TRAN VAN QUANG TRAC DIA Dai cuong NHA XUAT BAN XAY DUNG HANOI - 2001MO BAU Triic dia ta mon Khou hoe ve cae phép de dow tien hin tren Inc dt de sciv atin hinks chang va kich thaide trai dt, thank bap ce oui ban dé fing nhut ghal quyet ccc vie dé KF thudt khde- C chayén nbn hep ulue wae dia cao cep, tec dia dia hith, tee dia anh wae dic cong wink, trac dia brin dé... ng voi sie phdt wien cia xd hdi, wee dia phiitt ra mot so trde dia c6 quan hé mat thiet voi Trong gud trink plait wien. cde nganh koa hoe kde uli todn hoc, vat WX, thien vein, diet chat, dia ty. Trae dia cé vai 6 quan trong déi v6i nén kinh 16 quoe din, ange phong ‘ ing nhac 61 v vor Ady dung co ban. Tre rong « Kay iy diane. iént thu ve theo Gis su on dink cla CONG ti ‘int khi cong tink da di vao su dung. Do vdy, write dia la mon khoa hov khong the thier trong gud dung cling nie mt x6 ngdnh k¥ inet tink dia tao KE su xd Alnic. Cuén “Trae dia dai euong™ vi nhiing ven dé cot han va cau thiét cia khou hoe wd dia trong 1 11 chitong sé gidi thiéu Ady ching co ban. Ching 161 dd 6 gding tinh bay cde van dé mot cach rd rang, Hgdit Zon song khong tranh khoi thie sdt, rat mong nhiin die cide ¥ kien vép ¥, phé binh. Xin chan thank cam ont TAC GIAChuong I NHUNG KIEN THUC CO BAN VE TRAC DIA §)-1. HINH DANG VA KICH THUOC TRALDAT Bé mat ty ohién cila Undi dat rat phite tap v6i dién tich khoang 510 trigu km’, trong dé Suc dia chi chiém 29%. con lai 71% Va dai duong. Tuy nhieén, chénh léch gifta noi cao nat cua Jue dia (khoang 9km) va noi thap nhat ctia dai duong (khoang 11km) cing khéng dang ké so vGi kich thuGe wai dat (duéng kinh khoang 12000 km). Do vay, ¢6 thé coi “mt nude bign trung binh, yén tinh kéo dai qua ¢ dc luc diu va hai ddo, tuo thanh niat cong khép kin” Va dac trang cho hinh dang caa trai dat. Mai dae trung nay goi 1a mat thuy chudn (cdc tén thudng gap: mat nuGe ¢ Nam lay gid wi mat nude bién trung binh cua {ram quan trac thity triéu 6 Hon Dau (Dd Son-Hai Phong) dé xdc dinh mat thay chudn quée gia. géc, geoid). Vi DOi vGi Khu vue nho, ngudi ta con dong mat thay chudn quy wée (gid dinh). Cac mrt thty chudn quy Se song song voi mat thiry chudn Dac diém cua mat thity chudn: tai bat ky diém nao cia mat nay, php tuyén luén tring v6i phuong cita day doi di qua diém do. Phuong cla day doi phy thuge vao su phan bé vat chat trong lép vo tdi dat ma sur phan bé vat chat lai khong dong déu. Do dé, vé mat hinh hoc mat thity chudin bién déi rat phée tapHé thudn én cho viée sit dung va tinh toan cin xe dinh mot matcd dang chudn tac vé mat hinh hoc. Mat nay phai dép ting dutoe - Biéu dién duoe dudi dang cic phuong tinh todn hoe. - Gan voi mat thiy chuan nhat. Trén co so céc két Juan cia ly thuyét va cdc sé liéu thie nghi¢ni ngudi ta thay ring. néu nhin toan canh thi mat thoy chuan gan gidng mat ellipsoid tron xoay véi cde ban truc én a, bin truc nhéd b va dé det & (hinh 1-1). Mat thay chun Mat ellipsoid Pp inh 1-1 a-b d- Cac thong sé cua ellipsoid rat quan tong véi Khoa hoc nén da cé nhiéu nha khoa hoc trén thé gidi nghién citu. Tuy nhién cic s6 ligu rat khée nhau. GO mde ta, truée day ding cllipsoid véi $6 liéu cha nha bac hoc Nga Kraxépxki (h.IEKP ACOWGCROVO) cong bé nam 1940: _ ot 2983 a= 6.378.245 mb = 6.356.863 m aChinh Tir thing 7 nam 2000, theo yuyét dinh cla Th ludng S4 vai: phd, Viet Nam str dung ellipsoid guy chigu quéc té WGS: | 298.25 a=6.378.137m b= 6.356.752 mM a= De dé det u kha nhd nén khi do dac khu vue khong [n.d thé coi Udi dat 1a hinh cau voi ban kink R = 63711 $km. g1-2. ANH HUONG BO CONG TRAL DAT DEN CAC YEL TODO 1. Anb husng do cong Trai dat dén do dai at; A’, BLA binb chiéu cua A, B lén Hai diém A, B trén mat d mat thity chuan (coi 14 mat ciu) phu hinh 1-2. o Hinh 1-2 Gia sir ding mat phing F tiép xe vdi mat cf & A” dé thay thé mat cau trong phép chicu. Khi dé binh anh cia A, Birén mat phang F Ia A*, BYA"B™ = 8). 7Sai sé vé do dai Khi thay thé mat céu boi mat phang 1d: Ad=s-d (1-2) SER. tg6 (1-3) d=R.0 (-4) Taco: Ad =R (te 0-0) (i-5) Khai trién ham tg@ thanh chuéi va gid lai hai sé dau ta duoc: 0 tg0=0+ ; Cong thite (1-5) ¢6 dang: Ad=R or (t-6) 3 Thay (1-4) vao (1-6) va dé 1ién so sdénh ta bigéu dién sai téch nay dudi dang sai s6 tuong déi : Add dR? Xét 161 do chinh xdc do chiéu dai thue té hién nay thi khue vue do dac trong pham vi bin kink 10 km, c6 thé coi 1A mat phing ma khong lam sai léch do chiéu dai. (1-7) 1 (d={0km > Ad= lcm vi Ad _— -- d 1.220.000 2. Anh huong do cong Trai dat dén goe bang Theo luong gic céu: téng cde gée trong mot da gide phing nhd hon téng cdc géc trong cita da gide dé khi né nam trén mat cau mét dai lweng € : (1-8)€: do viol gdc mat cAu (siéu gidic cau) A: dién tich da gidte trén mit edu Tuy thee dé chinh xae do gée ma quyét dink pham vi khu vue c6 thé coi 1a mat phing. Vi du do gdc chinh xdé¢ 1° thi pham vi 100 knv* due coi 1a mat phing. 3. Anh budng do cong Trai dat dén ch cao Theo hinh 1-2, q 1a sai ch do cap khi thay mat cau bing mat phang, ¢6 thé ching minh dé dang: q= 5 (1-9) Khi do cao vGi dé chink xde t6i mm thi d >50 mi phai tinh dén anh huong dé cong Trai dat (d = 50m , q = 0,2 mm). Trong do cao hinh hoc dat may 6 gifta tram do, sai s6 do anh huong dé cong Trai dat cita tia ngiim truéc vA sau triét tiéu nhau. §1-3. HE TOA DO DIA LY Quy dinh chung thong nhat cho toan bo Trai dat. Git 4 ste mat thiy chudin 1d mat cdu cé tam O, truc quay PP niw hinh 1-3 * Giao tuyén cua ma cau véi mat phang chtia truc quay PP 14 kinh tuyén dia ly. Kinh tuyén géc di qua dai thién van Grinuych 6 gén London thd do nude Anh. Hinh 1-3 9* Gino myén cla mat cu voi mat phang vung gdc voi tryc quay dat 1A vi tuyén dia ly. Vi tuyén ton nat 1a xich dao. Mat phing chtia xich dao Li mat phing xich dao. Tou do dia ly cha diém A (p, , A,). = V7d6 cita diém A (e,) fA goe @ tao boi dudng AO va mat phing xich dao. Do vi duge tinh tir xich dao vé hai phia Bac va Nam bin cdiu. twong ting la dé vi bie va dé vi nam. Gid tri dé vi thay ddi tir 0" dén 90°. * Kinh dé ctia diém A (A,) 18 gc nhi dién hop béi mat phang chtia kinh tuyén gdc voi mat phang kinh tuyén qua A. Dé kinh duoc tinh wr kinh tuyén gée vé hai phia Dong va Tay ban cau, tong xing 14 do kink dong va do kinh tay. Gid tri cha kinh do thay doi tir 0° dén 180° Vi du: Toa dé dia ly diém A 1a: 4,5 21 18° 15"B Aa = 107" 42°08" D 6 kinh va dé vi duce xac dinh tir céc két qua do thién van. Hé toa do dia ly duge the hién bang nhing doan “trang den” vA céc con sé ghi & bén géc khung cila te ban dé. He toa dé dia ly tuong déi don gian song khéng thuiin fién trong stl dung vi toa do dia Ly tinh theo don vi gdc con gid 6 dai ting voi gid tri géc ay & nhing khu vue khde nbau trén mat cau lai khac ohau. do d6 viée tinh todn v6i toa do dia ly kha phite tap. §1-4. HE TOA DO PHANG THANG GOC 1. Khai niem vé phép chiéu ban do Tat ci cde cong tic do dac déu tién hanh trén be mat wenbién cha Trai dit, thong qua céc sé ligu dé ngudi ta biéu dién duge 10hinh dang mat dat ty nhién lén 1 gidy phiing {binh dé, ban dé... V yéu 16 tir hinh ellipsoid sang bink phi bao git cing cé nhiing sai lech. De han ché cae sai lech do chuyén ca nguai ta sit dung cae phép chicu han dé: phép chiéu hinh adn, phép chigu hioh try dung, phép chiéu hinh try ngang,... 1. Phép chiéu hinh nén Long ra ngoai ellipsoid mot hinh nén sao cho truc cla no trong voi truc quay PP” va tiép xuc véi ellipsoid 6 vi tuyen @, no dé (hink I-43) Hinh 1-4 Chiéu ludi vi tuyén vi kink tuyén tir mat ellipsoid Jén mat non nhe tim chiéu O, sau dé cét hinh non theo mét dudng sinh nao i phing (hinh |-4b). Luéi chiéu c6 dac diem: do vat - Cac kinh tuyén 1a nhitng dung thang gap nhau 6 dinh S. - Cée vi tuyén Ja nhimg cung tron déng tam nhung cach nha khong déu. 41= Ty l¢ bien dang dai m=1 ddi voi vi tuyén tép xtc @,, Cing xa Vi tuyén @,, ty Ie bién dang dai cing tang (mG il | aL NN ac<0 Ax? 0 7 Ay <0 Ay <0 Hinh 1-16 ¥ " 24Bai todn 1-5b: Tinh toa d6 diém M theo so dé hinh 1-15. Biét: A (349,67m ; 492,53m)} B (264,38m ; 587,93m) B = 129°183 d=92,48m Giai: Can xdc dinh géc dinh huéng o1,,, theo cae cong thite (1-24) va (1-25): Ye —¥, _ 587,93- 492,53 97,40 _ got. = = — = = -1,141986 Xy—Xq 246,38 — 349.67 85,29 Ogg = atg (-1,141986) = - 48°47'5 Theo hinh 1-16, géc o,, nim ¢ géc phan tu tht 2 nén a, 66 gid tri la: gy =~ 4B°47'S + 180°=131°12'5 Viée tinh ton toa dé diém M nhu bai todn i-Sa va ket qua nihu sau: OLpy =80°30'8 AX oy =+15,24m AY poy = +91,22m Xy =279,62m Yu, =68115m 25Cau hai va bai tap chwong I 1. Dinh nghia mat thay chudin, 6 Vit Nam mat thay chuén chon géc 6 dau? Tai sao trong xay dung ngudi ta hay ding mat thiy chudin quy ude? 2. Thé nao 14 do cao tuyét déi, do cao tuong déi, hig dé cao gitta hai diém? 3. Anh huang dé cong trai dat dén cac yéu t6 do dac co ban nhw thé no? Nguéi ta cé thé han ché duge anh huéng dé cong trai dat dén ket qua do hay khong? 4. Diém A cé toa dé dia ly nhu sau: py = 211825" B 2, = 1053754" D Néu y nghia cla cdc chit va 6, 5. Noi dung vi dac diém ctla phuong phap chiéu Gauxo ? Hé toa do phang thang géc Gauxo due biéu din nhu thé nao? Tai sao déi vi cdc nude & bac ban cdu kinh tuyén trac ca mii chiéu duoc dich chuyén vé phia Tay 500km sau khi trai phing? PHiém B cé toa do vuong gée: Xq = 2 486 972,56 m y, = 18.315 867,67 m Giai thich sé liéu trén 6. Phép chiéu Gauxo va phép chiéu UTM gidng va khéc nhau gnhiing diém nado? 7. Trong trac dia ding nhing loai huéng géc nao lam co sé cho dinh huéng dudng thang. Tai sao uén cing mét dudng thang, 6 cae vi wi khdc nhau, g6c phuong vi thuc cé gid wi khdc nhau? 268. Gée dinh hudng [i gi? Cac cong thite biéu thi méi quan hé gitta ede dinh hudng vi géc phuong vi thue va véi gde bang? 9. Bai tap Bai tap 1-1: Tinh toa do diém M theo so dé hinh 1-15 v6i sé liéu sau: [x = 197,48 m ly, =256,52m X, = 203,42m ly, =328,79m B= 98° 496 d=85,72m Bai tap 1-2: Hinh 1-17 ‘Tinh tow d6 diém I theo so 46 binh {-17 véi sé ligu & bang 1-1. Bang 1-1 Bim x(m) yom) Bo 3B A | 200,00. 335,20 | or3ra - B | 964K | 24g25 ff 58427 27Bai tap 1-3: Tinh cée géc 8, , B, theo so dé hinh 1-17, cde 86 figu o bang (1-2). Bang 1-2 Diém xt) yim) A 329,52 403,61 B 203,85 318,92 I 212,47 | 485,18 28Chuong II BAN DO DIA HINH §2-1. KHAI NIEM J. Ban dé: la binh vé thu nho va déng dang ctla mot khu vuc at theo mot phuong phép chiéu nhat dinh, cé ké dén anh huong d6 cong trai dat. Ban dé c6 ty 1é thay déi & nhiing phan khde nhau cla né. Ty lé chinh 18 ty 1é cla huéng duge chon lam co so cho viée lap ban 46 (cé thé 1a mét kinh tuyén hay mot vi tuyén). TY lé cla cdc phan con lai 1A ty 1é riéng. Ban dé duge chia thanh nhiéu loai tuy theo muc dich sit dung va ndi dung biéu dién. Trong quy hoach nén kinh t€ quéc dan, quan su va cong trinh ngwéi ta thong str dung ban dé dia hinh 1A loai trén d6 vita biéu dién dang dat vita biéu dién dia vat. 2. Binh dé: \a hinh vé thu nho va déng dang trén gis hinh chiéu bing cla nhitng khu vite khéng én, khong ké dén anh hudng do cong tréi dat. Binh dé co ty lé duy nhat, khong ddi 6 moi noi 3. Mat cat dia hinh: 1a su thu nhé mat cat ditng bé mat Trai dat theo mét hudng nao dé. Do 46, mat cat dia hinh 1a dac treng cho dia hinh theo tuyén ngoai thue dia. 29§2-2. TY LEBAN DO 4. TY Ie ban do: lity s6 gitia do dai cia doan thing uén bin dé va do dai tvong tg cia doan thing dé ngoai mat dat duvc biéu thi dudi dang phin s6 ¢6 ti sé bing 1 va miu so Lt do thu nhoM: Id M D He dé ding trong sit ding. M thing duge chon 1A nhiing sé tron tram, vi du 200, S00, 1000, 2000... 21) Tren ban dé, mat ngwoi chi phan biét duoc doan thang lén hon 0.1 mm vi vay ngudi ta lay 0.1 mm Lam cot sé xéc dinh do chinh xae cua ty lé (t). 1=0.) Mmm (2-2) Tir 2-2 nhan thay rang ty 1é ban dé cang 1d thi mite dé biéu dién dia hinh, dia vat cang day dil, chi tiét va chénh xac. 2. Thuée ty lé: la dung cv tinh chuyén déi chiéu dai qua lai gitta ban.dé va mat dat. C6 hai loai thudc ty Ie: thude ty le thang va thuée ty 1é xién. a) Thue ty le thang Trén dudng thing dat lién ti¢p nhiéu doan thang a bang nhau, moi doan d6 goi 1a don vi co ban cta thitée Thuong a = 2 cm né trong ting chiéu dai chan ngoai thie dia vat ghi truc tiép chiéu dai nay Jén ting don vi thud. Trén don vi co ban dau thuéc, ngudi ta chia lam n phén bang fs » da ohy, ka ah 4 a La ths. a nhau va goi 14 dé chinh xdc cha thude ty 18 thang: t; = — n Hinh 2 - | biéu dién thud ty lé thang voi M = 5000 via = 2cm. 30Hinh 2-1 Khi str dung, ding compa do va dat true tiép lén thude ty lé 1a xde dinh duoc tri s6 dé dai. bj} Thutoc ty lé xién Tuong tu nhur xay dung thude ty 1é thang, sau khi nhan duoc cdc doan don vi co ban, ta dung cic duéng vuéng géc AA’, OO" cé chiéu dai bing don vi co ban (2cm) nhu hinh 2-2 va chia chting ran phan bang nhau. Qua cdc diém chia ké cdc dudng thang song song véi duéng day. Tiép tuc chia cic doan AO , A'O’ thanh m phan bang nhau va ni v6i nhau theo cdc didng xién (G day lay n =m = 10). i done wo 2 Hinh 2-2 Do chinh xdc cia thudc ty 1é xién ty 1a: -AO _ AO =) m.=25" 60Gid tri cha géc C 1a C = 57°06'14" + 5" 2. Ham sé dang tong quat C6 ham sé: Xp XgX,! Cac bi A,, Ao... A,: Cée sai sé thue tuong img cna cdc bién sé. Ta cé thé viét: Z+ A, = PX, tAy; XetAy.. X,+A,) (3-14) Khai trién theo chudi Taylor va bé qua sé hang phi tuyén tinh nhan duge: a. a Z+ A, = £0), XX) + sta, 42, tet of 6, a, - e. Nghia la: A= Sane, 42a, (3-15) ex oy Os, Trén co sé (3-14) va (3-12) ta cé sai sO trung phuong cla ham Zia m: [2] + Ee] = vos{ 2) _G-16) Trong do: cam > dao ham riéng phan cua ham z v6i bién so x, Ki m;: sai so trung phutong cla x, Vi du 3-4: Do chiéu dai doan duéng déc duge D = 50,00m; my = £0,05 m, géc nghiéng V = 15°00 ; my= £30”. Tinh chiéu dai bang S va sai s6 trung phuong ctta né (hinh 3-1). 61Hinh 3-1 Giai: Theo hinh vé chiéu dai $ 1a: S=DeosV $= 50,00. cos 15°00 = 48,29 (m) Va sai sO trung phuong cita chiéu dai S: & =- DsinV; ev Thay s6 tacéd: = m,= + 0,05 (m) Nhu vay chiéu dai doan do la: S= (48,29 + 0,05) m §3-4. SO TRUNG BINH CONG VA SAL SO TRUNG PHUONG CUA NO KHIDO CUNG DO CHINH XAC Trong Trac dia, mot dai lvgng thudng duge do nhiéu lan va gid tri cla né 12 trung binh cdc lan do. Trong cing diéu kién do , mat dat lugng nao dé do n lin véi cde ti an I, 1, v6i cde sai sé trung phuong tuong img 1a m, . Ma, 4.5 $6 trung binh céng L ctla cdc trido La: (3-17) 62L 1a ham cdc tri do /, , theo (3-12) ta phan dugc sai sé trang 5 > 1 a phuong claL lam, m2 Pm + (— Vm? to + ( ym,” n in n Gia sir m,=m, =... = m, = m thi sai sé m,cé gid tri: m > m= = (3-18) n Tir cong M thtic (3-18) ta nhan thay s6 trung binh cong c6 sai sé nho hon Vn lin so véi ¥ cla mdi lin do. Vi vay sé trung binh cong 1a s6 dang tin cay hat. vy, 1a sé higu chinh lan thei, v, =/,-L Sat_s6 trung phwong cita sé trung binh cong theo sé higu chinh IA : i Iwi \a—pan Vi du 3-5: Chiéu dai AB duc do 4 lan cing dé chinh xdc véi cdc két qua nhan duge & bang 3-1. Hay xde dinh sé tung binh cong va sai s6 trung phuong cia né ciing nhu sai sé rung phuong cla mai lan do. m= (3-19) Bang 3-1 Lan do i (m) yai-L a vy 1 178,75 -0,03 0,008 2 178,82 +0,04 0,0016 3 178,76 -0,02 0,0004 4 178,79 40,01 0,0001 L 178,78 z 0,00 0,0030Sai sO tung phuong mdi lén do: — m= +! = +0.03 (m) Sai sé trang phirong cia L: m= m = 0,03 = 0,015 (m) vn v4 Va chiiéu dai AB la L = $78,78 + 0,02 (m). §3-5. TIRU CHUAN DANH GIA KET QUA BO KHONG CUNG DO CHINIEXAC Trong thuc te, diéu kién do thutmg thay d6éi nén cdc ket qua do nhan duge khong cing d6 chinh xdc va nhu vay, khéng thé tinh ton theo cdc biéu thie cia §.3-4. Dé giai quyét, ngudi ta ding s6 bé tr¢ cho viée tinh todn cing mt Itic cic tri do khéng cing dé chinh xac, déng théi cing cho biel dO chinh xac ctta cdc wi do. SO dé goi 1A trong so va tinh theo cong thitc: pat. (3-20) Trong dé: P,- trong s6 cua lan do thiti. m,- sai sO trung phuong cla 14n do i. po = C - hé s6 trong 86 cé gid tri tuy chon. Tuy nhién C khong doi cho tat ca cdc tri do due dem so sénh. Khi d6 s6 trung binh cong Lpctia day do khong cing dé chinh xdc la: L.= iP/ (3-21) [P] 64Qua (3-21) ta thay P, cang I6n thi tri do tuong ung / chiém ty trong cing |dn trong viée xde dinh tri trung binh trong sé L,. Diy 12 ban chat trong sé cua tri do: Néu chon ti = m, thi P, = i (trong sé dom vi). Khi dé pe goi 1a sai 86 trung phuong trong 36 don vi, duge tinh theo cong thitc: Thay (3-22) vao (3-23) ta cé: m= (3-24) Va@- DIP] §3-6. CAC DON VI DO DUNG TRONG TRAC DIA 1. Don vi do chiéu dai Don vi do chiéu dai l& mét (m). Mét mét IA chiéu dai cua 1.650.763,73 bude song truyén trong chan khéng cla nguyén té Kripton&6 trong ving quang pho xde dinh. Ngofi ra con hay ding cic béi sé va ude s6 cla mét nhu: kilomet (km), déximeét (dm), xangtimét (cm), milimét (mm)... 2. Don vi do goc Géc dutge do bang dé (*) Grad (gr) hoae Radian (rad). - Mot do (1°) 18 gid tri géc 6 tam chin cung cé chiéu dai bang chu vi cita duong tron. 360 65° 1 Do con direc chia thanh phut ('=— ) va gidy ("= = ) p 60 ) va gidy 60 - Mot Grad (igr) 1A gia tri goc 6 1am chin cung ¢6 chiéu dai bang 00 chu vi cha diving tron. C&c ude 36 cia grad: i Xangtigrad: r= — Angtigra 100 a: ._t Miligrad: i 100 - Mét Radian (Irad) Ja gid tri goc o tam chan cung cd chiéu dai bing ban kinh cia dudng tron. Cée don vi do 6 thé tich chuyén déi: IRad = 57°,29578 = 63,66198n gr 1° = 0,01745 Rad = 10/9 gr I =0,157] Rad =0°.9 Dé dé dang chuyén déi cung tron tr don vi dai sang don vi g6o va ngutoc lai. ngudi ta ding hé sé ehuyén déi 9: p=573 p =3.438° p"= 206.265" 66Cau hoi va bai tap chuong TI] 1? Phan loai sai so theo ban chat. Tai sao sai lm va sai s6 hé thong c6 thé loai trie Khoi két qua do? 2. Sai sé ngdu nhién 1a gi? Neu cdc dac diém? 3. Trong do dac cling dé chinh xc, cé nhitng tiéu chudn ndo danh gid do chinh xdc ket qui do? Cong thiic tinh sai sé trang phuong cla Gauxo va Becxen cé digm nao gidng va khac nhau? 4, Thanh lap cong thiic nh sai sO trang phurong cla ham so cdc két qua do déc 1p? 5. Tai sao ngudi ta ndéi "S6 tung binh cong 1a s6 dang tin cay nhat"? 6. Cong thtic tinh trong s6? Néu § nghia cia né trong vite xir ly cdc két qua do khéng ciing dé chinh xdc? 7. Bai tap: Bai tap 3-1: Két qua do 8 lan mét géc bang B, nhan duoc cac tri s@ ghi trong bang 3-2. Tinh tri so trang binh géc § va sai so trung phuong cla géc tinh duoc. Bang 3-2 Lindo | Trisé do Lindo | Trisédo 1 86°0S'4 5 86°05'S 2 86°05'3 6 86°05'4 3 86°0S'7 7 86°05'6 4 86°05'2 8 86°0S'1 67Bai tap 3-2: Canh A-B duoc do 6 lan véi sé liéu ghi trong bang 3-3. Tinh sai sé tong déi canh A-B Bang 3-3 ‘Lindo TrisédoGn) | Lin do Tri sé do (m) 4 18.896 4 18,887 2 18,892 5 18,893 3 18901 6 18,885 Bai tép 3-3: Cé tam gide ABC (hinh 3-2). Céc tri 96 va sai 86 tuong ung: a=215,46m+0,08m =58°173 £03 B= 71°48'6 +03 Tinh chiéu dai b ctia canh AC vii sai 6 trung phuong m,, Hinh 3-2 68Chuong IV pO GOC § 4-1, KHAI NIEM Gée 1a mét irong nhitng yéu t co ban cia cong tac trac dia. C6 hai loai gdc: géc bang B va géc ding V. l. Gée bang f cia hai huéng OA va OB 1a gée nhj dién hop boi 2 mat phang thing dting, chia OA va OB (hinh 4-1). Hinh 4-1 Gia ti cia géc bang bien déi tir 0°+360" theo chiéu kim déng hd. 2. Gée ding V (cdn goi 1A géc nghiéng) ctta huéng ngdm OA Ih géc tao boi hudng ngam voi mat phang nam ngang P (hinh 4-2). 69Hinh 4-2 Néu OA nim phia én mat phang ngang V mang gid tri duong, trong hop nguwoc lai V mang gid tri am. Gid tri cha V bién ddi tir 6° = 90°. §4.2, MAY KINH Vi May kinh vi la dung cu dé do géc bing va géc ding. Ngoai ra con ding dé do khoang céch va do cao. Theo cau tao, may kinh vi duge chia fam 3 loai: ~ May kinh vi kim foai: vinh do [am bang kim loai va doc sé truc tiép bing kinh lip. - Miy kinh vi quang hoc: vinh do lam bang vat licu trong sudt, 86 doc truyén lén kinh tip qua hé théng lang kinh. ~ May kinh wi dién tit: nhd bd dém va man hinh ngudi ta dé dang xde dinh duoc sé doc. Theo d6 chinh xdc may kinh vi duge chia thainh: - May kinh vi do chinh xc cao véi sai sé trung phuong do géc: mg = £0"5 + 23" ~ May kinh vi d6 chinh xdc trung binh véi sai s6 trung phuong do gdc: 70- May kinh vi dé chinh xe thip véi sai sé trung phuong do géc: my = + 10" + +60" Dit 1a loai nao may kinh vi cing gém 3 phan chinh: d. Gid may: bang g6 hay bang kim loai, tao thanh boi 3 chan. Cac chan cé thé thay doi do lai. 2. Dé may: Va ban dé cd 3 Gc, ching dé cn bing may khi do (hinh 4-3). 3. Than may: - Ban dé ngang va ban do ding. - Ong kinh. - Cac loai 6c khod, 6c vi déng... a) Ban dé: trén dé khac vach (theo thang dO hay grad) gid ti tang theo chiéu kim déng hé. Gia tri vach khac tuy thude vao do chinh xdc yéu cau cla may, Dé xac dinh dé ding sd doc, tren ban do con c6 vach chudn (vong chuin). Dé biét duge cdc ban do di 6 vi tri lm viée hay chua ngudi ta gan 6ng thi vao ban do, b) Ong thy: 06 hai loai - Ong thiy dai: ditoc cau tao tit mot Ong thiy tinh hinh tru véi mat trén phia trong cd dang cong tron, ban kinh R = 3m = 200m. Ong thay duge dé Hinh 4-3 7day chat léng cé do nhét thap nhur ete hay cén néng réi han kin lai. GO nhiét do thudng, khdi chat long gidm thé tich tao khoang tréng goi 1a "bot nude". Mat trén cla ng thuy cé cée vach chia cach nhau 2mm tuong Gng voi gde & 14m t (hinh 4-4). Gid iit cang nho thi dé chinh xdc cia éng thiiy cing cao (thudng + = 15" + 60"). Duong tiép tuyén véi mat cong phia trong cita ong thuy va di qua diém gitta ("diém khong") goi 1A truc cita 6ng thity dai. Khi hai dau “bot nuéc" di xting vi nhau qua “diém kh6ng" trac 6ng thuy dai nam ngang. Hinh 4-4 - Ong thuy tron: Mat trong cita 6ng thiy tron cé dang chém cau, dinh mat chom cau 1a “diém khong". Duong bain kinh di qua “diém khong" 14 truc cia Ong thly trdn (hinh 4-5). Khi "bot nuéc” tap trung, truc éng thiy tron & vi tri thang ding. D6 chinh xde cha éng thay tron thap hon dd chinh xdc cha Ong thity dai. Ding Ong thiy dn trong can bang so bo may. 72PITT TEENIE EL ee Usrcarizraes piel a My > Hinh 4-5 ©) Ong kink CAc bé phan chinh cua éng kink don gian (hinh 4-6) Hinh 4.6 + Kinh vat (1): Tao hinh anh that cila vai. Anh nay nhé hon kich thuéc vat vA nim cing phia voi téu diém sau cita kinh vat. + Luéi day chix thap (2): 1a mét tam kinh phang trén 46 khac lw6i chi chi thap (c4c vach chinh va cdc vach do khoang cach). Aan ciia vat khi do sé nam tén lu6i day chit thap - + Kinh mit (3); C6 tac dung hu kinh lip qua dé nhin thay Anh trén luéi day chit thap. Kinh mat c6 thé di chuyén duge nho mot 6c goi 1a 6c diéu tiéu. 73Khi thay doi » Vi tri anh twong ting ciing thay déi theo. Dé dia anh vé lu6i day chit thap, ngudi ta bd uf mot thau kinh phan ky (4) gitia kinh vat va ludi day chir thap dé thay déi tiéu cu sau cia kinh vat. Thau kinh phan ky di chuyén doc truc nho 6c diéu anh (5). Duéng thang néi quang tam kinh vat voi quang am kinh mat va di qua 1m cia mang day chit thap 14 (ruc ngdm cita 6ng kinh. D6 phéng dai cla éng kinh V*: Ves = (4-1) f.: tiéu cur kinh vat f,: teu cu kink mat 1 50 1. nay do phong dai cla éng kinh tric dia thudng tir 15 dén an, ving ngam 0,5°+ 2°, ) B6 phan dov 35° Dé doc duge dé dang va chink x4c céc gid tri géc trén ban do ngudi ta cau tao them bé phan doc sé. - Doi véi my kinh vi kim loai ditng du xich véi sé do chinh xéc t= — (f: gid tei nho nhat cia vach chia trén ban d6, nz sé n Khoang chia trén du xich). Khi doc s6 ta im vach tring cla du xich va ban do. - Kinh hién vi thang vach ding cho may kinh vi quang hoc. Thang vach dugc khac truc tiép lén man anh cia kinh doc sé. M6i thang chia vach cé gid tri bang / va duoc chia thanh n Khoang bang nhau. Khi doc 36, dua theo vach khdc nao dé cia 74vanh do nam lot trong thang vach (hin 4-7}. Theo hinh vé s6 doe trén ban do ngang 1a 174°55'0. -V6i may kinh vi dién ti, sé doc thé hign true tip trén man hinh. Hinh 4.7 g4-3. KIEM NGHIEM VA pIEU CHINH CAC DIEU KIEN CO BAN CUA MAY KINH Vi Dé dam bao do géc duge chinh xac, cde diéu kién hinh hoc co ban cia may kinh wi phai duge ton trong. Tuy nhién, trong qua trinh sie dung, cdc diéu kién nay cd thé bi pha vo. Vi vay. can phai kiém nghiem va diéu chinh ching. 1. Truc 6ng thiiy dai trén ban dé ngang phdi vuéng goc véi trie quay cia may a) Kiém ughiém Sau khi can bing so bé may, quay mdy dé cho 6ng thity dai song song véi dudng ndi 2 dc can nao dé, xoay hai 6c can nay nguge chiéu nhau cho bot thiy tap wung. - Quay may 90", ding 6c can con ai (6c 3) dua bot nude vao gitta. 75- Quay may di 180°, néu bot nude khong léch hoae lech khong qua ntta khoang chia thi diéu kién nay coi nhu thod man. Néu bot nudéc léch nhiéu hon can phai diéu chinh. b) Diéu chinh: - Ding 6c can 3 dua bot thay vé mot nua sé cung [éch. - Ding dc diéu chinh & dau éng thay dai dé dua bor thiy tap trung. Thuong phadi thue hién vai lan cdc buéc a, b diéu kién nay mdi dam bao. 2. Truc ngdm cia Ong kink phdi vuing gée voi true quay cia 6ng kinh a} Kiém nghiém: Dat may &diém A, sau khi can bang may, quay may vé ngam diém B (céch may 25 + 40m). Diém B phai r6 va do cao gan bang d6 cao 6ng kinh. Do & hai vi tri 6ng kinh duc cée tri sé T va P. Tinh sat léch: P-T- 180° =2c (4-2) Néu 2¢ € 21 (t: do chinh xe cla bo phan doc s6) thi coi nhu diéu kin nay da dam bao. Néu 2c > 2t can phai diéu chinh. b) Diéu chinh: * Gid nguyen tinh trang cla méy, tinh s6 doc da hiéu chinh: P=P+e (4-3) Tim s6 doc dig P' trén ban dé ngang. Lic nay day dung cha ludi chi day chit thap léch khoi diém B. * Ni long cdc Se gilt ludi day chit thap, diéu chinh dé trung tam lwéi day chit chap tring di¢m B sau dé van chat céc 6c lai. 76Diéu kién nay thudng tién hanh mot s6 lan modi thoa man. 3. True quay cia éng kinh phdi vubng goc vdi truc quay cia may Dat may kinh vi cach tong céng trinh 20 + 30m, sau khi can bang may, ngim diém A 76 nét 6 trén cao, od dinh bin 46 ngang. Ha 6ng kinh ngang tam d6 cao may, dénh dau duge diém A, trén tudng. Dao éng kinh va lam tuong tu duge diém Aj... Néu hai hinh chiéu A, , A, vuot ra ngoai chi kép cita Iw6i chi ti phai dua may vae xudng sia chita. Diéu kign nay rat quan trong khi sit dung may kinh vi chuyén truc én tang cao, trong kiém tra sit thang ding cita cong tinh... 4. Déiy chi dting chinh luwoi chit thap phai thang ding a) Kiém nghiém Sau khi can bang may, huéng Gng kinh téi mot day doi treo @ noi khual gid cach may 20 + 25m. Néu hinh anh day doi tring véi day chi dimg thi diéu kign nay thoa man. Nguoc fai inh anh day doi va day chi diing tao v6i nhau mot gédc léch, ean phai digu chinh b) Diéu chink Néi long cac 6c gitt lvdi day chit thap va xoay luéi chi cho dén khi day dug tring véi hinh anh cia day doi, sau dé van chat cdc Oc git. Sau khi kiém nghiem va digu chinh diéu kién nay cén kiém tra lai diéu kién thit hai. 775. Vi tri diém O cia ban dé dig (MO) phdi én dinh gan bang 0 Vi uf diém O 18 foc trén ban d6 ditng khi truc ngam nam ngang va bot thiy cla dng thay dai trén ban dé dig tap trung a) Kiém nghidm Sau khi can bang mdy, ngim vé diém B (day ngang chinh tring diém B) réi doc sé trén ban do ding 3 ca hai vi tri, dugc cic sé doc T va P. Trude khi doc sé phai chinh cho bot nude cia 6ng thity dai trén bin dé dimg tap trang. MO due x4c dinh theo céng thite: _ T+P4360° 2 MO (4-4) b) Diéu chinh Ding éc vi déng ban dé dimg dat sé doc bang s6 doc da diéu chinh sai s6 MO, khi dé bot nude léch khoi vi trf gira. Ding vit riéng cha Ong thity trén ban do ding dua bot nude vao giifa. Sau khi diéu chinh xong phi kiém wa lai. Qua tinh kiém nghigm va diéu chinh may kinh wi phai tuan theo thit ty trén day nham dam bao cho cac két qua da higu chinh truée khong bi thay déi khi diéu chinh cac diéu kién tiép theo. §4-4. DO GOC BANG I. Thao tac tai méi tram do I. Dinh tam va can may Dinh tam may 1a lam cho ruc quay clla may di qua dinh géc can do (tam méc), cdn can may 1a dita truc quay ctia may vé vi 78iri thang dtmg. Tyong thue té, dinh tam vA cén may c6 lién quan anh hung lan nhau, cén phai Lim diing déin nhu sau: a) Dinh tam so bd: Sau khi di van chat may vao gid ba chan nhé de néi cd mée day doi, dat so b6 gid ba chan sao cho dau nhon ctia qua doi roi vio tam méc. Cé dinh chac ba chan, khi dé dau qua doi co thé ra khdi tam moc. Noi tong 6c adi, xé dich may cho t6i khi dau qua doi tring tam méc. b) Can may so bd: Ding ba 6c can diéu chinh sac cho bot thay cua 6ng thoy tron trén ban dé ngang tap trung. ©) Dinh idin mdy chith xde: N6i long 6c n6i, nhin qua bé phan dinh tam quang hoc, dich chuyén may cho tam cia nd tring véi tim modc. Van chat dc not. d@) Can miy chink xde: Dat cho truc éng thity dai trén bin 46 ngang song song vi duémg néi 2 trong 3 6c cdn may, van hai 6c nay nguoc chiéu nhau cho bot thy tap trung. Quay may di 90°, dimg dc can con lai dé diéu chinh cho bot nude tap trung. Sau khi can may chinh xdc, diéu kién dinh tam c6 thé bi pha v6, cén phai lam lai tir bude c tr6 di cho dén khi ca 2 diéu kien nay duge dam bao. 2. Ngam muc tiéu Truée khi agim muc tiéu phai diéu chinh dé nhin ré luéi chit thap bang edch hudéng Ong kinh len m6t phong nén sang, van & diéu chinh kinh mat cho dén khi thay luéj chi thap ré nét. Dé ngim muc tiéu chinh xdc, nhanh chéng, can thuc hién theo hai buéc: 79«) Bat nn tiéu so bd: Nbd b6 phan ngdm so b6 gan phia ngodi 6ng kinh dé tim mue tiéu, khi muc teu ulng v6i duéng chudn cia bé phan ngim so bé thi khod 6c ham ban dé va ong kinh, ding 6c diéu quang diéu chinh cho anh cia muc tiéu Pr nét. b) Bat nue tide chinh xdez Ding cic 6c vi déng ban do ngang va éng kinh dé dua trung tam mang day chit thap vio dting mue tiéu. 3. Pat gid tri s6 doc huéng ban déu Trong do géc ciing nhu bd tri géc bang, huéng ban dau 180°, thuong duoc dat mot gc a, nao dé (G°00'00" hodc —. véi nia n 86 vong do géc). Cach am nhut sau: Mé do ham vanh chudn ngaing quay miy dé tim sé dge gan ding voi gid tri a,. Khod be ham vinh chudn ngang, ding de vi dong vanh chuan ngang dé dit ditng gid ti a,. Sau dé mo 6c ham ban do ngang, dua miy vé ngim chinh xéc diém dau nhu muc 2. IL. Cac phuong phap do géc bang 1, Phuong phap do don (do cung) Phuong phip nay thudng 4p dung cho tram do cé hai huéng do (hinh 4-8). A Hinh 4-8 80MGi vong do duoc tao bai hai nia vong do doc lap nhau & hai vi tri cla ban d6 ditg (ntra vong do thuan T - khi vi tri ban dé dig 6 bén tréi ngudi do vi ntra vong do déo P khi ban do ding o bén phai ngudi do). a) Nita vong do thudn: - Dat gid tri huéng ban dau, ngam chiah xée A duge gid tri a). - Mo éc him vanh chugn ngang. quay may thuan kim déng hé ngam chinh xc B doc duoc s6 b,. Gid tri goc la: B, =b,-a, (4-5) b) Nia véng do dio: - Dao 6ng kink qua thién dinh. - MG 0c ham vanh chuan ngang quay may ngém B, doc duge by. - Xoay vanh chun ngang ngugc kim déng hé ngam vé diém A, doe duge tri s6 a, Gid tri géc khi do dao kinh 1a: By =b,- a, (4-6) ©) Tinh gid tri géc etia vang do: Néu B,-B,< 2t (do chinh xc ctia may) = BB aaa (4-7) thi gid ir] géc cla vong do 6 la: B Chit §- Néu tai mot tram do n vong thi gia tri huéng ban dau sé khdéc ° nhau ay 6 méi vong do va gid tri géc 1A trung binh cong cia cdc vong do. Néu chi do | vong do, 6 nita vong do dao kinh phai Xoay may di 90° sau dé méi tién hanh do. 81Vi du 4-1: Ghi sé va tinh todn ket qua do géc bang B vai 2 vong do theo phuong phap do cung, néu trong bang 4-1: Bang 4-1 Tram] Vong | Bis | vi S dye tren | Gid ri gic | Gidiui ge t | Gia goe fe | do | do {hin d6/hin €g ngang|nita yong do! vangde | rung binh A O0'D3 Ch) Tr [> 13R'20'0 ($y i B 13842") ; I “) 138"302(7) B 318'43"(3) 1 Phai 1AR"30'S 16) ' A I8O''S (4) 0 + 138387015) A 9007 (8) pT Tri E13 8'88's 3] R 22N45'S (9) 2 ~ 138°38'2 4p B 38°46 10) | “Phat 1AR"RR" (13) | | A 270°08'(1) 1 2. Phutong phiip do todn vong Phuong php nay Ap dung cho tram do c6 tir 3 huéng tré én nhu hinh 4-9, 2 Cc Hinh 4.9 82a) Nita vong do utd: - Dat tri sé hudng ban déu ~ Quay may thudin kim déng hé [an luot ngim A, B,C, D, A tuong ting duge cae s6 doc a,, b,c), 4), ay’. b) Nita voug do dio Dao 6ng kinh qua thién dinh, quay méy nguoe chiéu kim déng hé lan luot ngim A, D, C, B, A titang ting duoc cc s6 doc ay’, ch, Cs, Dy. as. oO) Tinh gid wi trang binh cdc hong Néu su chénh léch o huéng gifia hai nvta vong do nhd hon 6 cho phép thi tinh gid tri trung binh cho méi hudng do. Trén co s6 dé ta cé mh€ tinh géc bang kep gitta cdc huéng. sai Néu mot tram do, do n vong th) gid tri huéng ban dau & méi vong do sé khac nhau -- — va gid tri géc 1a trung binh cong cdc n vong do. Vi dy 4-2. Ghi s6 va tinh tofn két qua do géc bang & vong do thd nhat, theo phuong phiip do toan nay, néu trong bang 4-2. Bang 4-2 Tram) Von | Dial 7 r a [Pram] Wons | Diem | se joe hin dd ngang Gi ri [ao | do | do | Trung binh |Gid wi g6e 1] g6e | Vii) Wine husing vong do | trung | | bin do trai | ban de phai Bink | fOo"VS4} (16) A_| 00'0S 40D [1 80'05'610)),_ OUUS'4C1) oO 1 b= — — 68142417) B_ | Bs 962) | 24819719) | 68"19'6(12) ~ RINT ICR) Cj 14937263) | 32937 '4(8) | 149°97°3 (13) , 2 146°06'5(19)——4 | Bj 2vs'4yacay] 1154397) | 295'43'8 | — 64°21'6(20) [ A | 00"05'2¢5) | 180°05'5() | BO'US4 C15) !Ngoii hai phuong phdp co ban trén con cé ce phutong phip do lap (diing cho tram cé hai huéng do), phuong phdp té hop (ding cho tram cé nhiéu huéng do)... Tuy nhién, trong do dac cong trinh, nguoi ta it ding cdc phuong phap nay. §4-5, CAC SAI SO CHU YEU TRONG DO GOC BANG Nhifng nguyén nhan chinh gay ra sai s6 trong do gée bang 1A: m6i trudng do, dung cu do va do ngudéi do. Théng qua viée i sO niy ngudi ta tim ra duoc bién phép lam gidm hoi loai ui due chiing ra Khoi cdc ket qua do. nghién cttu ca I. Sai s6 do méi truéng a) Khi tia theo hai ch ngim truyén trong moi tring do, nd bi khitic xa ngang va dting lam cho né léch khoi mat phing thang ding di qua tam may va diém do. Dé khic phuc, tia ngim phai cach vat can én hon Im theo ca hai phuong ngang va ddng. b) Do suong mi, bui... lam giam cuéng dO anh sang sé kho khan cho bat muc tiéu. Vi vay cé gang do khi thoi tet tt va diing tiéu ngiim c6 céc doan son tring, do xen ké. c) Do duh sdng mat trdi chiéu tryc tiép vao may lam cho cdc b6 phan ctta may gian nd khéng déu. Vi vay, cin ding 6 che cho my khi do vao nhimg liic nang néng. 2. Sai sé do may Trude khi do thong thuéng mdy kinh wi da duoc kiém nghiém va hi¢u chinh, song khong thé thoa man hoan toan cdc diéu ki¢n hinh hoc cia may va d6 cing [a nguyén nhan dan dén sai s6_ Tuy nhién, néu do géc & hai vi tri ban do sé khac phuc duge sai s6 do truc ngim khong vuong géc vdi truc quay éng kinh 84efing nhw trac quay dng kinh khéng vung géc vdi truc quay miy, con khi dat gié tri hudng ban dau cua mdi vong do khdc nhau ——~ sé lam giam sai s6 ce vach khac khong déu nhau n cua vanh do. 3. Sai sé do nguoi do u) Sai s6do dinh tam may Theo hinh 4-10 may dat léch tam doan e,,: 3.=B-B'= =p (4-8) og (saip” (rg) Hinh 4-10 Nhu vay, anh huéng cia sai s6 nay cang én khi khoang cach tir may dén tiéu cing nhé va bin kinh léch tim e,, chng én. Dé han ché, gidm e,, bang cdch ding bé phan dinh tam quang hoc. 5) Sai s6 do dinh tam tiéu (hinh 4-14) Tiéu bi léch tam do dat tiéu ra ngodi moe hoac do dung tiéu nghiéng. Sai sé 6 do dinh tam tiéu tai A Ta: e, b=— pp (4-9) Sy 85Hinh 4-11 DEK thang, khido cé ging ngam dén géc hode gan géc tiéu. aac phuc, ngodi viéc dat tidu ding tam moc va dung téu o) Sai sO ngdm m,: 69 m,=t (4-10) ve 60": géc nhin téi han cua mat ngudi do. V*; dé phong dai cla éng kinh. d) Sai sé do dow my t m= 5 (1D t: dQ chinh xdc cia bo phan doc s6. So v6i cdc sai s6 thanh phin khic 6 do doc s6 anh hyong lén hon ca. Do dé, khi do gée can Ivu ¥ dén sai sé nay. §4-6. BO GOC DUNG Gia str céin xde dinh géc dimg cia huéng AB Dat may tai A, can bing may. 86- Do thuan kinh: Huéng ong kinh téi diém B (ding day ngang chinh cita luéi chit thap dé ba mutc tiéu). cin bing bot thy dai trén ban do ding doc duge gid tri T. - Dao ong kinh thao tée nhu nia vong do thuan kinh, ditoe gid wi PL Tiy thudc vao timg loai may (do cdich khac vach G ban do diing) ma ¢6 cach tinh gdc ding V cho phit hgp. Vi du vGi may Theo 020 ta cé: P+T+180° My oS (4-12) Va gdc nghiéng duoc ifnh theo cde cong thie sau: V=M-T (4-13) V=P-M, (4-14) yf (4-15) Caich do géc nh trén cho két qua nhanh chéng nhung do chinh xdc thap, thutng ép dung khi do vé chi tiét dia hinh. Khi lap ludi khéng ché do cao do vé, yeu cau do chinh xadc cao hon, ngudi ta do géc ding theo phuong phap sau 4: 6 éng kinh bit muc tiéu ba lin twong dng véi day trén, day gifta, day dudi, tuong ting doc direc cic sé doc Tt, Tg, Td va Pt, Pg, Pd. Géc dimg tinh theo ket qua cila 6 s6 do trén. 87Cau hoi va bai tap chuong [V 1. Co may loai géc theo quan diém cita tric dia? Néu dinh nehia timg foai. 2. May kinh vi gém nhiing bo phan chinh nao? Tac dung ctia timg bé phan chinh dé? 3. Tai sao trade khi do géc, phai kiém tra, kiém nghiém va diéu chioh may kinh vi? Néu trinh tu va cdch kiém nghiém, diéu chinh cac diéu kién co ban cha may kinh vi? 4. Trinh bay "phuong phdp do cung” trong do géc bang. Pham vi tng dung? 5. Gée bang AOB (hinh 4-8) duce do bang phuong phap do cung, 86 liéu vong do thif mhat nhur sau: ~ Nua vong do trai: a, = 00°094 b, = 49°43'7 - Nira vong do phai: a, = 180°09'6 b, = 220°48'7 Sai sO 6 cdc Jn doc s6 1 nhu nhau va bang +0'2. Hay: a. Ghi s6 ligu vio sé do va tinh todn tri sé géc. b. Tinh sai s6 trung phutong cia géc (chi do doc 56 gay ra). 6. Trinh bay caéch do géc bing theo phuong phdp do toan vong? Pham vi ung dung? 887. Cae sai sé anh huéng dén do géc bang? Bién phap han ché? 8. Cac x&e dinh M, va géc nghiéng tai mdi tram do? 9, Ding may kinh vi Theo 020 dat tai A, do géc ditng canh AB duge s6 héu sau: T= 84"46' P=275°14' Sai sO doc s0 G cae vi tri ban dé 1k nhu nhau va bang £0'2. Tinh gid tri g6c dimg theo cdc cach khdc nhau va sai s6 tong ing? 89Chuong V BO CHIEU DAI §5-1. KHAI NIEM Gia sw cé hai diém A va B tren mat dat ne nhién (hinh 5-1). Ay, Bla hinh chiéu cia A, B en mat thiy chuai, Bo chiéu dai la xée dinh khoang cach nam ngang d cita doan AB. Hinh 5-1 Dé xie dinh chigu dai AB, c6 thé ding phuoug phép do tre tgp (so sdnh tue tiép chiéu dai edn do véi chiéu dai cia dung cu do) hode do gidn tiép (chiéu dai can xc dinh duge tinh qua | dai luong khiic duoc do tre ip). I. Dung cu do dai - Thuse eae Toa nhu thude 96, thude vai (do dai véi dé chinh xdc thap), thude thép (do dai véi do chinh x4e trung binh) va thude Inva (do dai d6 chinh xc cao). 90- May do xa quang hoc: dua trén nguyén ly xde dinh mot trong 2 dai long cita tam gic thi sai (inh 5-2) va ding cong thite tong ting dé tinh két qua: a= tbcotg! 1) 2 Hinh 5-2 b: canh day. B: géc thi sai (géc chan) Néu [ khang déi, cain do b Néu b khong déi, céin do B - May do xa song dién tit: may dat 6 A, thiét bi phan xa séng @B chiéu dai AB la: vt d= Xt (5-2) 2 v: vin tée truyén séng trong khi quyén t: thai gian séng di vé én quang duong AB. Tuong img voi cdc loai séng ta c6 may do dii anh sing va may do dai vé tuyén dién. ol2. Tity theo tinh chat etia céng trinh ta cé: - Do dai do chinh xac cao: rn ee | T 10° 10" - Do dai dé chinh xdc trung binh: ro4 4 T 5000 10000 ~ Do dai vdi dé chinh xde thap: I 1 1 T 200° 5000 §5-2. DO CHIEU DAT BANG THUOC THEP 1. Dung cu do Thuée thép c6 nhiéu loai voi chiéu dar 20, 30, 50, 100m chiéu rong ban 10 + 15mm, d6 day 0,2 = 0.3mm. Vach khic trén thude dén xangtimél. Dé nang cao dé chinh xdc, & déximeét dau tién ngudi ta khic vach dén milimét. Thude duge cuon trong khung sit hay hop kin, hai dau thude cé vong dé kéo cang thude hode (eo qua nang khi do. Trude khi do phai kiém tra, kiém nghiém thude dé bia thude cé dam bdo yéu edu do dac hay Khong va chiéu dai thue té cila thudéc. 2. Dinh duéng thang Théng thudng chiéu dai AB cén do Ién hon nhiéu lin chiéu dai cua thuée. Vi vay ngudi ta edn xc dinh cdc diém trung gian 1, 2, 3... trén huéng AB (hinh 5-3) sao cho khoang cach cia 2 diém trung gian ké nhau nhé hon chiéu dai cha thudc. Viée lam nhu vay goi la dinh dudng thang. 92A —_—<$§£____s2——__+—__—_-______«———» 1 2 n Hink 5-3 Khi do voi do chinh xdc thap c6 thé dinh dung thang mat thuéng, khi can do d6 chinh xac cao, phai dinh bang miy. a) Dinh dung thang bang mat Dumg tiéu 6 diém A va B, m6t nguai dting cach A khoang 2- 3m ngiim sao cho 2 tiéu trimg nhau. Nguoi thit hai dmg sao éu theo su chi din cia ngudi ngam sao cho tiéu tring véi huéng 2 tiéu ban ddu va danh dau diém. Lam tuong ty cho cic diém khac. Trong diéu kién dia hinh phitc tap, tim ng&m cita AB khong théng sust, viée dinh dudng thang duve thyc hién theo phuong phap nhich dfn (hinh 5-4). Khi cde diém A, C, D 1 trén mot Go a Hinh 5-4duéng thang va C, D, Bciing nam trén mot dudng thang hic dé 4 diém A, C, D, B sé thang hing. b) Dink dudng thing bang dy Dat may kinh vi GA, saw khi can bing nly, ngim vé Géu 6 B. Khoa 6c him vinh do ngang, khi dé éng kinh quay xung quanh truc quay cua nd vii tao ra mai phang thing ding. Tat ca cdc vi uv sto Uicu nam trong mat phing nay déu thudc hu6éng AB. 3. Do va tinh chiéu dai Ding thude thép xc dinh true tiép chigu dai gidia 2 diém trung gian hé nhau. Sau khi két thc cde doan di wr A dén B (do di) nhat thie phai do nguge lai tir B vé A (do vé), viée lam nay dé loai trit sai s6 sai lam va 1a cu sé cho viée danh gid do chinh xdic két qua do. 8 ee .. AS » 8 . Néu sai sé twong d6i ss thoa man yéu cdu dat ra b cla cong tinh thi tinh gid tri ung binh do di vA do vé lam két qua cudi cing. Ie = 5 8n #5.) (5-3) Chiéu dai S$ do duge 1& chiéu dai nghieng, can tinh chuyén vé chiéu dai bang d. Néu dia hinh giita A va BIA déc déu, x4c dinh géc nghiéng V (hinh 5-5) va tinh duoc : d=ScosV (5-4a) Néu dia hinh giita A va B cé dé dée thay déi (hinh $-6) hoa do dé chinh xac yéu cfu, cin xdc dinh hiéu dé cao gitta cdc coc phan doan. Khi do chiéu dai bang cua doan thang tht i 1a: 94d,= S,+ AS, (5-4) Hinh 5-5 a 4 Grr ah Hinh 5-6 Va chiéu dai d cia doan AB sé 1: a » he d= XS, Doe (5-6) oSTrong dé: S, chiéu dai do true tiép & doan i h,, 09 chénh cao giffa hai coc phan doan i 4. Cac sai s6 trong do chién dai bang thuée thép a) Sui s6.do kiém nghién thuée: A= l= ty (5-7) 7: chiéu dai thue te hiéu dai danh nghia b) Sai sO'do anh huténg ctia sit thay doi nhiét dé: Als= tly. At (5-8) @: hé s6 gidin no vi vhiét cua vat ligu Jam thude At chénh léch nhiét do gitta khi do va khi kiém nghiém ©) Sai x6 do thude bi nghiéng (hiuh $-7) s h v d Hinh 5.7 2 Alas (5-9) 28 d) Sai s6'do dink diténg theng: (hinh 5-8} x Al,= <2 (5-10 “= 5s ) ¢) Sai s6 do thutéc bi ving: (hink 5-9) 8A? Al,= a G11) 96Hinh §-8 — Hinh 5.9 AP) Sai s& de hic kéo tintée khong dé As SSP (5-12) Trong dé: AP: chénh éch luc kéo thurée khi do so véi khi kiém nghiém E: hé An héi cha vat ligu Tum thude q: tiét dién thade. Ngoiti ra con phai tinh dén sai soi do thutSc bi cong thee phuong ngung, sai sd do doc s6, do vach khde ctta thude khong déu... Ding thuée thép thang dé xae dinh chiéu dai theo phuong phip di tinh bay & tren, d6 chinh xée cao nhat dat , 1 as < ae < khodng -— Wo aan Nét muén do véi dé chinh xde cao hon can phai ding thude thép chia vach den milimét va phuong phap do chat ché hon. 97§5-3. DO CHIEU DAL BANG MAY CO CAP DAY BO KHOANG CACH VA MIA DUNG May c6 cap day do khoang cach 1 may kinh vi hay mdy thiy binh. Cap day do khodng cach duoc khac déi xing voi day ngang cila léi chit thap voi khoang cach p. Mia dai 3 + 4m, vach khac dén xiingtimét. Khi do khoang cach, truc mia 6 vi tri thang ding di qua diém can do. Dé xdc dinh khong cach AB, dat may 6 A, mia OB. 1. Truong hop tia ngdm nam ngang True ngang O'O cat mia 6 Q. Hinh anh cilia cic day do khoang cach c, ¢ 6 trén mia 1a C va E. TOT OOTT, COO IT OTL IT A 7 Aink 516 8Tir hai tam gidc déng dang CFE vac'Fe' ta cé: bn (5-13) pop . wf vic D= on (5-14) p Khong cach D ti true quay cua may dén mia 1a: D=D+f+6 (5-15) Trong dé: f: tiéu cu cia kinh vat p: khoang exich giita 2 day do khong edch &: khoang cach tit truc quay cla may dén tam cla kinh val n: khoang cach trén mia giita hai diém E va C Voi mdi may cu thé f+ 8 = C thutmg khong déi va duce goi li hang 86 etia miy va ty s6 --= K cing khong doi duge goi 1a hé s6 do dai. Chiéu dai D sé 1a: D=Kn+C (5-16) Hé s6 C thudng rat nho so v6i khoang cach cén do nén c6 thé bd qua, khi dé: D=Kn (5-17) Dé dé dang trong tinh todn, ngudi ta cdu tao may sao cho K = 100 (c6 trudng hop bing 200). 2. Truong hop tia ngdin nghiéng Khi do 6 dja hinh déc, tia ngam 06 gée dée V. Khi dé gid tri can tinh n' nhé hon gid tri doc duge trén mia n: 99nT! =n.cosV (5-18) Hink 5-11 Khoang cich nghiéng D: D=Kn'= Kn cosV (5-19) Khoing cich nam ngang D,; D, = D. casV = Kn cos"V (5-20) Cong thite oo C6 thé viel dudi dung: = Kn(1!-sin'V) = Kn - Kn sin?V (5-21) Trong dé AD = » Kasin” V la s6 higu chinh tir chiéu dai nghiéng vé chiéu dai bang, dai hong nay cé thé xe dinh nhanh chong trong bang tra chuyén ding. ‘Trong thyc té v6i VS 2° c6 thé coi chiéu dai nghiéng xap xi chiéu dai bang. 100Do chiéu dai theo phuong phap nay nhanh chong, pha hop véi dia hinh phuc tap song dé chinh xc thap (1:300). §5-4. DO CHIEU DAI BANG SONG BIEN TH 1. Nguyén ly do Gia sit cin do khoang cach D gitia hai diém A va B. Tai A dat may phat séng tin higu, tai B dat thiét bi phan xa tin hiéu. Néu xac dinh duge van téc truyén séng dién tir thi khoang cach AB sé cé chiéu dai tinh theo cong thie (5-2). 2, Xée dinh vén téc Toe d6 truyén séng dién tir trong khong, gian v duoc tinh theo cong thttc: v= - (5-22) Trong dé: ¢: tée do séng dién tir truyén trong chan khong ¢ = 299792,5 km/s nz hé s6 khuic xa ciia khi quyén, phy thudc vao chiéu dai bude song A va cae diéu kién khdc nhu dp suit, do am, ahiét do, ham luong bui... 3. Xde dinh thoi giant Thoi gian séng di vé trén tuyén do due xdéc dinh theo hai cach: - Phuong phiip do xung: 1 do trite tiép thdi gian truyén xung dign tir trén khoang cach cn do. Phuong phap nay cé dé chinh xe thap, hién nay it ding. 101~ Phuong phap do pha: may phat 6 A c6 anten thu, khi phat s6ng. song tin higu chia lam 2 nga: mot nga dén ngay anten thu con mOt nga di vé trén khowing céch can do. So sinh dé lech pha cilia ching dé tinh ra thdi gian. Phuong phap nay che do chinh xiic cao. Do chiéu dai bing séng dién tit hién nay duoc tu déng hoa dén mite t6i da, thao tac don giin, cho két qua nhanh chéng va d6 chinh xéc cao. 102Cau hoi va bai tap chuong V 1. Thue chat do chiéu dai giita 2 diém trén mat dat ty nhién Ja gi? 2. Phan loai do dai theo dung cu do, theo dé chinh xc? 3. Trinh bay phuong phap do chiéu dai bang thude thép. Céc sai s6 trong do chiéu dai bang thuéc thép va bién phdp han ché. Nhitng ut diém va nhuoe diém cita phuong phiip? 4. Chitng minh céng thiic do dai bang may cé cap day do khoiing cdich va mia diing. Dé chinh xc va pham vi ing dung? 5. Néu cfc phuong phiap xdc dinh van tée séng dién tir trong khong gian vi thdi gian séng truyén trén khoang cach can xdc dinh? Nhiing uw diém chinh cia phuong phap do dai bang séng dién tir? 6. Bai tap: Hinh 5-12Bai tép 5-1: Tioh chiéu dai bang AB (binh 5-12) theo sé ligu saur S, = 48,50m V, = 12°30" S, = 39,60m V, = 6°45° Bai tap 5-2: Chiu dai d gitia 2 diém trén mat dat duoc xic dinh bing mdy c6 caip day do khoang cach va mia diing vdi s6 liéu nhu sau: n=1042mm véi m, = + 5mm va5°'45° véim, =+ 45” Tinh sai so tuong adi cita chiéu dai trén (coi sai $6 cita K 1a 6 thé bé qua va K = 100). Bai tap 5-3: Theo sé ligu cia bai tp 5-1, dé dam bao chiéu 1 : dai AB dat sai sé tuong déi_ -~— thi chiéu dai nghieng va g6c a rs 2000 BIEN Va gi nghiéng phai do véi dé chinh xdc 1A bao nhigu? 104Chuong VI DO CAO §6-1. KHAI NIEM Do cao 1a dang do dac co ban nham xac dinh dé cao cia diém- yéu (6 thé ba cla toa do di¢m tong khong gian. Thue chat ciia do cao 14 xéc dinh do chénh cao h giita cde diém, trén co sé d6 cao cla méat diém di biét tinh ra due dé cao cdc diém kia (hinh 6-1). H,=H,+h (6-1) Tuy theo nguyén ly do va dung cy do ngwii ta chia ra cic dang do sau: ba MICE a MICA MIC Hinh 6-1 1. Do cao hinh hoc Dua trén co sé tia ngam ngéim ngang (hinh 6-2) dé x4c dinh hiéu dé cao hag (chénh cao giita hai diém A va B). 108Tio ngdin ngong Tia gdm rot Hinh 6-2 Hinh 6-3 Do cao hinh hoe dat dugc dé chinh xéc cao m, = (0,5 + 50) mm/km phuong phaép nay thudng duoc dp dung rong do Ludi khong ché do cao, xay dung céng trinh 2. Do cao liong gide Trén co so géc nghiéng cla tia ngim va chiéu dai bang gitia hai diém (hinh 6-3), dé chénh cao due tinh todn theo céng thitc luong gidc. Dé chinh xac cia phuong phap dat duoc m, = (100 + 400) mm/km thudng ap dung trong do ludi khéng ché dé cao dé chinh xdc thip, 6 nhitag noi dia hinh phite tap, trong do vé chi 3. Do cao thay tinh Do cao thiy tinh dua trén tinh chat mat thodng cua chat long trong cdc binh thong nhav 6 cing mét mc dé cao. Do chinh xc ctta phuong phép nay dat m, = (+2 + 20) mm teén 16 mét dai, dugc ap dung trong céng tac do dac céng trinh chinh xdc, trong lap dat thiét bi... 1064. Do cao khi ap Dua trén nguyen tic ap suat khi quyén thay déi theo do cao Ding Ap ké xac dinh ap sudt khi quyén ¢ nhitng diém khdc * nhau. Theo higu sé 4p suat ngwoi ta xde dinh duge do cao cia cde diém. Vi d6 chinh xde thap (sai 3m) do dé phuong phap my duoc sit dung trong giai doan khdo sat so bd doi voi ving nut cao. Ngoai ra con 06 cdc phuong phap do cao co hoc, do cao bang séng dién tir, do cao bang anh lap thé... Tuy thude vao tinh chat cia mg nganh ma Iya chon phuong phap do cao che phi hep. Trong x4y dung co ban, phuong phdp do cao hinh hoc va do cao lwong gide chiém uu thé. §6-2. BO CAO HINH HOC Dung cu dé tao tia ngam nam ngang Ta may thay bink (nivd) con dung cu dat tai cdc diéin dé tao ra cde "sd doc” la mia. Néu may thiy binh dat wong khoang AB (hinh 6-2) ti cé do cao tir gidta, cbn néu may dat & A, mia dat 6 B hoac may dat o B mia dat & A tuong ting c6 do cao phia trudc va do cao phia sau. Do dé chinh xéc khong cao va ning suat lao dong thap nen do cao phia trudée vA do cao phia sau it dug Ap dung. Vi vay ching tachi dé cap den phuong phiip do cao tit gitta. * pat may thay binh & khoding gitta A - diém da biét do cao H, va B - diém cn xdc dinh do cao, doc cde gid tri a, b én mia dung & A va. B (hinh 6-4) ta 6: 107Rag = ah (6-2) va: A= H, thas (6-3) Trong d6: - Mia dune 6 Aly mi. al SAUL, tuong ~ Mia dung 6B} Ung c6 s6 doc sau a 4 mua trude, tion ig ting £6 86 doc truée b mA, Bxa nhau (hinh 6-5), «, ram do. Khi dé: * Néu hai did an phai thue hién én tgp nbiéu tr Aag=h, + yt + h, hyg= xh, (6-4) ist Trong dé hi d6 chénk cae 6 doan do thit i. DO cao ctta diém Bsé Ia: Hy=H,+ Sn, 6-5) el Hinh 6-4 Hink 6-5 $6-3. MAY THUY BINH VA MIA 4. May chiy binh May thiy binh 86m 6 cdc b6 phan chin: 108- Gid may - Ong kinh - Ong thiy (cRi, tron) + Ciic dc can may, 6c khos va cde Se di déng. Theo do chinh xitc, may thily binh due chia Iam ba nhém: + May thiy binh chink xée cao mM, = (0,5 +10) mn/km thuong ding dé do luéi d6 cao Nha nude cap 1, 1; quan trie lin. + May thuy binh chinh xdéc (rung binh: m, = (3 +8) mm/km. Su dung do luéi Nha nude cap TH, 1V quan trie hin trong giai doan thi cong céng trinh... + May thity binh chinh xde thaip: m, = (10 +30) minfkin. Sir dung trong do thity chugn ky thuat va phuc vu xay dung cae cde céng trinh, Theo céu tao, may thily binh chia lam hai nhém: + May thay binh c6 oc kich nang dé diéu chinh tia ngam nam ngang (hinh 6-6). inh 6-6 109+ May thay binh w dong diéu chinh tia ngim nim ngang (inh 6-7). Khi éng kinh bi nghiéng di mét g6e khong Ién thi bo liccan bang sé diéu chinh tia ngam vé vi tré nam ngang. 2. Mia do caa (hinh 6-8) Mia do cae duge Lim bing g6 hoac kim loai dai 3m, ¢6 hai mat déu ké thang s8 chia vach vdi khoang chia nhé nhat dén xangtiméi. Mot mat cé vach chia va sé mau den JA mat chink (goi 1A mat den) cdn mat kia vach va sé mau do (mat dé) dé kiém tra khi do. Dé mia mat den c6 gid tr} 0,000 con dé mia mat do 6 gid tri Klidic khong (4473, 4573...) goi la hang s6 mia. Gid tri dé mia mat dé cha mot mia thuéng chénh nhau 100 mm. Mia c6 gan 6ng thiy tron dé. dumg mia duce thing dimg. Khi do, dat mia trén dinh coc hode trén gid mia (hinh 6-8b, ¢). Khi do véi dé chinh xc cao ding mia Inva vi vach khdc aho nhat Smm (hinh 6-84). Hinh 6-7 Hinh 6-8 1103. Kiém nghiém va diéu chinh may thiiy binh Dé thoa man nguyén 1¥ do cao hinh hec, may thity binh céin phai dam bao mot s6 diéu kién: {. Truc éng thiy dai phai vuong géc v6i truc quay may. 2. Day ngang ciia day chit thap phai nam ngang, Hai diéu kién nay duoc kiém nghiém va diéu chinh tuong lr nw cdc diéu kién | va 4 ca may kinh vi. 3. Truc Sng kinh phai song song voi tue éng thity dai (diéu kién goc i). Chon hai diém A,B ciich nhau (30 +40) m va thue hign kiém nghiém theo phuong phip do cao phia uuée. a) Kiém nghiéne: Dat may thily binh & A, sav khi can bang, do chiéu cao may i, quay may doc tr sé b tren mia dung OB (hinh 6-9). Hinh 6-9~ Mang may vé B, thao tac nhu d6i véi diém A duge cae ui sé i, Va sé doc a trén mia A. Trude Khi doc cde sé doe b, a cain phai diéu chinh cho bot thuy tap trung. Do chénh cao giita A va Ba: fan = i,- (bx) (6-6) ig- (a-x) (6-7) ga Ti (6-6) va (6-7) ta e6: xettb itt, ya (6-8) va géc nghiéng i: x i= Xp 6-9) bp? ( néu S207 Thidiéu kién dam bao. i>20" Cén phdi diéu chinh. b) Dieu chink: ~ Tinh si doe khi tia ngéim nam igang a’: a’ =a-x (6-10) - Dura Ong kinh vé 36 dgc ding a’ bing vit kich nang, bot thay bi éch khoi vi tri can bing ~ Diing vit rigng ctia 6ng thiy dé diéu chinh cho bot nude tap trung. ain thie hién kiém aghiém diéu kién nay mot so lén cho téi khi dat yéu edu. §6-4. BO CAO HINH HOC CAP IV Tuy do chink xdc, do cao hinh hee duoc chia thinh 5 cp. Trong dé céip TV va cdp V thudng duce dp dung trong xay dung. 12Trong do cao cap IV, thudng dimg may thiy binh cé do phong dai ng kinh V\ > 25", t < 25/2 mm, mia hai mat den dé cé gan Ong thiy wan. Trinh tu cong viéc tai méi tram do: - Dat may 6 gidtt hai diém ean do, can bing su bé may bing Ong thity tron. - Dung mia & hai diém sao cho mia thang dig (dua vao ong thay trén géin trén mia). - Quay may ngam mia sau, doc sé doc mat den theo vach giita vii mot vach do khoaing cach. ~ Bua Ong kinh ng&m mat den mia wuée, doc sé doc theo vach gitfa va mat vach do khong cach. Doe s6 doc teén mat do mia tude theo vach gifta. - Quay may tré lai ngdm mat do mia sau, doc sé theo vach giita. Trude Khi doc ciic 86 doc trén mia phai dimg dc kinh nang dé dua bot thity cla dng thuy dai tap trang. Mot s6 quy dinh trong do cao hinh hoc hang IV. - Khoang cach tir may dén mia khéng ién hon 100m, chenh lech chigu dai tia ngam trude va tia ngim sau Khong qué 5m va chénh tich lug trén tuyén do khong qua 10m. - Tia ngiim phai céch mat dat ti thiéu 18 0.2m. ~ Sai Ich giifa do chénh cao tinh theo mat den va mat do khéng qué 5mm. Sau khi di kiém tra cdn than va tinh toan so bé két qua do, mi chuyén mdy sang tram do tiép theo. Két qua do ghi vao sé do theo bang (6-1). 113Bang 6-1 Khoiing cach (m}_[_S6doc trén mia (mm) Chenh Tram do | crerh eae 2 Suv Trude . | caoden | trung Diém do sal OA) Sau Tree) gs nm | tinh (mm) 1 685 jess | 197842) | 713) | 712.5 — - 73.2 S741 (4) | 655313) F-81208) (16) A-B 47 4,7 4476 (5) | 457546) | -99 9) 1 82.7 2156 1983 +173 173, ap +29 798 6730 6456 4274 18 | 4874 4473 lor Tinh s6 liéu do: Hang s6 mia = 4-d) (6) = (3)-(2) Chénh cao mat den (7) = ()-() Chénh cao mat do 8) = 4)-(3) Hing s6 cia cap mia (9) = (5)-(6) Kiém tra Chénh cao trung binh QO) = (8)-(7) (10) = ; [(7) + (8) + 100} §6-5. DO CHINH XAC CUA BO CAO HINH HOC 1. Sai sé dung cu do ~ Do diéu kien co ban (géc i) khong dam bao, cé thé han ché sai sO nay bang cdch dat may céch déu 2 mia (do cao tir gitta) hode giam tam ngim (do cao phia truéc, do cao phia sau). 114- Do vach khae tren mia khong déu, mia bi cong, vénh, dé mia bi mon... 2, Sai sé do ngudi do - Do can ng thay dai khong thal chinh xdc. Can dam chan may chae chan truéc khi do va tranh do Itic gid to - Do dung mia bi nghiéng. Khic phuc bing cdch cing mia co gan ng thay tron. - Sai sé do ngim va doc 80, sai s6 nay phu thudc vao khodng cach do ngim, d6 phéng dai ong kin... 3. Sai sé do moi trivong - Khtic xa anh sang I yéu t6 rat quan trong, dé han ché sai sé nay can rit ngdn tam ngdm, tia ngam phai ciich chudng ngai vat 16n hon 0,2m, do vio lic thoi tiét 151. - Do may bj chiéu nang truc tiép sé gidin né cuc bé do do khi do phai diing 6 che may. 4. Sai sé do nh huéng dé cong trai dat Sai sé nay sé khéng dang ké khi do cao tir gitta voi chiéu dai tiangdm truée bang hoac x4p xi chiéu dai tia ngam sau. Khi do cao phia trudc hode sau, odin tinh higu chinh sai s6 nay vao két qua do khi chiéu dai tia ngém 1én hon 50m. §6-6. DO CAO LUGNG GIAC Dé xac dinh do chénh cao cita diém B so véi diém A (hinh 6-10) tai A dat may kinh vi, sau khi can bang mdy do chiéu cao may 1a i. Dung tai B mot sao tiéu hay mia. Quay my ngam mia B doc tri s6 / theo day chi gitta va xdc dinh géc dimg V. Iss(6-11) Néu khoang cach AB = d duoc xdc dinh bang thudc thép thi: h'=dtagV (6-12) Néu khoang cdch AB duge do bang day do khoang cach theo muc §.5-3 ta c6: d= Kncos’V khi do: h = Kn cos"V.tagV = : Kn sin 2V (6-13) Thay (6-13) vio (6-11) duge: hyp = il + ; Knsin2V (6-14) Vi: K- hé sé do xa cha may n- khoang cach trén mia chan giita 2 vach do xa V- goc nghiéng cila tia ngam 116i- chiéu cao may dat 6A J- $6 doc trén mia theo day chi giita Tu (6-14) nhan thay: - Néu/ =i thi: Kn sin 2V (6-15) Rl Rap= viéc tinh ton sé don gian. -NeuV=0 thi hyg=i-/ (6-16) Lite dé tuong tu nhu do cao hinh hoc phia truéc. Cong thitc (6-14) chi 4p dung khi khoang cach giita hai diém nho hon 300m. Khi do cao lugng gidc & khoang cach lén cén phai tinh sé higu chinh do anh huémg dé cong trai dat q va anh hudng do khtic xa nh sang r. q= oR (xem céng thite 1-9) a r=. (617) R, Trong dé R, 14 ban kinh dudng cong khuc xa thudng lén gap 6-7 Jan ban kinh trai dat. Néu goi ty sé R k la hé s6 chiét quang, luc dé: 1 r=qk (6-18) Anh huing téng hop cita dé cong trai dat va khtic xa nh sing la: feq-r=qilk)= 5 (4) (6-19) 117Néu [ay hé sé khtic xa wrung binh cho lanh thé Viet Nam 1 0,14 thi: « f=0,43%— (6-20) R Nhu vay, cong thtte tinh chénh cao gitta 2 diém A, B khi do bang phuong phap Iuong gidc 1a: Iyg=dtag V+ ila f (6-21) va Hao = ; Kn sin2V + j-l¢ f (6-22) Tay theo do chinh xac ma c6 hay khong ké dén f. Luong f c6 thé loai try trong (6-21), (6-22) bang cach do di va do vé trén mot tram do. Th (6-21) ta nhan thay, dé xdc dinh dé chénh cao giita hai diém trén can phai do cdc yeu tw: i, 7, v, d. Néu goi cdc sai so tuong ting 1h m,, m,, M., m, thi sai s6 x4e dinh d6 chénh cao theo (6-21) sé la: ; (2 a a) mt 2 a“) 3 m,={5-; mjp+]—] — —) mp +) | om: Cd OV) p? a Oi nm, = tg?vmi +d?Seety oem} +m; (6-23) P Tuong tu ta xdc dinh duoc m, theo (6-22). D6 chinh xdc do cao hong gide phu thudc vao 46 chinh x4c do khoang cach gitta hai diém va 49 chinh xée do gée nghiéng V. Trong d6 anh hudng cia yeu t6 thet hai [4 cha yéu. Do cao trong gide dé chinh xéc thap hon do cao hinh hoc nhung nang suat tao dong cao va dic biét tién Igi khi do & dia hinh phiic tap. 118Cau hoi va bai tap chuongVI 1. Thue chat ctta vide do cao 1a gi? 2. Theo nguyén ly do va dung cu do, do cao duoc phan thanh nhitng dang nio? Pham vi ting dung va dé chinh xéc? 3. May thiy binh phuc vu cho dang do cao nao? Phan loai may thy binh theo d6 chinh xdc va theo céu tao? 4. May thay binh c6 nhing b6 phan chinh nao? Tinh nang va cach sir dung ciia bd phan ay. 5. Tai sao phai kiém nghiem va diéu chinh may thtty binh? Néu trinh tu va céch kiém nghiém, diéu chinh cde diéu kién hinh hoc co ban ctia may. 6. Cac phuong phap do cao hinh hoc va pham vi ting dung? 7. Trinh bay phuong phdp do cao hinh hoc cap lv. 8. Cac sai s6 gap phai trong do cao hinh hoc? Bién phap dé han ché ching? 9. Ching minh céng thife do cao luong gidc? Cé thé han ché anh huong d6 cong tri dat vi khuc xa dnh sing dén két qua do cao lugng gidc duge hay khong? 10. Bai tap Bai tap 6-1; S6 ligu do cao hinh hoc cap IV tai tram do, véi cdc diém do B va C nhu sau: S6 doc mat den mia sau: day chi trén 1631 day chi gitta 1025 119S6 doc mat den mia truée: day chi trén 2365 day chi giita 1738 S6 doc mat dé mia truéc: day chi gida 6313 $6 doc mat dé mia sau: day chi gitta 5501 Lap s6 do va tink toan tram do. Bai tap 6-2: Tai mét tram do cao ltrong gidc, cdc sO liéu do duoc nhu sau: Géc nghiéng V=6'I2040°5 Khoang cach ngang d= 56,78m + 0,03m Chiéu cao may i= 1,50m +0,01m Chiéu cao diém ngam trén so tiéu 7 = 2,20m +0,01m Tinh dé chénh cao h va sai sé trung phuong m,? Bai tap 6-3: Dé xAc dinh chiéu cao cia c6t anten (hinh 6-1 1) ngudi ta do cdc dai luong d, V,, V;. Hay xdc dinh chiéu cao cita cOt anten vA sai sé trung phuong cla n6 véi sé lieu sau: V,=+ 161875 +0°5 V,=-2°49°0 +0°5 d= 78,49m + 0,05m Hinh 6-11 120Chuong VII LUGIL KHONG CHE MAT BANG 87-1. KHAI NIEM Dé trinh sai s6 tich Wiy va nang cao dé chinh xc, ngudi ta xay dung ludi khéng ché trac dia theo nguyén tac tit téng thé dén cuc bé, tir dé chinh xdc cao dén dé chinh xdc thap. Ludi khéng ché tric dia 1a tap hop nhiing diém & ngoai thuc dia 6 toa do duge xdc dinh voi do chinh xc cao. Nhiing diém nay 18 co s@ dé do vé ban dé va xay dting cong trinh Ludi khong ché trac dia 6 nuéc ta thudng chia lam ba dang: luoi Nha nuséc, léi khu vuc (chém day) va luéi do vé. Lu6i khéng ché mat bang Nha nuéc duoc xay dung thanh mang tam gidc (vdi bon cap, d6 chinh xac gidm dan, tir cap 1 dén cap TV, xem bang 7-1). Cac diém cita luéi khéng ché Nha nudc 1a co so dé xay dimg cae ludi chém day cing nhu phue vu cho viéc nghién ctu khoa hoc. Bang 7-1 Chi iu KF thuat Cap T Cap II Capit | Capiv Chidu di canb tum 20 230 7-20 5=10 226 giée (km) Sai so tuong déi do | i 1 } canh day + 4v0000 300000 200000 | 208000 Sai s6 trung phuong 7 as . . do aoe 40°7 41°00 £5 42"5 Gée nhé nhat trong 40° 30° Ww ase | tam gide : : : 121Ludi khéng ché khu vuc 14 tuéi diém bé xung, tang mat do cdc diém khéng ché cho timg Khu vuc. Ludi khéng ché khe vuc cé thé 14 Inéi giai tich hodc duéng chuyén da gide cap I va II (bing 7-2 va 7-3). LUGI GIAI TICH Bang 7-2 j ‘Yeu cau ky thuat Cipt Cap TL $6 hwgng tam gide gitta cdc canh dity 1G 10 Chigu dai canb tam gide des) km G3) km Gée nhd nha tong tam side 20° 20" ai sO trung phuong do gdc 5° +10" 6 trung phucmg do canh diy ; 1:50.00 1:20.000 LUGI DUONG CIHUYEN Bang 7-3 Yeu cau ky thuat Cép 1 Cap Ul Chi¢u dai dudng chuyén (km) Duong don 5 3 Gitta diém khéi tinh va diém nit 3 2 Gitta cde diém nit 2 15 i Chu vi vong khép Han abat (kin) ts 9 Chigu dai canb (km) G1 +08 0.08 = 04 SO canh nhigu nhat trong duémg chuyén 15 15 Sai so nung phuong do géc +5" £10" a . . fr in Sui s6 khép gée cos dudng chuyén <+i0"va | <420" Van LuGi khéng ché do vé 14 co sé truc tiép phuc vu cho do vé lap ban dé, né duoc xay dung dudi dang duéng chuyén kinh vi, ludi tam gide nhd, giao héi diém... 122Mat do cdc diém khéng ché tiy thudc vao ty lé cn do vé. - Do vé ty lé 1:5000 cain 4 diém/Lkm* - Do vé ty 18 1:2000 can 12 diém/tkm? - Do vé ty le 1:1000 can 16 diém/Lknr §7-2. BUONG CHUYEN KINH VI 1. Khai niem Chon trén mat dat mét sé diém tao thanh da gide khép kin hay khong khép kin, ding mdy kinh vi do géc bang kep gifta cdc canh, do chiéu dai true tiép tat ca edc canh. Dua vao toa dé mét diém va géc dinh huéng cia mét canh nao dé tinh duge toa dé cae diém con lai. Dudng nhu vay goi 14 duéng chuyén kinh vi. Dudng chuyén kinh vi cé cdc dang: + Duong chuyén don: hinh 7-f a,b A g Hinh 7-1 a) Dung chuyén treo; b) Datong chinyén phi 123+ Dudng chuyén khép kin: hinh (7-2) Hinh 7-2 + He thong dudng chuyén kinh vi 6 diém nit : (hinh 7-3) Hinh 7-3 Xay dung duéng chuyén kinh vi qua cdc buée thiét ké, khdo st, chon diém, do dac va tinh toén. 124II. Thiét ké dudng chuyén Can cit vao nhi¢m vu do vé va nhing diém khong ché cap cao hon trong khu vyc dé bé tri ciic diém dudng chuyén sao cho ching phan b6 déu trén khu vue do. Tuy diéu kién dia hinh cy thé ma chon mot trong cdc dang dé hinh ten. Chiéu dai canh dutng chuyén khong vurot qué 350m, chiéu dai toan duéng chuyén don quy dinh trong bang 7-4. Bang 7-4 Ty 1é do vé Khu vuc quang daing Ving d6i ati 1-500 0,6 kin a 1: 1000 12 km 10km | 1:2000 2,.0km iSkm 1:5000, 4.0km 3,0km IIL. Khao sat, chon diém Trén co sé thiét ké dé chon digm va chén méc. Diém duge chon phi nam 6 noi dn dinh, thuan (ién cho cong tic do dac. Cac diém duoc dainh dau bang moc (g6, bé tong, thép...), trén mat moc khac vach chif thap. Dé dé tim méc, phai lam d&u nhan biét va vé phdc vi tri cla m6c vao sé. IV. Do dudng chuyén 1. Do géc bang Ding m4y kinh wi d6 chinh xdéc 30", do mot vong do véi chénh léch gitta hai nita vong do khong qué 45". Sai so khép goc cho phép trong do dudng chuyén 1a: 125fpor< £60" Vin n: s6 géc cia dudng chuyén 2. Do chiéu dai canh Chiéu dai ea do xa véi s canh duoc do bang thuée thép hoac bing may vong di khong qué 1:2000 doi véi khu vuc quang ding va 1:£000 déi véi khu vuc déi nui. Noi ¢6 géc déc lon hon 1°5 can phai tinh chuyén tir chiéu dai nghiéng vé chi¢u dai nam ngang. V. Tinh toan binh sai dudng chuyén kinh vi 1. Tinh todn binh sai duong chuyén kinh vi khép kin hinh 7-2 a) Tinh sai sé khép gée fa: fy= [}-(0-2)180° [B]: Téng cdc géc trong cia duéng chuyén n: $6 dink cha dudng chuyén Tinh sai s6 khép kin cho phép fp..= 460" Vn Néu fi, >fpg phai do lai géc bing. Néu {p< fp.tinh sé higu chinh Vp | vio géc: f, Vee? a Khi d6 géc sau hi¢u chinh 1: B= B+ Vai b)Tinh géc dinh hung cdc canh: (7-1) (7-2) (7-3) (7-4) Théng qua géc dinh hudng AB va géc do néi o 6 thé dé dang xac dinh duoc géc dinh hung canh 1-2. 126Oz = Ogg + O- 180? (7-5) va géc dinh huréng cha canh thit i (géc B’, nim phia phai hudéng tinh) : Chios = 06,5 eB + 180° (7-6) khi géc B’, nam phia trai huéng tinh: Ores = Oi) +B? - 180° (7-7) Dé kiém tra vige tinh toan, khi tinh d&n canh cudi cting ta tinh lai g6c dinh huéng canh khoi du. (J Tinh sai so khép tou dé fi. fy: fx = [Ax] fy = [Ay] (7-8) Gin OSH ia =d\..sing,;., (7-9) Trén co s6 sai s6 khép toa dé fx, fy ta tinh duge sai sé khép kin toan phan fs : Trong dé: (7-10) : fs I Néu: cp S=.~ Véi ving quang ding id] 3000 8 quang ding ! <— — v6i ving d6i ndi 1000 Tién hanh tinh so hiéu chinh gia sé toa dé cho cdc canh theo cong thife: =f ax ld] iit) fy =o 7 aoa gy She (7-11) 127va gia sO ioa do sau hiéu chinh fa: AX = AX jai + Vas, AY a= AYiin + V, d) Tinh toa dé cae diéin: Kia) = Xj + Ax, Jie = iF AY ie Vi du 7-7: Tinh binh sai dun, Bie (7-12) (7-13) ig Chuyén kinh vi khép kin (hinh 7-2) voi éu cho 6 bang (7-5) va @ = 105°30' Bang 7-5 r oS rondo dian | boing (7-19) 3 va gde sau hi¢u chinh Lan thi nhat 1a: a’;= a, + (a)) bi=b, + (b) (7-20) cae; + (c)) 2. Phuong trinh diéu kién géc dinh huong Trong lui e6 thém géc dinh huéng CD nén xuat hién phurong trinh diéu kign sau w= Hep? Sev (7-24) acy: gbe dinh hudng canh CD diye tinh qua cc goc bang c’, Ges: g6e dinh huéng canh CD da biet Do chi c6 cae géc ¢’;tham gia tinh nén 6 higu chinh cho cdc gée do la: c= (7-22) n 131DE cho diéu kién hinh khong bi pha v6, cdn higu chinh vie eile gée a, b, mot dai lugng: Q@')=(b) = (7-23) Goce sau higu chinh Lin hai Ri: + (a) b+ tb) (7-24) elect (ci) 3. Phuong trinh diéu kién canh Twong tu nhur phuong trinh diéu kién géc dinh hudng, ta c6 thé viel: fs = days dey (7-25) hay fs = Igd.y- Igdey + DleSin a" IySinb", (7-26) vi so hiéu chinh cho ede g0¢ a,, b sé 1: aye. B D6, +8.) 1 fs (b") =-(a" = - (7-27) 46, +8.) Trong dé: 8, 64 la gid wi Igsin cia g6e ai, b;Khi géc dé thay déi 1". Géc sau hieu chinh lan 3 1a: 132a = a" + (a) by =b, + tb") (7-28) cM =e" Sau dé chon dudng tinh toa do nhu doi véi duéng chuyén. D6i v6i ludi tung ttm (hinh 7-5), phyong tinh diéu kicn nhém 2 va 3 duve goi la phuong trinh diéu kién vong va phitong trinh diéu kién cut, due tinh theo biéu thitc. f. = Le’, 360° (7-29) fs = Elysina",-¥ lgsinb", (7-30) Cae bude tinh toiin Uiép theo gidng nhu doi voi chudi tam gidic. ul Hinh 7-5 Vi du 7-2: Binh sai luéi tam gic trung tam (hinh 7-5) vdi sé liéu cho trong bing (7-6).Bang 7-6 com 7 — : — . 91 Gis wi ase [OH] Gide | Heosinay Jew oul Gib toed ate geet, = [9 | sserhins Para | ESE [ossin ty ae sey 6e di i ten tea tind Be) oe ilo 3 4 5 o[ 7 sell a] ja) sausoa | oa Psaazs7 ay 7 sagas 89047 | ES] +L] 53.17.59 | jh | 585618 | 3 7 sesérs | at | sesere 9.932781 [1.3] -1 | 58.56.15 c, | 2. <2 | 67.45.48 67.45.46 07.45 48 180.0008 | -8 | 180.0000 | © | 180.00.00 1 80.00.00 a | 65.58.06 | +2 | 65.58.08 | +1 | 65.5809 [9.960627 [09] 41 besanto > [| % 7 484800 | 42 | 453.02 45.4305 | 98456 [20] -1 3.02 c, | 681848 | 42) 6818.50 OR INAS | oasag L 179.59.54 | +6 | 18¢.00.00 | 0 | 18n.00.00 180.00.00 j & | 620% [af e2ono7 | a1 | wosos fosaotas palo 62.03.09 bo | SS.04.04 7 1] $504.03 | 1 | ssotod | 6.013726 /15] -1 | ssoa.n2 e | 6252.50 | 9 | 625250 | .2 | 92.5248 62.52.48 180.00.02 | -2 | 1830.00.00 | 0 | 180.00.00 1806.00.00 a | ARDLIO sso108 | +1 | 4301.09 [9833939) 22] 47 | 4n0110 gj he | 648054 | 2) 6tsos2 | +1 | 683053 foosersal io, 1 | 645082 c { oso | | z080 207.58 1207.58 L 180.00.05 | -5 | 180.00.00 | 0 | F80,00.00 | ! 180.00.00 a | 46.2020 143] 462628 [a1 | 262628 Pors2 | ao 46.26.28 5 | by 4has2 [as] dass | anf sasa.s6 98i6isi6 | 20 | 4.8.58 c | 88ga40 | 42 4 4.40 88.54.40 L [79.56.52 | 48 | 1so.00.00 | £86,00.00 | I 130.00.00 * Cot 1, 2,3 1a cdc sé liéu da bist * Cot 4 ghi sé hiéu chinh lan 1 (diéu kién hinh) Dé tinh s {diéu kién cyte): higu chinh Jan 2, can xdc dinh so hang tu do fa «= C', ~360° = +10" * 36 hiéu chinh lin 2 ghi do cot 6 134* Cot 8 va 9 ghi cac gid tri logsin a’, logsin b”, va gid tri 3a", bb"; f,=-20 Tgsina"i = 9.504892 Vigsinb"i = 9.504912 LS, +8,,)= 15,6 (b",) * Cot 10 ghi gid tei (w",). o",) * Cot 11 ghi gid wi géc da binh sai Trén co sé chiéu dai va géc dinh hudng canh AB, toa do diém A (hoic B), ta tinh duge toa dé cic diém cita [v6i thong qua cde goc di binh sai. §7-4. XAY DUNG DIEM KHONG CHE BANG GIAO HOIG6C Giav hdi dc thudng dugc dp dung dé xac dinh vi ui diem doc lap gitta cdc diém cap cao. Tuy diéu kién dia hinh va phuong phap thuc hign ma co giao héi géc thuan (hinh 7-62) va giao héi géc nghich (hinh 7-6b). Trong thuc t& giao hoi géc thuan don gidn vé tinh todn trong qué uinh do dac. Giao hoi géc thuan phai duge tién hanh tir 3 diém cita Iwéi cép cap hon voi cde géc giao hai khong nhé hon 30° va khéng 1én hon 150” Toa do diém P duge tinh tir diém A va B theo céng thtte sau: Xpe 38. 7-31 . cotgB , +cotgp , ( , 135oN a fed ps be" B : \ / \ i . c a g Anh 7-6 An TXa)t Y.cotgs , +ycotge , cotge | + cotgs , ye Tuong tr ta tinh duoc toa do diém P tirdiém B vac théng qua va B,. Ket qua cudi cing ti ti t trung binh cong cua iA tri da tinh. cile gde f Treng trong hop cho phép c6 thé b6 tf giao héi theo hinh (7-7), Sau khi giai tam gide, ding bai todn thuan cé thé dé ding tinh due toa dé diém P. Pi fe Hinh 7-7 136Cau hoi va bai tap chuong VII f. Ludi khéng ché tric dia 1!) gi? Tai sao phai xay dung Ludi khong ché trac dia? 2. Nauyén tac xay dimg ludi khéng ché tric dia? Trén nguyén tac do, luéi khong ché mat bang gém nhimg dang nto? Néu chi teu k¥ thuat cua timg dang. 3. Dudng chuyén kinh vi 1A gi? C6 may loai dudng chuyén kinh vt? Céng téc thue dia dét véi dudng chuyén kinh vi (chon dia diém, chon méc, do dac). Cac bude tinh binh sai dudng chuyén kinh vi? 4. Xay dung iui tam gidc nho (thiét ké ky thuat, do dac va tinh todn binh sai)? 5. Pham vi ting dung cua giao hoi gdc? Cac loai giao hoi goe thudng gap va phuong phiip tinh todn? 6, Bai ap Bai tép 7-1; Binh sai dudng chuyén kinh vi (hinh 7-1b} véi sé liéu cho trong bang (7-7). Hang 7-7 7 SO dot i ! Diém | A a | oe bow | any fae | {m) i om | of i - 1 2 [3 4 5] 6 A ! 130.21.30 | | Be i 109.38.00, 500,00 | 300,00 Lo | ok | 137L 1 ]o2 | 3 4 i 5 | 6 jo o2 7 1758.14.30 | lear 3 2732.42.37 269,43 4 147.28.07 | oa12n 5 | 204.09,30 | i377 6 | 7217.15 L 169,20 | jec 320.03.00 668.21 | 144139 | 231.54.00 b — Bai tap 7-2: Tinh toa dé diém P (hinh 7-6a) theo sé liéu sau: A (400,00m; 200,00m) B =50" 10" B (300,00m; 300,00m) B, = 45°20" € (350,00m; 400,00m) B, = 63°06" B, =S7°18" Bai tip 7-3: DE x4c dinh toa dé diém C ngudi ta do tam ide ABC nh (hinh?-8). So hiéu ny sau: 9 = 91270 B, = 48"483 fi, =52°376 By = 78°33'5 d=87,52m Gy, = 135°00'0 A (100,00m; 200,00m) Tinh toa do diém C. Hinh 7-8 138Bai tap 7-4: Binh sai chuéi tam gidc gifta hai canh (hinh 7-9) vdi sé liéu cho 6 bang (7-7). day 30°413 91°52, 57°25'2 53°22 64"59'5 6139'S 60°33'0 41345 11538 d, = 183,86m Hinh 7-9 139Chuong VII LUGI KHONG CHE DO CAO §8-1, KHAI NIEM Dé théng nhat dé cao Vn toan Linh thé, ngudi te xdy dimg mang ludi cée diém mi dé cao eita ching duige xc dinh chinh xiuuit phat tir diém g6c. Mang luéi dé goi 1A luéi khéng ché do cao, nd bao gém {di khéng ché do cao Nha nudc, Ludi dd cao ky thuat va ludi do cao do vé. Diém "0" cila tram nghiém trigéu Hon Dau (D6 Son-Hai Phong) li diém khoi tink cho Ludi dé cao. $$-2. LUGI DO CAO NHA NUGC Ludi khéng ché dé cao Nha nude duge xay dung bang phuong phap do cao hinh hoc va duge chia lam 4 V6i do chinh xde gidm dan tir cap I den cap IV (bang 8-1). Lui do cao cap T, 11a co sé dé xay dung cae ludi cap thiip hon va phue vi cho céng téc nghién ctu khoa hoe. Ludi dé cao caip HL, TV duge phat tign tir cap cao hon, lam co so cho do vé bin dé dia hinh cae foai ty 1é va phuc vu cho xay dung co ban. Bang 8-1 Cap ludi Khong che rou ul WV Céie chi ticu KY thnege tia ngam . - 30m | osm 75m 1oom_| Sai x6 khép cho phép (mum) aL pave 0VL Sai x6 rung phuemg Gngchenh cao tren Hkm eieu cai (mim) O50 Okd 1.68 668 #841 96 rung phuong cita | iam do (mm) vis | 0,30 06 oj 140Ludi khong ché do cao Nha nuée duge xay dung doc lap voi luéi khéng ché mat bang Nha nude. Tuy theo dién tich khu vue an phuc vu ma xay dung ludi cdp nao cho phi hop. Vi du: Te 50 dén 500 km? cain xay dimg lusi do cuo efip HT, MI vi IV. Tir 10 dén 50 kméchi cain xay dung ludi d6 cao cap III va LV. §8-3. LUG] DO CAO KY THUAT 1. Khdi niém Ludi dé cao k¥ thuat duve phat tién tit ld) cap cao hon, muc dich la dé ting day diém khéng ché do cao cho khu vue vi lam cosa cho viée xay dung ludi dé cua do vé_ Tuy theo diéu kién dia hinh, ludi dé cao k¥ thuat 6 thé b6 ui dudi dang dudng don noi gitia hai diém iip cao hoac hé thong cé mot hay nhiéu diém nit, chiéu dai tuyén do cao k¥ thuat quy dinh bang 8-2 Bang 8-2 Dimg tuyén do exo. i 2@km 8k lokm diém clip cao va diém nut 15km 6km 12km, 3 ita hai dig net Ikm 4km Xk D6 cao cfc diém xadc dinh bang phuong php do cao hinh hoc. Trong trudng hop do vé ban dé 6 ving ddéi nui vdi khoang cao déu 2m hoac 5m, co the ding phuong phap do cao higng gic. 1412, Do ludi May thity binh ding dé do c6 cae chi tiéu ky thnat phai thoa min: V*> 20%, 1 <45"/2mm. Mia co thé ding loai 2 mit ho&e | mat. Néu ding mia 2 mat doe sé theo tht tu: doc s6 den, dé & mia sau r6i doc sé den do 6 mia tru6e. Néu ding mia | mat: doc sé mia sau —> doc sé mia tée. Thay d6i chiéu cao may (>10cm), doc $6 mia inde > mia sau. Chénh léch dé chénh cao ¢ mdi tram tinh theo hai mat mia hay theo 2 s6 doc khi thay doi chiéu cao may khong vuct qué 5mm. Tam ngam ti may dén mia 120m, trong diéu kién thuan loi c6 thé len t6i 200m. Sai sé khép cho phép: f,=450VL (mm) (8-1) L: chiéu dai tuyén do tinh bang km Khi sé tram do n lén hon 25 tram trén 1km dai: f,=410Vn (mm) (8-2) 3. Tinh todn bink sai Tinh todn binh sai ludi do cao k¥ thuat theo phuong phip gan dting. Gia sit cé tuyén do cao ky thuat phat trién giita 2 diém cap cao A(HA), BB) (hinh 8-1). Hinh 8-1 142- Tinh sai sé khép chénh cao fi f= Dihy-(l, Hy) (8-3) T So sdnb f, voi fey néuf, < £50VL (mm) (8-4) ‘Tinh s6 higu chinh vao cdc team do : Vii= (8-5) 7 Do cheénh cao sau higu chinh: hy) =4,+ Vb, (8-6) - D6 cao tuyét d6i cha diém: H,=H,, +h’, (8-7) Kiém tra * IVA) =f, * DO chénh cao diém B tinh duge theo (8-7) phai bang d6 cao diém B da cho. Néu giita cde diém trang gian 1, 2... kha xa mhau vi bao géom nhiéu tram do, cdc biéu thie (8-4), (8-5) sé B: f, < +10Vn (mm) (8-8) Vue an, (8-9) n Trong dé: n - téng sé tram do tréu todn tuyén n,- s6 tram do giita hai diém tung gian (i - 1, i) Dé tranh nham lan, viéc tinh todn dugc thuc hién trén bing biéu. 143¢ dy 8-2: Tinh binh sai dung do cao k¥ thuat (hinh 8-1) véi sd ligu cho trong bang (8-3) va Hy = 8.054m, H, = 8,265 m. Bang 8-3 1 | Higa ds | + Ten | khuine cach Hheu do | So hige cao di Do cao digm 5,08) a“ chivh ¥, | higwebiuh | digm | h, (am) : | ' him Ll 3 at 4 5 6 | lA 8,054 | | 198.5 “1085 | 45 “1080 | : i 6,974 | | 167.8 +1254 | 4 +1258 2! ! ! 8,232 | W13 +0903 | + +0908 3 | 9.140 | 128.6 -ORT8 n -O875 1B | | 8,265 L 696.2 +94 | +17 4211 | f, = 194 — (8265-8054) = -17(mm) The = $50VL =+41{mm) -17 f | -1880 4 4 +1254 6 | +4002 8 |B 19.562 ui tap 5-2: Binh sai luéi d6 cao c6 1 diém nit (hinh 8-2), cde két qua do ghi trong bang (8-5). Tinh ti trung binh trong sé diém M va si Gung phuong cua n6. 146Hinh 8-2 Tuyen do | Ten D6 caw Hicud@ cue] Chigu dai tuyén §, | dig} «m) cm) (km) A | 57.960 1 “9,201 45,6 B 40,460 2 48.324 32.8 | c [4120 3 +7.566 403 | D 57,060 4 “8.203 sia | - as 1 Gai ¥: Trong sé P, nhan gid tri bang > 00 147Chuong IX DO VE BAN BO DIA HINH VA MAT CAT §9-1. KHAI NIEM Thy chat efia do vé ban dé dja hinh TA xc dinh vi tri tuong quan cuit cic déi tong do vé (cdc diém dic trung cua dia hinh, dia vat) tren thyc dia rdi dung ede ky hiéu ban dé dé biéu dién chting lén t gidy phang theo ty 1é nao dé. Nhw vay, khi do vé ban dé dia hinh can phai dura vao cdc diém khéng ché mat bang va Khong ché dé cao Nha nude. Mat dé diém khéng ché mat bang (c6 dé chinh xc tir gidi tich cap 2 hoae tuong duong tré1én) phai dam bao yeu cau: - 4 diém uén 1km? d6i véi khu cong nghiép, thanh phé, kha xay dung. - 1 diém trén Iknv’d6i v6i khu vuc khong xdy dumg. Khi do vé ban d6, ngudi ta ting day diém khong ché bing cach xay dung ludi do vé. Do vé ban dé dia hinh cé thé tién hanh theo mot sé phuong phap: ~ Phuong phap do vé toan dac. ~ Phuong phap do vé ban dac. ~ Phuong phap do vé bing anh. ~ Phuong phap do vé téng hop. 148Dit do vé bing phuong phap nao, trén ban dé dia hinh (ty 1é lon 1:5,000 + 1:500) cing cin dam bao thé hién cdc noi dung sau: - Cac diém cla luéi khéng ché wie dia - Cac cong tinh xay dung dan dung, cong nghiép va noi 16 ra clia céng trinh ngam. - Dudng thong tin lién lac va cdc phutong tién phuc vu di kém. - Dung day dién cao thé va ha thé cing cdc tram bién dp. - Hé thong dung giao thong (dudng sat, duéng bé) cing céc céng trinh cé lién quan nhur ga, cau pha, bén cang... - Hé thong thiy van, cdc co sé cung cap nude... Doi voi dong chay r6ng hon 3mm trén ban dé phai do vé theo 2 bd va ett cach 15cm can ghi chi dé cao mue nude cla ddag chay kém thdi gian xde dinh. - Khi do vé rig, ngodi viéc xdc dinh ranh gidi con can phai xde dinh diac tinh, ching foai rimg, cdc khu dat céng, néng nghiép nam trong dé. - Phai do vé tat cd cdc diém va dudng dic mmg ciia dang dat, lu y¥ dén cao do muc nude trong ao, hd, séng... khi gap dia hinh casto phai biéu thi ché lom, phéu cla thuc dia. - Véi khu vuc tring, dam lay can xadc dinh kha nang qua lai, dé sau va lép thie vat phu. Dién tich nhé nhat ctia dia vat cén biéu dién: - 20mm’ déi voi khu trdng trot cé gid tri kinh té. - 50 mm? doi voi khu tréng trot khong cé gid tri kinh t€ Khong do vé cac céng trinh tam thoi. 149C6 nhiéu phuong phap do vé chi tidt: toa dé vudng géc, giao hi gdc, giao hi canh, toa dé cue... Nhung neay na huong g di canh, toa dé cu ig ngay nay phuong phap toa d6 cue hay duge ding hon ca §9-2, DO VE BAN BO THEO PHUONG PHAP TOAN DAC Do vé toan duc Ia do vé dia hinh bang may toan dac hay may kinh vi theo phuong phap toa dé cue. Do vé to’n dac cd ut diém nhanh chong, 6 thé do true tiép trong diéu kién thai tiét Khong may thuan Igi. Tuy nhién, do noi nghiép va ngoai nghiép tich nhau nén kho phat hién ning sai s6t. Do vé toan dac thudng duoc tg dung ¢ noi cdc phuong phap do vé khac khé thuc hin. 1. Luéi khong ché do ve Lui khéng ché do vé 1a he thong cdc diém duoc xac dinh toa dé mat bing va dé cao, thong thuténg cic diém nay di dam bao do vé chi ti. Trong trong hop can phai tang day diém khéng ché do vé thi bé trf durdng chuyén to’n dac. Diém khéi tinh cia dudng chuyén toin dac phai JA diém cla dutng chuyén kinh vi 66 sai sé tuong déi 1/1000 we len. Duong chuyén toin dac phai dam bio céc yéu cau trong bang (9-1). Bang 9-1 Ps | PREP esse [RS | bein dé chuyén cla mét canh haven 15000 1200 m “300m 6 12000 [600m 200m 5 11000 300m 150m 3 1500 | 200m 100m 2 150- Gée bing do mét lan, sai s6 khép gée cho todn dudng chuyén 1a: f, = £60" Vn - Chiéu dai canh duge xe dinh bang cp day do khoang cach voi hai lan do di va do vé. Sai s6 tong déi khdng vuot qua 1/400. - Do chénh cao giita aide, do di va do vé. Sai s6 khep dé cao: 8 f, = £0,04 zs (em) vn Ac diém xac dinh bang do cao luong 2. Do vé chi tiét * Cong ide chudn bi tui mor wam do chi Het: - Dat miy vao diém tram do (la diém khong ché do vé). Sau khi dinh tam, can bing may xdc dinh gid tri MO. - Do chiéu cao may (i) bang thudée hodc mia. - Dinh hung ban dau 00° vé diém khdng ché lan can (vj ti ban d6 trai). * Do cic yeu t6 diém chi tit: - Quay may dén ngdm mia dat G digm chi té diém dac trang ia hinh, dia vat) - Doc s6 doc theo 2 day do khoang cach (n} - Doc s6 doc theo day chi gitta (/) cua - Doc g6c bing fi trén ban do ngang - Can bot thay trén ban do dimg va doc gid tri T trén ban do dig. Cae s6 li¢u do duge ghi vao sé do theo mau quy dinh (bang 9-2). 15kS86 do chi tiét Bang 9-2 Sé doc | Sedve | Tichodng [Chena Ne} in | Ped | bindy | Gee fetch | uo | Do Bicm| cmp | "8S | ding [nghiene! ngene | hi | coo Ghi chai a hi Bi Ti | Yi tm | om [om i 2 3 4 [os 6 7]. 9 ‘Tram may N” 1 - dink hucng theo I VI, m, Hy =50.70m May do T30, MO= 1 126.6 | 42°30" AS8°38" | “121 126.6 2,98 147.7 Pung 2 912 35606" 90,8 6.08 [44,6 (Dau cau qua muong 3 79 35537 | argo 755 “5.73 | 45,0] Ra muons 4 | 944 BS819 | i461 94.4 1-290 478 idm aia hich S16) eso | ase | 029 [ie | sous [49,8 Diem dia hink Khoang cach gitta cdc diém mia khong vuot qué quy dinh & bang 9-3. Bang 9.3 - Khosing eich lon nhat tit may Ty Ie do én khi do vé (my * Dia hinh Din vat i. 500 250 Isa 300 150 350 150 350 150 12000 200 100 250 100 250 100 1. 1000 Ist Bu 10 30. 200 BU 1: S00. OS 15 100 60 Lo 15 Isu 60 152HE trdnh tring l4p hodc bé sét, cdn phai phan ving cho cdc tam do. Tuy nhién, gifta cdc tram do céin cé ving phi dé tién viéc kiém tra. Ciing véi cong tic doc sé, cin vé phd so dé vi tri diém khong ché, diém chi tiét dé trénh nham lan khi vé ban d6. True khi két thiic tram do cén kiém ta lai hudng ban dau, néu léch khong qua 1'5 14 dam bao. 3. Tinh toan + Tinh toa dd mat bang vi d6 cao cdc dinh dung chuyén + Tinh chiéu dai bang tir may dén diém chi tiét: d=Kn-A, 9-1) V6i A= Kn sin’V + Tinh do chénh cao cita diém chi tiét so véi tram may: 1 h= 5 Kn sin2¥ + i-/ (9-2) + Tinh d6 cao diém chi tiét: = Hymns th (9-3) 4. Vebdn dé * VE luéi 6 vudng: Bao gdm cdc 6 vung nhé kich thuée 10 x 10 (cm). Kiém tra cae canh 6 vudng khéng chéph nhau qué 0,2mm, cdc duéng chéo 6 vudng khong chénh nhau qué 0,3mm. * Cham cae diém khong ché trée dia lén ludi 6 vuéng theo plutong phdp toa db vudug géc: VE ky hiéu diém khong ché va bén phia tréi diém ghi mot phan so cé tir sO 1a tén diém con mau s6 1a d6 cao cia diém. 153Sau khi chaém xong cdc diém khong ché, kiém tra lai khoang céch cia ching trén ban vé va so sdnh ching véi khoang céch ngoai thuc dia da rit vé ty 1é. Sai léch nay khéng qué 0.3mm. * Chdim cée diém chi tiét theo phitong phdap toa dé cuc: Diém chi tiét due dénh dau bang bét chi va nd 1A dau phan céch phan nguyén va thap phan cua gid tri do cao. Két thtic timg tram may ding bit chi vé dia vat theo quy ude va vé duéng déng miic theo phuong phap ude luong. * Sau klii ker thite tat cd cde ram do va dd kiém tra can thin, ban vé duoc t6 mite theo tht tu: - To chit va s6 - To dia vat - Vé muc dudng déng mitc - Trinh bay khung va ban vé. * Kiém twa dank gid dé chink xdc bein dé dia hinh: - Sai s6 gidi han cla ludi khong ché so véi diém khong che ip trén gan nhat theo ty 1é ban dé khong vuot qué 0.2mm déi voi ving quang dang va 0.3mm déi véi ving ring nii. - Sai s6 gidi han cua cdc diém khéng ché dd cao so véi méc cap trén gén nhat khong vuot qua 1/5 khoang cao déu déi vi ving déng bang va 1/3 déi voi ving ring nui. - Sai s6 vi ti cée dia vat cé dinh biéu thi trén ban dé so véi diém khong ché do vé gén nhat khong 1én hon 0.5mm véi ving quang dang va 0.7mm véi ving ring nui. - Sai s6 biéu dién déng dat khong vuot qué 1/4 khoang cao déu déi véi ving déng bang va 1/3 déi véi ving rimg nui. 154- Can ct vao do chénh léch dé danh gid chat luong ban dé. S6 luong diém chénh Iéch vuot qua gisi han cho phép khong quit 10% téng sé diém kiém tra. §9-3. BO VE BAN BO BANG PHUONG PHAP CHUP ANH I. Khai niem Do vé bin dé dia hinh bang anh 1a phuong phap duoc xay dung trén co so nhimg tém anh chup bé mat thyc dia boi nhimg may méc thiét bi chuyén ding. Dé nhan duge w& ban dé, thudng tién hanh bén cong doan chit yéu va cé lién quan mat thiet vdi nhau d6 la chyp anh, xt ly phim anh, do ndi trac dia va do vé chi tiét wen aah, Tuy thudc vao thiét bi k¥ thuat khi chup anh nén cé phuong phap do vé dia hinh bang anh hang khéng va do vé dia hinh bing anh mat dat. Do vé dia hinh bang anh chup ti trén khong [a phiong phap chi yéu dé lap ban dé dia hinh khu vue réng Ién, dia hinh phitc tap. Do vé dia hinh bang anh chup tt mat dat duge dap dung khi lap bin dé khu vuc nhé cé hinh dang 16 rét ctia ding dat; dic bict tien loi déi véi cong tic khai théc mo 16 thién, quan tric bién dang céng tinh... Do khéi lvong cong vie cla phuong phdp chu yéu duoc thuc hién & trong phong nén hiéu qua kinh té cao hon cdc phuong phap khie, vi thé né duge ting dung rong rai trong quéc phong va Wong cac nganh: lam nghiép, dia chat, xay dung co ban...I. Do vé dia hinh bang anh chup tt trén khong Anh hang khong 1a anh chup mat dat tir cdc thiét bi chup anh dat trén may bay. Thiét bi chup anh hang khong 14 mét hé théng chup anh tu dong. Qué tinh chup anh cé thé diéu khign tir xa hoae ur dong theo chuong trinh cai da Vige chup anh hang khong duoc hién boi nhimg chuyén bay chuyén dung, bay chup theo nhing dai song song da duoc thiét ké sao cho nhiing dai anh chup duoc déu cé d6 ph doc va do pht ngang. D6 phi doc chiém Khoang 60% chiéu dai tam anh va do phit ngang chiém khoang 30%-40% chiéu rong tam anh. Nha 6 dé phd ma nguéi ta dinh gid duce chat lugng anh chup déng thi tao duge hiéu ting lap thé trong do vé chi tiét trén anh. Trong qua trinh chup anh, khi iruc quang hoc cla mdéy anh tring voi phuong day doi nh hinh 9-1 ta sé duac tam anh nam ngang va ty 1é cla tam anh 1a: 12 ab if m AB H Ff. tiéu cy cla may chup anh (9-4) H: chiéu cao chyp anh Hinh 9-1 156Trén thuc té, diéu kién trén khé dam bdo nén cdc tam phim anh thu duge thudng cé dé léch khdc nhau, do dé ty 1é ctia cdc tam anh ciing khdéc nhau. Trong treéng hop nay (anh chup nghiéng), c&c diém trén anh bi Iéch di so véi vi tri thyc cua né. Dé loai trit sai léch nay, cde tém anh hang khéng phai duge bién 46i (nan Jai) wen thiét bi chuyén mon goi 14 may nan anh. Sau khi nan anh, nguéi ta thu duge cdc tam anh don nam ngang cd cing ty fé. Cat bé cae phan tring nhau cua cdc 14m anh don va dan ghép lai ta duoc binh dé anh - mot loai ban dé mat bang. Binh dé anh dugc ding trong Tinh vuc quén su, trong viée thiét ké mat bang téng thé... Muén nan lai céc (im anh hang khong mot cach dé dang, trén anh cn phai cé mot s6 diém dia vat da biét toa dé phan bé déu trén tim anh. Cong tac trac dia nhéim xdc dinh toa dé cée diém dia vat goi 1a do ndéi anh. Ludi do ndi cé dé chinh xdc twong duong ludi tam gidc nhé hoac dudng chuyén kinh vi va luéi d6 cao k¥ thuat. mi Tren co sé nhing tam anh da nan, ban dé dia hinh duge xay dung theo cdc phuong phap: - Phuong phap do chup phéi hep: Cac yéu t6 dia vat va duéng ranh gidi da biéu thi trén binh dé anh, c&e yéu t6 dia hinh due xi dinh bang toa’n dac hay ban dac. Trong qua trinh do vé dia hinh, két hop do vé therm cic dia vat quan trong nhung cé kich thude nhé khong thé hién trén anh. - Phuong phip do vé lap thé: Qua tinh do vé dia hinh tién hanh & trong phong trén co sé mo hinh lap thé cia timg cap anh thong qua may do vé toan nang. - Phuong phap m6 hinh so: Sit dung may quét anh dua binh dé anh vao méy vi tinh dé tién hanh vé ban dé trén may vi tinh. 157IIL. Po vé dia hinh bang anh chup tir mat dat Cie tim phim anh nhan duge ttt cée ram chup bé tri ngay irén mat dat bing may chup anh kinh vi. Ngoai ra may chup anh kinh vi cfing con duge sur dung dé do goc bang, goéc ding nham mue dich xdc dinh toa d6 cta céc tram chup anh. Dé 6 ip anh lap thé , mot Khu vue dee chup ti hai tram ké nhau, duéng thang noi hai tram chup goi 1a canh déy chup anh. Khi tién banh chup anh, may chup anh kinh vi dit 6 hai dau nh day chup anh va duoc diéu chinh sao cho truc quang hoc cla may nim ngang vA vudéng géc vdi canh day. Trong truéng hop kho khan, truc quang hoc c6 thé quay vé phia trai hodc phia phai cling mét géc trong pham vi 30". Trén hinh 9-2 biéu dién hai tram $1 va S2 cla may chup inh \inh vi 6 hai diu canh day B. Dé xc dinh toa d6 cha diém ACX,. Y,, Z,) ngoai thue dia, ngudi ta lay géc toa do JA quang tam kinh vat bén trai SI. Truc Z tring v6i dung day doi ctta St, truc Y trling véi truc quang hoe cla may anh cén truce X tring v6i hiréng canh day chyp anh én trén mat phang ném ngang. Hink 9-2 / 158Theo hinh vé ta cé: Y, Ya 8 (9-5) fop Voi p [a sai sO ngang ctla diém A trong khong gian: P= Xi Xy Tit cde lam gide déng dang khac ta cé: Xa Za Ya _B 9-6) % % ff p Sny ra: X,=X, 3B p Y, =.8 (9-7) P B Za Ly. P *X), Z;, p duge xée dinh bing may do lp thé toa do tri toa do, cham diém tén ban dé so véi hé thong do anh doi voi canh day da cho. Musn thanh iap ban dé khu vue tong déi tén, phai bé tri nhiéu canh diy chup anh, ching duce néi véi nhau dé toa dé cae tram chup cting trong mét hé thong toa do. Vige tinh toa dd cdc diém ntur tren rat mat thi gian vi khéi luong tinh todn rit lin. Boi vay. khi lap ban dé nguii ta thudng dang may do vé lap thé anh mat Trén ban vé cit may, dat ban vé da c6 cdc diém khong ché tric dia va cdc diém mut trai cia cde canh day chup anh. 6 66 phan do anh, tieu do 1am vi ec {rén m6 hinh lap thé dé xée dinh vi uri diém can do vA danh dau 159Jen ban vé bang but chi cha b6 phan vé cdn dé cao cita diém xdc dinh tit may do do cao. Néu di chuyén tiéu do theo mét duéng nado dé cé cing mét dé cao trén mé hinh thi bit chi sé vach lén ban vé duong dong muic tuong ting. Vigc vé sé ditoc kiém tra thong qua cac diém tric dia da c6 6 trén ban vé va trén cdc (am anh. §9-4. DO VE MATT CAT Dé phuc vu cho thiét ké, thi céng cic céng trinh dang tuyén: duéng sit, dudng 6 16, kénh, muong, dudng Ong, hé thong duong day tai dién... phai Ligh hanh do vé mat cAt dia hinh. Mat cat dia hinh biéu dién su cao thép cha mat dat ty nhién doc theo mét tuyén nao dé. Do vé mat cat dia hinh gém cdc giai doan chinh sau: J. Cé dinh tuyén ngodi thuc dia a) Dé? v6i mat edt doc: + Ding ciic coc dé c6 dink tuyén, cic coc chinh cdéch nhau 100m (duge xédc dinh véi dé chinh xdc J wy ky hiéu la ° 1000 2000 C,, C,, Cy... trong dé Cy1A diém dau cha tuyén. +6 nhiing dinh géc ngoat cla tuyén dugc déng bing nhimg coc chic chan hon (Ong thép, bé tng...) xdc dinh khoang cach tir 1 d6 tr lai coc chinh gan nhat véi d6 chinh xéc J 1000 2000 g6c ngoat eta cdc dinh do bang may kinh vi véi d6 chinh xdc Ing S+0'5. 160+ GO nhiing noi tuyén cat ede cong trinh khac hoc nai mat dat thay déi dd déc ta déng coc phu, x4¢ dinh khoang cach tlt coe phu wd lai coc chinh véi dé chinh xe +1dm. Ghi s6 hiéu coc phu, vi du Cy,4.. Case. ) Doi v6i mat cdt ugany: Mat c&t ngang ndi chung c6 hudng vudng géc voi tuyén, dai ty 40 =50m. Mat cat ngang thudng duge bé ti 6 noi dang dat thay déi nhiéu hay theo yeu cau cua thiét ké. Tai noi giao cia mat cat ngang va mat eit doc duge danh dau bang coc va xac dinh khoang ciich tir coc dé tr lai coe chinh véi dé chinh +ldm, ghi ky higu coc nhu déi voi coe phu o muc a O nhiing noi thay déi dé dée trén mat cat ngang, déng cite coe phy va do khoang cach ti né dén tuyén véi do chinh xc Im, ghi so hi¢u coc (bén phai hay bén wai tuyén). Dong thoi v6i vie bo tri hé thong coc, tién hah do vé chi tiét doc tuyén trong pham vi 50m vé méi phia tren dé biéu dién tat ca cde coc chinh, coe pha, mat cat ngang, cic dia vat... . Cling véi vide b6 Ui hé théng coe tren mat cAt doc, mat cat ngang va do vé chi Uét doc tuyén, cdn phai vé phac vao gidy ké ly ban vé phic biéu dién truc tuyén theo chiéu tt dudi én trén dé ghi che coc chinh, coc phu, noi cat ede dia vat, vi tri mat cat ngang, dinh g6c ngoat (huény ngoat duge biéu thi bing mii tén)... 2. Do cao doc tuyén Dé xde dinh dd cao ciia cdc diém, thudng thuc hién bang do cao hinh hoc cap k¥ thuat. Khi do, ngudi ta chon mét s6 diém trén tuyén lam diém iia duong chuyén dé cao (diém lién két) va do néi véi cic diém khong ché dd cao. Déng thdi vi viée do cao 4c diém lién két, tai méi tram tién hanh do cde diém trung gian (diém phy. mat cat ngang...). Cac sé li¢u duge ghi vao sé do. 1613. Tinh todn pac diém lién két ~ Tinh binh sai ket qua do cao doc tuyén doi v6i SU vL (mm). v6i sai sé khép f, trong timg doan khong virot qui Trong d6 L la chiév dai doan do tinh bang kilomét. - Tu do cay diém lién két, tinh do cao cla may. D6 cao cua diém no dé bang hiéu so gitia do cao ctia may véi sé doc theo day gifia tén mia tai diém do. 4. VE mat cat Ket qua do cao doc tuyén duoc vé lén gidy ke ti dank mat cat doc, mat cat ngang véi ty 1é ding Lon gap 10 lan ty lé ngang. Dé thuan tién cho sit dung ngudi ta thuéng Iya chon do cao quy wée cla ban vé (dong chin tei) sao cho dié ém thap nhat trén mat cit cfing nam cao hon dutng nay tir8 dén 10cm. Ghi sé ligu vai vé mat cat (hinh 9-3) 4 1004 i 10 awe TN 10 i i - = Pop ota Dit hit : : s . 8 F Bn atin S 3s S$ $ 8 | g 8 zx &§ § 8 a6 co gs SS 8 8 Hinh 9-3Cau hoi va bai tap chueng IX 1. Céc phuong phip do vé ban dé dia hinh ? 2. Noi dung do vé ban dé ty Ié In (1:5000 = 1:500)? 3, Do va vé ban d6 bang phuong phap todn dac: - Yéucdu vé ludi khong ché do vé? - Trinh tu do tai mét tram do chi tict ? - Tinh todn va vé ? - Kiem tra. danh gid do chinh xic cong tac do, ve” 4. Mat cat dia hinh li gi? Cac giai doan chinh khi do vé mat cat dia hinh ? S. Bai tip: Lap ban dé dia hinh ty 1é 1:1000 vai khong cao dau h = 1,0m vai s6 fiéu sau: a. Ludi khéng ché do vé: Duong chuyén kinh vi khép kin (hinh 9-2). Sd héu do ghi o bang 9-4. Bang 9-4 Diém | Gée bang | Chigu dai bang | Tou do diem i ! aay | x | y I 179,54 ~ | IL | 84563 272,32 WL | 74!35"1 219,47 ov 128.07 i Vv 180,18 I j !Toa do diém I va géc dinh huéng «, , gid dinh 1 (250,00 m; 300,00m) G4, = 358"25'8 z= z T xz i Hinh 9-4 b. Ludi khéng ché do cao duge xay dung uén co sé Ludi khong ché mat bing. $6 lieu 6 bang 9-5. Bang 9-5 | Diém hemm) Hin) “TO 31 “2352 Ik +669 ML 45829 | Vv -5316 Vv -809 I ¢. S6 ligu do chi tiét trong bang 9-6. 164Bang 9-6 kn T . Ghi che (mm) " 2 4 9 A. dinh hu ‘Thee 020 479 89.578 Rio vin van dong 2 20,5 89.466 nt 812 89.579 m 52.7 ROAR Dia binh S8O 89.349 at 783 RSAR A nt 723 89.253 at BR2 RVSRR Budmy sat (8) 676 80.010 aL) 300 90.06,2 nt 395 90.061 at 66,3 9034.4 RS hd 86.9 94.048 Mep sic 849 94.109 ot 1088 OIS8 nt ISS 92.160 nt 164,2 90.057 Rao nha kho ; 90.029 Nha kho A. 1103 90.02,2 nt 121,0 90.020 a 1183 9.07.8 Rao aka kho 100,5 90.092 nt 89,4 90.200 BE hs 62,3 90.342 nt 165,2 92.08,5 nt 165] T 6 7 8 9 (Tam do II, dinh hucng theo (1-1, MO = 90°O0'0, may deo Theo (2) Ww ae) wo he re RoR DS 26 a7 264 458 728 605 54.5 124.5 B42 67.2 105.9 Hos 570 81S Ana 824 1016 136.1 79.) 603 326.00 US: 10.55 18.25 37.10 64.85 43.50 ALAS FAS 80,50 51.20 3Y.25, 811s 7830 90.30 139.00 171.45 187,00 130.20 F445 21.88 266.35 253.48 245.30 275.08 295.08 331.45 8909.2 8932.2 89.425 89.404 80.449 89.498 89.502 89.49,7 89.52,2 89.566 89.528 R9.57,5 90.13,2 90.038 9120.6 9107.2 ola 92.147 93.08. 89404 89.521 892% 89.406 89.495 KAD 5S. 89.225, BH.56,0 Duin eat al nL nei luo AL ni during sé 9) Badng sit ol Kho B at a Rio nha kho nt m Dia hinh nt Rudng hia at at at at | ] Bia hinh at [Dating sit, ni DSH) Mt al Dia hinh at nt 166{3 4 s |} 6/7 9 av lo Thee 020. Ian, MO = 90°00, 1 1 T3250 | v3.9! j Cordign 2 7720 | 90.004 nt 3 go15 | onts2 | nl 4 1oa0 | 90.06.7 nt 5 18700 | 88.46,7 | Digan dia ink 16 P1630 | 89.599 i nt ! 7 250 | SKS1S | | | nt R / 265.30 | 89.164 ' nt 9 122.0 7 280.50 | 89.265 nt 1 96.2 | 30043 | 99.496 Cot dign NW 87.3 | 287.22 | R0407 biém dia hinh Piz | dea 7 anos | xx.324 nt 13 54.0 321.10 | 9U.RRS Cor dign adi aide a) Tram do IV, dinh hudéng thee IV-1, 148m. MO = 90°0'O, may do. Theo 020 | 1 54.9 297.00 D0.45.6 San van cor 2 32.7 330,00 YEN nt nt, ndi diém 3 | 3s BO 350.45 9028.0 tram | 4 40.0 04.50 O46 ! : is hinh 5 49,4 26.45 , 80475 nl 6 62.2 90.20, 9006.6 | nt 7 ts, 102.25 9O10,E | | nt j CB noid 10 x 126.8 i 125.20 | 89.564 | tram IE | 9 808 | 13330 | svase | : at lo} ats | 163.20 | 89.007 at il 4A ' 24715 YO.0T : mt 2} (50,0 250.00, 89.341 ' Dia hinh 13 967 £72.00 ARG? ! at 14 126.6 145,25 48.252 nt 1S 169.b |} 141.45 RAR nt {6 145.3 163.45 N7S0,7 nt 167i 3 To 4 ys 153m, MO 7] 8] 9 | Tram do Vdind hudng theo VV, j

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