University of Baghdad

College of Engineering
Mechanical Department

Supervisor
Dr. Luma Fadhil Ali
 Heat Transfer Laboratory
First Experiment:-
Experiment Name: Conduction Heat Transfer.
Experiment Aim: Measuring the thermal conductivity K for a cylindrical
specimen made from iron and has certain dimensions and specifications.
 Types of Heat Transfer are:
1. Conduction.
2. Convection.
3. Radiation.
Experiment Theory:
1. The Apparatus used: Draw a schematic shape for the apparatus demonstrating
its parts clearly.

T3 .3 15mm

the figure on the

right shows the
100mm
T2 2 . 32mm

used specimen 39mm

dimensions T1 1 .
14mm

d  24mm
2. The Experiment Procedure:
The specimen is heated by using an electrical heater located above the
specimen. As a result, the temperature of the specimen rises and three different
locations on the specimen surface is appointed to measure their temperature values by
using thermocouple wires attached to a selector and then to a digital thermometer.
The heat is transferred from the specimen to the water contained in a reservoir
and in order to achieve a heat transfer by conduction only the specimen is insulated
completely so that neither convection and nor radiation heat transfer take place. The
reservoir is supplied with water from a continuous source until reaching steady state at
which temperature values for the three points and the inlet and outlet water
temperature is recorded and this happens after approximately two hours.

1
Calculations and Results:
 After the heat is transferred from the specimen to the water, the following heat
balance is written:
heat transfer from specimen= heat added to water
dT
 kA  m cp w Tw
dX
Where:
k Thermal conductivity for specimen, W m.o C  .
A Cross-sectional area, m 2  .
dT
dX
Temperature gradient,  C m
o
 T1ave  T2ave or T2 ave  T3ave or T1ave  T3ave
.
 w , kg sec .
m w Water mass flow rate   w  
.
 w Water density  1000 kg m 3 ,  w Discharge of water.
cp w Specific heat at constant pressure  4.136KJ Kg.o C  .
Tw  Twinave  Twoutave
 The average temperature of the specimen surface temperatures is calculated
which result in calculating three values for the thermal conductivity K1 , K 2 , K 3
and then take the average for these three values.
 When the steady state condition is reached you must make the following table
for the data obtained during this experiment as shown below:
Data Sheet:
Time min  Twin  C
o
Twout  C
o
T1  C
o
T2  C
o
T3  C
o

0
5
10
15
Average Values Twinave Twoutave T1ave T2 ave T3ave
Discussion:
 After calculating the experimental value of K  for iron compare the calculated
results with the theoretical value of K  from tables for iron. Then determine the
percentage error between the two values and discuss the reason of the difference
between the two values and find the type of iron used.
 Find the top surface temperature and bottom surface temperature for the
specimen algorithmically and find them also from the plot. Then compare
between the two results obtained from the two methods.
 Can you calculate K  for two different materials at the same time? why?
 Define the steady state condition. was the experiment at this condition or not?
 State number of applications for this experiment.
 What are the main results that you have deduced from this experiment?

2
 Heat Transfer Laboratory
Second Experiment:-
Experiment Name: Pipe Insulation Efficiency Study Unit

Experiment Aim: The study unit for the assessment of thermal insulation
efficiency allows investigating the effect of thermal insulation of steam pipes.
The unit consists of a set of four pipes, three of which are covered with
insulating materials, placed vertically. Steam is fed by means of an overhead manifold.
Composition:
The lagging of piping unit includes:
1- 3 test pipes covered with materials whose thermal conductivity coefficient is
different.
2- One pipe without covering.
3- Manual control valve on steam inlet.
4- Bourdon pressure gauge on steam inlet.
5- Thermometer in steam inlet.
6- Condensate discharge system.
7- Graduated containers of glass to measure the condensate.

Testing procedure:
1- Connect the study unit to the boiler plant.
2- Verify that steam arrives at the study unit.
3- Open the discharge valves and let the condensate flow down.
4- Open the steam inlet valve.
5- Wait until the study unit reaches thermal steady conditions.
6- Start the test: allow the steam to pass for a suitable time.
7- Weigh the containers to measure the mass of condensate.

Theory:
Steam is transferred from a steam plant element to another by means of pipes,
often of considerable length. As the steam is obviously at a much higher temperature
than atmosphere, the heat energy is lost all around. Pipes must be insulated to
minimize this loss: this is the purpose of the covering with a suitable low conductivity
material. This process is known as lagging.

3
Calculation of heat flow rate:
We can assume that, if steam passes through a pipe, heat energy will be lost at
constant pressure, thus the enthalpy h, of the steam will be reduced.
Now:
In case of superheated steam from steam table: h  f  p, t 
Or for wet steam h  h f  x  h fg
Where
h f = liquid enthalpy (from steam table at the steam pressure (P)
h fg =condensation/vaporization enthalpy (latent heat) (from steam table at the steam
pressure (P))
x= dryness fraction, may be determined if the steam supply system is equipped with
a throttling calorimeter.
If 1 and 2 are the conditions at the top and at the bottom of the pipe respectively (Fig
(1)), then:
In case of superheated steam:
h1  f  p1 ,t1  and h2  f  p2 ,t 2 
or wet steam: h1  h f 1  x1  h fg1 and h2  h f 2  x2  h fg 2
The rate of heat loss from the pipe: Q  m  h1  h2 
In case of wet steam and P2 ≈ P1 then: h1  h2  ( x1  x2 )  h fg
For case study Fig. (2): p2  p1 , x2  0.0
This means that the steam will condense as it passes through the pipe, hence:
In case of superheated steam: Q  m  h1  h f 1  (1)
Where m = (mass of condensate)/time
Qloss

m. m.

L
1 P1, h1 P2,, h2 2
Fig.(1)
Calculation of thermal conductivity:
Heat is transferred by means of conduction through the lagging and by means of
convection from the outer surface. The rate of heat transfer is given by:

4
 t t
Q  i a (2)
Rth
Where:
t i = steam temperature;
t a = air temperature;
Rth = total thermal resistance which is given by:

ln  3  ln  2 
R R
 R2  1  R1 
Rth    (3)
2  k i  l 2  h  R2  l 2  k p  l
Where:
R1 : inner radius of pipe;
R2 : inner radius of lagging;
R3 : outer radius of lagging;
l : length of lagged section;
k p : thermal conductivity of pipe[W/m K];
k i : thermal conductivity of material [W/m K];
2
h : surface heat transfer coefficient [W/m K].

ln  3  ln  2 
R R
 R2   R1 
 
1
as 
2  k i  l 2  h  R2  l 2  k p  l

ln  2 
R
1  R1 
So we can get a good approximation by neglecting and
2  h  R2  l 2  k p  l
t i  t a   2  k i  l
Thus:  Q  m  h1  h2  (4)
ln  3 
R
 R2 
Then we can obtain thermal conductivity:

Q  ln  3 
R
ki   R2  (5)
t i  t a   2  l
This thermal conductivity varies linearly with temperature because of the high
temperature. The variation of thermal conductivity with temperature is taken as:
k i  k t   k o  k o t i  t a 
b
(6)
2

5
Where:
k o : thermal conductivity at reference temperature (taken from the apparatus)
b : constant
By substituting the calculated thermal conductivity using equation (5) in
equation (6), the constant b is determined for the three tests of the three pipe
materials. This calculated value of constant b is verified with the slope of the line
shown below.

ki

b  tan 1 ( )

ko

ko
ti  ta 
2

Conclusions:
1- Comment the heat flow rate for each pipe and comment about the advantages of
insulation for steam piping.
2- Which material do you consider to have the best insulating properties?
3- Calculate the thermal conductivities of the materials used and compare these
values with those quoted for the commercial materials.
4- Comment on discrepancies (if any).
5- How could this test carried out with greater accuracy?
Test no.1 Test no.2 Test no.3
Material (a) Pipe length (m): Condensate (V)
Pipe diameter (m): --------------------- ---------- ---------- ---------
Lagging outer diameter (m): Time taken (s)
Material (b) Pipe length (m): Condensate (V)
Pipe diameter (m): --------------------- ---------- ---------- ---------
Lagging outer diameter (m): Time taken (s)
Material (c) Pipe length (m): Condensate (V)
Pipe diameter (m): --------------------- ---------- ---------- ---------
Lagging outer diameter (m): Time taken (s)
Unlagged pipe Pipe length (m): Condensate (V)
Pipe diameter (m): --------------------- ---------- ---------- ---------
Lagging outer diameter (m): Time taken (s)
Steam temperature ( ˚C):
Steam pressure (Pa):
Air temperature ( ˚C):

6
7
 Heat Transfer Laboratory
Third Experiment:-
Experiment Name: Forced Heat Convection.
Experiment Aim:
1. Calculating the forced heat convection coefficient ( hFC ) for a heated cylinder.
2. Find the relation between Re No. and NuNo. for fluid flow around a cylinder.
Introduction:
Convection: is the mode of energy transfer between a solid surface and the adjacent
liquid or gas that is in motion, and it involves the combined effects of conduction and
fluid motion. convection is divided into two types:
1. Forced Convection: the fluid is forced to flow (due to pressure drop) over the
surface by external means such as a fan, pump, or the wind.
2. Free Convection: the fluid motion is caused by buoyancy forces that are induced
by density differences due to the variation of temperature in the fluid.

Note: There are three types of fluid flow: laminar , transition, and turbulent. the fluid
flow type can be known from a dimensionless value that relates the value of the
average velocity, fluid density, fluid dynamic viscosity, and the characteristic length
for the geometry used. this dimensionless number is called Reynolds number and it is
given by:
Vd
Re   Reynolds number

For circular pipe, the Reynolds number for the three flow types is:
Re  2300 Laminar Flow
4000  Re  2300 Transition Flow
Re  4000 Turbulent Flow
 Prandtle Number: It is a dimensionless number that relates the thermo-
physical properties of the fluid. The Prandtle numbers for gases are about 1.
Cp 
Pr    (Diffusivity for momentum)/(Diffusivity for heat)
K 

 Nusslet Number: It is a dimensionless group that represents the ratio of the

heat transfer by convection to the heat transfer by conduction.

hd
Nu 
K

8
Experiment Theory:
2. The Apparatus used: the apparatus used in this experiment is called Cross-
Flow Heat Exchanger. Draw a schematic shape for the apparatus demonstrating
its parts clearly. The apparatus parts are as:
 Horizontal wind tunnel with specified length and has several holes.
 Electric heater used for heating the copper specimen.
 Alcohol manometer for measuring pressure.
 Fan + Gate for changing the amount of the air drawing opening.
 Digital Thermometer for measuring specimen temperature.
 Digital Timer for measuring required time to reach a specified temperature.
 Pitot-Static Tube for measuring static pressure.
2. The Experiment Procedure:
The specimen is heated by using the electric heater until reaching a specified
temperature value (for example 85o C or 90 o C ) . Then the specimen is put horizontally
into one of the holes in the wind tunnel. Simultaneously, the gate is opened 100% and
the fan is switched on. Consequently, the forced air attaches the copper specimen
surface as a result the specimen temperature is decreased with increasing time etc. ....

Calculations and Results:

1. The heat transfer coefficient for fluid flow around a heated copper cylinder is
found by using the following heat balance:

 Total energy   Total energy   Change in the 

     
 entering    leaving    total energy 
 the system   the system   of the system
     

Qout  hAT  hAT  Ta  where: Ta  ambient temperature, [ o C ].

Qin  0
dT
Qstore  mc
dt
 hAT  Ta 
dT
 Qstore  Qin  Qout  mc
dt
Finally, we get:
hA T  Ta
1  
mc dT dt
T t
dT hA
T T  Ta  0 mcdt
i

9
 T  Ta hA
ln  t Where Ti  initial temperature, [ o C ].
Ti  Ta mc

Then ( h ) is calculated from the following diagram:

80%
100% 40%
T  Ta
ln 60%
Ti  Ta

tan  slope

t (sec)
hA
tan   slope 
mc
mc tan 
h [ W m 2 oC ]
A
after calculating the value of ( h ) for all cases of drawing air openings, the value of (
Nu ) is determined:

hd
Nu 
K
 Some number values needed during the calculations:
d r  Rod diameter= 0.0124m .
Lr  Rod length= 0.095m .
cp r  Rod specific heat  380 J Kg.o C .
Ar  Rod cross-sectional area  0.00404m 2 .
mr  Rod mass  0.1093Kg .

2. Find the relation between Reynolds number and Nusselt number.

h  f  ,  , Cp, K ,V .d ,..........
Nu  C Re, Pr 
n
for forced convection
Nu  C Re  because Prair  const.  1
n

The values of ( C ) and ( n ) is found from the diagram that relates ( logRe ) & ( logNu  )

11
logNu 

slope  tan   n

logC   found from the
diagram
logC  logRe

The following table is done for each case of air drawing openings case Q  100% ,
Q  80% , Q  60% , Q  40%

Experimental Results:
For Q  100%
 
T oC t sec Re logRe 
h W m 2 .o C  Nu logNu 
90
80
70
60
50

Discussion:
 Draw the relation between the forced convection and the increasing velocity.
discuss the diagram.
 Was the experiment done in steady state situation? why?
 What is the experimental principle that was depended on in this experiment?
 There are several practical applications for the forced convection, mention
number of them?
 What are the main results that you have deduced from this experiment?

11
 Heat Transfer Laboratory
Fourth Experiment:-
Experiment Name: Free Heat Convection from a Horizontal Heated
Cylinder.
Experiment Aim:
1. Calculating the free heat convection coefficient ( hNC ) for a horizontal heated solid
cylinder.
2. Find the relation between RaNo. and NuNo. for fluid flow around a cylinder.
Introduction:
Free Convection: is the heat transfer between a solid surface and the adjacent fluid as
a result of the temperature difference between them. This temperature difference leads
to a density difference near the surface and causes buoyancy forces that give the fluid
a natural motion which leads to a heat transfer between the fluid and the solid surface.
 Grashof Number: It is a dimensionless number that expresses the fluid motion
that results from the buoyancy forces near the solid surface as shown in
following formula:
 .g. 2 .T .Lc 3
Gr  (Diffusivity for momentum)/(Diffusivity for heat)
2

where:
 is the fluid density at the film temperature.
 is the fluid dynamic viscosity at the film temperature.
Lc is the characteristic length of the geometry ( Lc  d for horizontal cylinder
and Lc  L for vertical cylinder
1 Ta  Tw
 , Tf 
Tf 2
 Prandtle Number: It is a dimensionless number that relates the thermo-
physical properties of the fluid. The Prandtle numbers for gases are about 1.
Cp 
Pr    (Diffusivity for momentum)/(Diffusivity for heat)
K 

 Rayleigh Number: It is the multiplication of Gr and Pr :

Ra  Gr. Pr

12
  Nusslet Number: It is a dimensionless group that represents the ratio of the
heat transfer by convection to the heat transfer by conduction.

hd
Nu 
K
Experiment Theory:
3. The Apparatus used: the apparatus used in this experiment is called Cross-
Flow Heat Exchanger. Draw a schematic shape for the apparatus demonstrating
its parts clearly. The apparatus parts are as:
 Horizontal wind tunnel with specified length and has several holes.
 Electric heater used for heating the copper specimen.
 Alcohol manometer for measuring pressure.
 Digital Thermometer for measuring specimen temperature.
 Digital Timer for measuring required time to reach a specified temperature.
 Pitot-Static Tube for measuring static pressure.
3. The Experiment Procedure:
The specimen is heated by using the electric heater until reaching a specified
temperature value (for example 85o C or 90 o C ) . Then the specimen is put horizontally
into one of the holes in the wind tunnel. Consequently, the air attaches the copper
specimen surface as a result the specimen temperature is decreased with increasing
time etc. ....

Calculations and Results:

3. The heat transfer coefficient for fluid flow around a heated copper cylinder is
found by using the following heat balance:

 Total energy   Total energy   Change in the 

     
 entering    leaving    total energy 
 the system   the system   of the system
     

Qout  hAT  hAT  Ta  where: Ta  ambient temperature, [ o C ].

Qin  0
dT
Qstore  mc
dt
 hAT  Ta 
dT
 Qstore  Qin  Qout  mc
dt
Finally, we get:

13
 hA T  Ta
1  
mc dT dt
T t
dT hA
T T  Ta  0 mcdt
i

T  Ta hA
ln  t Where Ti  initial temperature, [ o C ].
Ti  Ta mc

Then ( h ) is calculated from the following diagram:

T  Ta
ln
Ti  Ta

tan  slope

t (sec)
hA
tan   slope 
mc
mc tan 
h [ W m 2 oC ]
A
after calculating the value of ( h ) for all cases of drawing air openings, the value of (
Nu ) is determined:
hd
Nu 
K
 Some number values needed during the calculations:
d r  Rod diameter= 0.0124m .
Lr  Rod length= 0.095m .
cp r  Rod specific heat  380 J Kg.o C .
Ar  Rod cross-sectional area  0.00404m 2 .
mr  Rod mass  0.1093Kg .

4. Find the relation between Rayleigh number and Nusselt number.

h  f  ,  , Cp, K ,V .d ,..........
Nu  C Gr, Pr 
n
for free convection
Nu  C Ra 
n

logNu   log C Ra   n


logNu   log C  n logRa 

14
The values of ( C ) and ( n ) is found from the diagram that relates ( logRa  ) & ( logNu  )

logNu 

slope  tan   n

log C  ‫تقاس من الرسم البياني‬

log C logRa 

Experimental Results:

 
T oC t sec Ra logRa  
h W m 2 .o C  Nu logNu 
90
80
70
60
50

Discussion:
 Discuss the results that you have found and compare your formula with the
formula found in your textbook for the same case. give the reasons for this
differences.
 Can you obtain the same formula for the same cylinder but in vertical position?
why?
 Was the experiment done in steady state situation? why?
 What is the experimental principle that was depended on in this experiment?
 There are several practical applications for the forced convection, mention
number of them?

15
 Heat Transfer Laboratory
Fifth Experiment:-
Experiment Name: Water/ Water Cross – Flow Shell and Tube Heat
Exchanger
Experiment Aim: Studying the performance of this type of heat exchanger.
Introduction:
Types of heat exchangers:
One type of heat exchanger is that of a double pipe arrangement with either
counter or parallel flow and with either the hot or cold fluid occupying the annular
space and the other fluid occupying the inside of the inner pipe. A type of heat
exchanger widely used in the chemical process industries is that of the shell and tube
arrangement (Fig. (1)).

Fig.(1) Cross Flow Shell And Tube Heat Exchanger.

One fluid flows in the inside of the tubes, while the other fluid is forced through
the shell and over the outside of the tubes. To insure that the shell side fluid will flow
across the tubes and thus induce higher heat transfer, baffles are placed in the shell as
shown in Fig.(2). Cross flow heat exchangers are commonly used in air or gas heating
and cooling applications, where a gas may be forced across a tube bundle, while
another fluid is used inside the tubes for heating or cooling purposes.

Shell Type Cross Flow Heat Exchanger:

Heat transfer surfaces very higher could be obtained with this type of heat
exchanger which is built with a compact tube bundle fastened at its ends to two
circular plates. This tube bundle is placed inside the cylinder shell. The flows of the

16
two fluids are showed in the picture above. Usually orthogonal diaphragms are placed
to increase the turbulence of the external flow with the purpose to increase the
convection flow.

By means of deflecting plates you can obtain that the internal flow courses the
length of the exchanger more than one time; in this way you can obtain good values of
the velocity of the flow, higher values of the convection coefficients and lower flow
resistances.

Fig.(2) Shell Type Cross Flow Heat Exchanger.

Fig. (3)

17
Theory:
Determination of the heat convection coefficient between the water flows and
tube surfaces:
Heat transfer coefficient for both inner surface and surface of the tube bundles
could be calculated using the following procedure. This procedure could be conducted
for the inner surface and then repeated for the outer surface using the appropriate
formula. However, it is necessary to make distinction between laminar and turbulent
flow.
1- Laminar Flow
As far as the laminar flow concerned there two zones where the flow is quite
different with respect to the other one:
Re Pr d
a- Entrance length whose length is given by the following: Li 
20
1 0.14
 d 3   
Where you can use: Nu  1.86 Re Pr   
 l  w 
For Re Pr (d/l) ≥ 10, l/d >2, 100 < Re < 2100, 0.48 < Pr < 16700
µ = the dynamic viscosity at average temperature
µw = = the dynamic viscosity at wall temperature

b- The zone where the steady state is generated completely. Here as the convective
flow is constant, you have: Nu = 3.66 for constant wall temperature
Nu = 4.53 for constant heat flux

2- Turbulent Flow
a- Entrance length whose length is given always by the previous formula where you
can apply:

 l  8 With: 10 < (l/d) < 400, Re > 104 , 0.7 < Pr < 16700
1 1
Nu  0.036 Re0.8 Pr 3 d

b- The zone where the steady state is generated completely. Here you can obtain
  d  0.7 
the convective coefficient by: Nu  0.023 Re 0.8
Pr 1    
0.4
,
  l  
hM l M  hG lG
h For 10000 < Re < 120000, 0.7< Pr < 120, (l/d) > 60
l M  lG
Where: hM = mouth zone coefficient convection (W/m2 ْC)
hG = steady state completely generated zone coefficient convection
lM = mouth zone length
lG = steady state completely generated zone length

18
 The properties of the flow as the viscosity, the density, thermal capacity and the
thermal conductivity will be taken from relative tables at average temperature TM.
Tinlet  Toutlet
TM 
2
Determination of the overall heat transfer coefficient
Q  UATLMTD  Q1  Q2
 
Q1  mhot waterChot water Thot water , Q2  mcool waterCcool water Tcool water

Where: Q = Thermal flow

Q1 = Thermal flow through the primary circuit (hot water circuit)
Q2 = Thermal flow through the secondary circuit (cool water circuit)
 2  1
∆TLMTD = The log mean temperature difference TLMTD 

ln 2
1
U = The overall heat transfer coefficient (W/m2ْC)
Q  U i Ai TLMTD  U o Ao TLMTD ,
1 ,
Uo 
r 
ro ln  o 
1 ro
  ri  1
hi ri k ho
Q  U o Ao TLMTD  F for shell and tube heat exchanger
k = 349 W/mْ C for the copper, ro = 8 mm, ri = 7 mm, A = 67380 mm2
F = correction factor [obtained from Fig.(4)]

Fig. (4) Correction factor

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Test Procedure:
A. Test rig (Apparatus) preparation for measurement:
Mixing Device: To avoid that the temperature inside the secondary circuit increases
until unwanted values which would not allow to obtain a good cooling because the
difference in temperature between the primary and the secondary circuits would
decrease more and more during the working of the unit, this group is provided with an
adjustable valves system.
Connect (58) with the water supply and feed with water the unit (secondary
circuit). Close the valve (114). You can control the cool water flow rate by the
thermostatic valve (18) or by the hand operated one (19). If you want to use the first
one (18), deviate the water flow by means of the three-way valve (117) and adjust the
intervention temperature by regulating the thermostatic valve (18) itself. Close
completely the valve (19). On the other hand, if you want to use the hand-operated
valve (19), deviate the water flow rate by means of the three-way valve (117) and
adjust it manually using the valve (19) itself. In any case you can read the refreshing
water flow rate by means of the flow meter (8). Connect (63) with a discharging pipe.
The choking valves (20) and (56) must be adjusted in order to obtain water flow rates
(both the circuits) just over the flow meter scale maximum value (300 l/h) when the
valves (23) and (24) are completely open.
Note: In order to avoid any formation of air bubbles inside the water circuits, the unit
is provided with air discharge valves (31) and (32) for both the circuits. You can
eliminate the air bubbles by means of these valves as soon as they appear through the
transparent flow meters. Their presence in fact makes it impossible for the flow meters
give the correct readings of the water flow rates.
Water Supply:
 Primary Circuit: Connect (61) with the water supply by means of a pipe. Open the
valve (37). Adjust the valve (56) as described for the mixing. Fill with water the
primary circuit and tank (26) as well, until the water begins to exit from the valve (34).
Close the valve (37) and close the water supply. Connect (62) with the discharge pipe.

 Secondary Circuit: Connect (58) with the water supply and keep the valve (114)
open and the valve (21) close in order to fill all the secondary circuit until the valve
(35) begins to discharge the water from the circuit. You must take care that (58) is
always connected to the water supply and the valve (114) is always open. Adjust the
valve (20) as described for the mixing. Connect (63) with the discharge pipe.

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Water Discharge:
 Primary Circuit: Turn off the pump (7). Connect (61) with the discharge by means
of a suitable pipe. Open the valve (37).
 Secondary Circuit: Turn off the pump (6), disconnect (58) from the water supply.
Close the valve (114). Connect (60) with the discharge by means of a suitable pipe.
Open the valve (21).
Safety Thermostat: Adjust the safety thermostat.
Adjustable U-differential manometer: Fill with manometric liquid having known
density such as mercury.
B. Test Rig operation:
 Connect the group with the supply mains by connecting the plug of the electric
supply cable (730 to the socket.
 Turn on the main switch (74).
 Turn on the primary and secondary circuit water pumps by means of switches (79)
and (81) placed on the control board.
 Turn on the electrical resistances by means of their switches and adjust the value of
the adjustable one from 0 up to 800 W by means of the control knob (71).
 Adjust the water flow rates through the two circuits using the control valves (23)
and (24) and read their values on their graduated scales.
 Read the values of the temperature of the water regarding the most important point
of the circuits by the temperature displays (123) and select them by the probe selector
(93) and (94) as illustrated on the control board itself.
 Use the U-differential manometer and the valves system for measuring the pressure
losses of the water flow through the two heat exchangers.
 Parallel Flow and Counter Flow Through The Water-Water Exchanger: By
means of the valves (39) and (114) you can easily choose how to make the water-
water exchanger work as parallel and counter flow as shown in the figure below.

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Results and Discussion:
1.Keeping the inlet primary circuit temperature constant, plot the curves of the thermal
flow against the secondary circuit flow rate for different values of the primary circuit
flow rate. You must take into account at least (4) equally spaced values of the
secondary circuit flow rate: the maximum, the minimum, and the two intermediate
ones, as shown in the picture below. As far as the primary circuit flow rate is
concerned, you can consider the maximum, the minimum and average values as shown
in the figure below.

2.Plot the curves of the thermal flow against the average logarithmic temperature for
different secondary circuit flow rate keeping both the inlet primary circuit temperature
and the primary circuit flow rate constant as shown in the figure below.

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