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    Pollock 1964 AJB Cell Dev During Early Embryog in Capsella and Gossypium

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    Capsella

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    Cell Development During Early Embryogenesis in Capsella and Gossypium Edward G, Pollock; William A. Jensen American Journal of Botany, Vol. 51, No. 9. (Oct., 1964), pp. 915-921. Stable URL hitp:/Mlinks.jstor-org/sicisici=0002-9122% 281964 10% 2951%3A9% 3C915%3 CDDEEI%3E2.0.CO%3B2-K American Journal of Botany is eurrently published by Botanical Society of America, Your use of the ISTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at hup:/www,jstororglabout/terms.hml. ISTOR’s Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at hupulwww.jstor-org/journals/botsamn. him ch copy of any part of'a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the sereen or printed page of such transmission, ISTOR is an independent not-for-profit organization dedicated to creating and preserving a digital archive of scholarly journals. For more information regarding JSTOR, please contact support @ jstor.org. hupulwww jstor.org/ ‘Thu Jul 13 19:02:25 2006 ‘Amer. Jour. Bot. 51(0): 915-021. 1964, CELL DEVELOPMENT DURING EARLY EMBRYOGENESIS IN CAPSELLA AND GOSSYPIUM! Epwarp G. Poutock aNp Wittiam A. JENSEN Department of Biology, San Fernando Valley State Collage, Northridge, California and Department of Botany, University of California, Berkeley, California ABSTRACT ‘The early stages of embryo development in Goeeypium hireutum (cotton) and Copslia bursa- pastoris were examined with rgard to patterns of eell development, embryo and cell size, and dis- tribution of eel di following the first di more divis sine was larger than the sygote. Distnetive pattern of eal di eat that changes in groups of cells undergoing mitosis are of fundamental importance in understanding the development of form in the embryo. A greater and 12. A striking reduction inthe total sie of the cotton embryo was observed in of the embryo, This decreas in total embryo size continued for several ns, and it was not until the embryo contained approximately 75 cells that its total 1 were fond in both embryos gree of variation in develop- ment of eel Hineages than is generally reported was oberved in both embry. ‘Te pevevorwmxr of the plant embryo has Deen studied in detail for many years (Hanstein, 870; Soeges, 1914; Johansen, 1950; Maheshwari, 1950; Wardlaw, 1955). These studies have been primarily morphological and desexiptive in nature. ‘The need for data on the biochemical changes associated with plant embryogenesis is increasing as the problem of plant cell development is ap- ‘proached in terms of the embryo, ‘This paper is intended as the morphological basis for an ex- ‘ended series of investigations which will examine Various biochemical aspects of ‘embryogenesis, ‘With this consideration in mind, the analysis was le as quantitative as possible, particularly wit regard to cell number, eel size, and the distribu- tion of cell divisions. ‘The result is that new data, ‘onthe development of 2. well-known” plant embryos (Capsella bursa-pastoris and. Gossypium drirautum) were obtained. ‘Marensats 4xp aztions—The plants used inthis study were Capsella bursa-pastoris. L. ‘Medio, the shepherd's purse, and Gossypium hrireutim L., cultivated ‘cotton. ‘The “Capella plants were krovn from, std from the Botan arden, University of California, Berkeley. ‘The cotton plants were grown from seed of variety ‘M8048 ‘(a double haploid) developed by Dr. James Meyers at the Delta. Branch Experimental Station, Stoueville, Mississippi Whole silicles of Capsela and excised ovules of Gossypivm vere chemically fixed, ‘The lateral ‘Portions of the silieles were cut off to allow for better penetration of the fixative, For the same reason, the chalazal ends of ovules older than 5 + Received for publication April 14, 1968 [he Jounsas. for September (51: 809-013) wae ianued ‘Aatemteax Jownsas or Boras, Vol. 1! No. days after were fixed fluid Jensen, 1962), FPA (formalin, propionic acid, and ethyl algohol), and Carnoy’s. fluid Gohansen, 1940). All chemically fixed material was embedded in’ paraffin via the standard TBA series, The tissues were sectioned at 5u and stained ‘with Heidenhain’s iron hematoxylin; then counter stained with Fast Green or Orange G (lohansen, 1940). Celi_number—The average cell number was determined for each stage in embryo development. by counting the miclei of the cells in serial sections of embryos. Six embryos were counted for each of the stages of embryo growth described in the pre- ceding section, Dictrution of mit.tie fgures—The number of cells undergoing division’ were counted in serial sections of entire embryos. All nuclei showing late-prophase to early-telophase figures were counted. The various stages in embryo develop- ment, beginning with the initial cleavages of the zygote up to and including the torpedo stage, ‘were exainined. Counts were made on 4 embryos at each stage of growth in Gossypium, and embryos were counted for each stage of growth in Capsella, The counts were totalled and plotted on outline drawings of ‘the succeading, stags of ‘Bnrjo ize—With the ad ofa eamera hid, outline drawings were made of median longitudi= nal sections of embryos at all stages of growth. up to and including the torpedo stage. ‘The areas of the outline drawings were measured with a plani- meter; the readings were taken directly off the planimeter scale in square millimeters and con- tember 90, 1964 1964 15 16 U9¢@ " 12 13 Fig. 1-18. Stages of early cleavage in Gostypium.—Fig, 1. Eeg.—Fig, 2. The nygote—Fig. 3. The 2eelled embryo, Fig. 47. Threceslled embryox—Fig. 8—A t-eclled embryo—Fig. 9-12. Subsequent staget in development, showing the variable cleavage patterns Fig, 18, An early slobular embryo showing the differentiation of the derma- {ogen. All figures X805. verted to square-micron units to obtain the real areas of the sections measured. The area of the ‘median longitudinal section was assumed to be a valid index of embryo growth as the embryo i AMERICAN JOURNAL OF nOTANY [Vol 51 essentially isodiametric up to the early heart stage; and the subsequent increase in embryo size is essentially Tinear up to and including the torpedo stage, Fight embryos were drawn and measured. in this manner for each of the stages of embryo growth. Call size—The same outline drawings prepared to measure embryo size were used to determine cell size. The number of cells in each median longitu- inal section was counted. ‘The average area of the cells was then determined by dividing the area of the same section by the coll number of that section. Rusvurs—Morphological analysis—Hlistogenic atterns—The cleavage patterns of Capeella are well known (Johansen, 1950; Wardlaw, 1955). Up to the formation of the first'cells of the dermato- gen, the sequence of cleavage is apparently always the'same (Sooges, 1914; 1919). Beyond this point in histogenesis, it was observed that the cells arising from subsequent divisions were not always disposed in exactly the same manner in each embryo. These differences in the displacement, of cells for different. embryos were the exception rather than the rule. For example, the 8 cells of the young dermatogen occasionally divided anti- elinally and synchronously, producing a 10-celled dermatogen, while the 8 central eells were as yet ided. A more frequent oceurrence was the longitudinal division of each of the oetant cells forming 16 central cells before any of the 8 cells of the dermatogen divided Other deviations from a precise cleavage pat tern were observed in following the cleavages in the young globular stage to the early heart stage, Normally, the upper tier of 4 eolls in the octant stage gives rise to the shoot apex and cotyledons, while the cells of the lower tier give rise to the hypocotyl (Johansen, 1950; Maheshwari, 1950; Wardlaw, 1955), but. this’ need not be true. ‘Though synchrony of cell division exists up to the cctant stage with its firstformed cells of the dermatogen, irregularities in the sequence of divi- ions soon become apparent with subsequent, divisions. In following embryo development from the youngest globular stage up to the early heart stage, it was observed that more divisions were ‘occurring in the upper half of the sphere than in longitudinal sections through developing ovules of Gossypium showing progressive development of 4, The large zygote (2) attached to the nu lar tise (nt) of the ovule, X

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