• Poisons
• Irritating materials - tear gas devices
• Infectious substances - live virus materials
• Radioactive materials - medical or research samples which contain radioactive
sources
• Corrosives - acids, etc.
• Magnetized materials - instruments containing magnets
Consequences
Fire on board can result in
• High stress level in the cockpit
> Engine failure
• Pressurization problems
> Shortest high speed vector to land
• Poor R/T (due to oxygen mask) or loss of КУТ
> Passengers' evacuation
114
• RWY blocked
Types of fire
Engine fire.
Engine fire is normally detected and contained satisfactory by the aircraft fire detection and
suppression systems. But there are such situations when fire can not be determined by
onboard systems and it can spread to the wing and the fuselage. Even when engine fire was
eliminated, the crew need to land the aircraft as soon as possible so that the fire will not
break out again.
Cabin fire.
Cabin fire can be easily detected and put out by usage of fire extinguishes. It is also
advisable to perform landing as soon as possible in order to investigate the problem.
Hidden fire.
Hidden fire can be detected by onboard systems or by passengers noticing smoke or fume. It
is very hazardous as smoke can fill up the cabin and can reduce visibility and lead to
suffocation and choking.
Effects
At the first indication, or suspicion, of smoke and fumes, or fire within the aircraft the
flight crew will don smoke goggles and oxygen masks. The wearing of oxygen masks may
make the voice messages more difficult to understand.
Secondly, the crew will attempt to find the source of the smoke or fire and eliminate it.
Different emergency equipment may be used, such as smoke detectors, fire extinguishes,
fire gloves, fire goggles, Нодф, crash axe, emergeney^butes for evacuation.
PPk
• Smoke detectors. Optical Smoke Detectors are installed in aircraft toilets and
usually in cargo compartments as well. They are usually only activated by a
significant reduction in visibility due to thick smoke from, say, a waste bin fire.
Cigarette smoke will not usually activate them.
• Portable fire extinguishers. Portable extinguishers are to be found in the cockpit
and in the cabin. They are designed to fight with small fires and thus their capacity is
limited.
• Fire/crash axe. Fire axes are provided to obtain emergency access to areas and parts
of the airplane which are not easily accessible (e.g. behind sidewall, electrical or
ceiling panels).
• Fire protection gloves. These gloves are kept in the flight deck and/or in the cabin
to protect the user against heat/fire. They can also be used to handle hot or sharp
objects.
• Smoke hoods. It is a smoke protective device which incorporates a small oxygen
generator, which provides the user with oxygen for a limited amount of time,
typically 15-20 minutes.
• Smoke goggles. Smoke goggles may be found in the flight deck for use with smoke
hoods. Some aircraft are equipped with oxygen masks with integral smoke goggles.
• Fire Blankets. Some operators have fireproof blankets on board which can be used
to suffocate fire by cutting off the supply of oxygen.
115
ВТ
When crew members manage to extinguish fire, the captain will evaluate the
situation and make up his mind what further actions to take. But in the majority of cases
he'll give preference to land as soon as possible for further investigation if any systems
were affected by fire.
If fire is uncontrollable and pilots will

-put on oxygen masks if there is smoke or fire in the cockpit
-initiate emergency descent without any delay (otherwise it will take an aircraft a few
minutes to burst into flames and bum fully)
-set squawk 7700
-declare Mayday
- proceed to the nearest suitable airport and request priority for landing or
- try to find appropriate place for landing ahead of them (off-field landing or ditching)
- request fire brigade, ambulance, search and rescue team
- upon landing start immediate evacuation of passengers (After disembarkation for safety
reasons they have to be removed on lOOmetres distance from a crippled aircraft.)
If there is engine fire, pilots need to

- increase the work of running engine
- shut down affected one
- activate fire extinguishing system
- stop fuel and hydraulic liquid supply
- close air conditioning supply from the engine
- start APU for auxiliary electrical power
- start emergency descend
- set squawk 7700
- declare Mayday
- proceed to the nearest suitable airport
АТС needs to act quickly
• Evaluate the situation (receive pilot's report as for emergency: reason,

consequences)
• Provide safe separation with other aircraft in this sector
• Request pilots to set squawk 7700
• Impose radio silence if necessary
• Inform supervisor and military services, alert military services
• Give aircraft priority for landing
• Ask if dangerous goods are on board
• Ask for number of Persons On Board (РОВ)
• Inform landing aerodrome
• In case of diversionary or forced landing, record last known position and time
• Alert emergency services
If needed, inform pilot about:
• Next suitable aerodrome
• Aerodrome details as soon as possible
RWY in use, length, surface, elevation, ILS-and NAV-frequencies
116
• Weather information of landing aerodrome

• Observe fire and/or smoke in order to help pilots to make decision from what side it
is better to start evacuation of passengers (if required).
АТС has to be aware of:

1. In case of fire a flight crew does not have very long time for communication - time
is critical. The crew will commence descent immediately and begin planning an
emergency landing possibly without controller's clearance
2. Putting an aircraft on the ground within 15 minutes of a fire being detected is a

challenge for the pilot of a modem passenger jet at cruising altitude, so expect the
descent to be rapid.
3. After the initial emergency call, and having declared their intentions, the crew will
turn their attention to isolating and fighting the fire, and may therefore not respond
to calls. The controller will need to be patient and try to anticipate the actions of the
flight crew and not to press them with non-urgent questions.
VII. Complete the sentences,

1. Fire is the most dangerous emergency as
2. Fire may be caused by....
3. Dangerous goods are....
4. Goods which are strictly prohibited for air transportation are
5. Fire may result in
6. There are different types of fire
7. Emergency equipment which is used for fighting fire comprises.
8. Crew members have to
9. Controllers will
10. Controller has to keep in mind that
VIII. Identify emergency equipment and speak about its purposes.
117
IX. Describe the picture and presuppose what might have caused fire.
Use the active vocabulary.
• To break out
• To burst into flames
• To spread
• To intensify
• To blaze up
• To put out
• Puff
• To consume everything (about fire)
к X. Listening.(for ATCs)
/. Put the letter P for pilot's words or С for controller's words.
1. established on ILS
2. situation with the RW
3. RW conditions no good no worse
4. slight aquaplaning reported
II. Put the letter P for pilot's words or С for controller's words.
1. speed 180
2. mix of slash and rain
3. change the RW
4. overshooting
in. Put the letter P for pilot's words or С for controller's words.
1. airport is closed
2. unable to hold
3. request diversion
4. further clearance
118

2. What is the position of the aircraft?
3. What is fuel endurance and fuel remaining?
4. How many people are there on board?
1. What was the position of landing gear?
2. What did aircraft systems inform pilots about?
3. What was the Tower frequency?
4. What were the intentions of the crew?
1. What is the reason of the caution?
2. Why do they request immediate start-up?
3. What is a new slot time?
A) Two engines are out of service
B) One engine is out of service
C) One engine is operative
A) Heading 280, descend to FL 280

B) Heading 280, descend to FL 270
C) Heading 270, descend to FL 280
A) Both engines are unserviceable

B) Right engine is unserviceable
C) Left engine is unserviceable

A) Lima 556, cleared for take-off, wind 270, 15 knots
B) Lima 565, cleared for take-off, wind 270, 15 knots
C) Lima 556, cleared for take-off, wind 270, 5 knots
A) Be advised helicopter is in the middle of the RW27 left

B) Be advised helicopter is at the end of the RW27 left
C) Be advised helicopter is at the end of the RW37 left
A) It is already on the ground

B) It is not even on the ground
C) We can see B737
in. Circle the correct option.

A) Left turn out after departure, climb and maintain FL 250
B) Right turn out after departure, climb and maintain FL 250
C) Left turn out after departure, climb and maintain FL 240
A) Contact 120,2
119
B) Contact 121,2
C) Contact 120,02
A) Squawk 2154
B) Squawk 2514
C) Squawk 2415
XI. Video. Watch the video and mark the statements as TRUE or FALSE.
1. United flight 914 was directing to Frankfurt.
2. There were 240 passengers and 14 crew members on board.
3. Coffee spill was a major cause of emergency.
4. Pilots set squawk 7500 by mistake.
5. On long-range flights pilots are exposed to dehydration.
XII. Listening.tforpilots)
I. AXIS.
1. Take-off RW
3. Temperatwe, dew point, QNH
1. What is the reason of the caution?
2. Why do they request immediate start-up?
3. What is a new slot time?
1. What problem does the crew experience?
3. Who do they try to contact? What for?
4. What does АТС clear them to?

2. What is the position of the aircraft?
3. What is fuel endurance and fuel remaining?
II Answer the questions.
1. What was the position of landing gear?
2. What did the aircraft systems inform pilots about?
3. What was the Tower frequency?
4. What were the intentions of the crew?

1)
1. What is Concord's speed?
2. What amount of planes does Concord fleet consist of?
120
3. How many passengers does it accommodate?
4. What is the difference in flight time over the Atlantic in comparison with a
conventional aircraft?
5. What don't you suffer from on this airplane unlike conventional one?
1. What information do you possess about Concorde?
2. Why was this fleet grounded?
3. Do you suppose flying with such speed posed hazard to the safety?
4. What were the disadvantages of this type of the aircraft?
5. Do such planes have ftiture?
2)
1. What was the route of the flight?
2. Where did it crash? How many injured were there?
3. What damage did the plane sustain?
4. What hampered the investigators to get to the place of crash?
5. How did this crash affect the а1фоЛ work?
1. What can cause forced landing outside the aiфort?
2. How does the crew prepare the plane and passengers for such landing?
3. What assistance from controller may be required?
4. Why does landing outside the а1фог1 influence the suspension of flights?
5. Are you familiar with any cases of out of the aiфort landing? What were the
consequences?
XIII. Silent video.

Discussion.
1. What problem may appear with nose gear?
2. What are the ways out?
3. In what case low pass is requested? Who is in charge of this check?
4. What are the best surfaces for belly landing?
5. What emergency services have to be activated in case of belly landing?
XIV. Common Mistakes in Aviation English.

*The aircraft landing at Donetsk airport.
*The aircraft departures at 4a.m.
* Engine failure and pilots declared emergency.
*We made successfully landing.
* I don't hear you good.
*It was usually flight.
LANDING -is a noun. To express an action we use TO LAND/TO MAKE A LANDING.
* The aircraft landed at Donetsk airport.
DEPARTURE is a noun. To express an action we use TO DEPART.
*The aircraft departs at 4a.m.
*The departure time is 4a.m.
FAILURE - is a noun. To express an action we use TO FAIL.
* Engine failed and pilots declared emergency.
* Pilots declared emergency due to engine failure.
SUCCESSFUL - i s an adjective. SUCCESSFULLY - is an adverb.
121
*We made a successful landing.
*We made landing successfully.
GOOD - is an adjective. W E L L - is an adverb.
* I don't hear you well.
* His English is good.
USUAL- is an adjective. USUALLY- is an adverb.
*It was an usual flight.
*We usually fly abroad.

1. Самолет начал аварийное снижение.
2. Ожидаемое время прибытия самолета 5.30
3. Они снизились до безопасной высоты.
4. Одна за другой гидравлические системы отказали и пилоты потеряли
контроль.
5. Не все самолеты могут успешно выполнять приводнение.
6. GPS снабжает пилотов четкими координатами.
7. Вы говорите быстро, но неотчетливо.
8. У него хороший опыт работы в авиации.
9. Инспектор задавал обычные вопросы.
10. Этот борт прибывает в 7 и отправляется в 8.15.
11. Это была успешная посадка.
12. Аэробус 320 приводнился на Гудзон в 2008 году.
13. Он хорошо знает устройство самолета.
14. Пилот доложил, что все двигатели отказали.
15. Второй пилот как обычно осмотрел самолет перед вылетом.
XV. Do the puzzle.
13 14
18
20
15
10 17
11
12
Across:
1. The whole electrical system blanked and went dead. It was caused by.
2. The fire intensifies and- s quickly all over the aircraft.
3. People when there is lack of pure oxygen.
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4 flames ate everything on their paths.
5. Nowadays passenger cabin is made from fire materials.
6. There were easy flammable in the cargo hold which caused ignition.
7. Dangerous goods are materials that pose threat to the lives of people.
8. Passengers inhaled the air which was mixed with fiimes.
9. The captain instructed the flight attendant to put on smoke while struggling
with the fire.
10. An elderly person d from thick smoke and then fainted.
11. Oxygen generators were packed, so friction led to fire.
12. The aircraft burnt to
Down:
13. When somebody smokes in the cockpit, fire alerting system must
14. The smoke was so that it was not possible to see the neighbours.
15. A single close to the dangerous cargo may be lethal.
16. The responsibility to fire rests with the cabin crew.
17. Post crash was seen far away from the place of impact with the ground.
18. They failed to the fire and had to execute emergency landing.
19. Toxic filled up the cabin and caused suffocation.
20.The source of fire was put out but the wire was still ing.
XVI, Grammar block.
To be going Present Will / shall Present Simple

to Continuous
1. we decide to 1. we say what 1 .pure future 1. with time-tables
do smth but we have The sun will rise at 5a.m. The traffic departs at
perhaps we arranged to do tomorrow. За.т tomorrow,
haven't We are leaving (according to
arranged it at night. (We schedule)
WizzAir is going have a slot
to open new already)
flights from
Donetsk.
2. smth is going 2. we offer to do smth

to happen in the The RW is covered with
future. snow. I will send a snow
Look. It is going plough there
to rain.
3. promising to do smth
/ will come in time. (I
promise)
4. with "probably", "I

expect", "I thinlt", "I am
sure".
/ think they will eliminate
this problem.
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XVII. Grammar.
Open the brackets and put the verbs in the appropriate form. Use shall/will, be soins to.
Present Simple.
1. They (to eliminate) the problem soon.
2. The fire (to spread) in seconds .
3. The plane with fire on board (to arrive) at 6.20p.m. according to the
schedule.
4. They (to start) carrying dangerous goods in May.
5. The fire (to intensify) without immediate intervention of the crew.
6. Restarting affected engine (to lead) to reigniting.
7. What airport they (to be going) to proceed?
8. They probably (to contain) the fire in some minutes.
9. Pilots (to have) to put on oxygen masks if noxious fumes appear in the
cockpit.
10. The weather (to be going) to deteriorate.
11. We expect they (deploy) escape chutes and (to start) evacuation.
12. The fire is spreading in the cabin. - 1 (to try) to cope with it.
13 you (to be going) to take smoke hood and gloves? - Yes, I
14 you (to land) at our airport?
15. May be they (make) it to the airport.
16. Who (to take care) about injured and wounded?
17. When the flight from Moscow (to arrive) today?
18. Look, they are descending, so, they (to carry out) a low pass.
19. "You (to assist) passengers during evacuation and we (to
perform) check list procedures."
20. When you (to notify) the supervisor about near miss?

1. Когда самолет прибудет?
2. Вероятно, бомба взорвется, и это приведет к пожару.
3. Смотри, они сейчас будут делать еще один заход, и пробовать садиться.
4. Пожарники не успеют потушить огонь, и он распространится на ангар.
5. Самолет вылетит завтра в 3 как обычно.
6. Сколько времени вам понадобиться, чтобы ликвидировать возгорание?- Это
займет минут 5.
7. ИКАО собирается ввести новые правила относительно транспортировки
опасных грузов.
8. Они будут запрашивать пенное покрытие?
9. Когда у вас будет информация об этом рейсе?
10. Вы разрешите перевозить химические вещества на пассажирском самолете?
11. Вы сможете долететь до запасного аэропорта?
12. Что они собираются делать?
13. Когда мы узнаем об изменениях в маршруте?
14. Вы где? - Мы у самолета. Мы сейчас вылетаем.
15. Экипаж должен будет отдохнуть после полета.
16. У нас критический остаток топлива. Мы намерены садиться немедленно.
17. Оставайтесь на связи, я вам сейчас сообщу об этом.
18. Сообщите, когда будете готовы к сливу топлива.
19. Похоже, что самолет сейчас свалится в штопор.
20. Кода вы нам разрешите заход на посадку?
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XVIII. Speaking focused on grammar.
1. You as a pilot/as a controller have to say what you will do in these situations.
Pilot.
• Aircraft is running on the RW after landing and there is a dead dog on
the centerline.
• Passenger suffers from heart attack.
• There are hijackers in the passenger cabin.
Controller.
• The traffic entered your zone but there is no communication.
• Crew requests lower level due to thunder cell but there are other
boards at this level.
• You suspect the aircraft is hijacked.
2. Speak how you are going to improve your English level

to enhance your professional knowledge
to keep fit
3. There is an election for the position of General Director of Donbassaero/ General

Director of UKSATSE. Make a list of resolutions what you will do on this
designation.
XIX. Read the texts and discuss them.

Post landing fire at Toronto airport.
On the 2d of August in 2005 A 340 belonging to

Air France performed a scheduled flight from Paris
to Toronto. After touching down at Toronto airport
the aircraft failed to stop, overshot the end of the
RW, burst into flames and came to rest in a small
ravine 300 meters from the RW.
It was reported that before landing the aircraft was
banking from left to right (probably because of
severe turbulence and gusting wind). The weather at that moment was marginal: severe
winds, heavy rain, thunderstorms. It contributed to the fact that the plane touched down the
RW further than it was necessary and thus overran it. (The RW the plane was cleared to
land was the shortest at the airport- only 2700 meters)
All 297 passengers (including 2 infants without seats) and 12 crew members were
successfully evacuated. Some of them sustained minor injuries. Post crash fire destroyed the
aircraft.
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China Airline. Fire on Board.
On the 20^'' of August , 2007 a В 737

belonging to China Airlines was performing
flight 120 from Taiwan to Japan.
The plane landed at destination airport. But
while the aircraft was taxing to the gate some
flames coming from the right engine became visible. The captain ordered emergency
evacuation. All passengers and flight crew managed to leave the aircraft safely through the
4 hatches using slides. Flight crew evacuated through cockpit slide windows. In some
seconds right engine and fuel tank exploded and burst violently into flames, igniting a blaze
that totally destroyed the traffic.
During the flight there was not report about fire. The investigation team confirmed
that the aircraft caught fire in the gate area. They revealed that the bolt, which had come
loose from the slat tank, had punctured the right wing fiiel tank creating a hole 2-3
centimetres in diameter. It caused fuel leak that resulted into fire and then explosion.
126
Unit 9. Fuel Problems.
Ж7НЖХ 9
д'жтдвь у д ю в ь ж м : ^
I. New vocabulary.
Fuel capacity
Fuel consumption
Fuel gauge
Fuel hose / pipe
Fuel pump
Fuel pipe deficiencies
Fuel shortage/ short of fuel
Fuel starvation
Fuel exhaustion
Fuel contamination
Fuel imbalance
Fuel leak
Fuel remaining
Endurance
To run out of fuel
To burn out fuel
To perform fuel dumping/jettisoning
To fuel the aircraft/to fill the aircraft
Measuring units
Cross feed fiiel procedure
Out of wind landing
Excessive fuel consumption
To loiter
To cease
To land ahead of aircraft
To perform ditching/ to ditch
To equalize the fuel
To transfer fuel/ to pump fuel
To deploy a ram air turbine
To glide
Contingency
Paramount importance
To impair/ to deteriorate
To be clogged
II. Substitute the phrases with an appropriate word or word combination.

1. fuel measuring system
2. general content of fuel tanks
3. to activate
4. to make the fuel equal
5. to delay, to be slow
6. to make worse
127
I. to finish fuel
8. fuel pipe deficiency
9. penetration of dirt into the fiiel
10. great importance
II. exceeding the normal or permitted limits
12. remaining'of fuel in hours
HI. Find the synonyms of the words.

fuel pipe
short of fuel
fuel dumping
- to transfer fuel
- to activate
- to impair
- defect
to fiiel aircraft
unexpected situation
- to stop
IV. Answer the following questions. The answers should contain the underlined words.
1. What is the fuel capacity of your aircraft?
2. What can fuel starvation be caused by?
3. What can contaminate the fuel?
4. Which areas are considered to be restricted for fuel jettisoning?
5. What may be the reasons of excessive fuel consumption?
6. Can you name the causes when pilots performed successful ditching?
7. What does possible distance that the aircraft can glide depend on?
8. What can deteriorate fuel flow?
9. What may be the reasons of fuel imbalance?
10. Have you ever faced with running out of fuel?
11. What can cause engines cease operating?
12. Why is weather of paramount importance for flight?
V. Complete the sentences.

1. Fuel imbalance can lead to
2. Fuel starvation can result in
3. Fuel exhaustion can cause
4. Fuel leak can be caused by
5. Fuel contamination can result from
VI. Discuss the following questions.
1. Why is fuel system of paramount importance?

2. What adverse weather conditions can result in fuel problems?
3. What technical deficiencies on board the aircraft can lead to fuel flow problems?
4. What human mistakes can cause fuel system malfunction?
5. Enumerate possible fuel problems.
6. What is called fuel exhaustion? What are the results?
7. What is fuel starvation? What are the consequences?
8. What do we call fuel imbalance? What should be done in this case?
128
9. What types of fuel contamination do you know? Which ones are the most common?
10. Are fuel problems considered to be urgency or emergency situation?
11. What is fiiel dumping? Are there any restrictions?
12. What is in-flight refiieling? Are there any dangers? Is it used in Ukraine?
13. What procedures should the pilots perform in case of fuel problems?
14. What are the actions of АТС?
VII. Read and discuss the text

FUEL PROBLEMS
Fuel system is of vital significance for the safe

completion of the flight. Without fuel supply the engines
will cease operating and without the power produced by the
engines the aircraft can not be in the air. Thus, fuel system
is of paramount importance.
Fuel problems may be caused by variety of factors:

• Adverse weather conditions
V unexpected severe headwind (it reduces the speed and increases fuel consumption;
so, the fuel remaining may become critical and not enough for reaching the
destination)
V encountering thunderstorm activity zones ( so, circumnavigation of the areas with
CB clouds and diversion to an alternate aerodrome may result in fuel shortage)
• Technical problems presuppose different system malfunctions
V deficiencies in pipe and pump systems ( which can result in fuel leakage)
V fuel gauge/fuel measurement system failure
V fuel consumption system failure
V fuel contamination with ice, water or metal chips and as a result blocking of fuel
filters
V metal fatigue (that can lead to fuel leak)
V low pressure in the system
• Human factor contains
V wrong fuel calculation (due to various measuring systems which use different
measuring units, e.g. litters, pounds, gallons)
V fueling the aircraft with not appropriate quality of fuel
V poor maintenance service on the ground (when the technical staff forgets to close
the fuel filler and pilots fail to check it; foreign objects appear in the fuel due to
negligence of ground personnel)
V pilot's error in feeding the engines with fuel during the flight
Vpilot's mistake (e.g. going around due to missed approach)
^ АТС's mistake (e.g. keeping the aircraft in holding pattern for considerable time,
for example due to government flights etc.)
Effects:
Fuel problems may occur due to any contingency and have multiple side effects, possibly
impairing the pilots' ability to fly and land the plane safely. Without fuel one or both engines can
129
be expected to fail, which may in turn result in a forced landing short of the RW or short of the
aiфort itself.
There are various fuel problems such as fuel leak, fuel starvation, fuel exhaustion, fuel
contamination.
In case of fuel leak pilots need to stop fuel supply from the affected tank in order to prevent
ignition. Fuel exhaustion can result in engine failure as it can't operate without fuel. If there is
exhaustion only in one tank, cross feed fuel procedure will take place (fuel from one tank will be
transferred to another in order to eliminate fuel imbalance).
Fuel exhaustion- is situation when the aircraft runs out of fuel completely and the tanks are
empty that leads to engine failure. It is considered to be an emergency situation.
In this case forced landing outside the aerodrome(or ditching) is possible. Radio
vectoring to the nearest aerodrome is recommended.
Fuel starvation- is situation when there is fuel in the tank but there is a supply problem which
either fully or partially prevents the fuel from reaching the engine. Causes may
include a blocked fiiel filter or more commonly water-contaminated fuel. In this
situation pilot is not sure that remaining amount of fiiel will be enough for
safe completion of flight. He can switch off the fuel pumps on affected tank and
supply both engines from another tank.
Fuel imbalance - is the situation when the remaining of fuel in one fuel tank is bigger or
smaller than in another. In this case pilots have to assess the situation ( as the
the engines may consume different amount of fuel due to age or some other
parameters). So, the crew checks the reason of imbalance. If there is no fuel
leak, cross-feed fuel procedure has to take place in order to equalize fuel
(the fuel from one tank is transferred to another). But if there is a suspect of fuel
leak, it is possible to supply both engines from one tank .
Fuel contamination- is a situation when there is water, metal chips or some other foreign objects
in the fuel. It can lead to engine failure, not stable work of the engine,
fuel system failure, possibly forced landing out of aerodrome or
ditching. There are different forms of contamination that can exist.
For example:
- bacterial
- microbial
- foreign object
- water
-dirt
- sand
- ice
In cases when maximum landing weight of the aircraft is exceeded,/ме/ dumping or
fuel burning are required.
Fuel dumping (or a fuel jettison) is a procedure used by

aircraft in certain emergency situations before a return to the
airport shortly after take-off, or before landing short of its intended
destination to lighten aircraft's weight.
Special dumping area should be requested and entered.
130
More sophisticated aircraft are not equipped with fuel dumping system. Thus, only fuel burning
is possible.
Sometimes in-flight refueling may take place.
In-flight refuelling is also called air-refuelling, air-to-air

refuelling or tanking, is the process of transferring fuel from one
aircraft (the tanker) to another (the receiver) during flight
This procedure allows the receiving aircraft to remain airborne

longer extending its range or loiter time on station, it also gives
opportunity to the aircraft to take off with bigger amount of
cargo as less fuel is carried while take-off and the plane is topped up when in the air.
The first in flight refueling took place in 1949 when American plane B50 performed the first
non-stop flight around the world which took 94 hours. It was possible due to air- refueling.
At this moment in-flight refueling is used only for military aircraft.
In case the crew faces with fuel exhaustion or fuel leak, pilots immediately have to
identify the source of the problem and eliminate it, if it's impossible - notify АТС, declare an
emergency and request priority for landing at the nearest airport. If they can't make it to the
airport, they have to perform landing ahead of the aircraft at any suitable surface (ditching may
be possible).
If critical fuel status is reported to the АТС, his actions include the following
• Ask if the crew declares emergency
• Clear the air space below the affected aircraft
• Provide safe separation with the other airplanes in this sector
• Impose radio silence (if necessary)
• Keep ACFT high (in order to save fuel)
• Inform landing aerodrome and emergency services
• Ask if dangerous goods on board
• Ask for number of Persons On Board (РОВ)
• Offer out of wind landing if more expeditious
If needed, inform pilot about:
• Next suitable aerodrome
• Aerodrome details as soon as possible
ATCs don't have to press the crew with non-urgent questions at this time.

1. Fuel system is of paramount importance because
2. Fuel problems can be caused by technical reasons
3. Fuel problems can be caused by marginal weather conditions
4. Fuel problems can be caused by human factor
131
5. There are different fuel problems.

6. Fuel exhaustion is
7. Fuel starvation is
8. Fuel contamination is
9. Fuel imbalance is
10. Fuel dumping is
11. Pilots have to
12. ATCs have to
IX. What kind ofplaces are considered to be appropriate for emergency landing outside the
airport due to running out of fuel?
^ <.5.5 . ' ' -Ль
X. Comment upon the statements.
• Fuel problems are mainly caused by human factor in the history of aviation.
• Fuel dumping should be prohibited as it causes ecological problems.
• In-flight refueling can be used for civil aircraft as it doesn't pose any hazard to the
safety.
XI. Describe the picture and speak about possible reasons of the crash.
Use the active vocabulary.

• Fuel exhaustion Tom away
• Fuel contamination Bogged down
To demolish Residential area
To impair
To be clogged
To plunge to the ground
132
XIL Listening. (forATCs)

I. Put the letter С for controller's words and P for pilot's words.
1. smoke and flames
2. please locate
3. evacuate passengers
4. fire is still on
II. Put the letter С for controller's words and P for pilot's words.
1. alert for wind shear
2. wind speed 24 knots
3. looking out for microburst
4. prevent from landing
III. Put the letter С for controller's words and P for pilot's words.
1. alternative
2. engine inoperative
3. say again
4. advise total on board

1. What is the nature of the problem?
2. What airport do the pilots request to land at?
//. Answer the following questions.

1. What problem did the pilots face with?
2. What are the consequences of this failure?
3. What turns are the pilots able to make?
III. Answer the following questions.

1. What fuel problems did the pilots encounter?
133
2. How many occupants were there on board?

3. What are the consequences of ditching?
A) Taxi to RW 24 via TW B1 to holding point L3
B) Taxi to RW 24 via TW B1 to holding point BL3
C) Taxi to RW 24 via TW LI to holding point B3
A) Ready for immediate start-up

B) Ready for immediate de-icing
C) Ready for immediate departure
A) Speedbird 937, cancel departure

B) Speedbird 9337, cancel departure
C) Speedbird 937, cancel line-up

A) engine failure
B) hydraulic system failure
C) gear failure
A) inbound to Wallasey
B) outboxmd from Wallasey
C) inbound to Callasey
A) traffic approaches Wallasey

B) traffic approaches Callasey
C) traffic approaches Manchester

A) Windshield is damaged and the engines are running smoothly
B) Windshield is damaged and the engines are not running smoothly
C) Windshield is not damaged and the engines are not running smoothly
A) I can see smoke from your port engine

B) I can see smoke from your starboard engine
C) I can see smoke from both your engines
A) We are going to orbit the field and make another attempt approach
B) We are going to land in half an hour
C) We are going to dump fuel
XIII. Video. Watch the video and mark the statements as TRUE or FALSE.
1. There was congestion in the air when the crash happened.
2. Airport came to a standstill.
3. Two aircraft crashed.
4. Airport is waiting for investigators.
5. The fuel caught fire during take-off.
134
й
Unit 9. Fuel Problems,
XIV. Listening, (for pilots)

1. AXIS.
1. Visibility
2. Temperature. Wind
3. Type of approach. RW
II. Urgency.
1. What fuel problems did the pilots encoimter?
2. How many occupants were there on board?
3. What are the consequences of ditching?
1. What problem did the pilots face with?
2. What are the consequences of this failure?
3. What tums are the pilots able to make?
III. Emergency.
1. What is Miami Center frequency?
3. What are the controller's instructions?
2. What airport do the pilots request to land at?

1)
1. What problem did the pilots experience?
2. How many people were there on board the plane?
3. What was sucked into the engine?
4. What engine was affected?
5. In what time did the aircraft land?
1. What birds can damage engine compressor if they are sucked?
2. What may make the engine more resistant to bird strikes?
3. What may be the results of birds ingestion?
4. What are other vulnerable parts of the aircraft?
5. Have you ever experienced bird strike?
2)
Answer the following questions and discuss the text.
1. Where did the plane crash? What was the phase of the flight?
2. What actions did the crew take?
3. How many people were injured?
4. What structural damage did the plane experience?
135
5. What are the possible causes of the crash?

1. What is called depressurization?
2. What hmnan errors can cause it?
3. How are oxygen masks activated on your type of the plane?
4. What has to be done if depressurization has started and the captain's mask is inoperative?
5. Can bird strike lead to depressurization? At what altitude?
XV. Silent video.

Discussion.
1. What is called RW incursion?
3. Does the pilot have to bear responsibility for the expenses he caused to his
airline?
4. What а1фог18 are exposed to near collisions on the ground? Why?
XVI. Common Mistakes in Aviation English.
* Rubbish dumps are far from the airport.

FAR FROM is unusual in affirmative sentences if it is not modified by an adverb or preposition.
A LONG WAY is used in affirmative sentences.
* Rubbish dumps are a Ions way from the airport.
* They managed to fly as far as the alternative.
FAR is used in interrogative and negative sentences.
* We live not far from the airport.
Fill the gaps.
1. Boryspol isn't from Kiev, is it?
2. Inspectors walked as as the control tower.
3. I thought Boryspol was from Kiev.
4. Is the RW from the terminal?- Yes, it is from it.
5. When security officers realized there was a bomb on board, the aircraft
was from the airport.
6. How is your alternative from destination airport?
7. Having lost all navigational equipment pilots were afraid that they deviated from the
course too
* I looked at film about air crash investigation on TV.

* See, the aircraft is flying too low.
* Have you looked at new modification of Airbus on the show?
LOOK AT means "to fix one's eyes at something or somebody" (смотреть, посмотреть).
* Look, the aircraft is flying too low.
SEE stresses the fact of receiving visual impression (видеть). It is used when the result is more
important than the process.
* Have you seen a new modification of Airbus on the show?
WATCH means "to use you eyes to observe something that is moving or changes" (смотреть,
136
наблюдать).
* I watched the film about air crash investigation on TV.
Fill the gaps.
1. It took pilots 20 minutes to all charts.
2. We have developed the habit of. all aviation news on TV.
3. Passengers flew to Jerusalem to Holly Fire.
4. What is he doing? - He is the monitor.
5. Did you the photos of this crash?
6. Captain the layer of ice on the wing and decided to perform de-icing
procedure.
7. The crew the process of servicing the aircraft now.
XVIL Do the crossword puzzle.
12 17
14
18
11 15
10
19
13
16 20
Across:
1. Clogged fuel filters resulted from fuel
2. Fuel was damaged and it caused fuel leak.
3. Airbus is equipped with which is deployed in case of total loss of power.
4. Their fuel didn't allow them to make it to destination.
5. Fuel was inoperative and pilots were unaware of fuel remaining.
6. There was no indication of but they were losing fuel.
7. In-flight refueling allows the aircraft to time of flight.
8. Emergency was declared and they had to fuel to reach acceptable landing
weight.
9. Co-pilot ran into a problem of calculating fuel
Down:
10. Fuel system failure created stressful atmosphere in the cockpit.
11. Fuel was caused by different age of engines.
12. Crew decided to the fuel and perform emergency landing.
13. Having applied cross feed fuel procedure, they d fuel in the tanks.
14. Traffic reported about fuel and declared May Day situation.
15. Fuel is not considered emergency.
16. Poor quality of fuel can easily work of the engine.
137
17. Pilots requested fuel but it was allowed only in zone 50 km from the
airport.
18. It seemed fuel was punched.
19 weight didn't permit crew to execute landing safely.
20. All engines d to operate due to fuel exhaustion.
XVIII. Grammar block.

DEGREES OF
COMPARISON OF
ADJECTIVES
7
COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE
I. one-syllable adjective I. one-syllable adjective
two-syllable adjective ending in y, ow two-syllable adjective ending in y, ow
adjective + er the adiective + est
smaller aircraft the smallest aircraft

narrower RW the narrowest RW
II. Multi-syllable adjective II. Multi-syllable adjective
more + adiective the most + adiective
more expeditious the most expeditious

Exceptions
Good-better-the best
Bad-worse-the worst
Far-farther-the farthest
Many-more-the most
Little-less-the least
the faster the quicker
the more sophisticated the better
XIX. Compare these types of transport.
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XX. Grammar.
I. Open the brackets and put the verbs in the correct form. ( Degrees of comparison of adjectives)
1. They have to taxi as (fast) as possible.
2. Boryspol is (busy) airport in Ukraine.
3. Donetsk RW is (long) than Boryspol one.
4. Today there is much (many) ice on the apron.
5. Weather is getting (good) now.
6. Can you maintain (low) flight level?
7. Yak 42 consumes (many) fuel than B737.
8. Airbus cockpit is (spacious) than Falcon's.
9. Which is (close) airport?
10. Airbus320 flight range is not as (long) as В 747.
11 (high) the plane flies, (little) fuel it consumes.
12. That was (successful) ditching in the history of aviation.
13. The pilot spoke (quick) than it was permitted.
14. Cooling system was working (bad).
15. Have you heard (last) news about that crash?
16. A first officer has (little) experience than the captain.
17. Medical restrictions are getting (strict) and (strict) nowadays.
18 (tough) situation that I have face with was total loss of communication with the
crew.
19. Night shifts are (complicated) than day ones.
20. Hidden fire is one of (hazardous) emergencies in the air.
11. Translate into English.

1. Аэробусом управлять легче, чем Антоновым.
2. Правый двигатель потреблял больше топлива, чем левый.
3. Самолет летит быстрее, чем вертолет.
4. Наилучшим выходом из ситуации было приводнение.
5. После отказа всех двигателей они попытались пролететь как можно дальше.
6. Сегодня эшелоны более загружены, чем это было 20 лет назад.
7. Авиация - это самый безопасный вид транспорта.
8. Какой у вас самый новый самолет?
9. Чем быстрее мы вылетим, тем быстрее прибудем в аэропорт назначения.
10. Туман становиться более густым, мы не сможем принять вас.
11. Полоса в Днепропетровске более узкая, чем в Донецке.
12. Использование двух языков в радиообмене усложнит работу диспетчера.
13. Очень шумно. Можете говорить громче?
14. Проблема с двигателем была более серьезной, чем экипаж мог
предположить.
15. Чем больше размер птицы, тем серьезнее последствия после столкновения с
ней.
16. Пилоты решили следовать дальше по маршруту.
17. Аэробус считается самым продвинутым самолетом на сегодняшний день.
18. Сейчас мы пролетаем над самой высокой точкой мира- над горой Эверест.
19. Самой страшной ошибкой в действиях командира было то, что он заглушил
работающий двигатель.
20. Большинство людей боятся летать.
139
XXI. Speaking focused on grammar.

1. Compare
• For pilots Yak-42 and A-320
• For ATCs "Tatyana" and "INDRA"
2. Compare your а1фог1 and Boryspol. Speak about

• territory
• sophisticated equipment (categories)
• level of service
• traffic flow
• amount of investments
• the number of RWs and the length of RWs
• the size of terminal
• problems that airport has
3. Speak about common rules in aviation, using the structures with the comparison of
adjectives.
E.g. The stronger the head wind, the more fuel the aircraft consumes.
The higher the FL, the more traffic congestion.
XXII. Read and comment on the texts.
Air Canada
On the 23d of July in 1983 a Boeing 767 of Air Canada airline

performed the flight from Montreal to Edmonton via Ottawa. In the
history of aviation this aircraft is nicknamed as Gimli Glider.
At 26,000 feet fuel pressure alarm went off and one of the
engines cut off, in some seconds another engine failed. The instrument
panels in the cockpit went blank. Thus, the aircraft lost all its power.
As on this type of the aircraft the engines supply hydraulic system, it also went dead. The pilots
activated ram air turbine, a generator driven by a small propeller, which in its turn is driven by
the forward motion of the aircraft. Boeing 767 turned into a glider. But judging by co-pilot's and
ATCs calculations it wouldn't get to the nearest Winnipeg.
So, the captain made up his mind to perform landing at military base Gimli, a closed air force
base where he used to serve as a Canadian Air Force pilot. But he was unaware that that base
was converted into a motorcar park. Without hydraulic system pilots lowered the aircraft's main
landing gear by a gravity drop, but, due to the airflow, the nose wheel failed to lock into position.
The decreasing forward motion of the aircraft also reduced the effectiveness of the Ram Air
Turbine, making the aircraft increasingly difficult to control because of the reduced power being
generated. The captain also decided to execute a sideslip to increase drag and lose altitude. This
maneuver is commonly used with gliders and light aircraft to descend more quickly without
gaining forward speed.
The aircraft landed, having burst two tires. Not locked main gear collapsed and the nose of the
plane scratched along the RW. Nobody of 61 passengers and crew was seriously hurt.
According to investigation pilots and technical staff were blamed.
Fuel on this type of the aircraft is controlled by a quantity information system processor. It
turned out (on the ground) that it was inoperative. Having entered the cockpit, the captain spotted
blank ftiel gauges and a tagged circuit breaker. He consulted the aircraft's Minimum Equipment
140
List (MEL), which told him that the aircraft could not be flown in this condition. That time there
had been 55 changes to the MEL, and some pages were still blank pending development of
procedures. Thus, it was preferable to be authorized by maintenance personnel and not by MEL.
Technical crew checked the fuel manually by a float stick and flight crew calculated the
necessary for the flight amount of fuel manually. They had never done this procedure before.
Thus, for confidence they checked it three times. But crucial mistake was that they didn't take
into account that B767 used metric, not feet system.
So, human negligence nearly resulted in fatal results.
Ruslan Crash.
On the of December in 1997AN 124

"Ruslan" was performing a flight Moscow-Irkutsk-
Vladivostok-Vietnam. There were 2 attack planes on
board that hade to be transported to Vietnam (each of
them cost about 30 million dollars).
Shortly after airborne (in 1 minute 20 seconds)
the captain reported АТС about two engines failure.
He was intended to restart one of them, then
communication was lost. Ahead of Ruslan there were
blocks of flats with thousands of people. The crew did
their best to exclude impact with the residential area. Pilots tried to make it to a wide street. They
managed to divert the plane from the blocks of flats but Ruslan banked on the left side.
The aircraft touched the house with one of the wings and slammed into 5 store house, causing
also damage to the kindergarten next to it. Nearly 140 tones of fuel were spilt and in a matter of
second ignited. The children were inside the building, not on the playgroimd; it prevented
numerous deaths. All children were evacuated from the building, though, two girls died from
suffocation.
In accordance with official data 71 people perished.
Investigators concluded that the reason of the crash was mixture of 60 tones of summer fuel
with winter one, as the aircraft was flying to warm Vietnam. There were three times less anti-
icing components in the fuel than necessary.
As Ruslan was standing in frost for about two days with half empty fuel tanks, water contained
in the fuel turned into ice. Part of it left in the Аде1 while another part accumulated as rime on the
tank's sides. During refueling fuel mixed with ice more intensively. Following starting the
engines ice crystals accumulated on fuel filters and blocked them. It caused all engines cut off.
141
Unit 10. Landing Gear Problems.
Ж71ГЖХ 1 0
Ь А Ж Ф Ж Ж С е К А Ж S X ^ O B b S M I i
/ . New vocabulary.
To extend gear/ to low down gear

To retract gear
Tire burst
Gear malfunction
To perform/ to carry out/ to execute landing/to land
To apply attempt
To ditch / to perform ditching
To flip over
To veer
To get stuck
To skid off the RW
To slide off the RW
To overrun RW
To overshoot RW
To undershoot the RW
To collapse (about gear)
To bog
Flyby
To perform low pass
To perform belly landing/ landing with wheels up
To execute G-load procedure
Sparks
To tow
Wheel is swinging
Unable to halt
To disintegrate
RW excursion
To be locked sideways
Tire shredded away
11. Complete the sentences.
1. The aircraft flipped over in the air because

2. The nose gear bogged down as
3. Nose gear locked sideways resulted from
4. The plane veered off the RW due to
5. One main gear got stuck and it led to
6. They couldn't avoid ditching because
7. It was impossible to low down the gear because
8. RW excursion takes place when
9. They were forced to perform belly landing and they were afraid that.
10. The fuselage was disintegrated after landing because
142
III. Make up sentences with both word combinations. (You may make use of additional words
for your sentences from new vocabulary.)
1. to be locked sideways, sparks

2. to overshoot the RW, to disintegrate
3. to collapse(about gear), to sUde off the RW
4. to perform ditching, to flip over
5. to apply attempt, to execute G-load procedure
6. tire burst, RW excursion
7. flyby, to low down the gear
8. landing with wheels up, to bog
9. tire shredded away, to prevent ignition
10. to overshoot, to get stuck
IV. Put the following words in the Past Simple Tense.
• Slide
• Overrun
• Overshoot
• Get stuck
V. Answer the following questions using the underlined words in the answers.
1. What may be the reasons of aircraft disintegration during landing?

2. What can lead to skidding off the RW?
3. What altitude is flyby performed at?
4. In what cases do the pilots perform G-load procedure?
5. Is it possible to ditch the aircraft on the sea during night?
6. What human mistakes can result in undershooting the RW?
7. What can be expected if tire shredded away during landing?
VI. Explain the meaning of the phrases.

• Low pass
• G-load procedure
• Ditching
• RW excursion
• Skidding off the RW, sliding off the RW, veering off the RW
VII. Discuss the following questions.
1. What is the purpose of gear system?

2. What technical reasons can result in gear malfunction? How?
3. What human mistakes can cause undercarriage problems? Do you know any examples?
4. Enumerate all possible landing gear problems.
5. What can cause gear problems?
6. What is possible to expect if all gears fail to extend? What preparation should be
performed at the airport in this case?
7. What is possible to expect if one of the gears fails to extend?
8. What can be the consequences if nose gear is inoperative?
9. What may be the results if gears can not be retracted after take-off?
143
10. How dangerous is the situation when the gear is not locked?
11. What may be the results of tire burst? What can it be caused by?
12. What do the controllers have to do in case of gear problems?
13. Have you ever faced with gear problems in your practice?
14. Will you recollect any accident or incident that occurred because of undercarriage
malfunction?
VIII. Read and discuss the text.

GEAR PROBLEMS
Undercarriage system plays a vital role in providing safe

completion of take-off and landing. So, any malfunction or
deficiency in it can pose risk to a structural integrity of the
aircraft and thus for its controllability and safety.
The landing gear problems may be caused by variety of reasons:

Technical reasons such as
• Hydraulic system failure
• Electrical system problems
• Tire burst due to
V overheating
V rough landing
V overweight landing
V rejected take-off (sharp applying of brakes at high speed can result in tire burst)
• Mechanical failure (the rest of the system may work but the actual mechanism fails to
operate due to metal fatigue)
Outside reasons
• Malfunction of gear due to impact with a foreign object on the ground while rolling for
take-off
• Malfiinction of gear due to bird strike
Human factor
• Mistakes of ground personnel
• Errors of crew members (there were situations when pilots merely forgot to extend it or
their airmanship was not enough to perform smooth landing)
On the 26"' of October in 2009 at Sydney airport pilots of B767 Qantas airline forgot to
release the gear. Pilots noticed their mistake when automatic emergency system went off The
aircraft was 700 feet from the ground at that moment. Pilots managed to increase engines
power and went around. Investigation revealed that the captain and the first officer
misunderstood who had to perform gear extension procedure.
On the Г' of October in 2010 at Kaliningrad airport B737 with 138 passengers on board
performed belly landing as the pilots forgot to low down the gear. While approaching to the
airport pilots prepared for landing, extended landing gear but soon revealed that flaps were out
144
Unit 10. Landing Gear Problems,
of order. They went around and had to retract already extended gear. During second landing
approach the crew extended flaps with the help of emergency system and proceeded to landing
having forgot about the undercarriage. Only when engines touched the RW pilots realized that
they were performing belly landing and they pulled the gear lever. Nose gear is usually
extended faster that's why it managed to be lowed down but main ones didn 't. It has just rained
and RW was slippery- this fact prevented ignition. Investigation found out that the captain had
about 20 flight hours and co-pilot about 60.
Consequences:
There are various problems cormected with landing gear such as all gears are not extended,
all gears are extended but one is not, gear is not retracted, gear is extended but not locked, nose
gear is inoperative, tires blew out.
In case landing gear is not retracted crew need to evaluate the situation, take into
consideration distance to their destination, recalculate the amount of fuel and if it allows they
may proceed to the airport of destination at low altitude or land at the airport of departure.
In case landing gear is not extended an emergency situation has to be considered. Crew
surely will apply some attempts to low it down and extend it manually. In case the power system
fails, an emergency extension system is always available.
If gears don't respond to conventional methods, pilots can also apply G-load procedure. They
can dive the aircraft in smooth air only to a certain speed and then pull up. It creates G load on
the structure and forces the gear to get down and lock.
If they don't manage, they will declare emergency and perform belly landing on grass RW if
there is such at the airport, if no - pilots request foam carpet on the concrete RW. Sometimes
smooth hard runways are preferable to rough unimproved grass strips.
If one landing gear fails to extend, pilot has two options - to land on available gears or with
all gears up. Landing on one gear usually poses risk to structural damage of the fuselage and it
can cause ignition. It veers the aircraft to the side of faulty gear after touch down. Before landing
pilots can consume as much as possible fuel from the wing of affected side therefore to reduce
weight from this side. It makes it possible to delay an unsupported wing from contacting the
surface during landing run until the last moment. But such kind of landing requires great
airmanship from the crew.
During a belly landing there is normally extensive damage to the airplane. Belly landings
carry the risk that the aircraft may flip over, disintegrate, or catch fire if it lands too fast or too
hard. Strong crosswinds, low visibility, damage to the airplane, or unresponsive instruments or
controls greatly increase the danger of performing a belly landing. Still, belly landings are ones
of the most common types of aircraft accidents, and are normally not fatal if executed carefully.
Usually the term "belly landing" refers to situation when gear mechanism fails to extend
and the term "gear up landing" refers to the situation when pilots forgot to extend gear.
In case landing gear is extended but pilots are not sure it is locked, they will request low
pass procedure - circling over the tower or airport at low altitude for ground engineers to observe
the position of gear. It should be done in daylight. In case of dense fog this check can be
performed in air by another aircraft. The position is reported to the crew and they make decision
about further actions.
145
In case there was rough landing or some debris on the RW it can lead to tire bursting, or tire
ignition due to overheating. It in its turn can result in skidding off the RW or sliding off the RW.
Aircraft may get stuck in the ground and tug may be required.
АТС has to
• acknowledge the gear problem, ask for the crew's intentions when the situation permits,
and establish whether the crew is able to extend the gear into locked position;
• separate the aircraft from other traffic, prioritize it for landing (allow long final if
requested), keep the active runway clear of departures, arrivals and vehicles;
• impose silence if necessary;
• inform the airport emergency services and all concerned services according to local
procedures;
• provide the flight crew experiencing gear problems with any information requested and
deemed necessary (e.g. type of approach, runway length and aerodrome details, etc.); in
case of a maneuver for gravitational drop, the crew will surely need minimum safety
altitude.
• not to press the crew with non-urgent matters;
• prepare for LOW PASS for visual inspection (if required); DO NOT certify the down and
locked position of the landing gear - the visual inspection during low pass should be done
by qualified persormel. If not possible, the tower controller should provide information
about landing gear not extended or only partly extended to the aircraft concerned;
• have direct contact with aircraft operator's technical representative (if possible) - any
result of a visual inspection should be passed to the crew without delay;
• clear RWY when ACFT 50 track kilometres from touchdown;
• keep safety strip clear and towing equipment on stand-by as appropriate;
• maintain close coordination with ground emergency units - an early call could facilitate
the effective deployment of manpower;
If a crew has declared gear problems, the controller may anticipate:
• Holding pattern request for preparation and execution of manual extension;

• The necessity of time and place to perform specific maneuvers with the purpose of fiill
extension;
• One or multiple low passes for visual inspection;
• Low speed approach;
• Runway blockage after landing.
IX. Complete the sentences.
1. Landing gear system is essential because

2. Landing gear problems can be caused by technical reasons
3. Landing gear problems can be caused by outside factor
4. Landing gear problems can be caused by human factor
5. There are various gear problems
6. If gear is not extended
7. If gear is not retracted
8. Belly landing is
9. If landing gear is not locked
10. Low pass is
146
11. If tire burst
12. ATCs have to
X. Describe the pictures. What problems are depicted?
• •• - ••
t ' i; .e .
XI. Comment on the pictures using the active vocabulary.

• To collapse
• To bog
• Sparks
• To tow
• Wheel is swinging
• Unable to halt
• To disintegrate
• To be locked sideways
• Tire shredded away
• Overheating
• Ignition
147
------ .lii^^iECT^Pffr-^ У
Ж Listening.(for ATCs)
I. Defining Information.
I. Put the letter P for pilot's words and С for controller's words.
1. got stuck
2. lack of fuel
3.RW34R
4. crash, fire and rescue services
II. Put the letter P for pilot's words and С for controller's words.
1. ready to descend
2. FL 190
3. descend slowly
4. problems with pressurization
III. Put the letter P for pilot's words and С for controller's words.
1. left turn out
2. heading 300
3. not above 2000feet
148
4. left turn approved

I. Answer the following questions.
1. What type of flight is it?
2. What did the pilot report and why?
3. Who did they transport?
1. What did the tower controller spot?
2. Why is airport closed?
3. What were the pilot's intentions?
in. Answer the following questions.
1. What kind of emergency did the pilots report?
2. Where is traffic bound for?
3. What airport were they approaching?
/. Circle a correct option.
A) We have a serious oil leak
B) We have a serious fuel leak
C) We have a slight oil leak
A) Request diversion to Coverby

B) Request diversion to Overby
C) Request diversion to Moverby
A) Turn right, heading 180

B) Turn right, heading 280
C) Turn right, heading 380
//. Circle a correct option.

A) I don't want to wait
B) I don't want to land
C) I don't want to dump fuel
A) You won't need foam carpet in 15 minutes

B) You don't request foam carpet in 15 minutes
C) You expect foam carpet in 15 minutes
A) RW 06L, wind 025, QNH 1005

B) RW 06L, wind 035, QNH 1008
C) RW 06L, wind 025, QNH 1008
III Circle a correct option.

A) Maintaining altitude 2500 feet
B) Maintaining altitude 3500 feet
C) Maintaining altitude 3000 feet
A) We would like to take about 03 turn left

B) We would like to take about 06 tum right
C) We would like to take tum to Manchester
149
A) All navigation is lost

B) Navigation aids are required
C) Navigation is required
XIIL Video. Watch the video and mark the statements as TRUE or FALSE.
1. The plane had a speed of 500 miles per hour.
2. 59 people were hospitalized and 5 died.
3. Aircraft was 76 years old.
4. One part of the plane was missing.
5. One of the reasons of the crash is pilot's incapacitation.
С XIV. Listening, (for pilots)

I. AXIS.
Complete the sentences with the appropriate information.
1.RW for take-off.

1. What type of flight is it?
2. What did the pilot report and why?
3. Who did they transport?
1. What did the tower controller spot?
2. Why is aiфort closed?
3. What were the pilot's intentions?

1. What kind of emergency did the pilots report?
2. Where is traffic bound for?
3. What airport were they approaching?
//. Answer the following questions.
1. What caused Mayday call?
2. What is the route of the flight?
3. What is fuel endurance on board?

1)
1. On what phase of the flight did the plane have engine problems? Which ones?
2. What part of the aircraft was demolished?
3. Did the crew know about it?
4. What worried the controller?
3. In what period of time did the plane crash?
150
1. What can cause engine failure at cruising level?
2. What can be the reason of engine detachment?
3. What aircraft damages can this detachment result in? What systems will cripple?
4. What psychological impact will the crew experience?
5. Are you familiar with situations of engine detachment?
2)
1. Why wasn't it smooth flight?
2. What has happened to one of the pilots?
3. What speed was the aircraft falling with?
4. How did passengers behave?
5. In what way did incapacitated pilot save the plane?

1. What is called crew incapacitation?
2. What can it result from?
3. How should airlines try to mitigate the risk of crew incapacitation?
4. What assistance should cabin crew carry out in this case?
5. What medical equipment is your aircraft fitted with?
XV. Silent video.

Discussion.
1. What do we call RW excursion?
3. Why does RW excursion pose risk to plane's integrity?
4. What types of aircraft (light/ heavy) sustain less damage during landing outside of the
airport? Why?
5. What can АТС request in case of outside landing?
XVI. Do the crossword puzzle.

17 18
13
1
2 3
14 19
4 5
15 6
12 7
8
9 16
10
11
Across:
1. Tire. .away because of a foreign object on the RW.
2. Nose. steering was inoperative.
151
3. The aircraft executed rough landing and ed from the RW.

4 s were coming from the gear during landing-ran.
5. RW was reported as a major factor of plane ignition.
6. There were no spoilers and the crew couldn't the aircraft.
7. The nose gear was in position that posed threat to a safe landing.
8. The aircraft performed emergency landing and following passengers' evacuation it had to
be ed.
9. The plane d due to unsuccessftil belly landing.
10. The crew failed to the gear and decided to perform G-load procedure.
11. The aircraft skidded off the RW and nose gear ged in the ground.
Down:
12. The pilots made desperate s to low the gear down as they were short of
fuel at that time.
13 ing was caused by deviation from the glide slope.
14. Due to ruts and ridges on the RW there was a likelihood of ding.
15. Pilots reported that the nose gear wheel was
16 procedure was the last chance to drop the gear.
17. The plane may the RW in case of severe wind shear.
18. They suspected ing as their navigational displays went dead.
19. While touching down the left main gear d and the plane burst into flames.
XVII. Grammar block.
MODAL \ERB MEANING EXAMPLE

can ability This type of the aircraft can fly at altitude
12000meters.
may permission/request May I take FL 330?- Yes, you may.
must necessity/ strong obligation Pilots must come to the aiфort 1 hour
before departure.
have to necessity/ strong obligation Engineers had to perform RW inspection
(future and past fonu of before the flight.
must)
ought to advice with moral Passengers ought to understand necessity
obligation of security measures.
to be to planned necessity The aircraft is to depart at 5p.m.
should advice/recommendation You should circumnavigate this area.
will request Will you fill the logbook?
would more polite request Would you consult MEL?
XVIII. Grammar.
I. Open the brackets and put the appropriate modal verb (can, must, have to, must, should,
could, had to, to be to, be able to, will be able to) in correct form.
1. According to the rules ATCs have pre-shift briefing.
2. Not locked gear be identified during low pass only at daytime.
3. The crew not extend the gear and performed belly landing.
4. The pilots have forgotten documentation at the airport.
5. Controller to give priority to affected aircraft with emergency.
6 you give me lower flight level?
7. The traffic to leave restricted area.
152
8. The aircraft is on fire. We land immediately.
9. They to realize the problem and made attempt to land.
10. We to depart immediately; otherwise, we would make de-icing again.
11. Pilots to start engines due to severe dust storm.
12. Have a look. The traffic be making a low pass.
13. Pilots report passing reporting points to АТС.
14. They to land at this airport as they had unruly passenger.
15 you expedite vacating the RW?
16. You to land on this RW in 20 minutes.
17. Every pilot be intelligent and polite.
18. You don't to make a missed approach procedure, the RW has already been
vacated.
19. We not transport dangerous cargo, our airline isn't certified for it.
20. What altitude do you to retract gear at?

1. Самолет не может быть починен до завтра.
2. Он сможет обойти грозовую облачность.
3. Вы можете занять 300 эшелон.
4. Мы должны доложить о нарушении начальству.
5. Вы не должны ускоряться , а то нарушите интервал.
6. Экипаж нуждается в 8 часовом отдыхе.
7. Авиационному персоналу следует заниматься английским регулярно.
8. Борт должен был доложить о прохождении точки М, но ответа не было.
9. Вы сможете двигаться самостоятельно или вам нужен тягач?
10. Пилот должен сообщить диспетчеру о наличии опасного груза при аварийной
посадке.
11. Согласно расписанию самолет из Афин должен прибыть в 7.30 утра.
12. Должно быть, у них отказало электрическое оборудование.
13. Им пришлось отложить рейс из-за сильных осадков.
14. Пилот может не докладывать о причине аварийного снижения, если ситуация
критическая.
15. Радиолокатор, должно быть, поврежден молнией.
16. У нас, возможно, носовая стойка шасси неуправляема.
17. Кто сможет поехать в командировку?
18. Почему самолет все еще на стоянке? Он должен был взлететь 20 минут назад.
19. Пилоту не следовало производить посадку в условиях такой видимости.
20. Самолет не смог долететь 500 метров до полосы из-за полной выработки топлива.
XIX. Speaking focused on grammar.

• Imagine there is aviation conference at your airport. Aviation authority is absent.
Criticize them and give helpful advice as for improvement of working conditions.
• What must pilots/ATCs do in case of -decompression
- loss of communication
- hijacking
XX. Common Mistakes in Aviation English.
* Our authorities allow to take days off when it's necessary.
If ALLOW is used in active voice it is followed by infinitive and is used with personal pronoun.
If ALLOW is used in passive voice it is followed by infinitive.
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* Our authorities allow us to take days off when it's necessary.

* Nobody is allowed to be late.
When there is no personal pronoun ALLOW is followed by Genmd.
* Our authorities allow taking days off when it's necessary.
Fill the gaps.

1. Have they allowed you (to occupy) this stand?
2. Airlines don't allow (to smoke) on board.
3. We don't allow anybody (to enter) the cockpit.
4. Weather doesn't allow us (to depart).
5. Logbook is not allowed (to take) home.
* There are two boarder officers there. You may consult any of them.
ANY is used to refer to 1 out of 3 or more items.
* There are three boarder officers there. You may consult any of them.
EITHER is used to refer to 1 or two items.
* We may fly either to Dnepropetrovsk or to Donetsk.
Fill the gaps.

1. Captain refuses to accept of the 4 proposals.
2. We can arrive on Sunday or Saturday day is suitable.
3. What hospital is it better to pass medical check in?- There are plenty of them.
Choose of them.
4 of pilots in our company is suitable for this position.
5. He speaks English or German.
XXI. Read the examples and give your own ones.
Tu 124 ditched on the Neva.
On the 21'' of August in 1963 Tu-124 of Aeroflot

airline with 45 passengers and 7 crew members performed a
scheduled flight from Tallinn to Moscow (Vnukovo). After
take-off 27-year old captain found out that the nose gear
wasn't retracted. He requested returning to departure aiфort
but due to appearing of dense fog at it he was diverted to
Leningrad.
The aircraft started to circle over the city for a considerate time in order to bum ftiel for safe
landing weight. They executed 8 loops. Meanwhile, the crew managed to solve gear problems.
But being busy with the undercarriage pilots disregarded the fuel. So, one engine ceased to
operate due to fuel starvation and soon the second one cut off. Thus, crew was deprived of
power and couldn't make it to Pulkovo а1фой:. The only way out was to perform ditching on the
Neva river. And the captain made use of it. None from the passengers was seriously injured.
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JetBlue A320 Emergency Landing.
On the 21" of September in 2005 A320 of JetBlue airline

left Burbank, California, carrying 139 passengers and six crew
on a transcontinental flight bound for New York City's John F.
Kermedy International Airport. Shortly after take-off the pilot of
the Airbus received two warning lights as he tried to retract the
plane's landing gear. The lights indicated there were problems
with steering of the nose gear.
The flight was diverted to Los Angeles because there is longer RW there. Airbus performed
a flyby over the tower and controllers discovered that the nose gear had rotated 90 degrees and
become locked in down position.
Pilots decided to fly over the airport to burn the fuel as landing with nose gear locked
sideways posed risk to the aircraft. So, the plane remained airborne for several hours till the crew
was ready to perform attempt to land. The flight attendants tried to move the passengers to the
rear part of the aircraft to reduce load on the nose gear.
Having touched the RW the plane continued to run on the main landing gear as long as it was
possible. In 15 seconds the nose gear touched the ground, the tires rubber shredded away and
friction of metal wheel led to white smoke, great number of sparks and finally flashes of flame.
Apart fi-om nose wheel the rest of the plane was undamaged and nobody on board was injured.
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Unit 11. Medical emergency.
V H I X И
М Ж 1 ) Ж С А Ь Ж М Д Ж С Ж Ж С Ж Ж ^ Ш
1. New vocabulary.
Illness/ disease
Acute pain
To treat
To cure
To deteriorate/ to get worse
Cardiac arrest
Epileptic seizure
Diabetic episode
Limb fracture
DVT
Fever
Nausea
Alcohol abuse
Food poisoning
Adhesive plaster
Swabs
Splint
Blood pressure cuffs
Ammonia spirit
Pain killer
To administer first aid
Suffocation
Incapacitation
Subtle incapacitation
Obvious incapacitation
To lose consciousness
To collapse
To faint
To regain consciousness
Brain concussion
Fatigue
Stroke
Pallor
To alleviate pain
To relieve pain
To stagger the meals
Mental abnormality
Outward sign
Pregnant women
Substance
Strict drug regimen
Baby delivery
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• To restrain
• CPR
11. Match the words with their definitions.
splint to regain to collapse to stagger meals

cardiac arrest mental abnormality suffocation
to alleviate pain killer to restrain
1. failure of the pumping action of the heart resulting in loss of consciousness

2. a part of wood or plastic for restricting movement of an injured part of the body
3. a medicine for relieving pain
4. to fall down from the lack of strength or fainting
5. to make pain easier to bear
6. to feel discomfort from the lack of air
7. to restrict somebody's movements
8. to complete a schedule for taking meals
9. a physical malformation of brain activity
10. to get to consciousness
III. Match the symptoms with the diseases.

1. chills, fever, sore throat, severe headache, coughing a) asthma
2. nausea, indigestion b) cardiac arrest
3. weak pulse, loss of consciousness, which then results c) stroke
in abnormal/absence of breathing d) flu
4. fever, suffocation, red spots, ruimy nose e) epileptic seizure
5. acute pain in the legs, swelling due to sitting motionless f) allergic reaction
6. pallor, low rate of pulse, uncontrolled actions g) poisoning
7. wheezing, coughing, chest tightness, and shortness of breath h) DVT
8. inability to move one or more limbs on one side of the body,
inability to understand or formulate speech
IV. Insert the necessary prepositions.

1. The passenger suffered severe allergic reaction.
2. Depressurization caused decompression sickness.
3. Pilot's collapse was caused not proper pre-flight rest.
4. Crew encountered epileptic episode the first time and were ... .loss what to do.
5 accordance the rules emergency kit should be opened only... .a doctor.
6. The passenger fainted Sminutes after taking the medicine.
7. Crew has to take ... .account that heart attack can lead lethal results.
8. Sophisticated aircraft are equipped defibrillators.
9. If you carry flight over the ocean, it creates more hazards in case of medical
emergency.
10. Ear popping influences the blood pressure.
V. Explain the difference.
• disease/illness
• pain/ache
• to treat/to cure
157
• heart attack/cardiac arrest

subtle incapacitation/obvious incapacitation
VI. Speculate upon the proverbs and statements.

• An apple a day keeps a doctor away.
• A sound mind is in sound body.
• Private clinics provide better service and level of treatment than state ones.
• Medical checks are necessary for pilots and ATCs before the a flight/shift.
VIL Pre-reading discussion.
1. What is called a medical emergency?

2. What kind of diseases can pose hazard to the passenger's life during the
flight?
3. What factors contribute to the possibility of in-flight emergency?
4. What medical equipment is your aircraft; equipped with?
5. What procedures should be carried out in order to assist a collapsed passenger?
6. What does pilot take into account when he decides to divert from the route due to
medical emergency?
7. What is crew incapacitation? What may it be caused by?
8. What are the preventive ways of minimizing risk of crew incapacitation?
9. What is your opinion of Medlink?
VIII. Read the text and discuss it.
MEDICAL EMERGENCY.
Onboard Medical Emergency is an acute health problem that can pose great risk to the
occupant's life. If the emergency is serious enough and can not be treated with onboard
equipment and medical substances, immediate diversion is required.
The most common medical emergencies are
• Heat attack
• Cardiac arrest
• Epileptic seize
• Severe allergic reaction
• Diabetic episode
• DVT (deep vein thrombosis)
• Asthma
• Poisoning
• Decompression sickness
• Baby delivery
• Severe injuries/ limb fractures
Contributing factors to the development of medical emergency during a flight are

- travelling of elderly people (over 70-75)
- travelling of people with chronic diseases {heart problems, asthma, epilepsy, blood
pressure problems. Time zone changes and altered meal times can result in insulin
dependent diabetics becoming hypoglycemic, though diabetic meals can be provided.
158
Passengers on other strict drug regimens, such as epilepsy, may also have problems,
especially if they have packed their medication in the hold. )
travelling of pregnant women (in the late months of pregnancy)
alcohol abuse
long range flights {DVT can develop due to long time motionless sitting in restricted
room )
unexpected severe turbulence {falling objects from overhead storage bins can lead to
injuries)
fear of flying
stress {the stress of getting through a modern airport security checks, stress due to flight
delay)
Each aircraft is equipped with first aid kit and medical emergency kit.
The first-aid kit is accessible to the flight attendants and

generally includes:
Bandage
Adhesive plaster
Antiseptic swabs
Thermometer
Inhalers
Blood pressure cuffs
Arm and leg splints
Iodine
Light pain killers
Ammonia spirit
The medical emergency kit is carried on the aircraft

sealed and has to be used only by medical
professionals as it contains serious drugs. It usually
includes:
• Stethoscope
• Syringes
• Epipens
• CPR masks
• Nitroglycerin tablets for chest pain
• Dextrose solution for hypoglycemia
• Adrenalin for asthma or allergic reactions etc.
One more critical medical emergency is crew incapacitation

- inability of a member of the crew to fulfill his/her duties due to
physiological factors (sickness, injury, fever or intoxication etc.)
Crew incapacitation may occur as a result of:
• the effects of Hypoxia (insufficient oxygen) in case of
depressurization
• the consequences of suffocation due to smoke or fumes in case of fire
• food poisoning
159
• being asleep
• a medical condition such as heart attack, stroke or seiziire or transient mental abnormality
• a malicious or hostile act such as assault by an unruly passenger, terrorist action
Incapacitation generally falls into two groups:
1) Subtle or Incomplete
Skills or judgment may be lost with little or no outward sign.
The person may make illogical actions and decisions, or he/she can manipulate the controls in
a hazardous manner.
Subtle incapacitation is most commonly caused by hypoxia, hypoglycemia, extreme fatigue,
alcohol, drugs or other toxic substances. Neurological problems, such as stroke or brain
concussion, may also be a cause.
2) Obvious or Complete
The first indication of illness may be loss of consciousness, seizures, severe pain or paralysis.
Heart attack or stroke are the most common causes of complete incapacitation. Warning signs
include pallor, sweating, nausea, etc.
In case of passenger's collapse it's a duty of a flight attendant to assist him with all possible
means applying the contest of first medical kit or oxygen mask if necessary. If his condition
deteriorates, the cabin attendant reports to the captain and makes announcement if there is any
doctor among the passengers. Meanwhile, the pilots have to evaluate the situation and taking into
account the company's policy make decision as for diverting to the alternative in order to save
the passenger's life.
In case of one flight crew member incapacitation a flight attendant should be invited into the
cockpit in order to deal with him or her. While another pilot takes over the control of the aircraft,
a steward assists a collapsed one. If the pilot fails to regain consciousness, the flight attendant
has to move the victim's seat to its fiill aft position, to recline his seat, to remove his legs fi-om
the control pedals, fasten his seat belt with the hands tied up in order to restrain him. Some
airlines oblige flight attendants to help the pilot-flying (e.g. reading the check list). So,
emergency has to be declared and diversion has to be requested.
To the methods of crew incapacitation avoidance we can attribute:
• Correct use of the aircraft pressurization system and emergency oxvsen supplies to
prevent Hypoxia and protect the crew from the effects of Smoke and Fumes.
• Therapeutic Oxygen supplies can also alleviate the condition of a crew member or
passenger suffering a medical condition.
• Stasserins crew meal times and ensuring that each pilot eats different meals both prior to
and during flight, will reduce the chance of both pilots becoming incapacitated due to
Food Poisoning.
• Proper sleep before the flight.
Medlink
A recent innovation that is used by some airlines is Medlink, a direct communication
between the flight crew and an organization where doctors are aware of in-flight medical
emergencies and can give an instant help how to deal with this or that case. They also supply the
160
crew with the list of the nearest available airports for diversion where qualified assistance can be
provided. This service when being contacted relieves the responsibility from onboard doctor.
IX. Complete the sentences.

1. Medical emergency is
2. The most common in-flight diseases are
3. Contributing factors to the medical emergency are.
4. First aid kit involves
5. Medical emergency kit consists of.
6. Crew incapacitation is
7. It may be caused by
8. In order to avoid crew incapacitation it's possible..
9. In case of passenger's collapse
10. In case of crew incapacitation
11. Medlink is an organization that
X. Identify the items from the first aid kit and explain their purpose.
XI. Analyze the statistics of in-flight emergencies and speculate on possible reasons of
avoiding them.
30
S
1
161
XII. Match the pictures with the corresponding diseases.
allergic reaction DVT diabetic episode epileptic seizure poisoning heart attack
asthma attack limb fracture
* XIII. Listening, (for A TCs)

I. Defining tiie information.
/. Put the letter С for controller's and P for pilot's words.
1. start up
2. say again
3. С 61
4. С 63
II. Put the letter С for controller's and P for pilot's words.
1. spraying
2. no special documentation
3. arrival in Kuala Lumpur
4. it's fine
III Put the letter С for controller's and P for pilot's words.
1. losing fuel
2. want to dump
3. overheating of the brake
4. smoke protection

3. What airports are available?
4. What does the crew believe?
1. What does the traffic report?
2. What was reported about conflicting traffic?
3. What did АТС ask to file?
162
4. What is the condition of the passengers?
Ill Answer the questions.

1. What is on the RW 27?
2. What does the first caution concern?
3. Where is the slash?
4. What is advised opposite the terminal building?
A) Could you confirm approach lights for RW 119 are in operation
B) Could you confirm approach lights for RW 19 are in operation
C) Could you confirm approach lights for RW 19 are inoperative
A) Expect visual approach for RW 19

B) Expect ILS approach for RW 29
C) Expect ILS approach for RW 19
A) The visibility is 1200 meters, in the middle point 1700 meters and in the end of the RW
3500meters
B) The visibility is 1100 meters, in the middle point 1700 meters and in the end of the RW
3500meters
C) The visibility is 1100 meters, in the middle point 1700 meters and in the end of the RW
3400meters

A) 465, expedite taxing to RW 06L
B) 456, expedite taxing to RW 02L
C) 456, expedite taxing to RW 06L
A) There are vehicles on the RW, we'll make it

B) There are vehicles on the RW, we won't make it
C) There are 4 vehicles on the RW, we'll make it
A) We just had near collision in the middle of the RW

B) We just had near collision at the beginning of the RW
C) We just had near collision at the end of the RW

A) Rexbery АТС, clear SF169 to Winton via flight plan route
B) Rexbery АТС, clear SF1296 to Winton via flight plan route
C) Rexbery АТС, clear SF196 to Winton via flight plan route
A) Climb and maintain FL350, request level change on route

B) Climb and maintain FL250, request level change on route
C) Climb and maintain FL240, request level change on route
A) Contact 122,2 when airborne

B) Contact 120,2 when airborne
C) Contact 121,02 when airborne
163
XIV. Video. Watch the video and mark the statements as TRUE or FALSE.
1. SpanAir plane crashed on take-off at Madrid aiport.
2. MD aircraft range is owned by Boeing airlene.
3. Spanish plane skidded off the RW at Phuket airport.
4. 116 people perished in air crash in Venezuela.
5. Manufacturing of MD82 was stopped 12 years ago.
XV. Listening, (for pilots)

I. AXIS.
3. Departure RW

1. What does the pilot want?
2. What does the plane carry?
3. What documentation does the crew lack?
4. What airport are they proceeding?
II. Answer the following questions..
1. What does the traffic report?
2. What was reported about conflicting traffic?
3. What did АТС ask to file?
4. What is the condition of the passengers?

3. What airports are available?
4. What does the crew believe?
2. What are the controller's instructions?
3. What FL does the crew request?
4. Which engine is affected?
IV. Aviation-related text.

1)
1. When did this occurrence happen?
2. What was inside the boxes in the cargo compartment?
3. Why was the cargo surface getting hotter?
4. What intensified the fire?
5. What systems were affected by fire?
164
1. Who is in responsible for controlling of dangerous goods loading into the cargo
compartment?
2. Can it be that the pilots are unaware of such kind of cargo on board?
3. Should the crew pass any courses concerning transportation of dangerous cargo?
4. What can fire in the cargo hold lead to?
5. How is it possible to put it out?
2)
1. What airline's aircraft were hijacked?
2. Where did flight 11 depart from?
3. How many people were there on board?
4. When did it disappear from the radar screens?
5. What contributed to severe damage of the building?

1. What may be the motives of the hijackers?
2. What information do you possess about the 11'^ of September?
3. How should the flight attendants and flight crew deal with them?
4. In what way do the governments struggle with terrorism at aiфorts?
5. Should Ukrainian people be afraid of hijackers on the territory of Ukraine?
XVI. Silent video.

Discussion.
1. What can cause rough landing?
2. What preparation should be observed if the aircraft is going to perform landing on grass
RW?
3. What places are considered to be appropriate for landing outside the aerodrome?
4. What does the gliding distance of the plane depend on if it lost all engines?
5. What are the main duties of flight and cabin crew in case of evacuation?
XVII. Do the crossword puzzle.
Across:
1. Passenger had a cardiac and emergency was declared.
2. A child cut his finger with a knife and the parent asked plaster.
3. Flight crew is the most hazardous out of all possible medical
emergencies.
4. There were obvious signs of epileptic
5 spirit helped him to regain consciousness.
6 is common for long range flights when people are motionless for a long
time.
7. A flight attendant who was not fastened with safety belt had a limb
because of severe turbulence.
8. Passenger's condition has d.
9. Nobody was aware of the fact how to apply to the broken leg.
10. A child felt some but could not explain what exactly.
11. A piece of luggage falling from the overhead storage bin caused
brain among some of the passengers.
12. Meals for the crew have to be ed obligatory.
165
13. First aid kit lacked cotton

14. Pressure are necessary for people who suffer blood pressure changes.
Down:
15. Cabin crew are obliged to administer first aid but they are not qualified to the
disease.
16. A female passenger lost due to unknown reasons.
17. It was rather complicated to make her consciousness.
18. Incapacitated pilot has to be ed.
19. The whole family suffered fi-om in any kind of transport.
20. The first aid was not ed and the passenger collapsed and soon died.
21 woman was refused in check-in for the flight.
22. The passenger had a splitting headache. None of the s managed to help.
23. Pilots requested diversion due to the fact that one of the passengers claimed to have
an pain in the heart.
24. Passenger ed.
21
17 20 1
16 2
19
3
23
4
5 6
18 22
7 15 8
24
9
13
14 10
11
12
* I dreamt to be a pilot.
Verb DREAM can be followed by the preposition OF or ABOUT or by THAT CLAUSE.

* I dreamt about being a pilot.
* I dreamt of being a pilot.
* I dreamt in the childhood that I would become a pilot.

1. Oh всегда мечтал управлять A380.
2. Его сын действительно мечтает о том, чтобы поступить в летную академию.
3. Иногда я мечтаю переехать в другую страну.
4. Многие мечтают о работе в Британских Авиалиниях.
166
5. Я мечтаю получить 5 уровень ИКАО.
* We repaired affected engine.
To say that a certain action is performed at the request of the person we use the construction
HAVE+OBJECT+PARTICIPLE.
* We had affected engine repaired.
Change the sentences using the structure HAVE+OBJECT+PARTICIPLE.

1. He asked an optician to test his eyes.
2. Pilots asked a mechanic to fix the brakes on the plane.
3. I asked my boss to sign this document.
4. Inspector solved this problem for airline.
*There is a number of aircraft on the apron.
A NUMBER OF means some and is used with plural nouns and with plural verbs.
*There are a number of aircraft on the apron.
THE NUMBER OF is used with singular verbs.
* The number of technicians has increased.
Fill the gaps.

1 of flight from Donetsk has increased.
2 of pilots live in this hotel.
3. There is of people still on the aircraft.
4 of advanced and enhanced aircraft was displayed at air show.
5 of flights are carried out from Donetsk to Kiev every day.
6 of young controllers looking for the job has increased.
7 of charters have reduced this year.
XIX. Grammar block.
FIRST CONDITIONAL
(real action)
If
When Present Simple + Future Simple.
As soon as
Till/until
As soon as we pass this point, we '11 report to you.
SECOND CONDITIONAL
(unreal action)
If
When Past Simple + Future in the past.
As soon as (would+V)
Till/until
If our airport had the third category, we would accept this traffic.
167
XXI. Grammar.
Open the brackets and put the verbs in the appropriate form. (First/Second Conditionals)
1. If the bird (to strike) on the engine, it (to lead)to engine failure or
high vibration.
2. As soon as the controller (to give clearance), we (to take off).
3. The fuel tank is empty. If we (to have) some fuel, we (to make) it to
the nearest airport.
4. I (not to choose) another profession, even if I (to have)
another chance.
5. If the passenger (not to extinguish) the cigarette, it (can) lead
to fire.
6. It (to be) possible to avoid passenger's collapse, if he (to have)
his inhaler with him.
7. As soon as the plane (to land), the police (to meet) it.
8. If I (to have) possibility, I (to work) abroad now.
9. If you (not to climb) this level right now, it (to result) in near miss.
10. The fire (to intensify), if we (to provide) the access of the oxygen to
it.
11. You (not to be airsick), when you (to take) the pills.
12. When the captain (to evaluate) the situation, it (to be) late.
13. As soon as we (to land), fire brigade (to approach) to us.
14. Who (to assist) the passenger, if he (to get) worse?
15. If computers (to manage) the traffic, it (not to enhance)
the safety.
16. If they (to disengage) the autopilot now and (to take) manual
control at critical moment, it (to be) possible to avoid stall. In some minutes
it will be late.
17. What are your intentions?- If the visibility at your airport (to be) SOOmeters,
we (to land).But it isn't. Now we are proceeding to Boryspol.
18. When the traffic 345 (to pass) us, we (to advise) you.
19. If we (to have) more time, we (to prepare) for flight more
thoroughly. But we don't.
20. You (to get) clearance as soon as the Airbus (to depart).
1. Если полоса не в зоне видимости, они уйдут на второй круг.

2. Топливозаправщик не будет пересекать полосу, пока вы не взлетите.
3. Если бы диспетчер был более внимательным, у пилотов не было бы опасного
сближения.
4. Мы ускорим снижение, если это будет возможно.
5. Они бы произвели посадку, если бы погодные условия позволяли.
6. Доложите, когда пройдете точку К.
7. Если бы направление ветра изменилось, мы бы взлетели вовремя.
8. Что вы будете делать, если экипаж не выйдет на связь?
9. Если они не запросят пенное покрытие, посадка без шасси приведет к серьезным
повреждениям самолета.
10. Если мы не взлетим по слоту, нам нужно будет делать противообледенительную
процедуру еще раз.
11. Диспетчер помог бы вам, если бы владел нужной информацией.
168
Unit И. Medical emergency.
12. Если состояние пассажира згхудшится, немедленно снижайтесь.
13. Когда мы возобновим связь, они узнают об этом.
14. Если бы пилоты могли, они бы произвели посадку.
15. Когда самолет будет в поле зрения, они доложат начальству.
16. Мы заполним документы, когда прилетим в аэропорт назначения.
17. На вашем месте я бы связался с руководством.
18. Если бы не острая боль, капитан не потерял бы сейчас сознание, а продолжал бы
пилотировать самолет.
19. Когда мы узнаем о технических неполадках, будет уже поздно.
20. Как только экипаж сдаст самолет под охрану, за ними приедет машина.
XXIL Speaking focused on grammar.

1. Continue the sentences using First Conditional:
For pilots:
• If 0Ш- airline buys A3 80
• If we have low cost flights in Ukraine
• If I get the level of 1С AO
For ATCs:
• When we have longer RW at our airport...
• If we have one air zone over Ukraine
• If controllers work till 70
2. Answer the questions using Second Conditional:

For pilots:
What would you do
• If you had opportunity to choose another job
• If your type of aircraft was grounded
• If your airline decreased your salary twice
• If your didn't pass annual medical exam
• If you were general manager of your airline
• If you were designer of your type of aircraft
• If computers substituted pilots in the cockpit completely
• If there wasn't FMGS on sophisticated types of aircraft
• If your captain was a woman
• If you worked as a controller
For ATCs:
What would you do
• If you had opportunity to choose another job
• If your traffic control center was closed in your city
• If your company decreased your salary twice
• If your didn't pass annual medical exam
• If you were general manager of your airport
• If you didn't work in shift pattern
• If computers substituted ATCs completely
• If you didn't have radar at your disposal
• If your supervisor was a woman
• If you worked as a pilot
169
XXIII. Common Mistakes in Aviation English.
* / dreamt to be a pilot.
Verb DREAM can be followed by the preposition O F or A B O U T or by THAT CLAUSE.

* / dreamt about being a pilot.
* I dreamt of being a pilot.
* I dreamt in the childhood that I would become a pilot.

1. OH всегда мечтал управлять A3 8 О.
2. Его сын действительно мечтает о том, чтобы поступить в летную академию.
3. Иногда я мечтаю переехать в другую страну.
4. Многие мечтают о работе в Британских Авиалиниях.
5. Я мечтаю получить 5 уровень ИКАО.
* We repaired affected engine.
To say that a certain action is performed at the request of the person we use the construction
HAVE+OBJECT+PARTICIPLE.
* We had affected engine repaired.
Change the sentences using the structure HAVE+OBJECT+PARTICIPLE.

1. He asked an optician to test his eyes.
2. Pilots asked a mechanic to fix the brakes on the plane.
3. I asked my boss to sign this document.
4. Inspector solved this problem for air company.
*There is a number of aircraft on the apron.
A NUMBER OF means some and is used with plural nouns and with plural verbs.
*There are a number of aircraft on the apron.
THE NUMBER OF is used with singular verbs.
* The number of technicians has increased.
Fill the gaps.

8 of flight from Donetsk has increased.
9 of pilots live in this hotel.
10. There is of people still on the aircraft.
11 of advanced and enhanced aircraft was displayed on air show.
12 of flights are carried out from Donetsk to Kiev every day.
13 of young controllers looking for the job has increased.
14 of charters have reduced this year.
XIV. Describe the picture and speculate about possible reasons of the crash.
• To disintegrate
• To bog down
• To plunge dovra
• To detach
170
Densely populated area/ residential area
To execute landing
To mitigate the risk
Obvious danger
XXI. Read the examples of medical emergencies and speak about the situations you have
faced with.
Medical emergency on Yak-42
In June, 1996 Yakovlev 42 was being operated on a

scheduled passenger flight from Frankfurt- on -Mine to
Kishenev. Before the flight the crew passed medical check and
nothing was of evil omen.
But during the flight the captain felt unwell. He complained
on general discomfort and splitting headache, he experienced
dizziness and black out. Co-pilot was ready to take over the
control of the aircraft but captain managed to get it to the destination. Upon leaving the aircraft,
the captain collapsed and fainted. The co-pilot and flight engineer started resuscitation, they,
applying a lot of efforts, did their best to make him regain consciousness. The paramedics
arrived soon. After 45 minutes of closed-chest massage and mouth-to-mouth resuscitation they
certified death. A clot of blood blocked aorta.
Medical emergency on В 767.
In March, 2007 B767 was flying From Jakarta, Indonesia to

Sydney, Australia with the flight duration 6,3 hours. In an hour
after departure the captain felt unwell. He paled, it looked like the
temperature was rising. During the next 2 hours his condition
deteriorated and having discussed the situation with the first officer
he handed the responsibilities for command decisions to him and
took the observer's seat at the rear of the cockpit.
The first officer notified АТС about the situation and requested priority for landing at Sydney.
He performed a successful landing.
171
Upon landing the paramedics provided medical assistance to the captain and stated that his
condition resulted from poisoning. He was hospitalized and in some days released.
(The day before the flight both flight and cabin crew visited the restaurant for a dinner. It was a
main reason. Besides, other crew members also experienced the symptoms similar to the
captain's ones by the end of the day of arrival at Sydney.)
172
Unitl 2. Hijacking.
и н ж х 12
I. New vocabulary.
Unlawful interference
Unauthorized penetration
To hijack/ to capture/ to seize
To hold negotiations
To meet demands
To pose a threat to
To take passengers (as) hostages
Law abiding
To threaten
Grievance
To restrain the passenger
To smuggle weapon on the board
To seek political asylum
To release smb from jail/ custody
To enhance security measures
Precaution
Revenge
To demand ransom
To draw attention of the government
To use the plane to target particular location
To commit a terrorist act
To use the aircraft as a lethal weapon
It is strictly prohibited
To deter terrorist attacks
To thwart hijacking
Suspicious behavior
Malicious intentions
Unruly/ violent/ abusive / agitated passenger
Innocent people
Air rage
To reinforce cockpit door
To assault
To use offensive language
To handcuff
Sniffing dogs
Bulletproof doors
To disobey the rules
To escalate the security measures
To intercept the plane
173
Mt 12. Hijacking.
11. Match the words with their explanations.
1. to oppose successfully or to prevent a) asylum

2. someone who observes the law b) precaution
3. to bring smth against the law or rules c) revenge
4. to try to find by searching d) to thwart
5. a safe place for a refugee e) to smuggle
6. a feeling of resentment at having been f) malicious
treated g) to reinforce
7. to hold smb back from some action. h) assault
especially by force i) to restrain
8. smth done as a means of vengeance j) to release
9. to perform k) to escalate
10. to free from captivity 1) to seek
11. an action taken to avoid a dangerous or m) law abiding
undesirable event n) grievance
12. a violent attack, either physical or verbal 0) to commit
13. to give added strength or support
14. to increase or to be increased in intensity
15. characterized as evil-minded
HI. Fill the gaps with the words and phrases from the box in correct form.
To capture sniffing dog innocent to restrain to use offensive language

to threaten to seize to escalate to reinforce malicious intentions
To use the plane as a lethal weapon to enhance unlawful interference to thwart
To release (2) to release from jail to smuggle weapon revenge to meet
Agitated ransom to intercept negotiations to target to assault suspicious
To pose a threat to draw attention
1. The hijackers refused to passengers until their demands were not

2. The passenger the cabin crew and they were forced to him.
3. The air company the security measures by the cockpit doors.
4 passenger was prosecuted for towards the crew.
5 people suffered from actions of terrorist group that decided to
take to the city authorities.
6. Being afraid of. ,the government the plane with
no communication.
7. The terrorists demanded of $ 2 million.
8. Their were caused by desire to of the
government.
9. They the aircraft and to explore it in case their mates were
not
10. Despite security measures at а1фоЛ; they managed to onto
the board and to the plane.
11. On the 11"^ of September hijackers and it to particular
location.
12. If nothing they will hold and the hostages.
13 passenger to the safety of the aircraft.
14 detected explosives in a passenger luggage.
174
Unit 12. Hijacking
IV. Discuss the following questions.
1. What is hijacking?
2. What are the most common hijackers' demands?
3. What happened on the 11 September, 2001 ?
4. How have aviation authorities escalated security measures following 9/11?
5. What kind of weapon can hijackers use?
6. What actions do pilots undertake in case of aircraft seizure?
7. How does АТС act?
8. What can be expected in case of bomb warning?
9. What items are prohibited to carry to board the plane?
10. What does airport security provide?
11. What is called 'air rage'?
13. What can abusive behavior of passenger lead to?
14. What precautions should airlines take in order to prevent air rage?
15. What kind of passenger behavior may be considered to be suspicious?
V. Read the text and discuss it.
HIJACKING
Hijacking (skyjacking) is a form of terrorism when an armed person or group of people seize
the aircraft, threaten the crew and hold the passengers hostages. Thus, it is the unlawful seizure of an
aircraft.
The origin of the word "hijacking" is not clear and still it's a real mystery nowadays. But there
are some versions:
1. It comes back to bank robbers who used to say "Stick them up high, Jack", which then was
shorted to " High, Jack"(meaning " hold your hands high up, it's a robbery")
2. It drives from the verb " to jack" ( meaning "to rob somebody in transit with the weapon")
Only in 1960s the term "hijacking" was applied to seizure of the plane.
Skyjacking is committed due to various reasons:

• monetary ransom
• seeking for political asylum(Aeroflot hijacking in 1988)
• release of certain inmates (Indian Airlines hijacking in 1999, Air France Airlines hijacking in
1994)
• revenge for political or military government's politics ( September 11, 2001)
• draw government attention to particular problem having some ideological convictions
• intimidation of the population
• unpredicted and unexplained actions of mentally ill people
In order to release the hostages the authorities hold negotiations with the hijackers attempting to
meet their demands. If the government deem these requirements rather huge, they resort to specially
trained and armed services to storm the plane (when on the ground) and rescue the hostages or
intercept the aircraft (when in the air) and probably shoot it down in order to prevent usage of it to
target particular location.
175
Unit 12. Hijacking.
The greatest catastrophe caused by terrorists is

considered to be the ll''' of September, 2001 in New York.
There were series of coordinated suicide attacks by al-Qaeda
upon the USA. Four aircraft were captured and being used as
lethal weapon were directed to highly populated arrears. Two
of them were crashed into the skyscrapers of World Trade
Centers, which collapsed causing damage to adjacent
buildings. The third plane was crashed into Pentagon near
Washington, while the fourth one plunged in the vicinity of
Pennsylvania, obviously missing its target (as the passengers
opposed hijackers and attempted to take over the control of the
plane but failed to prevent the crash).
Following the 11*'' of September security measures were escalated

V bulletproof and locked cockpit doors were installed
V no access to the cockpit is permitted
л/ flying marshals are used by some airlines to deter and thwart hijackers
V CCTV cameras are installed on boards for pilots to monitor the situation in the cabin
V interception of the hijacked aircraft
Hijackers can use various types of weapon - starting from hand guns, machine guns, explosives,
gases, stun guns, easy flammable substances, fire crash axes and finishing with pen knifes, plastic
knifes and what not.
Taking over of the aircraft is rather complicated situation for the crew, thus standard procedures of
the crew can not be estimated and worked out. But in any case the cabin crew will try to inform the
flight crew by using special coded phrases which were discussed on pre-flight briefing (e.g. "comrade
captain" instead of merely "captain"). Then the captain acts at his discretion and in accordance with
situation developing. There is no common opinion among the pilots and airlines whether it is
acceptable to open the cockpit door if the terrorist threatens to kill somebody from the passengers or
cabin crew or not. In any case crew will try to notify АТС, by setting squawk 7500 (if it's possible -
if there are no invaders in the cockpit or they are unaware of pilots' actions) and comply with the
hijackers demands, as the primary objectives of the pilots are to save the passengers, to get the plane
to land safely and then let the security forces handle the situation. Crew members advise passengers to
sit quietly in order to increase their chances of survival. Everything is determined by situation, by the
country rules where it happens. In some countries (e.g. India, Egypt etc.) hijackers, if captured, will
be sentenced to death, in other ones (e.g. the USA) the plane will be shot down if it is deemed to
become a missile heading for strategic targets. In any case it will be escorted by armed fighter aircraft
and will be forced to land. A grounded plane will not be allowed to take off under any circumstance.
АТС after identifying hijacking situation on board may expect

• course or level deviation without clearance
• usage of non-standard phraseology or absence of reply at all
A.TC has to
• request crew to confirm squawk 7500
• inform supervisor (who in his turn is obliged to notify special services and monitor the situation
constantly) and receive instructions from him
176
Unit 12. Hijacking
• not to initiate any further RTF referring to the hijacking unless confirmed by the pilot (it is
banned to use the term "hijack" until it is uttered by the pilot)
• comply with pilot's requests as far as possible
• transmit pertinent information without expecting a reply
• monitor all flight manoeuvres - give room for manoeuvre
The main objective of both controller and pilot is not to provoke the hijackers to inadequate
actions. So, АТС has to provide simple and clear instructions and not to tiy to pass coded messages.
Of course security services will need information about hijackers' demands, their number, type of
weapon, place of hijackers' location on board etc. But АТС should not collect this information on
his own initiative, as it may pose obvious risk to the occupants on board.
Security precautions include usage of

• Metal detector doors
• X-ray machines
• Restriction of carriage of some goods for the passengers
• Finger prints
• Sniffing dogs
• Video cameras scanning
• Biometrical profiling
While hijackings are extremely rear in aviation air rage situations increase in number every year.
Air rage is the disruptive and/or violent behaviour of

passengers typically during flight. The term "air rage" can be
applied to smoking on board the plane, assaulting the flight crew,
acting in a disruptive manner. This includes using threatening,
abusive or insulting words towards a crew member, acting in a
threatening manner or interfering with the performance of a crew
member's onboard duties.
There are different reasons that can cause the passenger fly into air rage:
•Abuse of alcohol in duty-free shops or being served in business class
•Tiredness due to long-rage flight
•Too little legroom
•Refraining from smoking for heavy smokers
•Increased security checks on the ground
•Fear of flying
•Too long delays before the flight
•Side-effects of prescribed medicine that can lead to disorientation and abnormal behaviour
177
Unit 12. Hijacking.
Unruly and violent passengers create a massive safety risk to the aircraft and its passengers. They
can also prove to be very expensive to airlines. In some cases, captains have been forced to divert a
flight to disembark the violent passenger.
Airlines can, and are beginning to, limit the amount of alcohol that passengers drink on board, and to
refuse admittance onto an aircraft if they turn up at the gate drunk.
VJ. Complete the statements.

1. Hijacking is considered to be
2. Skyjacking may be caused by
3. On the 11® of September
4. After the 11 of the September
5. Hijackers can use various weapon
6. In case of hij acking the crew will
7. In case of hijacking the АТС has to
8. Security measures at aiфort
9. Air rage is
10. Air rage may be caused by
VII. Describe the picture.

• Crippled/affected
• Separation infringement
• Flames
• To blaze up
• To pose threat to
• To be doomed
• Slim chance to survive
• Broken integrity
178
15Г Unit 12. Hijacking.
VIII. Identify the security measures on the pictures. Describe the purposes of each of them.
IX. Approve or disapprove the statements.
• Hijacking is not a burning question in Ukraine.

• There is no sense in flying marshals.
179
Unit 12. Hijacking.
9: У X. Listening.(forATCs)
Defining information.
Put the letter С for controller's words and P for pilot's words.
1. start up
2. say again
3. your number, please
4. С 61
. Put the letter С for controller's words and Pfor pilot's words.
1. go around
2. get back
3. understand
4. dump fuel
7. Put the letter С for controller's words and P for pilot's words.
1. number 2 to land
2. unable to vacate the RW
3. RW is blocked by aircraft
4. RW12
[. Answering the questions.

1. What was Control Center frequency?
3. What are АТС' s instructions?
4. What is the nature of abnormal situation?
Г. Answer the questions.

1. What does the crew want?
2. What aerosols do they possess?
3. What is the problem with the livestock?
4. What airport are they flying to?
U. Answer the questions.

1. What is the nature of medical emergency?
2. What is the condition of the passenger?
4. Why do they change the airport for emergency landing?
II. Multiple-choice.
A) I want to check the hand book
B) I don't want to check the hand book
C) I want to check the log book
A) I have no idea if the nose of the gear is damaged

B) I have no idea if there is a hole in the nose gear
C) I have no idea whether the whole nose of the gear is damaged
A) If I were you I wouldn't shut down sooner or later

B) If I were you I would shut down sooner or later
C) If I were you I wouldn't shut down but later
180
Unit 12. Hijacking
A) increasing rain and lightning east of the airport
B) increasing squall and lightning east of the airport
C) increasing rain and lightning west of the airport
A) Pilots are cleared to land on RW 35L

B) Pilots are cleared to land on RW 35R
C) Pilots are cleared to land on RW 39R
A) Crew proceeded to the alternative

B) Crew diverted from the route
C) Crew went around
III Circle the correct option.
A) There is another aircraft at stand 52
B) There is another aircraft at stand 62
C) There is another aircraft deicer at stand 52
A) Proceed to intersection ME, hold short of TW

B) Proceed to intersection MA, hold short of RW
C) Proceed to intersection ME, hold short of RW
A) Cleared RW 15
B) Cleared RW 01
C) Cleared RW 05
I P XI. Video. Watch the video and mark the statements as TRUE or FALSE.
1. The report is about an АТС who has fallen asleep at working place.
2. There was a lack of controllers at Miami airport.
3. 1С AO implemented the rules that ATCs must have 9 hours off between shifts.
4. It is possible to decrease fatigue but impossible to get rid of it.
5. ATCs should study more the consequences of fatigue.
XII. Listening (for pilots).

I. AXIS.
Insert the appropriate information.
1. Visibility
2. Temperature/Wind
3.RW for take-off.

1. What does the crew want?
2. What aerosols do they possess?
3. What is the problem with the livestock?
4. What airport are they flying to?

1. What is a problem on board?
181
'nit 12. Hijacking.
2. What is their number for landing?
3. What is stand number?
4. How much time does it take to vacate the RW?
[. Emergency message.
1. What was Control Center frequency?
3. What are ATC's instructions?
4. What is the nature of abnormal situation?

1. What is the nature of medical emergency?
2. What is the condition of the passenger?
4. Why do they change the aiфort for emergency landing?
L Aviation-related audio.
1. What airport is it?
2. How many landings a day does it number?
3. What did the crew see?
4. What were pilots' actions?
5. What is the situation with RW collisions like?
iscussion.
1. What usually contributes to RW collisions?
2. What is it recommended for ground personnel at the aiфort?
3. What do we call RW incursion?
4. What is the English language situation with ground personnel like at your airport?

1. What was the problem with the port engine?
2. What were the actions of pilots concerning engines?
3. Why did the port engine cut out?
4. Why did the crew relight the affected engine?
5. How many survivors were there?
iscussion.
1. Who has to be blamed for the outcome of the situation?
2. What procedures should be done in this case?
3. What can engine failure be caused by?
4. What can you expect if the engine cut off during take-off roll?
XIII. Silent video.

•iscussion.
1. What perilous weather phenomenon can pose danger to the flight?
2. Is it possible to forecast wind shear?
3. What can paralyze the work of the airport in winter? Does winter season create more problems
for aviation personnel than other seasons?
4. What types of wind do you know? How do they affect the flight?
5. What was the toughest case in your experience due to adverse weather?
182
Unit 12. Hijacking.
XIV. Do the crossword puzzle.

Across:
1. Hijacker seized the plane and threatening to kill hostages demanded a
2. Security measures were d.
3. After negotiations terrorists released 2 s.
4. They were seeking political in Brazil.
5 s lasted some days and came to a standstill.
6. One of the requirements was to release political leader from the
7. Facing inadvertent arrest hijackers ted a suicide.
8. Abusive passengers red the cabin crew to perform safety procedures.
9. After the 11"* of September cockpit doors are d.
10. He demanded to open the cockpit door, ing to kill a flight attendant.
11. Majority of people consider the ll"' of September a to American government.
Down:
12 of the plane was broadcast in the news.
13. Crew managed to unruly passenger.
14. Now citizens also undergo strict checks at the airports.
15. It is possible to refiise a passenger in check-in for the flight.
16. Three people were killed while storming the plane by military services.
17. Hijackers d explosives to the plane.
18 passenger was disembarked upon arrival.
19. Drunk man ed a female passenger during the flight.
20 dogs are very efficient in determining explosive substances m
passenger's luggage.
183
Wt 12. Hijacking.
V. Grammar block.
PASSIVE VOICE
To be + Participle II
Am
esent Simple Is + Participle II Hostages are usually released.
Are
Am
•esent Continuous Is being+ Participle II Hostages are being released.
Are
Was
ist Simple + Participle II Hostages were released.
Were
Was
ist Continuous being + Participle II Hostages were being released.
Were
Have
"esent Perfect been + Participle II Hostages have been released.
Has
ature Simple Will be + Participle II Hostages will be released.
Can
lodal verbs May Hostages must be released.
Must be + Participle II
Should
VI. Grammar.
I. Rewrite the sentences in the passive form not using the verbs in the brackets.
1. (Everyone) knows that hijackers pose great risk to the safety of the flight.
2. (They) intercepted two aircraft last month.
3. (People) will soon forget about this event with an abusive passenger.
4. (You) must obey the security rules.
5. (Someone) has held negotiations with terrorists.
6. (We) have already enhanced security.
7. What should (one) do in case of air rage?
8. Did (they) use offensive language?
9.1 don't think (anyone) can restrain him.
10. (You) must handcuff him as soon as possible.
11. (They) are working out new ways of dealing with hijacking in many European countries.
12. (They) can thwart unlawful interference.
13. Has (anyone) notified АТС?
14. (The police) kept the man in the custody.
15. Does (anyone) seize the plane?
16. (They) are smuggling weapon onto the board.
184
Unit 12. Hijacking
1. GPS установлено на борту самолета.

2. Багаж сейчас грузят в багажный отсек.
3. Самолет только что починили.
4. Их часто отправляют в командировки.
5. Здание аэровокзала было построено в 40гг.
6. Сообщение еще не получено экипажем.
7. Когда будет составлен план работы на декабрь?
8. Вчера были задержаны два пассажира из-за плохого повеления.
9. Разгерметизация была вызвана столкновением с птицей.
10. ВПП сейчас очищают от снега.
11. Эта полоса используется уже 20 лет.
12. Что-нибудь должно быть сделано, чтобы ликвидировать проблему.
13. Оборудование будет закуплено в следующем году.
14. Работникам авиакомпании еще не выплатили зарплату.
15. Ремонт должен быть выполнен вовремя.
16. Процедуры проверки экипажа перед вылетом проводятся плохо.
17. Как должен быть установлен передатчик?
18. Аварийная посадка была вызвана отказом двигателя.
19. Это постановление о перевозке опасного груза было издано в прошлом году.
20. Информация была передана диспетчеру 2 минуты назад.
21. Что было вами предпринято, когда сработал сигнал тревоги? Что вами должно было
быть предпринято?
22. Самолет уже заправили?
23. Когда будет разрешен вылет?
24. Мы захвачены террористами.
XVIL Common Mistakes in Aviation English.
* I am used to visit different countries.
USED TO is used to speak about past habits or states. It is followed by infinitive.

* When I was a child I used to dream about being a pilot.
BE USED TO means to get accustomed to and is followed by Gerund or a noun.
* I am used to visiting different countries.
* / am used to constant exams.

1. Я плохо понимаю французский. Я не привык к их произношению.
2. Второй пилот отлично говорит на английском. Он когда-то жил в Англии.
3. Когда человек начинает работать в авиации, он привыкает к дисциплине.
4. Я не привык вставать раньше 7.
5. Раньше мы ходили на работу пешком.
* We want that our chief will change his mind.
WANT is not followed by a clause. Instead we use SOMEONE+TO DO SOMETHING.

* We want our chief to chanse his mind.

1. Хочешь, чтоб я сходил в метеослужбу?
185
Jnit 12. Hijacking.
2. Все хотят, чтоб я бросил курить.
3. Я не хочу, чтобы он прилетел завтра.
4. Я хочу, чтобы мой сын последовал по моим стопам.
5. Вы хотите, чтобы я перешел в другую компанию?
* We didn 't encounter adverse weather conditions, too.
TOO is used in positive sentences.

* I am good at navigation, too.
EITHER is used instead of TOO in negative sentences.
* We encountered adverse weather conditions, either.

1. У него тоже было сотрясение мозга в детстве.
2. В 737 Аэросвита тоже выкатился с полосы.
3. Он тоже может похвастаться своим летным мастерством.
4. Наш аэропорт тоже усиливает меры предосторожности.
5. У нашего правительства тоже не хватает денег на строительство новой полосы.
* There was misunderstanding among the captain and a co-pilot.
BETWEEN is used for two people or things.

* There was misunderstanding between the captain and a co-pilot.
AMONG is used for more that two people or things.
* There wasn 't the only solution among the representatives of the air company.
1. Среди пассажиров не было врача.

2. Экипажу пришлось выбирать между Донецком и Днепропетровском.
3. Такой акцент очень распространен у арабов.
4. Премия была поделена между диспетчерами всей смены.
5. Мы сейчас находимся между TW В и TW R.
XVIIL Read some interesting cases of hijacking.
One I'll fly away

May 2%J A»i»Wight 812, an Airbus A330-301 on an ifrter-
nai f l i g ^ S Manila, «its h^Mjettd by a man iater identified as Reginald Chua.
ijust b ^ w t h e land, the hijacker demanded the pas-
_sengerf Igplace thm ^ййй^Йщт a bag. Reginald then forced the pilot to
descend arid depressurae the aircraft so that he could escape by parachut-
ing out of the airplane. Having'carefully planned bss darmg escape, he wore
a sld mask, swimming goggles and a homemade parachute made of nylon,
with a curtain sash for a ripcord. When the time came to jump however, he
panicked and clung to the rear door. A male flight attendant reportedly
'helped' him out of the plane... Three days later, his body was found nearly
• completely buried in mud about 70 km southeast of Manila
186
Unit 12. Hijacking.
Get me the pope.,.

Sightseeing
May 2, 1981: Aer Ungus Flight 164 from
September 30, 1978: a Finnair Caravelle,
Dublin to London. Five minutes before
fiic^ 405 en route from Oulu to Helsinki,
iandlng, 55-year-old Australian and
was hijacked by Aarno Lamminparrss. He
former Trappist munk Laurence James
requested a ransom of 675,OCX) markka,
Downey, went into the toilet and doused
which he received. As a result, he released
himself in petro! (yoo were obviously al-
all 44 passengers on board. He then or-
lowed TO bring bottles of liquid on board
dered the plane to fly htm to Amsterdam
back then!) He then went into the coci<-
if! tfie Netherlands and then back to Oulu.
pit with a cigarette lighter in hand. He
He returned homed) and was arrested
initially demanded to be taken to Iran;
them the next flay He served -seven years
when told there was insufficient fuel,
.5Rd one montu n pri«;on
he changed his mind and wanted to go
to France. The airplane diverted to Le
Touquet where the hijacker demanded
that the Pope release the third secret
of Fatima. While authorities negotiated
with the hijacker by radio in the cockpit,
French Special Forces entered the rear
of the aircraft and overpowered him.
XIX. Read the examples of hijacking and comment on them,
Aeroflot Flight 244
Aeroflot Flight 244 was the scene of the first successful aircraft
hijacking in the Soviet Union on 15 October 1970 when the Brazinskas, a
father and his son seized an An-24 domestic passenger plane en route from
Batumi to Sukhumi.
In some minutes after take-off at altitude SOOmeters the Brazinskas
called a flight attendant and handed her a note for pilots with the demand to
change the flight route and proceed to Turkey. Nadezhda Kurchenko rushed
to the cockpit and tried to deter hijackers penetration there. They followed
her and shooting took place. One of these shots killed Nadezhda. Other
flight crew members were also wounded: the captain took a bullet in his
spine, navigator- in his lung and board engineer- in the breast. Threatening to explore the aircraft
hijackers ordered the co-pilot to set course to the south. Soon the plane crossed Turkish boarder and
in 30 minutes it was over the aerodrome Trabzon. The aircraft made a circle over the RW and
executed emergency landing.
The 2 terrorists surrendered to the Turkish government. Turkey refused to cede them to the
Soviet Union authorities. The father and son were tried and sentenced to 7 and 2 years
correspondently. In 4 years the elder Brazinskas was released and they together moved to America.
But deserved punishment found them even on American soil. At the age of 77 elder Brazinskas
was killed by his son in one of the quarrels. The later was imprisoned to 16 years.
It was revealed that the fuselage of seized aircraft numbered 18 bullet holes while there 24
shots. The question arises - Why was it necessary for hijackers to shoot so many times? There a
version that there were two armed security officers in civil clothes on that board and they initiated
shooting. But due to highly confidential data in Soviet Union, it's rather complicated to reveal the
truth today.
187
Unit 12. Hijacking.
Northwest Orient Airiines Flight 305
November 24, 1971: A man who became known as D. B. Cooper

hijacked Northwest Orient Airlines Flight 305, a Boeing 727 aircraft
flying from Portland to Seattle, received US$200,000 in ransom, and
parachuted from the plane. Despite exhaustive and ongoing FBI
investigation the actual name of the hijacker remains unknown. Thus, it
remains the only unsolved air piracy in American aviation history.
Flight 305, approximately one-third full, took off on the 24'^ of

November. Cooper passed a note to Florence Schaffner, the flight
attendant situated nearest to him in a jump seat attached to the aft stair door. Schaffner, assuming
the note contained a lonely businessman's phone number, dropped it unopened into her purse.
Cooper leaned toward her and whispered, "Miss, you'd better look at that note. I have a bomb."
Then he dictated his demands: $200,000, four parachutes (two primary and two reserve); and a fuel
truck standing by in Seattle to refuel the aircraft upon arrival. Schaffner conveyed Cooper's
instructions to the cockpit.
FBI agents assembled the ransom money from several Seattle-area banks, many with serial
numbers beginning with the letter "L" and made a microfilm photograph of each of them.
The aircraft landed at Seattle-Tacoma Aiфort. Cooper instructed the captain to taxi the jet to
an isolated, brightly-lit section of the tarmac and extinguish lights in the cabin to deter police
snipers. Airline representative approached the aircraft and delivered the cash-filled knapsack and
parachutes via the aft stairs. Once the delivery was completed. Cooper permitted all passengers,
Schaffner, to leave the plane. During refueling Cooper outlined his flight plan to the cockpit crew: a
southeast course toward Mexico City at the minimum air speed possible without stalling the aircraft.
When the 727 took off two F-106 fighter aircraft scrambled from nearby Air Force Base
followed behind the airliner, one above it and one below, out of Cooper's view. After takeoff.
Cooper told the flight attendant to join the rest of the crew in the cockpit and remain there with the
door closed. Soon a warning light flashed in the cockpit, indicating that the aft door was open.
Cooper opened the aft stairs and jumped from the plane with a parachute during a heavy rainstorm.
The aircraft was forced to land with the aft stairs deployed.
Neither of the Air Force fighter pilots saw anything exit the airliner, either visually or on
radar, nor did they see a parachute open; but at night, with extremely limited visibility and cloud
cover obscuring any ground lighting below, an airborne human figure clad entirely in black
clothing could easily have gone undetected.
The FBI believes Cooper most likely did not survive, but the case remains unsolved.
188
Video description.
VIDEO DESCmPTION.
I. Introduction.
• This video track shows us
• This video file depicts
• This video is dedicated to such emergency as.
II. Description.
• We can see Va challenging situation
V a tragic situation
V a disaster
л/ a near fatal accident
• Pilots V ran out into a problem of.
V faced with a real challenge
V encountered a formidable problem
• Stricken aircraft/ crippled aircraft/ affected aircraft
Phrases to be used:
• To catch fire/to ignite
• To burst into flames
• To be disintegrated
• To be demolished
• To plunge down/ to nose dive
• Desperate action of the crew
• Situation was deteriorating
• Contributing factor
• The crew managed/ didn't manage to
• To execute/ to carry out/to perform
• Bogged down
• In the background there is
• Engine was detached
• Adverse/ marginal weather conditions
III. Supposition.
• It may have been caused by
• It could result from
• It can lead to/ result in / cause
IV. Expressing personal opinion.

• I suppose
• I consider
• I guess
• I can assume
• As far as I can judge
• To my mind/ in my opinion
189

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CONTENTS

Unit 1. Peculiarities of pilot's job. (Prepositions) 3

Unit 2. PeculiaritiesofATC's job. (Prepositions) 20

Unit 3. Weather. (Present Simple) 36

Unit 4. Communication problems.(Present Simple/ Present Continuous) 53

Unit 5. Bird Strike. (Past Simple) 69

Unit 6. Depressurization. (Past Simple/ Past Continuous) 84

Unit 7. Engine Failure. (Past Simple/ Present Perfect) 97

Unit 8. Fire on Board. (Future tenses) Ill

Unit 9. Fuel Problems. (Degrees of comparison) 127

Unit ID. Landing Gear Problems. (Modal verbs) 142

Unit 11. Medical Emergencies. (First/ Second Conditional) 156

Unit 12. Hijacking and Security. (Passive voice) 173

Video Description 189

Word Maps 190

• То assume responsibility for

III. Use the necessary preposition.

IV. Make up sentences with the given phrases.

• To assume responsibility/ indispensable

V. Answer the questions. Use the underlined phrase in your answer.

1. What is_a first officer in charge of?

VI. Answer the following questions.

1. Why have you given preference to pilot's job?

VII. Read the text and discuss it.

Up-to-date aircraft are operated by two pilots that create a crew.

Flight crew is responsible for

Before the flisht

After the flisht.

A GLASS COCKPIT is a cockpit with electronic instrament

One more innovation that reduces workload on the crew is A

A FLIGHT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM(FMS) is an advanced

DISTANCE MEASURING EQUIPMENT (DME) is a transponder-

VOR, omnidirectional radio range, is a type of radio navigation system

One of the most sophisticated aircraft is A 320 at present time.

The A320 was the first civil airliner to include a fiill

The A320's flight deck is equipped with

• FMGS which is displayed by

- Navigation display (depicts flight route, control points, constrains)

• Automatic Directional Finding (ADF) is an onboard receiving instrument, with a needle

Requirements for the pilots.

Every pilot is required to be...

Benefits and drawbacks of pilot's job.

VIII. Complete the sentences.

1. The flight crew encompasses

IX. Make an excursion to your aircraft's cockpit.

X. Decode the terms and explain what they mean.

XI. Describe the picture and speculate about possible reasons.

Use the active vocabulary:

A pilot's job is considered to be rather stressful due to different factors

• More haste, less speed.

Work in pairs. Act out an interview between a journalist and a pilot.

• Reasons of becoming a pilot

XVIII. Comment on the statements.

• You have to fly before the aircraft.

II. Urgency message.

III. Emergency message.

IV. Aviation-related audio.

1) Answer the questions.

Questions for discussion.

2) Answer the questions.

Questions for discussion.

XX. Silent Video. Describe the video.

XXI. Common Mistakes in Aviation English.