Le Jechat its Bet miele date) (opt eh Ts ME tic | _ , az w= ae, = \; ald —_—-“~ ePART I THE ‘PIPING Gt A COMPACT REFERENCE FOR THE DESIGN AND DRAFTING OF INDUSTRIAL PIPING SYSTEMS David R. Sherwood Dennis J. Whistance Mamber, American Society of Mechsnical Engin Member, Institution of Praduction En ngineere (UK) B.Sc, M.A.Se. Copyright © David R, Sherwood and Dennis J, Whistance 1973 a hy feacvad. Printed in the United States of America. test Ed puncovet set: ISBN 0-91408: Hardcover book: ISBN oaT082. 52.036‘The text refers to standards and codes, using designations such #8 ANSI B31.1, ASTM A-53, ISA $5.1—1968, ete. Full titles of these standards and codes will be found in tables 7.3 thru 7.15, References: Numbers in straight brackets (thus: [121) refer to ‘sources of published information listed under ‘References’, at the end of the index, Sections, figures, charts and tables in Part | are relerred to sumerically, and are focated by the margin index. Charts and ‘tables in Part St are identified by letter. ‘The authors are grateful to the companies, designers, and engineers who assisted in the development of the Piping Guide, Apart from source materiat, individual acknowledgements are not made because neither these contributors nor the authors assume liability or responsibility for designs using information presented herein. The user is responsible for complying with the various codes and standards, Federal, State, and Municipat regulations, and ather legal obligations which may pertain to the construction of plants, industrial instalfations, ete. Discussion ‘or mention of products does not necessarily imply endorsement. FOR TERMS NOT EXPLAINED IN THE TEXT, REFER TO THE INDEX, ABBREVIATIONS ARE GIVEN IN CHAPTER 8,The ‘PIPING GUIDE’, "PART I" explains. “PART IN provides... Brings together information of espectal value to designers, draftsmen, and systems engineers concerned with ing technology Discusses in detail the design and drafting of piping systems Describes pipe, piping components most commonly used, valves, and equipment Presents charts, tables, and examples for daily reference Lists piping terms and abbreviations concerned with piping technology Provides a design reference for companies and consultants Supplements existing company, standards, information, and methods Serves as an instructional aid Current techniques of piping design Piping terms, assembling of piping from components, and methods for connecting to equipment Office organization, and methods to translate concepts into finished designs from which plants are built Frequently-needed design data and information, arranged for quick reference Principal dimensions and weights for pipe, Yittings, flanges valves, structural steel, etc. Direct-reading metric conversion tables for dimensionsCONTENTS: PIPING: USES, EXPEND 2 - LAI ny LVES, PUMPS, COMPRESSORS, a IZATION: JOB RESPONSIBILITIES, DRAWING-OFFICE EQUIPMENT, 1 & PROCEDURES _.. DRAFTING: PROCESS & PIPING D. 6 [ DESIGN: ARRANGEMENT, SUPPORT, INSULATION, HEATING, VENTING & 2 ORAINING OF PIPING SYSTEMS, VESSELS'& FOUIPMENT et STANDARDS & CODES: PIPING SYSTEMS, DRAFTING SYMBOLS, PIPE, Bot PIPESUPPORTS, FLANGES, GASKETS, FITTINGS, PUMPS, VALVES, i STEAM TRAPS, VESSELS, E: {ABBREVIATIONS FOR PIPING DRAWINGS & INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS...PIPING: USES, EXPENDITURES, & PLANT CONSTRUCTION USES OF PIPING WwW Piping is used for industrial (process), marine, tansportation, civil engineer- ‘ing, and for ‘commercial’ {ptumbing) purposes. ‘This book is primarily concesned with industrial piping for procesting and service systems, Pracesr piping is used to transport fluids between storage tanks ond processing units, Service piping is used to convey steam, al, water, atc., for processing. Piping here defined as ‘service’ piping is some times referred to at ‘uility’ piping, but, in the Guide, the term ‘utility piping’ ts reserved for major lines supplying woter, fuel gases, and fuel oi} {that is, for commodities vovally purchased from utilities companies end buik seopliors, Murine piping tor ships is olten extensive. Much of it Is fabricated from ‘walded ond serewed carbor:stee! piping, using pine and littings described in ‘this book, . Tn tion piping ts nornally largediametet piping used to convey Niqulds, stories and gases, sometimes over hundreds of miles. Crude ois, Devoteum products, water, ond solid materials such as coat (carried by water] ‘are teanspotted thiv pipelines, Dilferent liquids can be transported consecu- ‘tholy in the seme pipeline, and branching orengements ore used to divert Hows to different destinations. Givi ping bs vsed to distribute public ulltios (water, tusk gases), and to collect rainwater, sewage, end industrial waste waters. Most piping of this type is placed undergreund, Plumbing (coramercial piping) 's piping instlled in commercial buildings, schools, hospitals, vesidences, ote,, for distributing woter and fuel gases, for colfecling waste water, end for otfier purposes. COMMISSIONING, DESIGNING, & BUILDING A PLANT ‘When » manufacturer decides to build a new plant or to expand on existing ‘one, ba wai? either employ an engineering company to underteke desion ond ‘constiuction, or, it his engineering department is large enough, he will do the design work, tnatiage the project, eno employ one ar mose contractors ty da the eorsttuctiot work, 12° ry {tn either procedure, the manulactures supplies information concerning the purposes of buildings, production rates, processes, design criteria to moot his practices, detets of existing plant, and site surveys, if any. Chart 1.1 shows the principals involved, and the flow of information and materiel. SCHEMATIC FOR PLANT CONSTRUCTION CHART AA FINISHED PLANT JOnDER OR PLANT. JeDATAFON PLANT FOR EQUIPMENT, jOWARE BMATERTALS. Revontee sunveys Be ‘REQUESTS FORThe designing and building of an industrial plant is a complex undertaking Except (or the lacger industrial concerns, eto may maintain their own design staffs, the design and construction of plants and ralated facilities is usually undertaken by specialist companies, ‘The Guide describes in 4.1 the organization and respansibilities of design engineering, with special reference to the duties of individuals engaged in tha development of piping designs for plants: US expenditures over the yaots 1967 thru 1871 averaged 14.1 billion dotlars ‘per year for new plants and equipment in the petrateum, chemical, food and beverage, papat, suber, and textile industries, according to the “Survey of cureent business’ compiled by the US Department of Commerce. For these quoted industries, the average cost of piping is obout one fifth of the cost of the finished plant and equipment: large vaviations trom this ratio are possible, however, . aPIPE, FITTINGS, FLANGES, & LINE EQUIPMENT PROCESS PIPE 24 PIPE & TUBE 2a Tubnlar products ore termed ‘tubs’ or pipe’. Tube is customarily specified by its outside dismetar and wail thickmess, expressed cither in BWG (Birmingham wire gaged oF in thowsendths of an inch. Pipe is customarily identified by ‘nominal pipe size’, with wall thickness defined by ‘schedule __ragmbes’, “APL designation’, ot ‘weight’, os explained in 2.1.3. Non-standard pipe is specified by nominal size with wall thickness stated. ‘Tho principal uses for tube are in heat exchangers. instrument tines, and small interconnections on equipment such as compressors, boilers, and seliigerators, SIZES & LENGTHS COMMONLY USED FOR STEEL PIPE Manutocturers offer pipe In estebtished sizes (see 2.1.3) ranging from 1/8 thru 4A inch nominst digmeter {‘nominal pipe size’). Pips sizes normally stocked include: 1/2, 4/4, 1, 1%, 1%, 2, 2%, 3, 3%, 4, 6,6, B, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20 and 24. Sives 1%, 2¥, 3%, and 6 inch ara seldom used (unusual sizes are somotimes required for connecting to equipment, but piping is normally tun in the next larger stack size after connection has been made). 1/8, 1/4, 378 and 1/2-inch pipe is usually restricted t0 instrument lines oF to service and othar lines which have to mote with equipment. 1/2inch pipe is ‘extensively used for steam tracing and or auxiliary piping @t pumps, etc. ‘Straight pipe ts supplied én “andom’ tengths {17 to 26 {1}, ond sometimes “duublo randorn’ fengths (38 10 48 ft), if preferred. The ends of these lengths cate normally sither plain (PE), beveled for welding (BE), or threaded and supplied with one coupting per length (‘threaded and coupled’, oF “T&C'). A pine is ordered “T8C’, the rating of the coupling s spetilied see chart 2.3. Oiher types of ends, such as grooved fur special couplings, can be ubtained to order. 2a DIAMETERS & WALL THICKNESSES OF PIPE 243 ‘The size of all pipe is identitied by the nominal pipe size, abbreviated 'NPS', ‘which it seldom equal 10 the {rue bore (internal diameter} of the pipe—the illfevence in some instances is targe. 14.inch NPS and (arger pipe hat outside diameter equot to tha nominal pipe size. ww Pipe in the various sizes is made in several wall thicknesses for each size, which have.been established by three different sources: (1) The American National Standards Institute. thra ‘schedule curnbers’ {2) The American Society of Mechanical Engineers and the American Society for Testing and Moterils, thru the designations ‘STO' stand- ard), "XS! (extta-strong), and *XXS* (double-extra strong), drawn feom dimensions established by manufacturers. in the Guide, these desip nations are termed ‘tanutecturers’ weights’ (3) The American Petrotoum Institute, thaw its standards SL and SLX. ‘These dimensions have no references for individual sizes ané wall thicknesses ‘Manufacturers’ weights’ (Second source) were intended, long ago as 1939, to be supatsedad by schedule numbers, However, demand for those wal thicknesses has caused their manufacture to continue. Certain fittings are avaiable only it manufacturers’ weights, Pipe dimensions from the second and third sources are incorporated in Armerican Nations! Standard B36,10-1970. Table P-1 lists dimensions for welded and seamless steel pipe in this standard, and gives detived data. IRON PIPE SIZES were intilly established for waought iron pipe, with wall thicknesses designated oy the terms ‘standard’, ‘extra-trong’, and “double: extrestiong’. ANSI 636.10-1970 lists these wrought-iron pipe dimensions {in toble 3), Wroughtivon pipe has been almost completely supplanted by steet pipe. Belore the schedule number scheme for steel pipe wes first published by the American Standords Association in 1935, the iroa pipe sizes wore modified for steel pine by sighthy decreasing the val thicknesses {leaving the outside diameters constant) so that the weights per foot {Ib/It) ‘equaled tha iron pipe weights. Table P-1, which is reproduced by permission of the Crane Company (Midwest FitLing Division) lists ste! pipe data under the heading ‘iron pipe sizes’. As ANS! B30.10-1970 states that “the size of all pipe is identilied by nominal pipe size”, the Guide uses the term ‘mant+- Factuvers’ weights’ to denate the STO, XS, and XXS designations appked by smanyfacturers to steel pipe and fittings, LIGHTWALL (also tormed ‘ight-gage’) is a commercially-accepted desig- ‘nation corresponding to SCH 10S (ANST 836,19} and SCH 10 (ANSI 636.10) in certain sigs. Tobe P-1 lists these sizes under‘U'.STAINLESS-STEEL SIZES American National Standard B36.19-1965 (re: vised 1971) establishes a range of thin-walled sizes for stainless steel pips, identified by schedules 6S and 10S, These sizes aro included ia table P-1. ‘MATERIALS FOR PIPE 214 ferERENCES “Metallic piping’. Masek J.A. 1968. Chemical Engineering, Jun 17. 215-29 “Materials of construction: 49th Biennial CE Repo’, Aldrich C.K. 1960, Chemical Engineering, Nov 14 ‘Lined pipa systems’, Ward J.R. 1958. Chemical Enginesring, Jun 17. 238-42 ‘Non-metatiic pipe: promise end problems’. Weight C.E. 1968, Chemical Engineesing, Jun 17. 230-7 _—_ Engineering companies have materials engineers to determine materials to be used in piping systems. Most pipe is of carbon stest and (depending on service) is manufactured to ASTM A-53, : STEEL PIPE Stiaightseamwelded and spira-welded pipe is mado rom late, and seamless pips is made by piercing solid billets. Carhon-steel pipe is strong, ductile, weldable, mechineable, reasonably du- able and is neaity abways cheaper than pipe made from other materials. If carbonsteel pipe can meet the requirements of pressure, temperature, ‘corrosion vesistance and hygiene, it is the natural choice. ‘The mast readity-available carbon-stest pipe is made to ASTM AS3 in schedules 40, 80, STO, and XS sizes, in electeicsesistance welded (Grade A ‘and Grade Bthe fatter grade has the higher tensite strength) and in seamless (Grades A and 8) constructions. Common finishes are ‘black’ (‘plain’ of ‘mill finish) and gaWvenized. Most sizes and weights are aleo evaitable in seamless carbon steal to ASTM. A-106, which is a comparable specilicstion to A-S3, but prescribing more stringent testing, Three grades of A-108 are evailable—Grades A, B, and C, in ofder of inctessing tensile strength, Charts 2.1, 2.2 and 2.3 indicate pipe Specifications most used industrially, ‘Steet specifications in other countries may correspond with USA specifi cations, Some corresponding european standards for carbon steels and ‘Stointess steels are listed in table 2.1, 1RON pipe is made trom cast-iron and ductileiron. The principal uses are for water, 995, and sewage lines. Wrought iron pipe is seldom empioyed. OTHER METALS & ALLOYS Pipa of tube made from copper, lead, rrickel, brass, aluminum and various stainless steels can be readity obtained. ‘These materials are relatively expensive and ate selected usually eithes because ‘of their particular corcosion resistance to the process chemical, ther good ‘heat transler, of for their tensile strength at high temperatures. Capper ond copper allays ae tcaitional far instcument lines, food processing, and heat transfer equipment, but stainless steels are incressingly being used for these Purposes, PLASTICS Pipe made irom plastics may be used ta eonvey a i Wuids, and is especially uselul for handling eavvosive ar nent coe fitute mineral acids. Plsties are employed in thre ways: a atlas sia, & ‘lilod’ plastic materials (lassfiber-seinfoscad, carbon filjo, atc} snl fining or costing materials. Plastic pipe is made from polypropylene, poly- ‘athylene (PE), polybutylene {PB}, palyviny! chlaride (PVC), acrylonitite butadiene styrene (ABS), callulose acetate butyrate (CAB), potyutetins, and polyesters. Pipe made fiom polyester and epoxy sesins is frequenity glass (iberseinfucced {‘FRF? and commercial products af this type have good ‘esistanca to wear and chemicel attack, ‘ss m008 aioe gun ahaezew ESE Arges Henshn x3cioe Bie 20M 1610 es ae ere mea to atte Recipe Sides ee, 104 (ten Sana teteatn Se ate rein Surarccoingnortai oo‘The American National Standards Institute hos introduced several schedules for pips mada from various plastics. These ANSI standards and others for este pipe ore listed in table 7.4, GLASS Al-gtess piping fs used for its chemical resistance, cleanliness and Uwansparency. Glass pipe is not subject to ‘eazing’ often found in glass ined Dine and vessels subject to repested thermal stresses, Pige, fittings, and hard- ware ore available both for process piping and for drainage. Corning Glass ‘Works otters» Pyrex “Canitel’ system for process tines in 1, 1%, 2, 3, 4 ‘nd Ginch sizes (1D} with 850 F as the maximum operating temperature, ‘and pressure renges 0-85 PSIA {1 in, thru 3 in.), 0-80 PSIA (4 in} and (0-35 SIA (6 in}. Gloss cocks, strainers and thormowel¥s are available, Pipe Fittings acd equipment aro joined by flange essamblies which bear on the ened conical ends of pipe lengths and fittings. Corning also atlers a Pyrex Acid Weste Drainling system in 1%, 2, 3, 4 and inch sizes (ID) with, beaded ands joined by Tefton-gisteted nyfon compression couplings. Both Corning systems are made from the some borosilicate slat. Lines & COATINGS Lining oF coating carbor-sted pipe with a material able to withstand chemical attack permits Its use to carry corcosve Mud, Longs of ined pipe an fittings ee joined by flanges, and elbows, tees, et., te aveilabta already flanged. Linings (rubber, for example) can ba applied afer fabricating the piping, but-pive is alten predined, and manufacturers ve instructions for making joints, Linings of various rubbers, plastics, metals snd vitreous (lessy) materials re available. Polyvinys chloride, polypropylene ‘tnd copolymers ee the most common coating materials. Corbonstee! pie zinccoated by Immersion inta molten zine thot dip gabanized) is used for conveying drinking wots, instrument sir and various other fluids, Rubber Tint soften used uo hand abasive fluids. ‘TEMPERATURE & PRESSURE LIMITS 245 Carbon stasis tose sisength ot high tomperaturas. Etsctric-resistance-welded pipe isnot considered tatisactory fr sevice shove 750 F, and furnacebutt- welded pips shove about 850 F. For higher temperatures, pipe made from ‘stainless steals oF other alloys shauld be considered. ‘The Mifwest catalog 81 [54 the Taylor Forge catalog 57% and the Ladish catalng 86 133] give pressure limits for carborsteet pipe at various temper ‘tures, Fhove tebfes sre derived from the ANS! B31 Code foc Pressure Piping (ntailed in table 7.2), METHODS FOR JOINING PIPE 22 ‘The joints used for most catbon-steel and stainless-steel pipe ere: BUTIMELOED 2 ee ee BEERS SOCRETWELDED. 6. ss SEER BREWED 2 + + SEE28 BOLTED FLANGE. 2... + SEER2 2018264 teed 98 16.2 BOLTED QUICK COUPLINGS . WELDED & SCREWED JOINTS 224 Lines 2inch and larger are usvelly butt-wolded, this being the most scanomie leakproof way of joining targer-diemater piping. Usuelly such lines aa subcontracted 10 a piping fabricator for prefabrication in sections termed ‘spook’, then transported to the sito. Lines 1%inch and smaller are usuelly either sewed or sucket-welded, and ere normally fitd-un by ‘the pining contractor from drawings. Ficld-tun and shop fabricated piping are discussed in 6.2.9, SOCKET-WELDED JOINTS. 222 Like screwed piping, socket welding is used for lines of smaller sizes, but ‘has the edvantaga that absence of leaking is assured: this is a valuable factor when flammable, toxic, or radioactive fluids are being conveyed—the use of sockat-welded joints is not restricted to such fluids, however. BOLTED-FLANGE JOINTS . 223 Flanges ere expensive and for the most part ate used to mate with flanged vessas, equipment, valves, and for process lines which may require periodic eoning, Flanged joints are made by bolting together two flanges with a gasket between them to provide a seal. Rlfer to 2.6 for standard forged-teel anges and saskets, FITTINGS 226 Fittings permit 2 chienge in direction of piping, x change in diameter of pipe, (oF a branch to be made Irom the main run of pipe. They are formed from plate or pipe, machined tram forged blanks, cest, or molded from plastics, Chart 2.1 shows the ratings of butt-welding fittings used with pipe of various schedule numbers and monufseturers’ woights. For dimorsions of butt- ‘welding fittings and flangas, see tables D-¥ thru 0-7, and tables FI thru 9. Dralting symbols are given in charts 6.3 thry 5.5. ‘Screwed or socket-wetding forged-steel fittings are rated to the nomine! cold nan-shock working pressure in pounds per square inch {PSt) of the fitting. Fittings roted ot 2000, 3000, and 6000 PSt are avsilabte and are used with pipe 9s shown in table 22: ‘SCREWED & SOCKET.WELDINO FORGED-STEEL FITTINGS: TABLE 22 ‘TO BE USED WITH CAROONSTEEL PIPE OF VARIOUS NEICHTE [rsooecmmatm enn) sme oro I ezSections 2.1.3 thru 2.24 have shown that there is @ wide vaticty of difterenity sated pipe, fittings and materials from which to make a choice, Charts 2.4 thru 2.3 show how various weights of pipe, fittings and valves an be combined in a piping system, COMPONENTS FOR BUTT-WELDED: 23 PIPING SYSTEMS. WHERE USED: Far most process, utility and service piping ADVANTAGE OF JOINT: Most practicable way of joining larger pipes tings which alters reliable, leakproat joints DISADVANTAGE OF JOINT: HOW JOINT Is MaDe: Intruding wetd metal may affect flow ‘The end of the pips is beveled as shown in shart 2.0, Fittings ae similaty boveled by the. manufacturer, The two parts are aligned, Properly sapped, tack welded, and then a cant- inwous weld is made to complete the jo Chart 2.1 shows the ratings of pine, combined or may be used together. It fot a project specification, tings end valvas that are commonly guide only, and not a substtuta FITTINGS, BENDS, MITERS & FLANGES 234 FOR BUTT:WELOED SYSTEMS Refer to tables D, F and W-1 for dimensions ond weights of fittings ond Hlanges. —<__ ELBOWS of “ELLS’ make 90- at 46-deyren changes in direction of the run of pipe. The elbows normally used sve “long radius’ (LR) with centerling ‘radius of curvature aqual to 1% times the nominal pipe size for 3/4-inch and ‘arger sizes. “Shart radius’ (SA} ethows with centettina radius af curvature equal to the nominal pipe size are aiso vailabte, 90-degrae LA elbows with @ stiaight extension at one end ("long tangent’) are stift available in STD weight, it required. REDUCING ELBOW motes 2 S0-degtee change in dtection with change in line size. Reducing elbows have centerline radius of curvature 1% times the ‘Aominal size of the to be attached to the larger end. RETURN chonges direction af How thru 180 degiees, and is used to construct heating coits, vents on tanks, etc. BENDS are made from straight pipe. Common bending radii are 3 and § times the pipe size (GR and SA bends, where A = nominal pipe sire— nominal diameter, not radius). 3R bends are avilable from stock. Larget ‘dius bends can be custom made, or electric resistance-nelded pipe issu GUTT-WELDED PIPING: CHART 2, 0 paeranatioN OF fire, & ET HOD OF {SBikah TO BEVELEMDED PE, ERIN, FLANGE, VALVE, Of EQUIPRENT WELONT OF FE & FUTTINGS WoamaLLy USED. Gace OF OTHER MATEMALS DR Neavicewelaut ee. ‘ORDERED TO ASTM ASS Grate. SEE2AA 0m 21NcH AND Tanger VALves 182, 200, «60, 900 a0 nicne® -ACGORDING TOSYSIUN rHESAUNE FOR 1% INCH AND SUALLER VALVES omconrmot varves [USUALLY ao0MiMMNuM (ETE Y L108etoows 6 RETURNS riqune 22 LONeRADIYS: teow 20° SHORT. RADIUS SWAGE i omployed to connect bult-welded piping to smaller screwed or socketwelded piping. In buit-welded tines, used as an alternative to the reducer when greater reductions in line size are tequived. Regular swages in concentic of eccentric form give abrept change of line size, a do reducers. The ‘vonturi" swage allows smoother flow. Refer to table 2.3 for specitying swages for joining to socket-welding items, end to table 2.4 for ‘specifying swages fo joining to screwed piping. For offset, see ‘Reducer’. asPeLeow teay evens, (Or per Bibs) REDUCER (or INCREASER) jolns a targer pipe to 9 smoller one. The two available typek, concanttlc and eccenttic, are shown. The eccenivic reducer {s uted when it i nacassary to keep either the top oF the bottom of the ling lavel--oflset equals % x (lager ID minus smefler 1D). REOUCERE CONCENTRIC PIGURE 23 SWAGES, or SWAGED NIPPLES FiguRE 24 concenrare eccenrrig VENTURL TYPE LS Lo MITERED ELBOWS are fabricated as sequited from pipe-they are not fittings. The use of miters to make changes in direction is practically restricted to lowepressure lines 10-inch and larger if the pressure drop is ‘unimportant; for these uses regular elbows would be costlier. A 2-piece, SO-degrea miter hes four to six times the hydraulic resistance of the cones. ponding regular fong-radius elbow, and should be used with caution. A 3-piece ‘Sidegree miter has about double the resistance to flow of the regular long: tadivs elbow-—teler to table F-10. Constructions for 3, 4, and S-piece mitors «are shown in tables M-2, ‘BHIECE 6 290ECE MITERS FIGURE 25 PIECE MITER He TIMES PS THe 29088 MITER HAS HIGH FLOW RESISTANCE {See TAGLE F-A0) en | fee | 21-25 |‘Tha following five flange types ara used for but welded lines. The differant tang facings available are discussed in 2.6. WELDING-NECK FLANGE, REGULAR & LONG Regular weldingneck Hoages are used with buttsnelding Sittings. Long welding neck. flanges ‘are primarily used for vessal and equipment nozzles, rarety for pipe, Suitable where extreme temperature, shear, impact end vibratory stresses apply. Regs: larity of the bore is maintained. Aefer to tables F for bore diameters of ‘these tangas. WELDING.NECK FLANGE Figuac 26 ‘SLIP-ON FLANGE is property used to Hange pipe, Slip-on flanges con be used with long-tangent elbows, reducers, and swaqes (not usual practice). ‘The internal weld is slightty more subject ta corsosion than the butt weld. ‘The tangehas poor resistance toshock and vibration, I intraduces inegutai in tha bore, It is cheaper ta buy than the welding neck flange, butis costlier to assemble..1t is easier to align than the weldingneck tlango. Calculated strengths under intoanal pressure are abaut ane third that of the carrespanding, welding-neck flanges, The pips or fitting is set back from the face of the ‘lange a distance equal to the wall thickness ~0" + 1/16”. SLIP-ON FLANGE FIGURE 27 FLAT CLOSURE ELLIPSOWAL, of DISHED, HEADS are used 10 close pipet of lage dismeter, and are similae to those used for constructing vessels. COMPONENTS FOR SOCKET-WELDED 24 PIPING SYSTEMS. . For lines cnnveying flammable, toxic, oF expensive material, whore no leakage can ‘be permitted. For steam: 300 to600 PSI, ‘and sometimes 160 PSI steam. For corras- ve conditions, see Index wader ‘Carrosion® WHERE USED: ADVANTAGES OF JOINT: {1} Easior alignment on small ins then butt welding. Teck welding is un- necessary (2) No wold metal can entar bore (3) dont ‘will not leak, when properly DISADVANTAGES OF JOINT: (1} The I/IG-inch recess in joint (see chart 2.2) pockets liquid 42) Usenat permittedby ANS! 831.1.0 1967 if severe erosion oF crevice corrosion is anticipated HOW JOINT IS MADET ‘The end of the pipe is finished flat, as ‘shown in chart 2.2. tt is located in the fitting, valve, flenge, etc,, and a continu: (ous fillet weld is made around the circum ference SOCKETAWELDED PIPING HART 22 Chart 2.2 shows the ratings of pipe, fittings and valves that are commonly combined, or moy be used together. The chart is a guide only, and not @ CHART 2.2 SOCKET-WELDED PIPING F {ENO PREPARATION OF FirE, AND Wernop oF soming To enrTiNa, FLANGE, VALVE, OR EQUIPMENT Lerrscconmoces SOUL COWRA, VALE Ex MAXIUBE LINE SUE NORMALLY vance SOCKET WELDED erencnaneE Mat AVAILABILITY OF Fonago sreet, Seexer econo stress weroHTs OF ree ‘ano pmessURe arms oF FOTTINGS WoC ARE COMPATIBLEE MOST COMMON COMBINATION: CHOICE OF MATERIAL OF NEAWERMEIGHE Pere AND FISTING WILL DEPEND O€ [PRESSURE TEMPERATURE ANDIOR CORROSION ALLOM. [ANCE REGUIRED. #178 UAINCH ND SMALLER (8 USUAL CYonDERED TO ASI SPECIFICATION 2105 Cede B. Berta To 214 Tana valves AUMLY 9 GEES H anon PRESSURE are ™ ‘vaLvesoTuen THAN worn 73 ‘CONTROL VALVES worn + ANS? 946.11— 1868 recammends 4/16 gan treet wad hom caching under ema sem, ‘Seckatande Wtngs ore now only made In 9000 Od GOD PSL retings CANS BIG.1D-10601FITTINGS & FLANGES FOR SOCKET-WELDED SYSTEMS Dimensions of fittings and {lenges are given in tables D-8 and F-8. ——. FULL-COUPLING {termed “COUPLING) joins pipe 10 pipe, or to 9 nipple, ‘swage, etc. . FULL COUPLING FiguAE 221 REDUCER. joins twa different diameters of pipe. REDUCER, Fiauae 222 REDUCER INSERT A reducing fitting used fos connecting a small pipe toa larger fitting, Sockst-ended reducer inserts can be made in any reduction by boring standard forged blanks, SOCKET-WELDING REDUCING INSERTS Ftcune 223 socnerenoeo frrvine, runes, boa - ‘THREE FORMS. oF REOUCER inserts na UNION is used primasty for maintenance and installatinn purposes. This @ screwed joint designed for use with socket welded piping aysteme. Sov ex- planation in 2.6.1 of uses given under “scrawod union’, Union elwuld be sceawad tight bofara the ends are welded, to cinienize warping af the saat. SOCKET-NELDING UNION ryoune 2.36 on FEE SVJ SssJ De SWAGED NIPPLES Avcording to typo, thse altow jcining: (1) Socket ended itams af different sizes~this type of swaged nipple hes both ents plain {P8E) for insertion into sock ends. (2) A socket ended item toa lorger butt welding pipe or fitting-this type of swaged nipple hes the lvgar and bev- eled (BLE) and the smaller end plain (PSE) for insertion inta a socketendad. item, swaged nipple is also refered to 26 8’srage’{pranounced ‘swage’ abbreviated on deawings at “SWG’ ac ‘SWG NIPP", When otdesing » swage, state the weight designations of the pipes to be joined: for axample, 2"(SCH 40) x 1"ISCH 80}. Examples of the different ond terrinatins that may be specified are 0s follove:— 'SPECIFVING SIZE & END penisit ‘OF SOCKET.-WELDING SWAGES. YAMLE2D SWG 1%" «1 SwG 2" x1" BLE -PSE oun 225ELBOWS make 90- oF 45-degrea changes of diveetion in the tun of pipe. Figuae 238 BOCKETSELOING ELOOWS SOCKET-WELDING FLANGE Reguler type is available from stack. Reduc- ing type is available to order, For example, a reducing flenge to connect fa V4nch pipe to a 1¥einch finesize flange for 150 PSI servies is specified: RED FLG 1” xS" OD 150 SW ‘SOCKET-WELOING FLANGE Figuae 227 Inmerer avon ree et FITTINGS FOR BRANCHING FROM 242 SOCKET.AWELDED SYSTEMS. BRANCH FROM SOCKETAYELDED RUN TEE, STRAIGHT of REDUCING, mokes 90-degres branch from the mein run of pipa. Reduting tes sro eustom-Iabricated by boring standard forged banks. SPECIFYING SIZE OF SOCKET:WELOING TEES SOCKET-NELDING TEE Figure 2.23 LATERAL makes fullsize 45-degtee branch from the main run of pipe. SOCKET-WELOING LATERAL FIGURE 2.29 ‘GROSS Ramarks for buttwalding cross apply—see 2.3.2. Reducing crosses are custom-labricated by boring standard forged blanks. SOCKET-WELDING CROSS Fecune 230FITTINGS FOR SOCKETWELOED BRANCH 24a FROM VESSEL OR BUTT-WELDED MAIN RUN HALP-COUPLING — Tho fullcoupling is noy used for branching or for ves- sel connections, as the hall-coupling isthe same length and Is stronger, The bal-coupling permits SOdegree entry inta a large pipe ot vessel wall. Tha sockolut Is more practicable as shaping is necessary with the coupling; GOCKETAVELDING HALF-COUPLING eqUAE2a1 Waa ‘Tho next four fittings are.made by Bonney Forge and Foundry Inc, and offer {an alternate method of entering the main pipe run, They have the advantage ‘that the beveled welding ends ara shaped to the curvature af the un pipe. Reinforcement for the buttwvelded piping or vessel is nat required. SOCKOLET makes 0 90-degieo branch, fullsize or reducing, on straight pipe. Flat-based sockolo's are available for branch connections on pipe caps and and vassel heads. socKaes FiGunE 232 SOCKET-WELDING ELBOLET mokes 9 reducing tangent branch on long ‘adius and short-radius elbows. ‘SOCKETELDING ELAOLET FIGURE 2.33 SOCKETWELDING LATROLET makes a 4-degren ¢educing bianct on straight piga, . SOPKET-NELOING LATROLET RN 33 NIPOLET A varlent of the sockotat, having intogtal plain nippla. Pricatity dovotoped for small valved connections—see figuia 6.47. mrover aune 235 STUBAN See comments in 2.3.2.Not preferred for tines under 2-nch due to ‘isk of weld metal entering tine and resticting flow. cLosuRE 204 ‘SOCKET-WELDING CAP seals plain-ended pipe, ‘SOCKET-TELDING CAP fequne 2.35 neater atame ser cam cotCOMPONENTS FOR SCREWED 25 PIPING SYSTEMS: WHERE USED: For lines conveying services, and fer smaller process Piping ADVANTAGES: {1} Easily made trom pipe and fittings on site (2) Minimizes five hezard when instaling piping in ‘ares whore flammable gases or liquids are present DISADVANTAGES: (1}* Use not permitted by ANS! B31.1.0-1967, it sovere erosion, crevice corrosion, shock, oF ‘abration is anticipated, nor at temperatures ‘over ‘925 F. For corrosive conditions, see Index under ‘Corrosion’ £2) Possible feskage of joint {3)* Seat welding may be sequired—see footnote to chart 23 (4) Strength of the pipe is reduced, as forming the screwthread reds the wall thickness «tne smart epety toys ang frgeatet gs, FITTINGS & FLANGES FOR 254 SCREWED SYSTEMS ‘A wid range of screwed fittings has been developed by many manufzeturers. for special purposes, end for plumbing in buildings, Mast of these fittings are ‘tut utilized in process piping, although their pressure end temperature ratings may be sulteble, Ostvenizéd 160 and 300 FSI matleable-iron fittings end simitarly-rated valves ‘io used with SCH 40 pipe for drinking water end oir Lines. The overall ‘economics are In favor of utilizing os few different types of screwed fittings es twit. Uateral specitiations, drafting, checking, purciasing and warshous- ‘ng are simplitied, Dimensions of malleable iron fittings ore given in table D9. Sererved forged-sted! fittings ere used more extensively than tasticon snd tmolleabtedron Iittings becetsé of their greater mechanical strongth. Dimon ‘shuns of fotged-stvel sconwed fittings are giver in tabte D-10, —— FULL-COUPLING (torined COUPLING’ [oins pipe oF items with threaded onda, iaune 237 un SCREWED PIPING enanr 23 a3 2 Bt Chart 2.3 shows the ratings of pipe, fittings end valves that are commonty a combined, or may be used together, The chart is @ guide only, and not 8 substitute for a project specification, EMD PREPARATION OF ewe, AND werHoD OF OANING TO FIFTING, FLANGE, VALVE OR EQUIPMENT resis SICH ‘ARE COMPATIBLE errno MOST COMMON COMBINATION: THE MIM RATING Fon FOTINGE. PREFERRED. Ue MOST INST synever is, 3000 Poste ae 0, PEE UeINM SORLLER. eros, cnoene, ‘a at SPECInEATION A108 Shade 8. REFER TO Si [2.31-2.97 ‘cowraon vaLvEs USUALLY FLANGEO ‘VALVES OTHER THAN oNtAOL VALVES * AE Ng RY wt te etn a te a ct he SEAL MELDING APPUEATIONS psi: On send omens nD le dhe mtn lg eying orREDUCING COUPLING, or REDUCER, joins threaded pipes of different ‘sizes. Cen be made in any reduction by boring and tapping standard forged blanks, ReDUcINa COUPLING Ficune 238 NIPPLES join unions, valves, strainers, fittings, ete. Basically a short length of pipe either fully threaded {clase nipple) or threaded both ends (TBE), or plain ane end and threaded one end (POE=TOE}). Aveilable in various lengths ‘$8 tebfes D-9 and D-10. Nipples can be obtained with » Victaulic groove ‘atone end, NIPPLES FOR SCREWED ITEMS. fucuAE 239 my cLose nue, 101 LONG (or SHORT) te furpe os—r0E) eUpPLe cre) TANK NIPPLE is used for mating a sccewed connection to a nonpressure ‘vessel or tank in low-pressure service, Overall length is usually 6 inches with ‘8 standard taper pipe thread at each end. On one end only, the taper pipe ‘thread runs into @ ANSI lock-fut thread. [UNION makes a joint which permits easy instalation, remval gf sextcemen ‘of longs of pipe, valves oF vessels in screwed piping systems. Examples: to ramova a valve it must have ot lest ane adjacont unian, and 40 cemieve Biping tsorn. a vessal with screwed cannections, each outlay fiom the vessel should have ona union between valve and vessel. Growndfacad joints are prefered, slthough other facings are avalatte, eoureevstaaava resco ncn wey PIPE-TO-TUBE CONNECTOR Far joining threeded pipe to tubo. Figure 2.41 shaws a connector fitted to speciallytlarad tube, Other types ae avalabla, PIE-TO-TUBE CONNECTOR FIGURE 244 HEXAGON BUSHING A reducing firting used for connecting a snalatpipo inta a targar sereand fitting or nozzle, Has many epplications to instrument connections. leducing fittings can be made in any reduction by boring and ‘tapping standard forged bfanks. Normally not used tos high-pressure sevica. HEXAGON BUSHING Figune 242 VpSWAGED NIPPLE This is a reducing fitting, used for joining ferger diameter ‘SCREWED FLANGES are used to connect screwed pipe to flanged items. to smelter dismeter pips. Also referred to as 8 ‘swogs [pronounced ‘swedge'} Regular and reducing types are available from stock. For example, @ reducing and abbreviated es ‘SG’ ar ‘SIG NIFP” on drawings, When ordering @ flange to connect inch pipe to a 1Yeinch linesize flange for 150 PSt sveyp, stote the weight designations af the pipes to be joined: for example, sevice is specifi: Z'SCH 40) x 1°ISCH 60). A swage may be used for (1) Screwed RED FLG 1" x5" 00 160#SCRD piping to screwed piping. {2) Screwed piping to butt-welded piping. (3) Butt- ‘welded piping to a sccowod vessel nazzl. It is nocessary to specify on the rawing the trrinations required, SPECIFYING SIZE & END FINISH OF SCREWED SAGES TABLE2A "Ths exwnple not to common, but muy Opcur when 1 buttaeded Hi 10 baled i vsrenad nance source ance rot pc FITTINGS FOR BRANCHING FROM 25.2 SCREWED, SYSTEMS BRANCH FROM SCREWED MAIN RUN. ‘TEE, STRAIGHT or RECUCING, makes 0 90-degree branch fram the run of pipe, Reducing tees are made by boring and tapping standard Norged blanks. ‘SPECIFYING SIZE OF SCREWED AEOUCING TEES. ELBOWS make 90 or 46-degree changes in direction of the run of pipe, Stroot efbows having en integral nipple at one end (sae teble 0-8) are avail. bh [SCREWED ELBOWS, 45 on 90 DEGREE : miune 248 mT | ‘SORENED TEES, STRAIGHT and REDUCING FlaURE 246 sraareny ree nepueine ree H ezLATERAL makes (ulbsiza 45-degreo branch trom the main run of pipa. ‘SCREWED LATERAL rigune 247 EROS SY CROSS. Remarks for butt walding cross apply ~ seo 2.2.2, Reducing crosses and tapping standard forged blanks, FIQURE 240 263 FITTINGS FOR SCREWED BRANCH FROM VESSEL OR BUTT-WELDED MAIN RUN, HALE-COUPLING can be used 10 make S0-degres screwed connections to pipes for instruments, of for vessel nozzles. Welding heat may cause em brittiement of the threads of this short fitting, Requires shaping. SCREWED HALF-COUPLING & FULL-COUPLING FIGURE 249 ZZ FULL-COUPLING Superior tohalf-coupling. Also requires shaping for con- ecting to pips. TANK NIPPLE See 25.1, figure 2.994), a ‘The ext four fitings for branching are made by Bc Faron and Faun oc. ‘Those fittings offor a mans of og sooo pe ¢ sed 4nd for making astqumest connections. The edvantapey ac tha the welding, fend does not require einforcement end that the ends ara shaped ta the pur ‘vatuca of tha cun pips. ‘THAEDOLET makes a 9O-degree branch, full or seducing, an sisaight pipe. Flat-basad thredolets ate available for branch connections on gipe caps and vessel heads, ‘THAEDOLET une 260 SCREWED ELGOLET makes seducing tangent branch on longsedis ond shartadius slbows, SCREWED ELBOLET + FQUAE261 SCREWED LATROLET makeso 45-Hegres reducing branch an staight pips. SCREWED LATAOLET Figure 262SCREWED NIPOLET A verisnt of the theedolet with integral threaded ‘nipple, Primarily developed for smali valved connections—see figure 6.47. ‘SOREWED MPOLET FigvRe 253 (= ‘STUBAN See comments in 2.3.2. Nat preferred for branching from pipe smaller than 2inch as weld mete! may restrict flow. cLosunes 284 GAP teats the threaded end of pipe, fe 8 ountter etme woe uaewing os FrQURE 268 BARSTOCK PLUG seas the scmwed end of # fitting. Also termed ‘tound- heed plug BARSTOCK LUG WN TEED PIPE THREADS 25.8 tis sometimes necessary to determine the overall length of a run to be made from screwed fittings and pipe. Tables 0-9 and 0-10 give dimensions of screveed fittings. in calcufating run lengths from these tables, allowance should be made for thread engagement {given in the tables). ‘The standard ANS! G2.1-1968 defines tapered and straight threads for ipo (and fittings, etc). The ANSI tapered thread is normally used for screwed piping, The tapered threads change diameter at 1/16 inch per inch {of sun). ‘The mumber of threads par inch is the seme for ANS) BZ,1~-1960 straight or {opered threads for tha same nominal pipe size. Tapered and straight threads wilt mate. Taper/taper and taper/straight {both types) joints are self-sesling with the use of pipe dope, plastic tape, etc. A straighifsteaight screwed ipint requires a gasket and locknut(s) to ensure sealing. The standard ANS! B2.2-196B defines ‘dryseal’ pipe threads which do not require pipe dope oF tape for sealing ANS! 82.4--1966 defines hose coup- ling screw threads. ‘ANS! ©2.1—1088 «PIPE THREADS [EXCEPT DAYSEALI Teper poe three 2 ee Burst ploe theeed ingle couplings oe ee Straight pips tends for mechenlel Joints... ‘Straight le heed for tacknute wid facknut plow thees ‘ANSI 02.2-1068 : DRYSEAL PIPE THREADS. Orywat taper pipe toad (tbieant optional. se were ‘Devi straight pipe shreed fhubricant optional. 6 2... fe MPOR Deyo internat swaighe pipe thread nestFLANGE FACINGS, BOLTS & GASKETS 26 FLANGE FACINGS & FINISHES 261 Many facings for flanges are offered by flange manutacturars, including various ‘tongue and groove’ typas which must be used in pairs. However, only four types of facing are widely used, and thess ore shown in figura 2.56. ‘The raised tace is used for ebout 60% of all flanges. The ring joint facing, ‘employed with either an ovat-section o¢ octagon-section gasket, is used mainly. in tho gettoche ustry. ‘THE MOST-USEO FLANGE FAcINOS FIGURE 286 AP sOINT ‘The RAISED FACE is 1/164inch high for 150 and 300 PSI flanges, and Yinch hhigh for oll other pressure classes. 260 PSI cast-iron anges and flanged fittings also have the 1/16inch raised face. Manufacturers’ catalogs give a ‘length thns hub’ dimension which includes the 1/16thinch raised face for 150 and 300 PSE ratings, but which excludes the Winch raised face for flanges rated 400 PSI and higher. FLAT FACE Most common uses are for mating with non-steel flanges on bodies of pumps, et. and for mating with 125 PSI cast-iran valves and fittings. Flatfaced flanges are used with 2 gasket whose cuter diamater equals that of the flange -this veducas the dangor of cracking a cast-iron, branze é¢ plastic ange when the assembly i tightened. RINGOINT FACING is @ more sxponsivo facing, and convidoyed the mart olficient for high-temperature and high-pressure service, Both [tanges al a gait ‘are alike, Tha fing joint facing is not prone to damage in handling as the sur- faces in contact with the gasket are recessed, Use of facings af this type iiay ‘increase as hallow metal O-rings gain acceptance (or process chamical aa, LAPOINT FLANGE is shaped to accommodate the stub and. “The carnbkn- ation of flange and stub end presents similar goomstey vo the taisad-face ‘lange and can be used where severe bending stresses will not accur. Advant- ‘ages of this flange are stated in 2.3.1. —. Tho term ‘finish’ sefts tothe type af surface texture puadveed by machining te Hlanga face which contacts the gasket. Two principal types af finish ore ‘now used, which may be refered to as ‘serrated’ and ‘smooth’, Flanga feces ase usually finished by machining to produce » spite tound- bottomed groave (which is mate eomman and enay be termed ‘stock fuk) ‘of a vee-shaped spiral or concentric groove, termed ‘serrated fish’. The pitch of the groove is 1/32 inch fos steg) Manges for Vines VZ-inLh NPS wut smaller, ‘Smooth’ finish is usually specially-ordered, and Is evelluble in two qualities. ‘The smoother surface is termed ‘cold-water finish’. The regular smooth Finish (disused term: ‘smooth plane’} shows no tool marks to the nuked eva. ‘Sortated Finish is used with ashestos and other gaskets. The regular smopth finish is used with gaskets made fram hard materials and with spisal-wound gaskets, Cold-wates finish is normally used without geskets. BOLT HOLES IN FLANGES. 26.2 Bolt holes in flanges até equally spaced. Specifying the nurnber af Ieales, dia- meter of the bott circle and hole size sets the bolting configuration, Nuaibar ‘of bolt holes per (tango is given in tables F. Flanges ote positioned so that bolts straddte vertical and horizontal centor- lies, This is the normal position of batt holes of al flanged items. BOLTS FOR FLANGES 263 ‘Two types of bolting are available: the studbolt using two auts, and the machine bolt using one cut. Bath boltings are illustrated in figure 257, Studbott teed lengths and diamatars are piven in ables F. ‘Studbolts have etgely displaced regular bolts for bolting ftanged piping jotus, Tiwee advantages of using studbolis ora: (1) The studbolt is more easily removed corroded (2) Confusion with other bolts at the sive is seoided (3) Studbotts in the lass frequently used sizes and materials can be readity made (com round stockMACHINE BOLT & HUT, end STUDBOLT & NUTS FrQune 297 Aeoemasr cu cases squaneseaD stuoeoLT Saacnine BOLT: wexeeut Hex nur UNIFIED SCREW THREADS The Unitied Stondard far bolts and nuts is used fn the USA, Canada and the UK, The standard is ANS! 61.1, end ‘a metvic transtation js aveitable—ANS! 81.10, There are thees Unified Screw ‘Threads: Unified Coane (UNC), Unified Fine (UNF), and Unified Selected (UNS), ‘Only UNC (class 2, medium fit bolt and mut) is used for bolts and studbolts {in piping, The thread is specified es Faltows: OUTSIDE orAMeTER THREAD. THREAD DENSITY. CLASS OF FIT. wor. Bott: Mating Nuts 4 UNG 19-28 UNE 13-28, GASKETS 264 Gaskots ove used to make o Shid-recistont seal between two surfaces, The common gasket patterns for pipe Hanges are the full-face end ring types, for use with tat faced and reised-oce flenges respectively. Refer to figure 2.58. Widely-used materials tor guskets are compressed asbestos (1/16-inch thick) ‘end estestorilled metal (spiral evound’, 0.175-inch thick). The filledmetat ‘gasket is especially usetul Hf maintenance requires repeated uncoupling of {tonges, as the gasket separates cleanly end is often reusable, ‘Choice of gasket Is decided by: (A Temperature, pressure and corrosive nature of the conveyed ftuid 42) Whether maintenance or operation requires repeated uncoupling {3} Code requirements that may epply (at Cost Gatlock Incorpotated’s "Industri products cetatog’ includes tobles giving the ‘expected resistance of gasket matariats to many process fluids end conditions, ‘Tobia 2.6 pivas some characteristics of gaskets, to id selection, ‘It tnay be required that adjacent parts of a fine ara electrically insulated trom ‘he aivothin, aed this may be effected by inserting & Menged Joint fitted with an Insulating tacked sot between the paris, A gasket electrically Insu- fates the Mote feces, and sleeves end washers insulate the bolts trom one ‘or both Manges, oe tMustreted in Figure 2.60. my GASKET CHARACTERISTICS TABLE 25 ‘aaa FaRTER raver arena, prestt bid Oat (meer Srawienates | wow} 70 15,00 Yeoret tbe | O0 om “rea a Siento Boia Tt TEMPORARY CLOSURES FOR LINES 27 WELINE CLOSURES ‘A. completely leak-prool means of stopping flow in tines is necessary in systems wien: (1) A change in process material 10 flow in the line is to be made ond cross-contemination is to be avoided. (2) Periodic maintenance is to be carried out, and a hazard would be presented by flammable end/or voxie material passing @ valve, ‘The valves described in 3.1 may not offer complete security against leokage, ‘and one of the following methods of temporary closure can be used: —Line- blind valve, line blind (including special typet-far use with ring-joint flanges), spectocte plate {so-called from its shaped, ‘double block and bleed, end blind {anges replacing a rertovable spool. ‘Tho fast three closures are iMustrated in Aigures 2.69 thru 2.61. 204SPECTACLEPLATE 8 LINE LIND frquae 268 SPECTACLE swe dace sere BOUBLE-BLOCK-AND.ELEED rave 240 ‘mock VALE —| REMOVABLE SPOOL, h —timutveponieo al if a line is 10 be temporarily clased down with double-btock-and-bleed, both ‘valves are closed, and the fluid benween dravm off with the bleed valve. The bleed vatve is then left apen ta show whether the other vatves are tightly shut, iguee 2.60 shaws the bleed ring connected ta 8 bleed vatva—so0 3.1.41, The use of a tapped vatva cather than a bleed ring shauld be gonsiderod, as jt @ more economic arrangement, and usually ean be specified rmmtely By ad ‘suffix to the valea ajdeving cumbes. vereien ‘A ling lind valve t¢ aot itustratod 2s construction varies. Thit type of valve incorporates a spectacts plate sandwich, betwoen two flanges wich may be expanded or tightened (by some wasy mears), allowing the spectacle plata to be reversed. Constantiength Fineblind valves arp alsa available, ‘made (0 ANSI dimensions for run longth, ‘Table 2.6 compares the advantages ofthe four intinn temporary closures: . . ‘TABLE 26 WeLINE cLosuREs CLOSURES FOR PIPE ENDS & VESSEL OPENINGS 232 Temporary bolted closures include blind Hanges using {lat gaskots oF cing joints, T-bolt closures, welded-on closuses with hinged dacrs — including the boltless manhole caver (best Jenkins, England) and closures prnmariby ine ‘tended for vessels, such as the Lanape range (Bonney Forge) which may alsa be used with pipe of farge diameter. The blind flange is mostly used with & ‘view to future expansion of the piping system, or for cleaning, inspection, ete. Hinged closures ore often installed an vessels; infrequently on pipe. QUICK CONNECTORS & COUPLINGS 28 QUICK CONNECTORS 2a ‘Two forms of connector specifically designed for temporary we ore: {1} Lever type with double fover clamping, such as Evertte ‘Standard’ and Victaulic ‘Snap Joint’. {2) Screw type with captiva nwt ~ “hose connector, ‘Typical usa is for connecting temporarily to tank cars, trucks ar process ves sels. Inter-trades agieements permit plant operators to attach and uncouple these boltiess connectars, Certain temporary connectors have builtin vahes Evertita manufactures @ double shut-off cennector for liquids, and Sehvadar ‘avalved connector for air fines.e GI Calculated placement af anchors. {4) Cold springing—see 6.1. Bellovs-type ither 8. ieee on te tnd ae Oe eenatiete Pye can expansion joins of the type shown in figura 263 are alo used to absorb ot tbe built rapidly with them, end they ore expecially useful for making repairs vibration, to Fines, for cacsteucting short-run process installations such 2s pilot plants, seus esLeo8s elaunc 263 and for process madificetion. COUPLINGS FOR GROOVED COMPONENTS & PIPE Couplings of hit type re monulactured by the Victaulic Company of Ameria for use with sted, castton, FAP or plastic pipe, either having tooved ends, ot with Victaulic collars welded or cemented to the pips ands. Tho following special fittings with grooved ends are avilsble: elbow, tex (cll types), tatesa, cies, reducer, nipple, oe cap. Groowe ended valves and valve adaptors oto alto availabe, Advantages: (1) Guick fitting and romoval . {2) Joint can take up some deflection and expansion, (3) Suiteble for many user, with correct gaskets “The manufacwrer states that the higgest uses are for permanent plant ait, water (drinking, service, proces, waste) and lubeicant fines, BOLTED QUICK-COUPLINGS 282 (1) Rerouting oF se-apacing the ling. (2) Expersion loops-see figure 6.1. lols ARTICULATED BELLOWS FiguaE 2.66 COMPRESSION SLEEVE COUPLINGS aie extensively used for air, ‘il and gas. WelLknowm manufacturers include Victaulic, Dresser and Smith Blair, Advantages: (1) Quick fitting and remove! (2) Joint may teke up some dellection and expansion, (3) End preparation of pipe 4 not nocdod. ‘VICTAULIC COMPRESSION SLEEVE COUPLING FIGURE 2.62 EXPANSION JOINTS & FLEXIBLE PIPING 29 EXPANSION JOINTS 299 ‘Figuies 2.63 thn 2.66 show methods of eccommodating mavement in piping dup to tomporaiuea changes, IF toch movement cannot be taken up by: tarSLIDING-SLEEVE-AND-ANCHOR SUPPORT FLEXIBLE PIPING 292 For filling and emptying raitcars, tankers, etc, thew tigid pine, it is necessary to design articutated piping, using ‘swiveling’ joints, or “ball” joints (the later is a ‘universal’ joint). Flexible hose has many uses especially whare there is 8 need for temporary connections, ot where vibration or movement accurs, Chemical-esistant and/or armaved hoses ara available in regular or jacketed forms (see figure 6.39). ‘SEPARATORS, STRAINERS, SCREENS & DRIPLEGS §= 2.10 COLLECTING UNWANTED MATERIAL FROM THE FLOW 2701 Devices are included in process and service lines to separate end coflect un- dasirable solid or liquid mat: ‘ipe scale, laose weld metal, unreacted or decomposed process material, precipitates, lubricants, ols, or water moy harm either equipment or the process. Commnan forms of lineinstalled separator re illustrated in figures 2.67 ond 2.68. Other more elaborate separators mentioned in 3.3.3 are aveilable, but these fall more into the category of oracsas equipment, oocmay selected by ‘the process engineer. ‘Air and same other gasesin liquid-boaring ines are normaly slt-coltecting at piping high points and at the cemole ends of headurs, and are vented by dis- charge valves — see 3, SEPARATORS. 2.102 ‘These permanent devices are used to collect droplets from a gaseous stream, for example, to collect oil droplets fram compressed ais, or condensate drop: lets from wat steam, Figure 2.67 shows a separator in which droplets in the stream coltact in chevraned grooves in tho barter and drain ta the small wel. Collected tiquid is discharged via a trap~sSe0 3.1.9 and 6.10.2, an STRAINERS 2904 Insested in fines immadiately upstream of sensitive equipment, strainers Collect solid particles in the approximate site range 0.02—0.5 inch, which can bbs separated by passing the fluid bearing them thru the strainer's screcn, ‘Typical locations for strainets ate bafare 3 control valve, puenp, turbine, oF « traps on steam systems, 20-mesh steainers are used for steam, water, and heavy ‘or medium oils. 4O-mesh is suitable for steam, ait, ther gases, and light oils, ‘Tho commonest strainer is the ilustraced wye type whese the seasen is cytine dric and retains the particles within, This type of strainat is exsily dismant- ted, Some strainere can bo fitted with » volvo (0 foclitate blawiny our eollect- ed material without shutting the {ine down—soe figure-6.9, for exemple, dacketed stiainers are available. SEPARATOR rroune 267 amen ste STRAINER Flaune 299,‘SCREENS 2.404 ‘Simple temporary strainers made frorn pertorotad sheot metal andor wiro mech ara used for startup operations on the suction side of pumgs end comp- pressor, especially where there is a ong nun ol piping before the unit that may contain weld spatter or material inadvertently latt io the pipe. After ‘tasty, the screen usualy is removed. Ee may bs necessary to arrange for a small removable spool to eccommodate the screnn. It is important that the tow in suction lines should not be restelcted, Coneshoped screens are ‘therotor preferred, with cylindric ‘types as second choice. Flot screens are betier reserved for low-suction heeds ‘SCREEN BETWEEN FLANGES Figuae 2.09 USUAL oIRECTION OF FLOW THRU ‘She seneen ‘PRIPLES CONSTRUCTION FIGURE 2.70 reap mine. |" connection BLowpowst CONNECTION DRPLEGS 2108 Often made ftom pipe and Hithngs, the dripleg és an inexpensive means of collecting conetanaite, Figure 2.70 show a drpleg fitted to a hotizantal pipe, Fnvnova uf conidebuate ftom steam lines és discussed in 6.10. Recommended ‘tes Son dhlptegs ete ybven In tebe 1%, ten REINFORCEMENTS 2 BRANCH CONNECTIONS ‘Reinforcement’ is the addition of extra metal ata branch connection mode ftom a pipe or vessel wall,The added metal compensates for the structural ‘weakening due to the hole, Stub ns may be reintorced with regular oc wraparound saddes, as shown in figure 2.71. Rings made from plaestock are used to reinforce branches made with welded laterals ond butt-welded connections to vests. Small welded connections may be reinforced by edging extra weld metal to the joint. . Reintorcing pieces are usually provided with a small hole to vent geses produced by welling: these gases would othecwize be teopped. A vent hole also serves to indicate any leakage from the joint, STRAIGHT PIPE It & butt weld joining two sections of straight pipe fs subject to unusual ‘external stress, it may be reinforced by the addition of @ ‘sleeve’ (formed from wo units, each resembling the lower member in figure 2.71 (b)). ‘The code appliceble to the piping should be consulted for reinlorcement requirements. Backing rings ate not considered to be reinforcements~see the footnote to chart 2.1. REINFORCING SADDLES Froune 271 (REGULAR SADDLE Acounreny snewert rirtine orviiow, cHaMe ce.) ‘vane MOLE. VENT Moves Womaaeoniyy{PIPE SUPPORTS [eg 2 3 ied == Ss = = Ss a. yHARDWARE FOR SUPPORTING PIPING 212 Symbols for drafting various types af support ara shown in chast 6.7. For designing support systems, see 6.2. PIPE SUPPORTS za2a Pipe supports shauld be as simple as concitions allow, Stock items ara used ‘where practicable, especially for piping held from above. To support piping from below, supports ase usvalty made to rom platestock, pips, and pienes of structural steel, {A selection of aveilabla hardware for supporting illustrated in figures 2.728 and. ‘TERMS FOR SUPPORTS zie SUPPORT The weight of piping is usually carried on supports mado from structural steel, or steel and concrete. (The term ‘support’ is also used in reference to hangers) HANGER Cevice which suspends pining (usuatly 9 single line) from struc- tural steel, concrete or wood, Hangers are ususlty adjustabte for height. ANCHOR A tigid support which prevents ansmission of movement (thermal, vibratory, etc.) along piping. Construction may be from steel plate, brackets, Uonges, rods, etc. Attachment of an anchor to pipe should pvelerably encieete ‘the pipe and be welded atl around as this gives @ better distribution of stress in the pipe wall. THE An srangement af one or mote rods, bais, etc, to restain movement al piping. DUMMY LEG An extension piece (of pips or soled stet section} welded ton elbow in arder to support the line~see figure 2.72A and tabie 6.3 The following hardware is used where mechanical and/or thermal mavament is a problem: GUIDE A means of allowing @ pipe to mave alang its length, but not sideways. SHOE A metal piece attached to the undacside af a pipe which rests on sup- orting steel. Primarily used to reduce wear from sliding for lines subject to ‘movernent. Permits insulation to be applied ta pipe. SADDLE A welded attachment for pipe sequiring insulation, and subject to longitudinal o*rolting movement (resulting Irom temperature changes ‘other than climatic), Saddles may be usod with quides as shawn in 6.28. SLIDEPLATE A slide plate support is illustated in figura 2.724. Finny 2.728 shows appfications of ‘Ucar’ graphita slide places which ara offwed hy Union Carbide Inc, The two plates used in a suppayt ara made from oF {faced with a materiel of low friction able 4o withstand eachasical sess ‘and tempersture changes. Pistes aca often made tyam graphite blocks. Sie} plates with @ teflon facing ae available and may be welded to steol, Spring hangers or supports allow verlatlons in the fangih of pipo dus 10 changes in temperature, and are often used for vertical lines, Rafer to 6.2.6 figure 6.16. There aca two types of spring tanger ar support: ‘CONSTANT LOAD’ HANGER This device consists of a coil spring end lever mechanism in @ housing. Movement of the piping, within limits, will ‘not change the spring foree hotding up tho piping; thus, no additional fosces will be intvoduoad to the piping system. “VARIABLE SPRING’ HANGER, and SUPPORT These deviess consist of a ‘coil spring in 9 housing, The weight of the piping sests on tha spring in com pression. The spring permits 0 limitad emaunt of thermal movemont. A variable spring hanger holding up 2 vertical line wil raduca its lifting farce a+ the ling expands toward it. A variable spring support would incroase its it- ing force as the tine expands toward it. Both place load on the piping syzterm, ‘Where this is undesirable, 9 constantJaad hanger can be used instoad. —— HYDRAULIC DAMPENER, SHOCK, SNUBBER,.or SWAY SUPPRESSOR + One end of tha unit is attached to piping and the other to structural stout ur en cconciate. The unit expands or contracts to ebsorb stow movement of piping, ‘but is rigid to repid movement, SWAY BRACE, or SWAY ARRESTOR, is essentially 0 helicel spring in 0 housing which is firted between piping ond a vigid swucture. (ts function is to buftes vibration and sway. WELDING TO PIPE ama 'H tte applicable code parmits, lugs may be welded to pips. Figure 2.728. iMustrates some common arrangements using welded lug, rolled steel sections ‘nd pipe, for:— (0) Fixing hangers to structural steel, etc. (2) Attaching to pipe ©) Supporting pipe Welding supports to prelined pipe weil! usually spoil tha lining, and therefor lugs, etc., must ba welded ta pipe and fittings before the lining is applied. ‘Welding af supports and lugs to pipes and vessels to be stressrolieved should ‘be done botore heat treatment.VALVES, PUMPS, COMPRESSORS, & PROCESS EQUIPMENT VALVES a4 FUNCTIONS OF VALVES aad ‘Table 3.1 gives a basis for etssilying valves according to function: (USES OF VALVES vase 21 STOPPING OF STARTING FLOW VARYING THE RATE OF FLOW PERMITTING FLOW IN ONE DIRECTION OnLy ‘SWITCHING FLOW ALONG DIFFERENT 388 Routes: DISCHARGING DISCHARGING | FLuio [ae | ‘Tyors of valve suitable for on/off and requiating functions arp listed in chart 3.2, The suitability of 8 valve for @ required purpose depands on its Construction, discussed in 3.1.3, PARTS OF VALVES a2 ‘Velve manulacturere’ cotalogs offer a seemingly endless variety of construc tions. Clossiication is possible, however, by considaring the basic ports that ‘Make up a valve: ‘tise’ ond ‘seat’ that directly affect the flow (2) The ‘stem’ that moves the disc ~ in some valves, ftuid under pressure. does tha work of a stem (3) The body’ and ‘bonnet’ that house the stem {4} The ‘operator’ thot moves the stem (or pressurizes fluid for squeaze volves, etc.) Figures 3.1 thru 3.3 show thres common types-of valve with thoit parts Iebeled. DISC, SEAT, & PORT ‘Chart 3.1 illustrates various types of disc and port arrangements, and mech- anisms used for stopping or regutating flow. The moving part directly alfect- lng the flow is tonmed the ‘dsc’ regardless of its shope, ond the nor-moving part it bears on és tome the ‘seat’. The ‘port’ is the maximum internal open- ing for flow (that is, when the vale is fully open). Discs may be actuated by the conveyed fluid or be moved by a stem having a lincar, rotary oF helical movement. The stem can be moved manually or be driven hydraulically, ‘pneumatically or electrically, under remote oF automatic contiol, or mech anically by weighted lever, spring, etc. ‘Tha size of 4 valve is determined by the size of its ends which connect to the pipe, ete. The port size may be smaller, stem ‘Thera are tero categories of tcrened stem: The rising stem shown in figures 3.1 and 3.2, and the aon-ising stem shown in figure 3.3, Fising stem (gate and globe) valves ere mad a with ‘inside screw’ {1S) ‘ut ‘outside scraw’ (0S). The OS type has 8 yoke on the bonnet and the ‘escembly ts releried to as ‘outside screw and yoke’, abbreviated to ‘OS® ‘The handwheel can either tise with the stem, or the stem con rise thru ti handwheel,Non-ising stem valves ava of tha gate type. The handwheel and stam are in the same position whether the valve és open or closed. The screve is inside ‘the bonnet and in contact with the conveyed ftuid. A ‘Tloot stand” is 8 stom extansion for use with both types of stom, where it Is necessary to operste a velve thru 8 floor or platform, Alternately, rods fitted with univers! joints may be used to bring 8 valve handwheel within an operator's reach, Depending on the size of tho required valve, and availabilities, selection of ‘tem type can be besad on: (1) Whether itis undesitable for the conveyed Iluid to be in contact with tho threaded bearing surfoces (2) Whether on exposed screw is licble to be damaged by abrasive stmo- sphoric dust (3) Whether it fs necessary to soe If the valve is open os closed {In addition to the preceding types of stem used with gate and globe valves, ‘most other valves have a simple rotary stem, Rlotary-tall, plug and butterfly ‘valves have @ rotary stem which is moved by # permanent lever, or tool applied to-a square boss ot the end of the stem. FQURES.t Fiaune a2, {uae mic amatacia EMU AETOR ER GATE VALVE 1OBRY, bolted bores, sing steed * BONNET GLOBE VALVE (OSA, bolted bonnet, ring etn? ‘There are three basic types of attachment for valve bonnets: screwed (iceluding union}, bolted, and: breachiock. ‘A screwed bonnet may occasionally stick and turn when 9 valve is opened. Although sticking és fess af a problem with the union type bonnet, vatves with screwed bonnets are best reserved for'services presenting no hazard to arsonnel. Union bonnets are more svitable for small valves requiring fre- Quont dismantting than the simple screvred type. The bolted bonnet hes largely displaced sorewed and union bonnet vates in thydrorarbon appfcations. A U-bolt or clamp-type bonnet is oflered on some small gate valvessfor moderole pressures, to facilitate frequent cleaning and inspection, ‘The ‘pressure seal is variation of the bolled bonnet use for high-pressure valves, usvstly combined with OS&Y construction, It makes uze of line pre ‘ura to tighien and seel on internet metal rng or gasket aganet the body. The breechlock is » heavier infrequently-used and more expensive construc- tion, also for high-pressure use, and involves seal-welding of the bonnet with the body. Figune 3.3 GATE VALVE 115, bolted Bonnet, nonstaing tem!‘A cridial factor for valves used for process chemicals isthe lubrication of the stem. Cate has to be taken in the selection af packing, gland design, and Choice and application of lubricant. As an option the honnet may include a “Yanteta ving’ which serves two purposes — either to act as. collection point ta drain ff any hazardous seepayes, or as & point where lubricant can be inject LANTERN ANG BODY ‘Selection of material to fabricate the imerior of the valve body is important ‘with a valve used for process chemicals. There is often a choice with segard to the bady and trim, and some valves may be obtained with the entire interior of tha bady lined with corrosion-resistant material, ‘Valves are connected to pipe, fittings or vessals by their body ends, which may tbe flanged, screwed, butt- or socket-welding, oF finished for hose, Victaulic ‘coupling, etc. Jacketed valves are algo available—sue 68.2, SEAL Jn mast stemoperated valves, whether the stem has rotary or lineal move- ‘ment, packing or seals ere used between stem and bonnet (oF body). {1 high vacuum or corrosive, flammable of toxie fluid is ta be handled, the disc or stem may be sealed by a meatal bellows, or by 8 flexible diaphragm (the latter és termed ‘packles’ consteuction}, A gesket is used asa seal between @ bolted bbonnet and val bad. GELLONS-SEAL VALVE “PACKLESS VALVE. seoverrecaamrcouranes Flanged valves usa gaskets to seal against the lige (langse. Aluyterlly vals ynay nd the casilieny seat ta also serve as lie gaskals. Ye sess st fn joint utilizes the pressure of the conveyed ty olen the seal -: Se “Presse seat yar ‘Bonnet’, shit sect MANUAL OPERATORS: . HANDLEVER is used t0 actutte the stems of smal butte ly and rotary ball vahes, and small cocks. ‘operation is used fos cocks znd small plug valves, HANOLEVERS OM GamALL VALVES. OORT ENE WH. POTS CO) . renee use cock Greek weencn et HANDWHEEL is the mast common meant for rotating the stem on tho ‘majority of popular smatier valves such as the gote, globe and diaphragm ‘Types. Additional operating torque far gate and globa valves is offared by “hemmarblow’ as ‘impact’ handwheels which moy be substituted for normal bhandwheels If easier operetion is needed but where geating is umnacessary, HAMMERGLOW HANDNHEEL oven wa noon ean Rammtn actiow 1s pnovineD Bene Gos east aw UNDER Sloe Or nanpwneeLwaicn it ANVIL, PROJECTING’ BETWEEN ‘CHAIN operator is used where a handwheel wauld be out of iach. Thee stem és fitted with a chaiawheel or weanch (for leves-oparalod valves) and the loop ‘of tha chain is brought within 2 ft of working Moor level. Universol-tvpe haicwhests which attach to the regular handwheel have been blamed for aczidents: in corrasive atmospheres where an infraquontly-operated valve has ‘stuck, the attaching bolts have bean known to foil, This problem docs not arise with tha chainedhecl that replaces the regular valve handwhee!. GEAR operator is used 10 seduce ths operating torque. For manual operation, consists of a handwheehoperated geat train actuating the valve stem. AS 9 vide, gear operators should be considered for vats of the following sizes and votings: 125, 150, and 900 PSH, 14nch and ager; 400 and 600 PSI, Binch and larger; 900 and 1500 PSI, Ginch and larger; 2600 PSI, 4 inch and larger. .POWERED OPERATORS Electric, prewmotic or hydroulic operation és used: (1) Whece a valve is emote fram the main working area. {2) 1 the required frequency of opere- tion wauld need unreasonable human effort, (2) ff rapid opening and/or ‘losing oF valve is required, . ELECTAIC MOTOR The vale stom is moved by the electric motor, thru deducing gears, SOLENOID may be used with fast-acting check vaves, ond with an/otl valves, {eight duty instrumentation applications, RLECIMEMOTOR OPERATOR PHEUMATIC OPERATOR revere vnercmnne PNEUMATIC & HYDRAULIC OPERATORS may be used where flammabte vanot Is fikely to be present, They take the following forms: (1) Cylinder with doublescting piston driven by sir, water, oil, or other liquid which ‘usualy itustes the stem dint, (2) Ait motor which actuates the stem thru ‘graring-these motors are commonly piston-and-cylinder radial types. (3) A double-acting vane with limited rotary movement in a sector casing, actuating {the stem directly. (4) Squeeze type {refer to “Squeeze valve'h. QUICK-ACTING OPERATORS FOR NON-ROTARY VALVES (Morwally-operoted votves? Quick-acting operators are used with gate and globe vahes. Two stem movements ae employed:— (Rotating stem, rotated by a lever | (2) Sliding ster, in which the stem és raised snd lowered by lover QUICK-ACTING LEVERS GN VALVES {2} Stang stem on ate tee (2) Riotating stam on gidde valve ‘Steam and sir whistles o1e examples of the use of elidingstem quick-acting ‘operators with globe valves, ‘SELECTING ON/OFF & REGULATING VALVES ana ‘The suitability of a valve for a particular service is decided by its materials of ‘construction in relation to the conveyed tlvid 35 well 2s its mechanical design, Referting to the descriptions in 3.1.2, the steps in selection are ta choose: (1) Materiai(s} af construction. (2) The dise type. (3} Stem type. (4) Means ‘of operating the stem — the ‘operator’, {5) Bonnet type. (6) Body ends — welding, longed, etc. (7) Detivery time, (B) Price, (9) Warranty of pertorni- ‘once for severe conditions, Chart 31.2 is » guide to valve setection, and indicates valves which may be chosen for a given service. The chart should be read from left to right. First, ‘ascertain whether a fiquid, gas or powder is to be handted by the valve. Next, ‘consider the nature of the tluid~whether it is foodstuifs or drugs to hhandied hygienically, chemicals that ere corrosive, or whether the fluid is ‘substantiatly neutral oF non-corrosive. Next consider the tunction of the valve - simple apen-or-closed operation on/off’, of reguleting for control or for dosing. These tactors decided,the ‘chart will then Indicate types of valves which shoutd perform satisfactorily in the required service. IW the publication is available, relerence should also be made to the Crane ‘Company's 1966 printing of “Choosing the sight valve’, .KEV TO VALUE SELECTION aWNOE, ae ESE chant aa (1 Determine type of conveyed ftuld=liquid, gus alury, or powder “ee (2) Determine mature of ‘Substantially naytral—nas aticaatily m4d OF whatinw, meouLarem | Mae cis, ‘uch 3s varlous oils, drinking water, nilogen, gas, airotc. HEEOLE Corrosive—markedly acid, alkaline, OF aphurwisa chem) canton “Hygienke’—mavgtats far the food, drug, cosmatic or ert woe a AUVSSanbove ti Shrey-suspension of sd pares oa auld cn ve an abrasive on valves, etc. Norvabrasive shiriius Hae Liguio SORT [ROTA ES “Onfolt’flly open ar fly cloed Sa Reequlating—Inctuding close reguistion {throttling aa ea erm {4) Look into other factors afocting choca: [WOES FE EHIOLE TUES Pressure and temperatura of convayed (uld (Method of operating siem—canulder cicsing tine Cost ‘Availabilty . ‘Special instaltation problome—such as wolding valves bit: fines, — Welding heat witl sometimes distort the body: ES tet tn sel sal woke agesion neu. One REBUN BEAT Bete et, norento oe oper oat oe © Tale pratam te cuted tn ine wy Rib Mtive ahatog tur’ CB acedlos 30, nop EO8D eed EOE. 9 Fe ed re teurnat Sa STEAM 3 ma rma eanomesea Bese ectcons eae Epson Sitle seat (eases Sapient tear, EAC fone aaVALVES MAINLY FOR ON/OFF SERVICE. 344 Jn industrial piping, on/off conteol of flow is most commonty etlected with gate valves. Most types of gate valve are unsuitable for regulating: erosion ‘of the seat and disc occurs in the theottling position duo to vibration of the dec (“chattering”). With some tus, it may te desirable to use globe valves {or erdofl service, they offer tighter closure. However, as the principal function of globe valves is regulation, they are described in 3.1.5, —— ‘SOLID WEDGE GATE VALVE hes either a solid oF flexible wedge disc. In Addition to on/ott sevice, these valves can be used for regulating, usually in sizes G-inch and larger, but will chetter unless disc is futly guided through- ‘out travel. Suitable for most fHuids incleding steam, water, oil, sir and gus. ‘The flexible wedge wos devetoped to overcome sticking on cooling in high- ‘temperature service, end to minimize opereting tarque. The flexible wedge ‘oot illustrated~it can be likened to two wheels set on a very short axle, ‘SOLIO WEDGE GATE VALVE DOUBLE-DISC PARALLELSEATS GATE VALVE hes two parallel discs ‘which ore forced, on closure, aganat poralll seats by a ‘spresder’. Used for tiquids and gases ot normal temperatures. Unsuitable for regulation. Fo Prevent jamming, natlitlon ts unalty vertical with hendwhee! up, DOUBLE-DISC (SPLIT. WEOGEIWEDGE GATE VALVE Discs wedge against Inclined seats without use of e spreader, Remarks for double-disc paraltel sats gate valve apply, but salen volves are made fot steam sevice. Often, Cconstrvetion ellews the discs to rotate, distributing wear, SINGLE 5I8E SINGLESEAT GATE VALVE, or SLIDE VALVE, It used tos bandit fader pull luity ani otter ibrous suspensions, and for lov pressure gas. Will not function properly with inflow on the seat side, Suitable Unt rmgitatitig Now IF ight closure is not required, vs) SINGLE-DISC PARALLELSEATS GATE VALVE Unlike the single-seat stide valve, this valve affords closure with flow in either direction. Stresses ‘on stem and bonnet ate lower than with wedge-gate valves. Primarily uscd for liquid hydrocarbons and gases. SINGLEDISC PARALLEL. ‘SEATS GATE VALVE PLUG GATE VALVE PLUG GATE VALVE This valve has a round tapered disc which moves up ‘and down. Suitabte for throttling and full-llow use, but only avaitable in ‘the smoller sizes, PLUG VALVE Mechanism is shown in chart 3.1, but the disc may be cylind- ‘he 95 wall as topored. Advantages are compactness, and rotary 90-depree stem ‘mavement. The tapered plug tends to jom ond requires 8 high operating some extent by the use of o low-friction (teflon, (with the drewback that the conveyed fluid is contemineted). The friction problem is also met by mechanisms reising the disc from the seat hefors rotating it, or by using the ‘eccentric’ design (see rotary-ball valve). Principal uses ate for water, ois, shrries, and gases. (UNE.BLIND VALVE This is positive shutoff devica which basically consists ‘of @ flanged esombly sandwiching a spectacleplate or blind. This valve is oscribed and compared with other closures in 2.7.1. ‘VALVES MAINLY FOR REGULATING SERVICE 315 GLOBE VALVE, STRAIGHT & ANGLE TYPE These ate the valves most: used for regulating. For line sizes over Ginch, choice of a valve for flow con trol tends to go to suitable gate or buttery valves. For more satistactory service, the direction of low thru vaive cecarmmended by manufacturers is from stem to seat, to asst closure and to prevent the disc chatoring acanst ‘tha saat in the theottliny position, Flow should be from seat to siemside. (UD if there is @ hazerd presented by the disc detaching fram the stem thus dosing the valve, or (2) ita composition disc fs used, as this direction of tlw thon gives less wer,ANGLE VALVE This is a gtobe valve with body ands at right angles, saving the use of 3 90-degroe altiow. However, the angles of piping are often subject to higher stresses than straight (uns, which must be considered with this ‘type of va. GLOBE VaLvEs REGULAR-DISC GLOBE VALVE Unsuitable far clove regulation as disc and set have narrows falmost fine} contact. PLUG-TYPE DISC GLOBE VALVE Used for severe regulating service with ayitty liquids, such as boiler feedwater, and for bloweatt sarvics. Less subject to wear under clase cequation than the regular seated vale. WYE-BODY GLOBE VALVE hes inline ports and stem emerging at ebout 46 degrees; hence the “Y*.. Preferred for erosive fuids due to smoother flaw pattern. WYESODY GLOBE VALVE ftocorpeuting comporton die) COMPOSITION-DISC GLOBE VALVE Suitable for coarse reguatian and tight shutofl, Replaceable compostion-disc construction is similar to that of faucat, Git wil imbed in the soft dis greventing seat damage and ensuing ood closure, Close regutatng wil apidty damage the set. DOUBLE-DISC GLOBE VALVE features two discs beating on separate seats spaced apart on a single shalt, which (rees the aperator trom stresses set up by the conveyed fluid pressing inta the valve. Principle is used on contol valves and pressure regulators for steam end other gases. Tight shutoff is not ensured, ne NEEDLE VALVE is a small valve used for Hew conical and fie dosing liquids and gases, Resistance ta flow js procisaly contoled by a selstivuly targa seat aiea and the adjustment atfnrded hy fine Mpadiny af ihe sien, NEEOLE VALVE Kommn wmbeusae cieonn SQUEEZE VALVE. is well-suited to roguloting the Flow of ulifficult liquids, slurries and powders. Maximum closuca is about BOF, which timits the range of coyulasion, untess the variation of this type af vaive with a voutral core (seat) is used, off Wil closure. PINCH VALVE Also suited to regulating flow of difficult liquids, shuns: id powders. Complete closure is possible Gut tends to capidly weat the fiexible ‘ube, unless of special design, VALVES FOR BOTH REGULATING & ON/OFF SERVICE ae ROTARY-BALL VALVE Advontagas ore low operating orque, evausbility in large sizes, compactness, rotery 90-dogres stein movainent, and ‘irlino’ replaceability of all wearing parts in some designs. Possible isedvantoges aro that thuid is Wepped within the body (and within the dize on clase), and {hat compensation fos wear is effected onty by vesiient material behind the seats: the latter prablem is voided inthe single-seat ‘eccantcic'vrsion, which has the ball slightly offset so that it presses into the seat, on closure, Principal uses are for water cil, slurries gses and vacuum, Valve i avaible ‘with ball having 2 shaped part for regulation. - ROTARY.BALL VALVEBUTTERFLY VALVE olfers the advantages of rotary stem movement (90 degrees or less), compactness, and absence of pocketing. It is available in atl sizes, and con be produced in chemicat-resistant and hygienic forms, ‘The valves ave woed tor gases, liquids, slurries, powders and vacuum. The ‘usual resilient plastic seat hes ¢ temperature limitation, but tight closure at high ternperatures is avaiable with 9 version having 2 metal sing seal around ‘the disc, H the valve i flanged, it may bs held between flanges of ony type. Slip-on and screwed anges do rot form 2 proper seal with some water forms of the valve, in which the resilient seat is extended to serve also as line gaskets, UTTERFLY VALVE Winter type VALVES FOR CHECKING BACKFLOW aa? ‘All volves in this category are designed ta parmit Flow of liquid or gos in one iroction and close if How reverses, SWING CHECK VALVE The regular swing chock valve is not suitable if there is froquent flow ceversat es pounding and weating of disc occurs. For gritty Nquids © composition dise is edvissble to reduce damage to the seat. May be mounted vertically with (ow upward, or horizontally. Vertically mounted vale bes a tendency te temein open if the stream vetocity chonges slowly. ‘An optional lever and outside woight may be offered either to assist closing ‘ot to counterbalance the diee in part, end eilaw opening by towpresture fluid, SHINO CHECK VALVES ‘naetese gma ona tment ‘Dutston Lever & Wotan Tor swing check alee yokes reony 2 2 TILTING.DISC VALVE Suitable where frequent flow reversal occurs, Valve loses rapidly With better clasute and fess slamming then tha swing check abv, which 1 somental testes. It has bigher pressure drop wath large ‘how velocities and Jower-pressure drop wilh small velocitios than 2 compar- ‘bie swing-check valve. May be installed vertically with flow upward, oF hovizontelly. Disc movement can be controlled by an integral dashpot or suber. LIFT-CHECK VALVE resembles the piston-check valve, The dis & guided, but the dachpot feature is absent. Springloaded types can operate at any oriantation, but unsprung voles have to be srranged su that the dise will close by gravity. Compasitionslise valves ore available for gritty liquids, PISTON-CHECK VALVE Suitable where frequent change of direction of flow occurs as these valves are much less subject to pounding with pulsating flow duc to the intégral dastpot. Springtoaded types can operate at any Orientation. Unsprung valves have to be orientated lor gravity closure. Not suitable for geitty liquids. STOP CHECK VALVE PISTON SHECK VALVE sooner norimencord seounresr noenneu wraced = ea ae STOP.CHECK VALVE Principe! example of use is in steam generation by ‘multiple boilers, where 9 valve Is inserted between each boiler and the main steam header. Besically, echeck valve that opticnally can be kopt closed auto- “matically oc manually. BALL-CHECK VALVE is suitable for most services. The valve can handle {goses, vapors ond liquids, inctading thoe forming gummy deposits. The ball ‘seals by gravity and/or beck pressure, and is free to rotate, which distributes ‘wear and aids in keeping eantacting surfaces clean, WAFER CHECK VALVE eflects closure by (wo semicircular “doors, both ‘hinged 10 2 central post in o ring-shaped body which is installed between flanges. Frequently used for nan-tauting tiquids, 9s it is compact and of Folotively low cost. A single disc type is oso available, FOOT VALVE Typical use is to maintain a head of water on the suction $8 a surnp pump. The valve is batcally a liftcheck valve with a strainer intoyated.VALVES FOR SWITCHING FLOW a8 MULTIPORT VALVE Used largely on hydraulls and pneumatic control cir ‘its and sometimes used directly in process piping, hese valves have rotary” ‘bail or plug-type discs with one or more ports artanged to switch flow. DIVERTING VALVE Two types of ‘diverting’ valve ara made. Soh switch Hows fram a fine into one of two outtets. One type is of wye pattern with @ hinged dise a the junction which clases one of the two outlets, and is used ta handle powders and other soids, The second type handles liquid only, and has no. moving parts—tow is switched by two pneumatic comtso fines, Kis availabe in sizes to G-inch (91. ‘VALVES FOR DISCHARGING a48 ‘These valves allow remaval of fluid from withia a piping system sither 10 stmasphere, to drain, oF to another piping system or vessel at a lower pressure. Dpeiation is often automatic, Relet and safety valves, steam traps, ‘and ruptuce discs ara included in this section. Pressuredelieving valves are usually spring loaded, as those worked by lever and weight can be easily tendered ‘inoperative by personnel. The first three valves a1@ operated by system pressure, and are usually mounted drecity onto the piping or wast 10 be protected, in o vertical, upright pusition. Refer to the governing code {fox ine epplication of these valves, including the need for an external lilting device (handlever, etc.). —— SAFETY VALVE A repic-apening {sopping action) full-low valve for sit and. other gases. RELIEF VALVE Intendad to rolieve excess pressute in liquids, in situations where full-flow discharge is aot required, wien release of @ smell volume of liquid would capidly tower pressure. Mounting is shown in figure 6.4, RELIEF VALVE SAFETY VALVE SAFETY-RELIEF VALVE Relieves excess pressure of elther gas ot liquid ‘which may suddenly develop © vapor phase due to rapid and uncontrolted heating from chemicat reaction in liquid-taden vassals, Refer to figure 6.4. BALL FLOAT VALVE These automatic valves arp used: (1) Ag alt eps 10 remove water from air systems. (2) To remove ale fewn lquld vystouny and act as vacuum breakers or breather volves. (3) To cuntul Wyunl leval in tanks. They ara not intended to semove condensate, BALL FLOAT VALVE For eet wea above! eLoworr vaLve. FROM ORIPLEG BLOWOFF VALVE A vatiety of globe vata conforming with bailet coda sequitemints and especialy dasignad for boiler blawoft tarvis, Sonetiss suitable also for blowdown service, Wyergattem and anyfe types ulton wat. Used 10 sernove ait end other gases from boiler, etc. Manually oparated. FLUSHAOTTOM TANK VALVE _ Usually globe type, darlgwed tomini- mmizo pocketing, primarily for convaniantly discharging liuld frory the low point ofa tank. FLUSH BOTTOM TANK VALVE (GLOBE TYPED RUPTURE DISC A safety device designed to burst at a certain excess pressure and rapidly discharge gas or liquid from o system. Usually made in abe furw ‘of a septaceable metal disc held between flanges. Disc may alsa be of graphite or, for towest bursting pressures, plastic film. SAMPLING VALVE A val, usuatly of nandle ar globe pattern, placed in 8 branch line for the purpose of drawing off samples of process material uhiu ‘the branch, Sampling fam very high pressure lines is best dono thru a double valved callecting vessel, A cooling asrangement may be needed fut sanpting from bigh-tomperatuce fires.‘TRAP An automatic volve for: (1) Dischesging condensate, alr and gases rom steam lines without releasing steam. (2) Discharging woter from air {ings without releasing olr-see “Boll float valve’, this section. WVERTEDSUCKET TRAP eounrese anunenano meCnt Onn PERIODIC DISCHARGE OF eONDENSATE CONTROL VALVES & PRESSURE REGULATORS 3.10 CONTROL VALVES Controi valves sutomaticalty copulate pressure and/or How rote, and are avail- able for any pressure. If there are different system pressures in a plant up to ‘and including 309 PSIG, sometimes all contral valves chosen wil be rated at 300 PSI for interchangeabitity. However, if none af the system prestures exceeds 150 PSIG, this is not necessary. The contcol valve is usually chosen ‘tg be smaller than line size to avoid thratifing and consequent rapid wear of the saat. Gtobe-pattern vatver are normally used for control, and their ends are usually Wanged for occe af maintenance, The dise is moved by @hydrautic, pneumatic, lectrical, or mathanical operstor. Figure 3.¢ shoves schematically how @ control valve can be used to control tuto of flow in @ fine, Flaw rate it related to the pressure drap across the ‘gonuing olervent’ (an orca plots in this instance-see 6.7.5}, Tha ‘controle’ Tecate the pressure signals, compares them with the pressure drop for the ‘desirod How ard, if the actual (low is different, adjusts the control valve to Increase or decrease the flew. Comparable arrangements to figue 3.4 can be devised to control any ‘of numerous pravess variables temperature, pressure, level and flow rate ere the most common controlisd veriables. Controt valves may be sell-operating, and nat require the addition of a anttollnc, sensing glamnent, wie. Pressure reguistors axe s common example ‘of this tyoe of valve, ond chert 3.4 shows the principles af operation of a pressure regulator. PRESSURE REGULATOR Control velve of globe type which adjusts. dovmnsiteam pressure of quid ot gas (inctuding steam or vapors) to 8 lower cdastond valve "sat ptebaute) BAUKPHESSURE REGULATOR Control valve used to maintat Upstieam ‘bherture int o system, SCHEMATIC FOR A CONTROL VALVE ARRANGEMENT FIGURE 3.4 ‘ AUTOMATIC. ONTROL SIGNAL CONTROLLER. crater SIGNAL enone SENSING ELEMENT (tena steer CONTROL VALVE UNCLASSIFIED VALVES & TERMS BA.A4 ‘With few exceptions, the following are not special valve types different from those previously discussed, but are terms used to describe valves by service or furetion. BARSTOCK VALVE Any valve having a body mechined from solid motel (borstack). Usually needte ot globe type. @1BB A small vaive with turned-down end, like a faucet. BLEED VALVE Small valve provided tor drawing off thid, BLOCK VALVE An on/oli vole, nearly chways a gate volve, placed in lines at battery limits. BLOWDOWN VALVE Usually relers to a plugtype disc globe valve used far removing shidge and sedimentary matter trom the bottom of boiler drums, vessels, driplegs, ete, BREATHER VALVE A special setf-cting valve installed on storage tanks, iC, 10 release vapor or gas on slight increase of internal pressure’{in the agian of % to 3 ounces per square inch). BYPASS VALVE Any vale placed in a bypass stranged sround another ‘valve or equipment-see 6.1.3 under ‘IF there Is no PRID...” and figures 66 thu 6.11. DIAPHRAGM VALVE Examples of true diaphragm valves, where the die- phragm closes off the flow, ate shorm in chart 3.1. Thesa forms of diaphragm ‘valve are poputar for regulating the How of slurties and corrosive fluids and for ‘vacuum, The term ‘diophiagm valve" is also opplied to vals which have 3 diaphragm seol between stem and body, but these ore better referred to a5, ‘diaphragm seat” or ‘packloss’ volves—se0 3.1.2, undat ‘Seal RAIN VALVE A valve used for the purpose of draining liquids from a line or vessol, Section of a drain valve, and the method of attachment, is iotluenced by the undesitebitity of pocketing the mstexial being drained — this is important with sorties and liquids which are subject to: (1) Solidifl ‘sation on cooling or polymerization, (2) Decomposition. ORIP VALVE A droin valve titted to the bottom of 2 dripley to permit lowdown, eCUrE~ 34 &FLAP VALVE A nonretuin valve having @ hinged wise oF rubber as eather Slap, used for low-pressure lines, HEADER VALVE An isolatiog vaba installed in a branch where it ios 8 header. HOSE VALVE A gate or globe valve having one of its ends exert threaded 10 ons of the hose thread standards in use in the USA #12, p.62). ‘These valves are used for vehicular and firewater connections, ISOLATING VALVE An on/off valve isolating a piace of equigment or @ process from piping. KNIFE-EDGE VALVE A singledisc single-seat sw valve (ide gate wih aknifeedged disc. MIXING VALVE ‘egulates the propoctions of two inflows to produce @ contratied outflow. NON-RETURN VALVE Any type of stop-theck valve-see 3.1.7. PAPERSTOCK VALVE A single-dise single-teat gate valve (slide gato} with ‘knife edged or notched disc used to regulate flow of paper slurry as other fibrous slurry. PRIMARY VALVE See ‘Root vale, this section. REGULATING VALVE Any valve used to adjust flow. ROOT VALVE (1) A vale used 10 isolate 9 pressure element or instrument form line os vessel, (2) A valve placed at the heginning of e branch fram a head SAMPLING VALVE Small valve provided for drawing off fluid. See 3.1.9, SHUTOFF VALVE An on/off vole placed in lines to of fram equipment, Tor the purpose of stopping and starting flow. SLURRY VALVE A knite-edge valve used to control flow of non-abrative slurces. SPIRALSSOCK VALVE A vahe usd to contol low of powders by meas of 4 twisteble fabric tube or sock. STOP VALVE An on/oft valve, usually a globe valve, THROTTLING VALVE Any valve sised to closely regulate flow in the just-open position. VACUUM BREAKER A special sell acting valve, or any valve suitable for vacuum service, operated manually or automatically, installed to admit gas {usually atmospheric air) into vacuum oF low-pressure space, Such valves are installed on high points of piping or vessels to petmit draining, and ‘sometimes to prevent siphoning. UNLOADING VALVE See 3.2.2, under ‘Unloading’, and figure 6.23. QUICK-ACTING VALVE Any on/off valve rapidly operable, either by man ual lever, spring, oF by piston, solenoid of lever with heat fusible link releasing ‘a wraight which in falling operates the valve. Quick acting vatves are desirable {in fines conveying flromabletiquids. Unsuitable for water ot for tiquid service in general without a cushioning device (hydraulic accumulstor, ‘pulsation por’ ‘of “standpipe? 10 protect piping from shack. See 3.1.2, under “Quick-acting ‘operators for noncotary valves’. 0) PUMPS & COMPRESSORS n PUMPS a4 REFERENCE ‘Pumps & the chemical plant’. Thurlow C. 1965. Chemical Engineering roprint DRIVERS Electric matars are the most (requently used drivers. Letgor ummps may ba drivon by steam, gas. or divselengines, oF by turbines, HEADS" (PRESSURES! IN PUMP PIPING Ficune as ‘CENTERLINE OF Pum? NOTES ‘Te otal a, which muse provid by th pump ta arangement wn, = Fan Ne h tMg thd + 00-2) decry be eotestd eter a) fo sic uses hin got eit, but ato ai he ‘asiouted wr a Gis ean a, with fanaa Bante = tow danny hat = tou! metionband suc hand iar) = = 5 ten had os a charg pling, icudig eit ot a id havea va te} seston otlcceaerlocated at puro ae * fcion nea tes nai piag ening ies at Hutt em ed, ge nd io cece lost up et” rec head or ie Ilia aca ent bender ‘reseed bowed te in eon ee ort NET POSITIVE SUCTION HEAD (HeSH “NEST is lined: — Indy $f vbuce Fog * et prio igo engi fT ean ea te Vas pees et Gren in date wt ‘Teate 6.10 geet trance tas, eo ow bine OF CE wd ORK SHO a equate ng a oe.PULP SELECTION GUIDE A CHART 3.3 = te SS = SS = = ano G0 moe OL EE ELLE: a ‘A pump is 0 device for moving 8 fluid from ane place to enather thru pipes ( channels. Chart 3.3, & selection guide for pumps, puts various types af Puinp wsed industrially inte five catagories, based on operting principle, In Common reference, the terms centrifuge), sotary, screvs, and reciprocating ‘ra used. Chast 3.3 és mot comprehensive; pumps utilizing other principles 10 fo use, About ning out of te pumps used in industry are of centrifugal type. ——_ ‘The folowing information is given to enable an estimate to be mate of ‘required totet head, purmp size, copscity ond harsepower for planning pur- eses. Data in the Gulde permit estimating pressure drops and total head for pumped water systems: further information for catculating systems ‘urnping other liquids may be found in the Chemical Engineer's Handbook {8], the Engineering Manual (McGrev-Hill), and the Mechanical Engineer's Hendbook (MeGraw-Hit), PRESSURES, or HEADS For pump calculations, pressure is often stated 2s 2 ‘head’ (height) of water OF of the liquid being pumped. Uniess otherwise stated, pressures thus exprested may be essumod given in fest of water. Atmomhecic pressure at ‘a tovel Is equal to 4.7 PSIA, of 34 fest of water, Figure 3.5 rololes the total head supplicd by © pump to vatious head lasses {a the plating. wy Usually the Kquid being pumped is stotionary before entering the suction piping, and some power is absorbed in accelerating it to the suction Tina velocity. This causes a small ‘velocity head" foss (usually about ft) and may be found from table 3.2, which is applicable to liquid of any density, ‘it the velocity head is read as feat of the liquid concerned. ‘VELOCITY & VELOCITY HEAD 3099 056 Ora O00 120 1s 220 380 Flow rate, liquid velocity and erons-sectional are (at sight angles to flow) ‘are related by the formulas: Taste a2 velecriy tv ‘VELOCITY EAD 0h Flows rate in cubic feet per second = Flove rato ln US gallons per minute = (ve MUady (3.1169 ¥ He) where: = fiquid velocity in feet per second @ = cross-sectional area in square inches (table F.1) . POWER CALCULATIONS It S.G.= specitic gravity ot the pumped liquid, A = totel head in feet of bumped liquid, and p = total head in PSI, then: AGPMANS.G.) . (GPMI(o} Hydiaulio horsepower = EE i714 TABLE‘The mechanical efficiency, @, of e pump is defined as the hydeaulic horse power (nower transferred to the pumped liquid) divided by the brake horsa- ‘power (power applied to the driving shaft of the pump), It the pump is driven by an electric motor which hes a mechonical elf Giency eq, the electricity demand is: . = AGPMLANIS.G) . _(GPMNp) _ tows (KM = erOVelteg) T22RMTteem ‘Often, estimates of brake horsepovar, electricity demand, etc., must be meds without proper knowledge of the efficiencies, To obtain estimates, the mech: ‘nical efficiency of a centiitugal pump may be assumed to be 60%, and that ‘of an electric matos 80%, COMPRESSORS, BLOWERS & FANS 322 REFERENCES. “Compressed air and gas handbook’. Campressed Ais ond Gas Institute (New York) Revised 1966 “Compressor installation manuat’. Atlas Copco AB. 1966 ——_. Compressors aro used to supply high-pressure ait for plant usa, to pressurize salrigerant vapors tor cooling systems, 10 liquely gases, etc. Thay are rated by their maximum output pressure and the eumber of eubic feet per minute of a gashandled ata specified speed or power, stated et ‘standard conditions, 60 F and 14.7 PSIA (not at compressed volume). 60 F is accepted ax standard temperature by the gas industoy, Tha tarm ‘compressa’ is usually cesarved for machines developing high press- cures in closed systems, and the terms ‘blower’ and ‘fan' for machines working ‘at low pressures in open-ended systems. COMPRESSOR PRESSURE RANGES [_wscwme | ouschance enessune aanae 18 dhru 20,000 PSIG, and higher 1 thru 1S PSIG. Up to 1 PSIG (about: TABLE 33 COMPRESSING IN STAGES. Gases {including air) can be compressed in ane a¢ more operations termed ‘stages’, Each stage can handle a practicable increase in presure—belore temperature increase due to the compression necessitates cooting the gas. Cooling between stages is eflected by gassing the gas thru an intercooler. Staging permits high pressures, and lower discharge temperatures, with reduced stresses on the compressor. ten ‘TYPES OF COMPRESSOR, RECIPROCATING COMPRESSOR Alt of athey gat ia prpssurized in cylinders by reciprocating pistons. 1f the compressor is lubricated, the pulley may be contaminated by oit. If an oibftea cutftow is raquiend, the gistons may be ficted with graphite or teflon piston rings. Flow is pulsating, ROTARY SCREW COMPRESSOR Air oF other gas entove pockets farined. batween mating rotors and & casing wall. The packets raete away from ‘tho inlet, taking the gas toward tha discharge end, Tha caars do aot touch tach other of the casing wall, Outlaw is uncanteminated I the “dy type" ‘of machine, in which power is applied 10 both rotors thu extort ining gots tm tho "wet (ype, power is epptied 10 une voto, wid ball suture axe sapatated by an ail film, which céntaminates the dischorge. Flow is untorm, ROTARY VANE COMPRESSOR resembles the rotary vane pump shuwn in chart 3:3, Variation ia the volume enctosed by adjacent vanes os they state produces compression. Ample lubrication is required, which may inuaduce contamination, Flow is uniform, ROTARY LOBE COMPRESSOR consists of two synchronized Inhed roars turning within 9 casing, in the same way as tho pump shown in chart 3.3 (under ‘spurgesc’ type}. The rotors do. oat" touch each other ar the casing. ‘No lubrication is used within the casing, and the outflow is not contaminated. Flow is uniform, This machine is often ralarsed ta as a ‘blower’. DYNAMIC COMPRESSORS resemble gas turbines acting in reverte. Bath txial-fow machines and centsifugal machines (with sadial flaw) are evallable, Centrifugal compressors. commonly have either one or two stages, Axial compressors have at least two stages, but seldom more than 16 stages, ‘The outflow is not contaminated. Fiow is uniform, LIQUID RING COMPRESSOR This type af compressor consists of a single ‘muli-bieded rotor which turns within @ casing of approximately elliptic cross section, A controlled votume of liquid in tha casing is theawn vo ahe casing ‘wail with rotation of the vanes, This liquid sarves both to compress and tu seal, Inlet and outlet ports locate in the hub communicate withthe pockets formed between the vanes and tha fiqud ring, These compressors have special advantages: wet gases and fiquid carryover including hydrocerbans which 28 troublesome with athar compressors are casily handled. Additional caolng is seldom required. Condensible vepor con be recovered by using liquid similor 10 that in the ring. Flow is unitorm, ‘EQUIPMENT FOR COMPRESSORS INTERCOOLER A hoot exchangot used (or ecaling compressed gas bateeen stages. Air must net be cooled below the dew point (at tho higher pressute) a5 moisture will intertere with Wubrcotion and cause wear in the next stop, [AFTERCOOLER A heat exchanger used for cooting gas alter compression is completed, If air is being compressed, chilling permits removet of imuc af the moisture. DAMPENER of SNUBBER; VOLUME BOTTLE o: SURGE DRUM Recip- racating compressors create pulsations in the sit ar gas which may cause theSscharge and/or suction piping to resonate ond damage the compressor oF its vos, A dampener, or srubber, is 3 baffled vessel which smooths pulsa- tions in flow, A volume tottle oF surge deur has the same purpase, but lacks battles, These devices ete not normally part of the compressor peckage, and ‘re often bought separately (with the compressor maker's recommendations). {Large compressors may require an arrangement of ‘choke Cuber’ tresrictions) and “bottles (vessels, conforming to @ theoretical design and tocated near the ‘eempeestun’s outlet, upstream of the aftercooler. ‘The tocetion of the following four items of equipment is shown in figure 6.23: SEPARATOR (normally used only with oir compressor) A water sepatator {s often provided following the aftercooler, end, sometimes, aso at the intake to 8 compressor having 0 long suction fine, if water is likely to collect in ‘the line, Each separator is provided with # desi to allow continuous removal cf water. : RECEIVER Refer to “Discharge (supply) lines’ ond ‘Storing compressed sir, this sation. SILENCER is used to suppress objectionable sound which may radiate from anair intake. i FILTER i provided in the suction fine to an ait compressor to collect Patticutate matter. The foffowing information ix given os. guide for engineering purposes ‘LINE SIZES FOR AIR SUCTION & DISTRIBUTION : SUCTION LINE Suction lines and manifolds should be large enough to pre- ‘ent excessive nol and starvation of the aic suoply. Ifthe fist compression loge # recipracating, the tuetion fine should altow 9 10 to 23 ftlsee flow: il single-stage rociproceting compressor f used, the intake Mlow should not be faster than 20 {Usec. Dynamic compressors can operate with fester intake: velocities, but 40 (usec Is suggested 28 0 maximum, The inlet reducer lor a dynainic. compressor should be placed clove to the inlet nozzle. DISCHARGE {SUPPLY} LINES sre sized For 150 to 175% of average low, Seperding of tha number of outtts in use at any time. The pressure loss in tsbronch should be limited tu 3 PSI, The pressure drop in o howe should not cacoed § PSI, The presure drop in dstribution piping, ham the compressor 1 the most remote patt of the rystem, should not be greter then § PSI (not incheding hoses). These snpgestod pressure drops may be wsed to select line sizes with the sid of table 35, From the cequired SCFM flow in the line to be sized, find the roxt highet flow in tho table. Multiply the allowed presoure drop {PSH) ia the Fina by 100 and divide bythe length of the fine ic feet to obtein the PS! drop for 100 Htfind tha wext towas figure to this in the table, and seed required Tine site, Equipment drewing air to high tate foro short pevid is best served by 8 saeeivt close to the point of tnexhaum use—fines con thon be sized on fvetage dernand, A iminium recover alze of double tho SCF used in intrrit- tent demand should limit the pressure drop atthe end ofthe period of se to ‘oout 205% in the wins dhatanisa and Keep it under 40% in mest others. wa COMPRESSOR CHARACTERISTICS RECIPROCATING ‘Lubleated. Norvlubricated “Figure apoite 10.» wostese machin FLOW OF COMPRESSED PRESSURE OnoPS ove RTH ATR ENTERING AT 100 Psi Adapted trom dete published by fagersll-Randt YaMLe as, Fae AIR (NOMITTAL PIPE SIZE (HICHES! ~ SCHEDULE 40 PIPE wm LOT ‘Pressure drop vorles Invareaty ox abrotute pearsure of enteing ei. POWER CONSUMPTION The power consumption of the different compressor types is charectevistic, Table 3.4 gives the horsepower needed st an output pressure of 100 PSIG. Power consumption per CFM rises with rising ouiput pressure. Air cooling adés 35% to power consumption (inctuding fen drive). "FAD" power con- ‘wumption figures for compressors af ‘everage” power consumption are given, FAD" denotes ‘tree sit delivered correponding to standard cubic f per minute (SCFM) ob (ters per minute messured as set out in ASME PTCO, BS 1571 or DIN 1945." 21 22 .SPECIFIC POWER CONSUMPTION (FAD) ie po Ha CROAINFLOW COOLING-WATEA REQUIREMENTS: Cooling-water demand is normally shown on tha vendor's P&ID or data sheet. Most of the water demend is for the aftercooler (and intercooler, with a two- loge compressor). Jackets and lube oil may also require cooling. As 8 US gallons per hour are needed for each horsepower supplied to the camp. cessor. It tha final compression is 100 PSIG, the water demnand will usually be about 2 US GPH per each SCFM inflow. These approximate demands are based on an 40 F temperature increase of the cooling water. Demand {or cooling water increases slightly with relative humidity of the incoming QUANTITIES OF MOISTURE CONDENSED FROM COMPRESSED AIR ‘The following calculation (taken from the relerenoad A(las Copco manual) is for a two-stage compressor, and is based on moisture content given in the table below: DATA: Capatity of the compressor = 2225 SCFM ‘Temperature ofthe incoming sit = 86F Relative humidity of the incorning aie = 75% ‘utlet temperature = BB F Air aressure = 25.3 PSIG, of 40 PSIA Woter separation efficiency = 60% Outlet sir temperature = 86 F Ait pressure = 100 PSIG, of 115 PSIA Water separation efficiency = 90% (ntesconter { Altercooter \ CALCULATIONS: {11 From the table, weight of wates vapor in 2225 SCFM ait at 88 F and 75% FH = (0.00189)(2225)(0.75) = 3.46 Ib/min. Rate af removal of condensed water from intercooler, thru tap = (0.8)13.05 - 40,0018942225)(14.71/140}) = 1.28 tb/min,, oF (1.28)(601/(8.23) = 9.2 US GPH Rate of cemovol of condensed water from aftercooler, thru trap = €0.9)(3.15 ~ 1.28 — (0:00189)(2225)114.7)/1118)) = 1.20 tb/min., or (1.20)(60/(8.33) = 8.6 US GPH Total rate at which water is removed fram both coolers = 9248.6 = 17.8 US GPR (2) cy (a MOISTURE CONTENT OF AIR AT t00x RH [Taree on oe we wa UNLOADING (POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT COMPRESSORS) “Unloading’ is the removal of the compression tead fram the punning cour pressor. Compieszors are unloaded at startup end for short periads wien ‘demand for gas falls off. Damage vo the compressor’ drive matnr caa result ‘if full compression duties are applied suddenty. IW the vendor does not provide eneans of unloading the curmpréscay. a nanwal ‘or eutomatic.bypass tine should be provided between suction aud discharge {on the compressar’s side of any isolating valves)—see figuie 6.23, Provision should be mate so that tha dischango prossyta conn via: dow value which would damage the compressor of its drives, Auiomatic untoaring ‘will ensure this, and thé contro} actibris are listed in tablo 3.6, AUTOMATIC UNLOADING ACTIONS FOR COMPRESSORS yame ae ‘AUTOMATIC CONTROL action See | raat a STORING COMPAESSEO AIR A limited amount of compressed air or other gas can be stored in receivers. ne or more receivers provided in the compresor’s discharge piping ako ‘s21ve 10 suppress surges frhich can be due 0 demand, ss wall 9§ supply) 1 assist coating, and to collect moisture, Receivers storing air or othar gas ore classed as pressure vessels—seler to 6.5.1. RECEIVER CONSTRUCTION Usual construction isa tong vical cylinder ‘with dished heads, supported on o pad. Water will collect in the base, and therelas a valved drain must be provided tor manual blowdow. Cus ted ‘water may freeze in cold climates, Feeding the worm sr or gs atthe base of ‘the receiver may prevent fraezing, fut the inlet must be designed so that it cannot be closed by water if it does freeze. CAPACITY NEEDED A simple tule to decide the total ezsiver voluure 0 divide the compressor rating in SCFM by lan tg gad the voluene inn cult tut far the receiver. For example, if the compressor is designed to take 6500 cubic feet per sminute, 0 receiver volume of ebaut S60 cubic fect is edequate. This rule is considered suitable for outttow prestures wp te abuut 125 PSIG and where the continuously running eompresser és untoaded by automatic valves-see “Unloading” above, An extensive piving system to datibuting compressed sir or other gos may have o capacity sullicientiy trys in tell to serve asa receiver,PROCESS EQUIPMENT 33 Process equipment is « term used to cover tha many types of equipment used {0 perform ane or more of these besic operations on the pracess material: (0 cemucay REACTION 2 wexws (3) stPanaTiON (4 CHANGE OF PaRTICLE SIZE (MEAT TRANSFER Equipment manufacturers give alt information necessary for installation ond piping. This ction és a quick reference to the function of some items of equipment used in processwork. tn teble 3.7, the funetiow of the equipment is expressed in terms of the phase tsolid, quid ar gas) of the process materials mixed. Exarmples: (tA blender can mix two powders, and its function is tabulated 1 "54S", (2) An opitator conte voed to stro liquid into another fiquid—this function is tebuloted “L#L”. Another large and veried group of equipment achieves seporations, and a similar method of tebulating function is used in able 38. CHEMICAL REACTION 334 (Chemical reactions are coried outin a wide variety of specialized equipment, format reactors, outoctoves, furnaces, etc. Resctions involving liquids, tue prions, and tometimes gases, are often performed in ‘teaction vessel’. The vessel and ts contents fraquenthy ha tobe heated oF cooled, and piging to Jockat ot internal systom of coils hes to be arranged. If reaction takes place border pressure, he vesset my need to comply with the ASME Boiler ond Prensure Veseal Coda. Refer aso to 6.5.1, under ‘Pressure vesals’ ond to the ‘standards sted in toblo 7.13, MIXING ane A varlety of equipment is made for mixing operations, The principal types ‘of aqoigment ore listed tn table 3.7: wrxnea EOUIPMENT ‘Tame 37 AGITATOR SLENDER (TUMBLER TYPE) eDuCTOR MINER Rit Sure S45,540 LaGLiaces Seen ue bat sh ‘nomen hee FRORONIONING PUMP proboh Hating VALVE von SEPARATION 333 Equipment for separation is even more varied. Equipment separating solids ‘on the basis of particle size oF specific gravity alone ara in general termed classifiers. The broader range of separation equipment separates phases (solid, liquid, gas) and some of the types used are listed in the table betow: SEPARATION EQUIPMENT TABLE 38 tourna arena CENTALFUGE fr CONTINUOUS CENTRIFUGE Un + Le CYCLONE 346 DEAERATOR us DEFOAMER ue DISTILLATIONCOLUMN DRYER DRY screen EVAPORATOR uns La see sin+si 14s ct ua FILTER PRESS Bak FLOTATION TANK sot FRACTIONATION COLUMM | Lins Lt2t Un. Lim, FU) Fete, Ua eet ScRUBBER s+G ‘SETTLING TANK see STRIPPER Len + Ut 334 CHANGE OF PARTICLE SIZE Reduction of particle size fs 9 common operation, ond can be termed ‘attihion’.. Equipment used includes crushers, rod. ball-and hammers, ‘and-to achieve the Ginest reductions energy mills, which run on compressed ‘ir. Emulsions (ereams” or ‘milks’, which are liquid in-tiquid disposi are stabilized by homogenizers, typically used on milk to reduce the size ‘ol the fat globules and thys prevent cream from separating, ‘Occasianelly, particte or lump size of the product is increased. Equigment for ‘eglomerating, pefletizing, etc., is used. Exemples: tablets, sugei cubes, pow dered beverage ond food products. PROCESS HEAT TRANSFER ‘Adding and removing heat is « significant part of chemical processing, Heating or cooling of pracess material is accomplished with hest exchengers, Jackoled vessels, or other heat transfer equipment, The project end piping {Soups specify the duty ond mechanica! errsngement, but the detall design (s hotmelly left to the monefectuter, . 338The teem ‘heat exchanger’ in chemical processing rolers 10 an untied vessel exchanging heat between two fluids which are kept saparated,The commonest form of heat exchanger is the ‘shelhand.tube’ exchanger, consisting ‘of @ bbundie of tubes hold inside a ‘shel’ (the vessal part). One fluid passes inside the tubes, the other thru the space between the tubes and shell, Exchanged heat fas to flow theu the tube walls. Refer to 6. {Keeping process material at the right temperatuee’) and 106.6 for piping shelhand-tube heat exchangers. Heat exchanga with process material can take ptace in a verlety of other equipment, such as condensers, evaporators, heaters, chillers, atc. MULTIFUNCTION EQUIPMENT : 336 Somatimes, items of equipmant ara designed to perfarm more then one al the functions listed at the beginning of 3.3, Mixing end-heating (or cooling) may be simultaneously carried aut in mixes having blades provided with internal channels to carry hot (or cold} fluid. Separation and attrition may be achieved in a single mill, designed to output particles of the required degree of fineness and recycle and tegrind partictes, ‘which are still too coarse,ORGANIZATION: JOB RESPONSIBILITIES, DRAWING-OFFICE EQUIPMENT & PROCEDURES ‘THE PIPING GROUP at Plant design’is divided into severe! areas, each the responsibility of a “design group’. Chart 4.1(2) shows the mein groups of people cooperating on the (plant design, and the types of drawings for which they are responsible, Other graups, involved with instrumentotion, stress analysis, pipesupport etc.. cor Iribute to the design st appropriate stages. ‘The personnel responsibte fat the piping design may be part of an engineering department's mectanicat design group, oF they may {unclion a6 a separate Section oF department, For sknplicity, this design group is referred to os the ‘piping group’, and its reetionship with the organization and basie activities ‘ore indicated in chart 4.1l6). ‘Chart 4.1(c) shows the structure of a design group, RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE PIPING GROUP ant ‘Tho piping group produces designs in the form of drawings and modet(s), showing equipment end piping. ‘The Following eve provided by the piping group 4s its contribution to the plant design: — (1AM EQUIPMENT ARRANGEMENT DRATING, USUALLY TEAMED THE PLOT PLAN’ 2) Pina DESIGN (DRAMNGS OR MODEL) (3) PIING DETARLSFOR FABRICATION AND CONSTRUCTION (4) RRQUISITIONS FOR PURCHASE OF PIPING MATERIEL, 408 FUNCTIONS: 412 {On Joining » design office i i important that the naw member knows what {ing of euthority extsts and to vitom he is responsible, This is expecially ‘teceisery when Information is required and it saves the wrong people from ‘being interupted. Uiserent companies will have different set-ups and dillar- ‘enit fob title. Chart &.2 ehows two typleal lines of authority, JOB FUNCTIONS DESIGN (1) RESPONSIBLE FON ALL PEREOWNEL th CROUPE SUPERVISOR INCLUDING HIRING. ea GROUP LEADER wages oaninort Gover CHECKER DRAFTSMAN un EDOROINATING WITH OTHER OROUS (AND Re eaten QYERALL PLANING AND sUrEAvisn 1) gvenats ris Wd THE fy Cason irmenoieer ewoInresisy 17 sureAViSING DESIGN ® DRAFTING IN AREA(S! AULocarao bY obsion SuERVISOR (2) Assiamtna Wonk TO DESIGNERS & DRAFTS. ro) 40) Absronsiote Fon TLOF PLANS. PLANT lakes 'n rnesenseavion « SOUPLETENESS SF FiNisEo DeAMINGS (6 cooRpINATES mecsatca SCee rattan Aub ene Oe ‘shoure sravery Ls FROM (@) CHEEKING & MARKING VENDORS: ORAWINOS, (© OBTAINING FORMATION FOR MEMBERS OF Sue" arour ©) EstasLisnine THE NuMBER oF oRAWINGS. REQUIRED FOR EmcH ioe (ORAMING CONTROL, Om ReGIsTER}-SEE INDEX (@) ASSIGNING TITLES FoR EACH DRAWING AND MAINTAINING UF-TO.GATE DRAWING CONTROL, QR RegIevER OF ORAWINGs, CHARTS, GRAPHS, NO SReTCHES FOR EACH CORRENY ProsecT (@} EBTABLISIONG | OESION GROUP FILING Sys. Sei Pon ALL mcMING 8 OUTGOING PAPER or oo KEEPING A CURRENT MANHOUR SCHEDULE ENO inecong OF MARHOUNS WOREED. REQUISITIONING VIA PURCHAGING DEPART: MENT ALL PIPing MATERIALS 1) CHECKING DESIGNERS’ ANO ORArTsMENS: Restaws “ANG Gerais (FOR DiMENsIonAL 1 Eononuaty WITH SeecieL "3, VENOORS” DRAWINGS, EFC. eo Hl THE DESIGNER aon GaoUP XY MAKE. IMPROVEMENTS. AND eager. wa AttEnAWone ro Mme OESIGN (1) eooUciNG sruples AND LAYOUTS oF EaUIP. MENT AND eiring wuien Must ae ECONOMIC, SAFE, OPEMADLE AND EASILY MAINTAINED, (2) MAKING ANY NECESSARY ADDITIONAL CALC: ULATIONS FoR THe DESIGN (SUPERVISING DRAFTSMEN. MINIMUM RESPONSIBILITIES ARE: {1 PRODUCING DETAILED DRAWINGS FROM OF. Sigttena" On GROUP LEAGERS’ SCHEMES OF Snerenes, (2) SECONDARY DESIGN WORK o INTING HIMSELF WITH THE AECOR: INFORMATION SHEETS AND COMPAR? Es RELATING FO The PROMEET cau, a macOFFICE ORGANIZATION (a) PROJECT ORGANIZATION mre net suae som er wenaanon vom LnESonEANE ABNONTY GHART 4.1 ‘Parmar eaceoros wane at cuemiie counter = (b) PROIECT & DESIGN GROUPS SHOWING Flow OF INFORMATION Process cassia amp st ROE St ACEI gaverumae | ascunecuen, Seirantte | Sedona OESIGN GROUP SHOWING LINES OF AUTHORITY, Rah. | eesDESIGN INFORMATION TO PIPING GROUP 42 ‘The following informatian is requised by the piping group:— OY yon store: pocumuc, mac perms Zou erm ogame exces SESE Caste ccanaee pmo, rmowenrarion BIAGRA PE Le ©) Urror muon qumueet wounusnr SRA PERRI R HT ano monet 0 iet aarON erin RETR a PROJECT GROUP ‘BERSASEE 42.3 AND 525 wmeamentiocon arenas veo RE NT co sentany of couteton pares fr SABIE POR URN note Re Pe RENAN) oF sgevass rage rennin ste FROM OTHER GROUPS (@)DRAWINOS-SEE 8.2.7 FROM SUPPLIERS, (@) VENDORS PRINTS-see 52.7 SPECIFICATIONS aad ‘thers consht of separate specifications for pfant layout, piping materials, wépporting, Sabrieation, Insulation, welding, erection, psinting ond testing. ‘The piping desighar ft mostly concemed with plant tayout and materiel Specilidetions, which datall the design sequirements and materials for pipe, Merges, fittings, veh te, to he used for the particular project. ‘The piping smotettala specification usually has an index to the varfous services ‘of processes. The putt of the specificetion desting with # patticulsr service ‘an be Hlentltio Irom the piptog deewing tne number or P&XD fing number— 420 6.24 undar ‘Flow lines’, All piping specifications must be strictly adhered to on thay are compited from information supptied by the project group. Although the fittings, ete, descibed in the Guide are those most frequently sad, they ell mat ecesarlly be seen in every piping specitiction, On some projects {such ws ‘revamp’ work) where there is no specification, the designer may bs sesponsible for selecting materials and herdware, end itis importent to givesul ict information to specify the hardware in all essential eto, Non-standard items are often listed by the item number and/or model ‘specification for ordering token fram the catalog of the particutar menufecturer. LIST OF EQUIPMENT, or EQUIPMENT INDEX. 422 ‘This showa, fo¢ seth tem of equipment, the equipment number, equipment (ite, and sttut=thet fi whather the iter hes been eppeoved, ordered, and Wwhethiet nerttieg verntor’s pris kisve been received, ue AINE DESIGNATION SHEETS, or TABLES 423 ‘These sheets ‘contain tabulated data showing nominal pipe size, materiat specification, design end operating conditions. Line numbers are assigned in ‘sequence of flow, and a separate sheet is prepared for each conveyed iuid 500 6.26, DRAWING CONTROL (REGISTER) . 424 ‘A drawing number retates the drawing to the project, and may be coded to show such information as project (or ‘job’) ‘mumber, ares of plant, and ‘originating group (which may be indicated ’M’ for mechanical, ete.). Figure 5.15 shows a number identifying part of a piping system. ‘The drawing control shows the drawing number, title, and progress toward ‘completion. The status of revision and issues is shawn—see 6.4.3, The drawing controt is kept up-to-date by the group leader DESIGN GROVP—TWO TYPICAL LINES OF AUTHORITY ‘CHART 42 Secmple 2 noceounes, Siar, ema AO oumuent anon Seconousnmines ‘extevusmions Fron aios heFILING DRAWINGS 43 ‘Thace ara two types of drawings to file—those produced by the group and thase received by the group. The former are fled iq numatica) order under plant of unit number ia the drawing office on a ‘stick fils" or in 9 deawer— sea 4.4.10. Thofiling af tha latte, “loreign’, prints ig often poorly dane, caus- ing time to be wasted ond informatica to be fast. Thesa prints are commonly {ited by equipment index number, placing all infarmation connected with ‘that item of equipment in the one file, ‘A suggested methad far filing these incoming prints i illustrated ia chart 4.3, which cross-reterences process, function, oF area with the group originating the drawing, and with associated vessels, equipment, etc, All correspondence between the project and design groups, cliset, vendors, and field would be filed under ‘zet0', 8s shown. MATERIALS & TOOLS FOR THE DRAFTING ROOM 44 PAPER aan TRACING PAPER is used for all drawings. It has to be transtucent to the light used in copying machines {see below). The cheapest paper used is rag vellum. Linen és expensive but still used for important work, ‘though largely supplanted by plastic fifm such 2¢ mylar, which is vary durabte. Papers can bbe supplied printed with border and title block and with a “lade out’ ruled ‘grid on the averse sida, ‘Isometric’ sheats with fade out 30-degree arid are available for drawing isos. Tracings must be corefully handled, avoiding crumpling, folding, punching, tearing and heavy erasing If tom, the tear must be repaired with “Magic tape” ‘of equivatent—not with regular “Scotch tape’, which will show on prints. ANSI Y14.4 defines the following drawsing-sheet sizes (in inches): {A} 8x11, 9f 9x12, (B) 1x17, or 12x18. (C} 17422, or 18x24. 1D}, 22x34, of 24x36. (€) 34x44, oF 36348. . PAPERS FOR COPYING MACHINES Photosensitive paper is used for making prints (or checking, issuing and filing purposes. ‘Sepia’ photocopying paper (Qzalid Company, etc.) gives brown positive prints which may be amended with pencit or ink, and the revision used es an original for photo- apying in a diaeo machine. Sepias may also be used to give faint back- around print for drawing other work over, such as ducting oF pipe supports. ‘The quality of sepia prints is not good. Positive photocopies of superior quality are made on clear plastic film, which may have either continuous emolsion ta give heavy copies, or sereened emulsion ta yield faint beckground prints (emulsion shauld preferably be water-remaveble). LEADS & PENCILS 442 Pencil leads used in the drawing office are avaitable in the following grades, ‘beginning with the softest : B (used for shading), HB (usually used for waiting only}, F (usually softest grade used for drafting), H (grade most often used for drafting), 2H (used for drawing thinner lines such as dimension lines), 3H and 4H (used for taint lines for layout or background). Softer penciling is prone FILING SYSTEM Pepecwork ctanified according to » system of thie nype ety be loctted be 9 tiny ‘shines fitted wth aumbared eividara ox town t— STAMOARD OIVIOERE FOR FILING CABINET to smsaring.on handling. Grades herder than 3+ tend to cut paper so tbit fines are citficult to erase, For plastic drafting films, special pencits ora ‘evaileble ond are better than HB and H leads for these filme, Conventional leads are 2mm in déarvoter and require frequent repointing. 0.5mm and O.dmm leads speed work, as they need no vepointing. Fiat leods, about O.5mm x 2mm, are ako availeble, . Clutch pencils (lead holders) which ara coramonty used, usa met chucks to lip the lead, Holders for the thinner 0.6mm and 0.3mm teads bass a push button advance. . SCALES * aaa The architect's scale is used for piping drawings, and is divided into fractions af an inch t0 one foot-for exam, 3/8 iach pus foot. The enginee’s sate isused to draw site plans, etc., and is divided into one inch per stated number ‘of fe6t, such as 1 inch per 30 feet.ERASERS & ERASING SHIELDS aaa ‘Sovesl types of eraser and erasing methods ere avaleble—use of esch is given in table 4.1: Rubber in veriows hardnesses from pure gum rubber fartgum) {or soft panciling and cleaning ead smears, to hard rubber for hard penciling ‘nd ink; ‘plastic’ is eleanar to use, es it has less tendency to ebsorb graphite; “magic rub’ for eresing pencil from plastic films. Most types of eraser are ‘vaiable for uso with electric ereting machines, ‘An erasing shield is thin metal plate with holes of various shapes and sizes so that parts o! the deewing not to be erased may be protected. CLEANING POWDER, Fine rubber granules ate supplied in ‘seltshokor’ drums. Sprinkled on 6 ening, these granules reduce smesting of penci lines ducing working. The ‘vse of cleaning powder is especialty helpful when using 2 tessquara, The ‘powder is brushed off after vse. LETTERING AIDS: 446 Titla blocks, notes, ond subtitles on drawings or sections shauld be in capitals. Capitals, eithar upright or sloped, ere preferred, Penciled lataring is normally ured. Where ink work is required on drawings for photography, charts, re parts, etc., ink stylus pens {Technos, Rapidograph, etc.) ave available for stencil fettacing {and for fine drawing in place of ruling pers). The Leroy ‘equipment is also used for Inked lettering, Skeleton lettering templates ore used for fettering section heys. The parltl line spacer is a small, inexpensive {ool useful for ruling guide tines For lettering. As sltemetives 10 hend-Inked lettering, special typewriters such as the Vari ‘typet con elthet print directly on the drawing or onto adhesive backed trans- parent film which I tatée positioned it the drawing. Adhesive or transferable tee’s ofl intent ore orollable in sheats, ond special patterns end penelt ‘vit tt Supplied tt mter tor tile blocks or detailing, symbolism, abbrey ‘fallin, syceiat wile, e16, Gell-adhonive tapes ore somewhat limtted in appt ma cation, but are useful for making drawings for photogrophic reproduction, ‘such a5 panel boards, charts, and spetial reports—see 4.4.13, under ‘Photo- ‘graphic layouts’, TEMPLATES aa7 Templates having circular and rectangular openings are common, Orthogonal and isometric geafting templates are available for making process piping ravings and low diagrams, ‘These piping tonplates give the outlines for ANS) valves, Manges, fillings and pips diameters to 3/8 inch per foot, a \4-inch per foot. MACHINES 448 ‘The titst two machines sre usuatly used in drawing offices in place of the Slower teesquare: DRAFTING MACHINE Aniculated rads allow parallel movement ofa par of tues sot at tight angles. The rules are set on a protractor, and their ange on ‘the board may be altered. The protractor has 15-degree clickstops and vernier sale, PARALLEL RULE, or SLIDER, permits drawing of long horizantat lines ‘only, and is used with a fixed or adjustable triengle, PLANIMETER A portable machine for measuring areas. When set to the scale of the drawing, the plonimeter will mezsure areas of any shape. PANTOGRAPH System of articulated rods permitting reduction or enarge- ‘ant ofa drawing by hand, Application is limited, LicHT Box aay ‘A light box has @ translucent ‘glass or plastic working surface fitted undor- ‘neath with slectric lights, The dcawing to be traced is placed on the ittsmina- ted surface, FILING METHODS 44.10 ‘ciginl drawings are best filed flat in shallow drawers Print fled inthe ‘raving office are usualy retained on a ‘stick’, which is clamp for holding ‘several sheets, Sticks are housed in a special cack or cabinet. Original dranvings will eventually create @ storaze probfem, as it is inadvisable to scrap them, If these drawings are not sent to an at er a period of ‘bout three years they are photographed toa reduced scale for fting, and only the fitm Is retained. Equipment is eveitable for reading such films, or lenge Photographie prints con bo made, TABLE a4COPYING PROCESSES oan “Diato’ of ‘dyetine’ processas seproduce to the same scale as the otiginal draning 8. positive copy or print. Bruning and Ozalid machioes are often employed, The drawing that is to be copied must be on tracing paper, finan tr film, and the copy is made on light-sensitive pepers or films. The older raversed-tone ‘btueprint’ is no tanger in use, SCALED PLANT MODELS aanr Plant madols ae often used in designing large installations involving much ‘When design of the plant & completed, the modal is sent to the site as the basis of constuction in the placa of orthographic drawings. Some snginearing companies strongly advocate their ute, which necessitates maintaining a model shop and retaining trained personnel, Scaled model piping cormponants ate availobla in a wide range of sizes. The following ‘olor coding may be used an models: Pima. 5 quermencr INSTRUMENTS. eLecTRicaL ADVANTAGES «Available routes for piping are easily seen ¢ Interferences are easily avoided «Piping plan and elevation drawings can be eliminated; anty the modet, plot plan, P&ID's, and piping fabrication drawings (isos) are required ¢ Tho model can be phatographed — see 4.4.13, “Wire-and-dise’ construc tian, where the disc shows pipe diameter, makes photographing t © Provides a superior visual aid for conferences, for construction crows: ‘and far training plant personnel DISADVANTAGES 4 Duplication of the model és expensive » The model is not easity portable and is liable to damage during trans portation Changes are not recardad in the model itsalt PHOTOGRAPHIC AIDS 43 ‘DRAWINGS’ FROM THE MODEL ‘The lack of portability of a scated plant model can be partilly overcorne by photagraphing it, To do this it must be designed s0 that it can te taken apart ‘easily. Photographs can be mada to correspond closely 10 the regular plan, elevation and isometric projections by photographing the model from 40 ft ‘or more away with long focal length lensus—"vacishing points’ (eonverging fines) in the picture ara effectively eliminated. san ‘The negative is projected through @ contact serean, and A pul male i ‘reproducible’ film. Dimensions, notes, a., ef@ added ja the yepvoducible filey which ean be printed by a diaza process—son 44.1). Thess pints aly ‘used a8 working drawings, and disuibwted to thase needing [nformetian. REVAMP WORK FOR EXISTING PLANTS . ‘A polaraid camara can be used ta supply views of the plant to the design aff- ica, Filed drawings of the plant da not always include alterations, and tha + photographs may show unrecarded changes, ——o— Photographs of sections ot a plant cen be combined with drawings to feclitata instotlation of new equipment, or 10 make furthor changaa (0 the existing plant. To do this, photographs aro caken of the raquirad views, using a ‘ame fitted with a wide-angle lens (vo obtoin « wider view), Tha negatives obtained are printed onig sereenad positive fitms which ero attached ta the back of aclear plastic drawing sheet. Alioratioas ts the vin lag system ere then drawn on the front face of this shee, tinking te photw ‘rephs as desired, Reproductions of the composite drewiny me muda in tha usual way by dlazo process. Attemately, positives moy be marked directly for minor chanyss of Inctiuc- tions to the field. PHOTOGRAPHIC LAYOUTS ‘Tha following techniqua produces equipinent layout ‘drawings’, and is especially useful for sees whore method study oF investigational ropprts are required. . First, equipmant outlinas era praduced to scale on photographic fitm, eithac in the reguter way or by xarography. Next, a drawing-sized cheat of clear titm is {aid on a white backing sheot having a cosrectty-soaled grid marked on It, ‘The tuilding outline and other teatuses can be put arto the film using the variety of printed transpetent tapes and decals available. The pieces of ffm ‘with equipment outlines may then be positioned with clear tepe, and eny ‘other pasts of tho ‘drawing’ completed. Alterations to the tayaut may bo eapidly cade with this techoique, which photographs well {os reports, and allows prints to be made in the usual ways for marking and comment, The film leyout should be covered with an acetate or other protective sheet before insertion in @ copying machino. . REDUCTION BY PHOTOGRAPHY {t is frequently cequired to include reproductions of diegrams and drawings in reports, etc, Photographie reduction to lass than half sire (on tengths) is not recommended because normalsized printing and details may nwt be legible, ‘A grepbic scale should be included on drawings to be reduced sao chatt 5.8,DRAFTING: PROCESS & PIPING DRAWINGS (CONTENT, SYMBOLS, & DIMENSIONING] PIPING SYMBOLS: 61 AEFERENCE ‘Dictionary of mechanical engineering sbbreviations, signs & symbols’. Polen D. D. (Ed) 1957 (Odessey) SHOWING PIPE & JOINTS ON PIPING DRAWINGS Bat ‘Most compenies now represent piping {arrengements) by singfe lines. Pipe cond flanges sre somatimes dravm partially “double line’ (0 display ctearances. ——— $n doubleline drowing, valves are shown by the symbols in chart 5.6 (refer to the panel ‘Dralting volves). Doubletine representation it not used for entire piping arvongemants, 26 it Is very time-consuming, difficult to read, and not justifie’ technically, SINOLE-LINE PRESENTATION PRESENTATION In presenting ploing ‘sing fine? on piping drawings, only the cant the pipe Is drawn, using 2 sol line (see chart 6.1), and the line size & walt, Flanges sve shen os thick lines drawn to the scated outs diameter ‘uf the Hangs, Valves ate thown by Syecial symbols drawn to soale, Pumps: ‘avd shown by diawing the pads Gh which they rest, and their nozzles: figure 16.24 Wlustiotet thi sienptibiad presentation. Equipment ard vessels are shown ‘yp seawning Inuit bzated wottines, ved supporting pads, If there is a piping specification, é is not necessary to indicate welded or serewed joints, except to remove ambigties-tor example, to diflerentiate botween ¢ fee and astub ia, In most cument practice, the symbols for screwed Joints and socket wolds sre normally omitted, although butt welds areaften shown, ‘The weeys of showing joints set out in the standard ANS! 232.2.3 (1949, re- asttirmed 1953) are not current industiat practice. The standards butt-weld symbol as shown in table 5.1 is now used to indicate » butt-wetd to be made “in the Field {"ield weld), The standacd will ba renumbered in the “Y” saves. SHOMING NON-FLANGED 2OmNTS Tapte 6.4 AT ELBOWS ‘SHMPLIFIED. PRACTICE * CONVENTIONAL RACTICE, fl tA -LINE SYMBOLS WHICH MAY BE USEDON ALL DRAWINGS = B.1.2 Chart 5.1 shows commonly accepted ways of drawing variaus lines. Many other fina symbols have been devised but most of these are not readily recog: rized, and itis better to stata in words the function of special lines, partic- tulatly on process Now diagrams and P&D's. The designer o¢ draftsman ‘should usa his current employer's symbols, SYMBOLS FOR LINES ‘ote ones oL4n, sey teas ON Bens atone ‘rat aunbnc, anne, content reat unsere ‘ime nena. oncmenens Loom, a (ua Out ent SOUR AI Aman OCS EAU OW WRIT CANCRONS orounr ocr thee oa UMLTe COOMA DEE RA UAT, MOEN etmoweer Lose prota Homa) VALVE & EQUIPMENT SYMBOLS FOR P8ID's & 513 PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAMS Practice in showing aquipment is not uniform, Chart §.2 is based on ANSI ‘Y32.11~1961, and applies to P&s0's and process flow diagrams. REPRESENTING PIPING ON PIPING DRAWINGS 51a Charts 6.36 show symbols used in butt-welded, screwed and socket welded systems. The various aspects of the fitting, valve, etc., are given. These sym bols ara based on comentional preciica rather than the ANS) standard 222.2.3, titled “Graphic symbols for pipe tittings, valves. and piping’. REPRESENTING VALVES ON PIPING DRAWINGS 518 Chart 5.6 shows ways of denoting valves, including stems, hendwheels and ‘other operators. The symbols are based on ANSI 232.2.3, but more valve types are covered and the presentation is up-dated, Valve handwheels should tobe drawn to scale with valve stem shawn fully extended. en MISCELLANEOUS SYMBOLS FOR PIPING PRAWINGR oe Symbols that are shawn in a similar way in all systems va oallertod i chart B72 GENERAL ENGINEERING SYMBOLS BLT Chart 6.8 gives some symbols, signe, ot., which ar usd gaily nd are likely to be found or needed on piping drawings. . t4] PROCESS EQUIPMENT SYMBOLS CHART 52) 5] {ons 7 ous $186.20H Al ses eeet re : EL A) aS) led el LiJe-elile Acta tat ADRAETING VALVES tpn asco iy pte araunas con i eA eats Sh waee oh Aucseo Potent PIDs BS TE RELEVANT VALE exmun Te hue Tot {itelte veaveonam cer frmocts Vim sont A rea ape nal seat PIPING DRAWINGS aureaatovas ‘UIE Tu Mie VALE Syuace, wtH oPEnAsCR, ‘Ano iba MATONG FLARULE ASDUTANED OtLOR DOUBLE-LINE 1. rawing the symbol secensmie Shasraua teari 2 Ss = i = = = i= << @ A ce ace B Le => B t= fi =i 2 oe =i mF Ee eee v! xii seer ge i fe GO|p—] = = = o oF = = = ox] oe oe 225 = a a a = = oo = = = = a so 2 =Prot ont annous. * 1 FOR PLANS ano ELEVANIONS at on tout tac Onin 2 ise onatang CCFO STARFING THE (2 ¢on towerntc omRImNcs Fone : Sonor guesmon “GRAPIUG SCALE REQUIRED OW ORAMINGS . SE WSION TONLE THE ATES] REMEION Chee 20 ee. chamaeD iW size Puoro BB rence rwccut rowoen os 7 ‘GRAMUCALLY FOR REPORTS we NTO Soercag | int tunnctr yore fe Ercnctco on et anges eau oF Te Pewee Tne ATING ANES OF REFERENCE: rane, oc iMrentecno oe Sabnstes oonone ‘on wy a herein macnn covene an, ava Treas weno movaroncerane R's! Suen Spero mt mona a te couamanicaan TO anon o [ary oe ermcruna sve scene BAS Sow ae Se ome Oana a eunnae. Hee wc Seton BPE ELEVATION SyMsONS FoR RAILING. *fafting maxtor sya. or SaErnaeD ~ 8 A ORR rT arma sattoos, vsvatty oreate mageamene EEG Yo Bnon marrare | ree seer meen 9 BA Seine [ uous, | ee G7fulder, PO Son a77, Colnt EA SUSE tenSYMBOLS FOR WELOING DETAILS. 518 ‘Standard vatding symbols are published by the American Welding Society. ‘Thess symbols should be used as necessary on details of attachments, vessels, piping supports, ete. Tha proctice of writing on drawings instructions such as "TO BE WELDED THROUGHOUT, or “TO BE COMPLETELY WELDED" tranclers tho design responsibility for sil sttechments and connections from the designer to the welder, which the Society considers to be a dangerous ‘and uneconomic proctice. ‘The ‘welding symbol’ devised by the American Welding Society hos eight slements. Wot all of these elements are necessarily needed by piping designers. ‘Tho assembled welding symbol which gives the welder all the necessary in- struction, and locations of its elements, és shown in chart §.9. The elements o REFERENCE LINE ARROW BASIC WELD SYMEOLS. DIMENSIONS & OTHER DATA ‘SUPPLEMENTARY SYMBOLS emisH SYMBOLS Tat, © SPECIFICATIONS, PROCESS or OTHER REFERENCE ‘The toltowing Is & quick guide to the scheme, Full current detaits will be ‘ound in the 1968 revisin of ‘Standard Walding Symbol’ available from the ‘Arnorican Welding Soclaty, ASSEMBLING THE WELDING SYMBOL Reference tine and atrow: The symbol bogins with 9 clarence tins and atraw polnting to tha joint vdeo the wali tobe made. The reference line has two ‘vides’: ‘other sida’ (ebove the line) and ‘arrow side’ (below the fins)—refer to th Foltewing exomples and to chart 6.9. 8am WELDING ARROW FIOURE DS Qteereie 4, Otrwrnten 7 omer e |, Ober sige Aves ae Nowne “ Reownee =y EXAMPLE USE OF THE FILLET WELD SYMBOL, Ie continous fillet wold is needed, like thie: O ‘the filletweld symbol is placed aan ‘on the ‘arrow side’ of the 1 the weld is required on the far side from the arrow, thus: reference tine, thu ‘the weld symbol is shown on h the ‘other side’ of the refer- If 2 continuous fillet weld is neoded on both sides of the joint, Placed on both sides of the ance Fine: ah BSS the fillet weld symbol is EXAMPLE USE OF THE BEVEL GROOVE SYMBOL IH bevel groove is required, tka this: The ‘groove’ symbol for 2 bovel is shown, with the fillt weld symbol, and 8 break is «nade in the ertow toward the member to be boveled, thus: Only the bevel and ‘I groove symbols require w break in the sttow see [58 chart 5.9, ——— DIMENSIONING THE WELD CROSS SECTION Suppose the weld is quired to be 1/4 inch in size, and the bevel isto be 3/16 inch deep: ‘These dimensions are shown to the left of the weld sym: bol: 4 Altornstively, the bevel can be expressed in degrees of arc: : and be indicated thus on the symbol: , If 8 soot gop is required, thus: cm tho symbad és: seeDIMENSIONING THE LENGTH OF THE WELD. Going back to the fillet weld joint without @ bevel, if the weld seads (9 ba 1/4-ineh in size and 6 inches long, like this: “Ke P the weld symbot tay be dram: 2 altemataly: = We Wa sarios of Grinch tong welds is required with G-inch gaps-between tham (that is, the pitch of the wetds is 12 inches), thus: ww sv atternat , 1H these welds are required staggered on bath sides— ‘SUPPLEMENTARY SYMBOLS ‘These symbols give instructions for making the wald and define the required ‘contour: ro Going back to tha example of q simple (itt wold, 4 yaa weld is tequed all around a member, 6 this; oy tite this: it ts shown in this way: vA, ‘around wold has to be made In the fled, it ts show thus, 78D ‘The contour of the weld is shown by » contour sy! onthe weld symbak: AF this same CONCAVE CONTOUR aN like this WN, he ie Om ‘convex corrouR or ‘The method of finishing the weld contour is indicated by edding a finish notation tetter, thus, WN YUN YM whera M = machining, G = grinding, and € = chipping. FULL WELOING SYMBOL vcasionally itis necessary to give othar instructions inthe welding aymnbut. “Tae symbol can be stabocated foc this as shown in ‘Location of elements of @ welding symbol in chart 5.9, Chart 69, ceptoduced by permission of the American Welliny Sucieny, ‘summarizes and amplifies the axplanations of whis section,DRAWINGS 52 + ANL information for cansteucting piping systems is contained in drawings, apart from the specitications, and the possible use of a modal and photo- ‘reps. “THE MAIN PURPOSE OF A DRAWING IS TO COMMUNICATE INFORMATION IN A SIMPLE AN EXPLICIT WAY. PROCESS & PIPING DRAWINGS GROW FROM B21 ‘THE SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM To design process piping, theee types of drawing are developed in sequence thom the schematic diagram (or ‘schematic’ prepared by the process engineer, ‘Those thiea types of drawing ara, in arder af development:— (11 FLOW OIAGRAM {PROCESS, « SERVICED (2) PIPING AND IESTRUMENTATION DIAGRAM, or PID" {9 Plrmeg ORANG EXAMPLE DIAGRAMS Figure 5.2 shows a simple example of @ ‘schematic’, A solvent recovery ‘system is used a$ an example. Based on the schematic disgram of figures 6.2, 8 developed process tow diagram is shawn in figure 6.3. From this flow iagam, the PRAD {ligne S.A} is evolved. Ac fat es practicable, the tow of materials) should be from lot to right Incoming flaws should be errowed ond described down the left-hand edge ‘of the drawing, and exitting flows arrowed ond described et the right of ‘the drawing, without intruding into the space aver the title biock. Information cormally included on the process drawing is detaed in sections 6.2.2 thu 6.2.4. Fiow diagrams and PUD's each have their own {unetions ‘and should shaw onty that information relevent to their functions, as sat ‘out in 6.2.3 and 5.2.4, Extrencous information such as piping, structural ‘and mechanical notes should not be included, untess essential to the process. SECURITY ' A teal or supposed need fot Industrial or national security may restrict infor- ‘nallot appeoting on drawings. Instead of naming chemicals, indeterminate ‘ot tratittanal tar such os “sweat water’, ‘brine’, Yeach acid’, ‘chemical B', ‘nay li6 used, Date hinportantt to the reactions such as temperatures, pressures avid Whoa rales thay he withheld, Sometimes certain key drawings are locked ‘ay wivon Wo in Us, test SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM 522 Commonty releried to 25» ‘schematic’, this diagram shows paths of flow by single Fines, and operations or pracass equipment are represented by simpla figutes such 95 rectangles and circles, Notes on the process will often be included, : ‘The diagram is not to scala, tut relationships between equipment and piping ‘with regard to the process are shown, The desired spatial arrangement of ‘equipment snd piping may be broadly indicated. Usually, the schematic is ‘not used alter the fnitial planning stage, but serves to develop the process ow diogram which then becomes the primary relerence. FLOW DIAGRAM ‘523 This is an unscaled drawing describing the process. It is ako referred to as ‘flow shost’. {should state the materials to be conveyed by the piping, conveyors, ele, ‘and specify their rates of flow and other information such as temperature and pressure, where of interest. This information may be ‘flagged’ (on fines) within the diagram or be tabulated on a separate panel-such » panel is shown at the bottom loft of figure 6.3. LAYOUT OF THE FLOW DIAGRAM Whether 2 flow diagram is to be in elevation or plan view should depand (on how the P&ID is to be presented, Fo easily relate the two drawings, both should be presented in the same view. Elevations are suitable for simple systems arranged vertically. Installations covering large horizontal areas are ‘best shown in plan view. Normally, a separate flow diagram is prepared for each plont process. It 8 single sheet would be too crowded, two or more sheets may be used. For simple processes, more than one may be shown on @ sheet. Process lines should have the rate and direction of flow, end other required data, noted. Moin process flaws should preferably be shown going from the left of the sheet to the right. Line sizes ore normally net shown on ¢ flow diagram. Critical internal parts of vessels and other items essential ta the process ‘should be indicated, All factors considered, it is advisable 10 write equipment titles either near the top or near the botiom of tha sheet, either directly above ot below the ‘equipment symbol. Sorietimes It may be directed that sll pumps be drawn at ‘8 common level near the bottom oF the sheet, although this practice may lead toa complex-looking drawing. Particularly with flaw diagrams, simplicity in (resentation Is of prime importance,SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM Dons NO) S28, oY tauirno__, ‘sO.ven eeeneatEs ‘rt, OUTY Edvin Non =~ se Toss) Piping Cuien, FO Bex B77, Cols, CA DAOSE, USS EeFLOW LINES. Directions of How within the diagram are shown by solid attowheads. The ‘use of artowheads at all junctions and comert aids the rapid reading of the tiapram. The umber of crossings can be minimized by good acrangemsnt. ‘Suitable ling thicknesses are shown at full size in chart 5.1, For photographic reduction, ines should be spaced not closer than 3/8 inch. Process and sevice streams entering ar teavine the flow diagram are shown by lacge hollows arrowheads, with the conveyed fluid written aver and the continuation sheet number within the arrowhead, asin fiqure 6.3. ARROWS ON FLOW OLAGRAMS. tft . ‘SHOWING VALVES ON THE FLOW DIAGRAM lnstrument-controlied and manual valves which are necessary to the process ‘are sliown, The Following valves ste shove if equited by a governing cade or ‘regulation, of if they are essential to the procass: Isolating, bypassing, venting, haining, sompting, and valves used for purging, steammout, etc., for selieving excens pressure of gases or liquids (including rupture discs), brasther valves ‘and vacuum breakers. SHOW ONLY SPECIAL FITTINGS Piping fittings, strainers, and flere ecrestors should not be shown unless of spertal importance to the process. ESSENTIAL INSTRUMENTATION ‘Onty instrumentation essantial to process control should be shown, Simpl tepresentation is suitable. For example, anly instruments such ws controllers ‘and indicators need be shown: items not essential to the drewing (trans rmitters. for examplr) may be omitted. EQUIPMENT DATA Cepacities of equipment shoutd be shown. Equipment should be drawn ‘schematically, using equioment symbols, and where feasible should be drawn ‘mn proportion to the sctual sizes of the items. Equipment symbols should neither dorninate the drawing, nor be too small for clear understanding. STANDBY & PARALLELED EQUIPMENT Standby equipment is not normally drown, Hf Identical units of equipment ‘wn provided {or paralleled operation (thal &, ail units on stream), only ote {nit weed taxnaly ba hewn, Pareleed ot standby units shoutd be indicated by toting the eguipinent tember and the service function (‘STANDBY ot “PATALLEL OF, wen 11 is advisable to draw equipment that is operated cyclically. For example, with filjer presses operated in parallel, one may be shown on-stream, and the second press for alternate operation, PROCESS DATA FOR EQUIPMENT ‘Tha basic process information required for designing and operating maior Items of equipment should be shown, This information is bast placed immed- ‘ately bolow the ttl of ths equipment, IDENTIEVING EQUIPMENT Different types of equipinent may be referred to by a classification letter {or letters). Thera is no generally accepted coding — each company hs its ‘vm scheme if any standardization is made at all. Equipment classed under 9 ‘certain letter is numbered in sequence tram ‘t' upward. 11 @ new instalation is made in an existing plant, the method of numbering may follow previous practice for the plant, Also, itis usolul to divide the plant and open part of the site as necessary ‘into areas, giving each a code number. An area number can be made the first pert of an equipment number. For exemple, if = heat exchanger is the 631d iter of equipment listed under the clasifcation letter‘, located in area“, (see “Key plan’ in 6.2.7) the exchangers equipment number can be 1.£-63. Esch itom of equipment should bear the same number an ell drawings, dia- ‘ams. and listings. Standby ot identical equipment, if in the same service, may be Identified by adding the lettrs, A, B, C, and so on, to the same ‘equipment identitication jeter and number. For example, 2 heat exchanger and its standby may be designated 1-€-53A, and 1-€-538: SERVICES ON PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAMS. Systems for providing services should not be shown, However, the type of service, tow rates, temperatures and pressures should be noted at consump- tion rates corresponding 10 the material balsnce—usvally shown by 9 ‘Itag’ to the fine—s00 figure 5.3, DISPOSAL OF WASTES ‘The routes of disposal for oll waste streams shoutd be indicated. For exemple, ‘orraws or érain symbols may be debeled with destination, such a5 ‘chomical sewer’ or ‘drips recovery system’. In soma instances the dispacal ot waste- ‘veatment system may be detailed on one of more separate sheet, See6.19 where ‘etftvent’ is discussed. MATERIAL BALANCE ‘The process material balance cen be tabulated on separate GY x 11-inch sheets, ‘of along the bottom of the process flow diagram. FIGURES $285.3PIPING & INSTRUMENTATION DIAGRAM 624 ‘This drawing is commonty referred to 2s the ‘P&ID". Its object is to indicate all process and servica lines, instruments and controls, equipment, and data ‘necessary for tha design groups. The process (lew diagram is the primary source of infarmatian for daveloping the P&ID. Symbols suitable for P&ID's are given in charts 6.1 shiu 6.7. The P&IO should defins piping, equipment and instrumentation well enough {or cost estimation and for subsequent design, construction, operation and modification of the pracess, Material balonce data, flow rates, temperatures, Dressures, etc, and piping fiting details are not shovm, and purely mechanical piping details such a elbows, joints and unions are inappropriate to P&ID's. INTERCONNECTING PaID. ‘This drawing shows pracess and sarvice lines between twildings and units, ete, and serves to fink the PBID's for the individus! pracesses, units os buitdings. Like any P&IO, the drawing is not to scale. It resernbles the fayout of the site plan, which enables fine sizes and branching points fram headers 10 be established, and assists in planning pipeways. raiD LAYOUT. The layout of the P&ID should resemble as for as practicable that of the ‘process flow diagram. The process relationship of equipment should coves: pond exzetly, Olten it is usoful to draw equipment in proportion verti- ‘ally, but to reduce horizontal dimensions to seve space and allow roam for flow lines between equipment. Crowding information is a common dralting fault ~ itis desirabie to space genecousty, 28, more often than not. revisions #04 information. Gn an elevational P&ID, a base line indicating grade or first-floor lvel can be shown. Critical elevations are noted, For revision purposes, a P&IO is best made on a drawing sheat having 2 grid system-this is @ sheet having latters along one barder and numbers atong the adjacent bocdes. Thus, relerences such es ‘AG’, ‘8S’, atc,, can be given to an area where a change has been made, (A grid system Is applicable to P&ID's more complicated than the simple example of figure 5.4) DRAFTING GUIDELINES FOR P&ID's © Suitable line thicknesses are shavwn at full size in chart 6.1 © Grossing tines must nat touch-bieak lines going in one direction only. Break instrument lines crossing process and service lines Keep parallel lines at least 3/8 inch apart © Preferably draw all valves the same size-1/4-inch tong is suitabte—as this cetains tepibility for phatogrephic reduction. Instrument isolating valves and drain valves can be drawn smaller, if desired ¢ Draw instrument identification balloons 7/16thinch diameter—see 5.5, Draw trap symbols 3/8thinch square FLOW LINES ON PBID's All flow lines and interconnections should be shown an PIDs, Every tine should show direction of flow, and be labeled to show the atea of picject, conveyed Wid, line size, piping material or specification case puribor {company code), and number of the line. This information ix drown tn the ‘tine eumber’, EXAMPLE LINE NUMBER: Ga[@Z]6[412]23) may donute the 23d fine in area 74, a G-incts pipa to company specification 412. 82" identities tha conveyed fluid, This type of full designation for a flow ling need not bi used, providud identification is adaquats, Piping drawings use the fine aumbering of the PElD, and te tolluwng points apply ta piping drawings as wall as P&ID's, © For e continuous line, retain the some mumtar of tne (such 2s 23 in the exemple) as the line goes thru valves, steainers, sneall filters, ventutis, aps, orifice flanges and small equipment genavally 4 Chango she number of a lina terminating at @ major Wom of equi ment such a& a tank, pressura vessel, mixer, of any equipmant carying an individual equipment number © Allocate new aumbers to branches © For 8 system of lines carrying the same. material, allacate sequential aumbers 10 fines, boginning with ‘I’ for each system ———_ ‘As with the process flow diagram, directions of flaw within tha drawing 16 shown by solid arrows placed at evary junctian, and sll curners axcept waver changes of direction occur closely together. Corners should be square, The ‘umber of crossings should be kept minimal by good arcangement. Procass arid service streams entering or leaving the process are noted by hollow arrows with the name of the conveyed llyid written over the aircwtwad and ‘the continuation shest number within it. No process flow data will normally bbe shown on 8 P&ID. FLOW LINES OM PAID’ 1 t+ FS > NOTES FOR LINES Special points for design and operating procedures are anted~such os ios which sed to be sloped for gravity (low, tines which need caval leary before startup, ete.P&ID SHOWS ALL EQUIPMENT & SPECIAL ITEMS, ‘The PBID should show af! majar aquipmont and information thet is relevant {0 the process, such as equipment names, equioment numbors, the sizes, ratings, copecities, andor duties of equipment, and instrumentation. ‘Standby and paralleled equipment is shown, Including sll eonnectad fines. Equipment qumbers end sevice Functions (‘STANOBY" or ‘PARALLEL OP) ara ated. “Future equipment, together with the equipment that wil service it, is shown in broken outing, and Iholod, Blind-longe terminations to eccommodole future piping should be indicated on headers and branches. ‘Future’ additions sra.usualty not anticipated beyond a 5-year period, Pressure ratings for equipment ore noted if the voting is different fearn the piping system. A ‘typical’ note may be used to describe multiple pieces of ientcal equipment in the same service, but oll equipment numbers era written, CLOSURES: ‘Temporary closures for process operation or personnel protection are shown, Gua AND INSTRUMENTATION DIAGRAN Je Yi it De ceded nai ‘Lop covrnok vatves: ‘Mcemenvauyeg oe ‘SEPARATORS, SCREENS & STRAINERS ‘These items should be shown upstream of equipment and processes nedding protection, and are discussed in 2.10. STEAM TRAPS ON THE P&ID * 11 te locations of traps ae known they ore indicated: For exemple, the trap required upstream of 3 pressure-reducing station fesding @ steam turbine should be shown. ‘Steam treps on steam piping are not otherwise indicated, es thesa trap post tions are delérmined whan making the piping drowings. They can be added tater to the P&ID if desired, alter the piping drawings have been completed. DAIPLEGS ‘Driplags ae riot shown, VENTS & DRAINS ‘Vents and drains on high ond love points of fines respectively, to be used for hhydtostatic testing, eve not showin, es they are established on the piping ‘eirangament drawings. Process vents and drains ere shown, A FICURE 5.4 DAS CES ‘wate seranaice equ NO (jeeVALVES ON THE P&ID ¢ Show and (29 pracess and servica valves with size and iden ying num- ber if applicable. Give pressure rating if dtferent (car line specification © Indicate any valves tha hava to be lacked open or Locked ctased 48 Indicate powered operators SHOWING INSTRUMENTATION ON THE PEI Signattead drotting symbols shown in chart 6.1 may be used, and the ISA scheme for designating instrumentation is described in 5.5. Details of instruméat piping and conduit are usually shown on separate instrument installation drawings. . «Show afl instrumentation on the P&1D, for and including these items: element os sensor, signal lead, orifice tangs assembly, transmitter, con troller, vacuum breaker, flama arrestor, level gage, sight gas, flow indica- (or, rela! valve, rupture disc, safety valve, The fast thee items may bo tegged with set pressure(s) alo 4 Indicote tocat- or board-mounting of instruments by the symbol to the labeling scheme in 5.54 INSULATION & TRACING Insulation on piping snd equipment is shown, together with the thickness: required. Tracing tequirements ere indicated. Refer to 6.8. CONTAOL STATIONS : Control stations are discussed in 6.1.4. Control valves are indicated by press- uce rating, instrument identilying oumber and size—seo figure 6.16, for ex- ample, PRiD SHOWS HOW WASTES ARE HANDLED Brains, funnels, ralief valves and other equipment handling wastes ara shown fon the P&ID. If an axtansive system of waste-tieatment facility is involved, it should be shown on a separate P&SD. Wastes and effluents ave discussed in B13, SERVICE SYSTEMS MAY HAVE THEIR OWN P2ID Process equipment may be provided with various services, such as steam for ‘heating, water 06 refrigerant for cooling, oF air tar oxidizing. Plant ar eq ‘ment providing these services i usually described on separate ‘service P&ID's'. A service line such as a steam fin rocess PEAID is given a ‘holtow ‘arrow’ tine designation taken {rom the service P&ID. Fleturcing sevice lines ‘aro designated in the same way, Flefer to figura 6.4. UTILITY STATIONS Stations providing steam, compressed sit, and woler, a1@ shown. Refer to tor LINE DESIGNATION SHEETS OR TABLES 62g ‘Thase cheats are tabulated liste of lines and intouration aout them The ‘quenibers of the lines ara usually listed of the right af the sheot. Other columns list ling size, material of construction {using company’s specification code, if there is one), conveyed fluid, pressure, temperature, avy rate, text prescure, insulation or jacketing (if eequived), and sunnested lines deAhich will usually ba branches), ‘The shasts are compiled and kept up-to-date by the project group, teking all te information fram the FAD. Copa am suppld tthe piping au or a8, ‘On smal projects lrvatving only afew lines Line designation sheote may nat be ‘used. 11 is usaful to add a note on the P&ID stating the numbers of ihe test line and tast valve used. VIEWS USED FOR PIPING DRAWINGS 628 ‘Tero types ol view ara used: (1 ORTHOGRAPHIC — PLANS AND ELEVATIONS 42 PICTORIAL — ISOMETAIC VIEW AND OBLIQUE PREEENTATION Figure 6.5 shows haw a buitding would appear in thesa different views, PRESENTATIONS USED IM PING DRAWINGS. fFrauness PLANS & ELEVATIONS Plan views are more common than elevational viaws, Piping layout is develapod in pfan view, and elevational views and section details ave adved for claity where necessary. PICTORIAL VIEWS In complex piping systems, whare orthographic views may ot easily itlus: trate the design. pictorial presentation can ba used for clarity. ta either isometric or oblique presentations, fines nat herizontal or vertival un the deawing are usually drown at 30 degress to the horizontal.(@blique presantation has the advantage that it con be distorted or exponded to show areas of a plant, etc. mora eleatly than an isometric view. Mt is not commonly used, but can be useful for diagramatic work, Figure 56 ilstates how eheular shopes viewed at different angles ae ap- proximated by means of 2 I5-deyree ellipse template. Isometric templetes {or voles, et. ae avilable and neat drawings canbe rapidly produced with them. Orthographic ond isometric templates con be used to produce an ‘oblique presentation, SSOMETAIC PRESENTATION OF CIRCULAR SECTIONS FIGURE 5.6 PLAN, ELEVATION, ISOMETRIC & OBLIQUE PRESENTATIONS OF A PIPING SYSTEM Figure 6.7 is used to show: the presontations ted in drofting. Isometric and oblique drawings both clearly show the piping arrangement, bul the lan view fails 10 show the bypass loop and valve, and the supplementary ‘olevation is neaded, PIPING DRAWINGS ARE SASED ON OTHER DRAWINGS. o27 ‘The purpose of piping drpwings és to supply detailed information to enable @ plant to be built, Prigs to making piping drawings, the site plan and equipment arrangement drawings ate prepared, and Srom these two deewings the plot plan is derived. These theee drawings are used as he basis for developing the piping drawings. SITE PLAN ‘Toe pining group produces a ‘site plan’ to.a small scale (inch to 30 or 400tt for example). It shows the whole site including the boundaries, reads, railroad sputs, pavement, buildings, process plant areas, large structures, stor- ‘age mess, eluent ponds, waste disposal, shipping and Ioading areas. “Tru” {georaphic) and ‘assumed’ or ‘plant’ north are marked end their angutat separation shownsee figure 5.11, Froune s.7 ELEVATION (sOMETAIC OBLIQUEKEY PLAN ‘A “kay plan’ Is produced by adapting the site plan, dividing the rsa af tha site into smaller areas identified by key letters af numbers. A smell simplified inset of the key plan is added to plat plans, and may be added ta piping and other drawings for reference purpases. The subject arsa af tha particular drawing is hatched or shaded, os shown in figure 6.0. DRAWING SHEET SHOWING KEY PLAN & MATCHLINE FIGURE 8 EQUIPMENT ARRANGEMENT DRAWING Undes project group supervision, the piping group usually makes severat viable arrangements of equipment, seeking an optimal design that satislies ‘process requirements, Often, preliminary piping studios are necessary én order to establish equipment coordinates. ‘A. design. sid for positioning equipment is to cut out scaled outlines of equipment from stiff paper, which can be moved about on a plan view of ‘eres involved, (18 multiple units of the same type are to bo usod, xeroxing the equipment outlines is faster.) Another method which is usaful for areas where method study oF investigational reports are needed is described in. 44,13 under ‘Photographic tayauts’. PLOT PLAN When the equipment arrangement drawings are eppsoved, they are developed into ‘ptot plans’ ty the addition af dimensions end coordinates to locate all mojar items of equipment and structures. North and east coardinater of the extremities of buildings, and centerlines of steatwork ar other architectural constructions should be shown on the pot pian, preferably at the west and south ands of the instaflation. Goth ‘plant north’ and true north should be shown—see figuie 6.11. va Equiamont coocdinates ae usvally given cathe contains. Cull tn pumps are given ia the centerline of the pump shoft and pivhor (4 the (aca ‘af the pump foundation, of to the centerline af the discharge part, Up-dated copies af the ebove drawings axe sent 40 the lvl, steuutare! yont electrical oF other groups involved in the design, 19 inloam ham ol cegguiry ments 23 the design develops, VESSEL DRAWINGS ‘When the equipment arrangement has besa approved and ths piping artan ment determined, small dimensioned drewings of pracess vessals ore male {on sheets 8% x 11 of 11 x 17 inchss) in avdar to fix nozzles ond theit ‘oriantations, manholes, ladders, otc. These drawings ara then sent to the vendor who motes the chop detail drawings, which are examined by the project engineer and sent to the piping group for checking and approve, ‘Vessel drawings need not ba to scale, {Figure 6.14 is on exemple vessel drawing) DRAWINGS FROM OTHEA SOURCES Piping drawings should be correlated with the following drawings (rom other design groups and from vandars. Points to be checked ere listed: Architectural drawings: '® Outlines of walls or sidings, indicating thicknass Floor penatrations for stanwoys, lifts, etevators, ducts, drains, tc, Positions af daors end windows engineering drawings: © Foundations, usiderground piping, drains, etc, Structural steet drawings: @ Positions of steet columns supporting next highs! fluor level # Supporting structures ‘such as overhead cranss, monorails, plattoims ‘or beams ¢ Wall bracing, where pipes may be taken thru walls Heating, vantileting & air-conditioning (HVAC) drawings: # Paths of ducting and rising ducts, for raum, plerums, spaceteaters, ete, Eleccrieal drewings! Positions of motor canteal canters, svitchoear, junctivd busit ond control panels ¢ Majo conduit of wiring cuns (including buried suns @ Positions of tights Instrumentation drawings: # Instrument panel end console locations. Vendors’ drawings: 2 Dimensions of equipment ‘¢ Positions of nozzles, flange type and pressure rating, instaumants, ett, Mechenical drawings: © Positions and dimansions of mechanical equipment such es conveyors, ‘chutes, ett, 2 Piped services needed for mechanical equipment.PIPING DRAWINGS 528 Process equipment and piping systems hove priority. Orawings listed on the receding page must be reviewed for compatibility with the developing piping design, Pevtinent background details (drawn faintly} from these drewings help to avoid interterences. Omission of such detei! from the piping drawing often leas 10 the subsequent discovery that pipe hes been routed thru brace, staimmay, doorway, foundation, duct, mechanical equipment, motor canwot comer, fire Lighting equipment, atc. Completed piping drawings will also show spool numbers, if this part of the job is not subcontrecisd ~ 520 6.29. Electrical ond instrument ‘cables are not shown on piping drawings, but trays to hold the cables are indicated—for example, see figure 6.3, paint (8). Itis not slays possible for tha piping drewing to follow exactly the logical ‘actangoment of the PED. Sometimes tines must be routed with different junction sequence, and line numbers mey be changed. During the preliminary biping studies, economies and practicsble impravements may be found, and the P&ID moy be moditied to take these into account. However, it is not the Diping designer's jab to seok ways to change the P&ID, SCALE Piping is arrangod in ptan view, usually to 3/8 inte scal ALLOCATING SPACE ON THE SHEET © Obtain the deawing mumber ond fill 4 he fe block et te bottom tight corner of the shoot ALLOCATING SPACE ON ADRAWNG SHEET FiguRE so | ewe reson se tk [miwirmem | 4 On nonstandard sheets, leave @ 1Ye to Zinch margin atthe eft edge of the shoot, to allow fling on a ‘tick’. Standard drawing shoots usually have this margin On drowiags showing a ptan view, place a north arrow at the top felt ‘carmer of the sheet to indicate plant north—sax figure 6.11 ‘¢ Do not draw in the area atove the title block, as this space is allocated to the bil of materiel, or to-guneral notes, brief descriptions of changes, ‘ond the titles and numbers of reference drawings © Wplens and elevations ate smal enough to go on the same sheet, drew the plan at the upper loft side of the shest and elevations to the right and bottom of it, a8 shown in figure 6.9 BACKGROUND DETAN. € Show background detail as discussed in 5.2.8 under ‘Piping drawings’. {tt is sometimes convenient to draw outlines on the reverse side of the draving sheet © After background dotails have beon determined, it is best to make Brinton which nozzles on vessels, pumps, etc., to be piped can be ‘marked in red peneit. Utility stations can alsa be established, This will indicate areas of major usage and the most convenient locations for the headers. Obviously, at times thera will be a number of alternate routes, offering comparable sdvantages PROCESS & SERVICE LINES ON PIPING DRAWINGS ¢ Take fine numbers from the P&ID. Refer 10 5.2.4 under “Flaw fines on P&ID's' fas information on numbering lines, include line numbers on alt views, and arrowheads showing direction of ftow © Draw all pipe ‘single line’ uoless special instructions have been given’ {or drawing ‘double tine’. Chart 5.1 gives line thicknesses (full size} © Line numbers are shown against tines, thus: { LINE WUMoER $ © Tako tines continued an another sheet to 8 matchtine, and there code ‘with lina numbers onty. Show the continuation sheet numbers on ematchlines—soe figure 6.8 sec. — ~ VALVE, et. © Showa definite break in a ling crossing behind another line=se0 ‘Rolled: if, under “Plan view piping drawings’, this sectien. az. (nenleaves ace requived thru floors , indicate where they are ceeded and inform the graup leader for transmitting this information 10 the ‘group (s) concerned © Indicate insulation, and show whether lines are electrically or steam ‘traced—s00 chart 5.7 FITTINGS, FLANGES, VALVES & PUMPS ON PIPING ORAWINGS ‘8° The foltowing items should be tabeted in one view only: tees and ells rolled at 4 degrees (see example, this page), short-sadius ell, reducing all, eccentric reducer and eccentric swage (note on plan views whether “top lat’ o¢ ‘bottom flat’), concentric reduces, concentric swage, onstandard at companion flange, reducing tes, special items of unusual material, of pressure rating different from that of the system, ele. Refer to charts 5.3, 5.4 and 5.6 for symbol usage rawr the outside diameters af flanges to scale © Show valve identification number from P&AD. Label control valves to show: size, pressure rating, dimension over Flor 2s, and valve instrument number, from the P&ID-—

You might also like

• The Subtle Art of Not Giving a F*ck: A Counterintuitive Approach to Living a Good Life

  

  From Everand

  The Subtle Art of Not Giving a F*ck: A Counterintuitive Approach to Living a Good Life

  Mark Manson

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (5819)
• The Gifts of Imperfection: Let Go of Who You Think You're Supposed to Be and Embrace Who You Are

  

  From Everand

  The Gifts of Imperfection: Let Go of Who You Think You're Supposed to Be and Embrace Who You Are

  Brené Brown

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (1092)
• Never Split the Difference: Negotiating As If Your Life Depended On It

  

  From Everand

  Never Split the Difference: Negotiating As If Your Life Depended On It

  Chris Voss

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (845)
• • Magazines
  • Podcasts
  • Sheet music
• Principles: Life and Work

  

  From Everand

  Principles: Life and Work

  Ray Dalio

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (609)
• The Glass Castle: A Memoir

  

  From Everand

  The Glass Castle: A Memoir

  Jeannette Walls

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (1717)
• Grit: The Power of Passion and Perseverance

  

  From Everand

  Grit: The Power of Passion and Perseverance

  Angela Duckworth

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (590)
• Sing, Unburied, Sing: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  Sing, Unburied, Sing: A Novel

  Jesmyn Ward

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (1104)
• Hidden Figures: The American Dream and the Untold Story of the Black Women Mathematicians Who Helped Win the Space Race

  

  From Everand

  Hidden Figures: The American Dream and the Untold Story of the Black Women Mathematicians Who Helped Win the Space Race

  Margot Lee Shetterly

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (897)
• Shoe Dog: A Memoir by the Creator of Nike

  

  From Everand

  Shoe Dog: A Memoir by the Creator of Nike

  Phil Knight

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (540)
• The Perks of Being a Wallflower

  

  From Everand

  The Perks of Being a Wallflower

  Stephen Chbosky

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (2104)
• The Hard Thing About Hard Things: Building a Business When There Are No Easy Answers

  

  From Everand

  The Hard Thing About Hard Things: Building a Business When There Are No Easy Answers

  Ben Horowitz

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (348)
• Bad Feminist: Essays

  

  From Everand

  Bad Feminist: Essays

  Roxane Gay

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (1018)
• Elon Musk: Tesla, SpaceX, and the Quest for a Fantastic Future

  

  From Everand

  Elon Musk: Tesla, SpaceX, and the Quest for a Fantastic Future

  Ashlee Vance

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (474)
• Her Body and Other Parties: Stories

  

  From Everand

  Her Body and Other Parties: Stories

  Carmen Maria Machado

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (822)
• The Outsider: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  The Outsider: A Novel

  Stephen King

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (1866)
• The Emperor of All Maladies: A Biography of Cancer

  

  From Everand

  The Emperor of All Maladies: A Biography of Cancer

  Siddhartha Mukherjee

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (271)
• The Sympathizer: A Novel (Pulitzer Prize for Fiction)

  

  From Everand

  The Sympathizer: A Novel (Pulitzer Prize for Fiction)

  Viet Thanh Nguyen

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (122)
• Angela's Ashes: A Memoir

  

  From Everand

  Angela's Ashes: A Memoir

  Frank McCourt

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (441)
• Brooklyn: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  Brooklyn: A Novel

  Colm Toibin

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (1947)
• The Little Book of Hygge: Danish Secrets to Happy Living

  

  From Everand

  The Little Book of Hygge: Danish Secrets to Happy Living

  Meik Wiking

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (401)
• A Man Called Ove: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  A Man Called Ove: A Novel

  Fredrik Backman

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (4770)
• The World Is Flat 3.0: A Brief History of the Twenty-first Century

  

  From Everand

  The World Is Flat 3.0: A Brief History of the Twenty-first Century

  Thomas L. Friedman

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (2259)
• Steve Jobs

  

  From Everand

  Steve Jobs

  Walter Isaacson

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (808)
• The Yellow House: A Memoir (2019 National Book Award Winner)

  

  From Everand

  The Yellow House: A Memoir (2019 National Book Award Winner)

  Sarah M. Broom

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (98)
• Devil in the Grove: Thurgood Marshall, the Groveland Boys, and the Dawn of a New America

  

  From Everand

  Devil in the Grove: Thurgood Marshall, the Groveland Boys, and the Dawn of a New America

  Gilbert King

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (266)
• The Art of Racing in the Rain: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  The Art of Racing in the Rain: A Novel

  Garth Stein

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (4208)
• A Tree Grows in Brooklyn

  

  From Everand

  A Tree Grows in Brooklyn

  Betty Smith

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (1929)
• Yes Please

  

  From Everand

  Yes Please

  Amy Poehler

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (1902)
• A Heartbreaking Work Of Staggering Genius: A Memoir Based on a True Story

  

  From Everand

  A Heartbreaking Work Of Staggering Genius: A Memoir Based on a True Story

  Dave Eggers

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (231)
• Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln

  

  From Everand

  Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln

  Doris Kearns Goodwin

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (234)
• The Woman in Cabin 10

  

  From Everand

  The Woman in Cabin 10

  Ruth Ware

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (2522)
• Fear: Trump in the White House

  

  From Everand

  Fear: Trump in the White House

  Bob Woodward

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (738)
• Wolf Hall: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  Wolf Hall: A Novel

  Hilary Mantel

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (3811)
• John Adams

  

  From Everand

  John Adams

  David McCullough

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (2409)
• On Fire: The (Burning) Case for a Green New Deal

  

  From Everand

  On Fire: The (Burning) Case for a Green New Deal

  Naomi Klein

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (74)
• The Light Between Oceans: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  The Light Between Oceans: A Novel

  M.L. Stedman

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (789)
• Manhattan Beach: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  Manhattan Beach: A Novel

  Jennifer Egan

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (792)
• The Constant Gardener: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  The Constant Gardener: A Novel

  John le Carré

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (104)
• The Unwinding: An Inner History of the New America

  

  From Everand

  The Unwinding: An Inner History of the New America

  George Packer

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (45)
• Rise of ISIS: A Threat We Can't Ignore

  

  From Everand

  Rise of ISIS: A Threat We Can't Ignore

  Jay Sekulow

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (137)
• Little Women

  

  From Everand

  Little Women

  Louisa May Alcott

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (104)