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目录
Read Aloud............................................................................................................................. 1
010102.THE wild Cat 野猫................................................................................................................................................1
010036.Welfare 福利..........................................................................................................................................................1
010165.Two Sisters 两姐妹............................................................................................................................................... 1
010029.Akimbo 双手叉腰.................................................................................................................................................2
010209.Grand Canyon-version 1 大峡谷-版本 1.............................................................................................................. 2
010216The only family 唯一的人家................................................................................................................................. 2
010009.Father 父亲............................................................................................................................................................2
010196.Environmental Policy Course 环境政策课程.......................................................................................................3
010195.Electric Car 电动汽车...........................................................................................................................................3
010224.Method of learning（学习的方法）.................................................................................................................... 3
010179.Orientalists 东方主义者........................................................................................................................................3
010200.Public demand for education 公众对教育的需求................................................................................................ 4
010230.Canada 加拿大...................................................................................................................................................... 4
010002.Carbon emissions 碳排放量.................................................................................................................................4
010229. The Emergence of IT IT 的出现........................................................................................................................ 5
010227.Australian English（Version 2）澳大利亚英语(版本 2).................................................................................... 5
010226.Teenage Girls(十几岁的女孩).............................................................................................................................. 5
010205.Online shopping environments 网上购物环境.....................................................................................................5
010174.Fast food 快餐....................................................................................................................................................... 5
010026.Shakespeare 莎士比亚.......................................................................................................................................... 6
010162.香草.......................................................................................................................................................................6
010228.Black Swan 黑天鹅...............................................................................................................................................6
010185.Company imprint 企业形象..................................................................................................................................6
010005.Blue 蓝色...............................................................................................................................................................7
010184.Examination 考试..................................................................................................................................................7
010223.Important value of literature（文学的重要价值）..............................................................................................7
010225.A World Without Light（一个没有光的世界）..................................................................................................8
010004.Fiscal Year 财政年度............................................................................................................................................ 8
010046.Global warming 全球变暖....................................................................................................................................8
010008.Pluto 冥王星..........................................................................................................................................................8
010190.Business School Admissions 商学院招生............................................................................................................ 9
010069.21st century 21 世纪............................................................................................................................................. 9
010155.Industrial Revolution 工业革命............................................................................................................................ 9
010191.Hazard Assessment 风险评估...............................................................................................................................9
010183.The most memorable benefit 最难忘的好处...................................................................................................... 10
010170.Russia 俄罗斯..................................................................................................................................................... 10
010208.Internal combustion engine 内燃机.................................................................................................................... 10
010189.Elephant 大象......................................................................................................................................................10
010222.Tesla and Edison （Version 2）特斯拉和爱迪生(版本 2)................................................................................11
010139.Marketing course 市场营销课程........................................................................................................................ 11
010127.Lincoln 林肯....................................................................................................................................................... 11
010182.Divisions of domestic work 家务分工................................................................................................................11
010021.Edison and Tesla （Version 1）爱迪生和斯特拉版本 1................................................................................ 11
010187.The next wave of leaders 下一波领导人............................................................................................................12
010134.Difficult conversations 困难的对话................................................................................................................... 12
010155.Industrial Revolution 工业革命.......................................................................................................................... 12
010176.Introvert and Extrovert – Version 2 内向的人和外向的人-版本 2....................................................................12
010159.Major Breeding Areas 主要繁殖区.....................................................................................................................13
010199.The preparation of abstract 摘要的编写.............................................................................................................13
010020.Tesla 特斯拉........................................................................................................................................................13
010183.Electronic discourse 电子语篇............................................................................................................................14
010175.Australian English 澳大利亚英语...................................................................................................................... 14
010188.Divorce 离婚....................................................................................................................................................... 14
010166.Legal writing 法律写作...................................................................................................................................... 14
010151.Sustainable agriculture 可持续农业................................................................................................................... 15
010192.Shrimp 虾............................................................................................................................................................ 15
010172.Statistical Information 统计信息........................................................................................................................ 15
010167.Semiconductor 半导体........................................................................................................................................15
010203.Globalization 全球化.......................................................................................................................................... 16
010211.Brain 大脑........................................................................................................................................................... 16
010132.Founding fathers 开国元勋.................................................................................................................................16
010010.Botswana 博茨瓦纳............................................................................................................................................ 16
010093.Trade unions 工会............................................................................................................................................... 16
010030.Yellow 黄色.........................................................................................................................................................17
010007.Yellow Tulip/Square Root 黄色郁金香/根......................................................................................................... 17
010168.Japanese Tea Ceremony 日本茶道......................................................................................................................17
010156.Diversity of language 语言的多样性................................................................................................................. 17
010206.Bookkeepers 簿记员........................................................................................................................................... 18
010164.No Ordinary Book 非普通书籍.......................................................................................................................... 18
010006.Himalayas 喜马拉雅山脉................................................................................................................................... 18
010171.MBA 工商管理学硕士....................................................................................................................................... 18
010177.Teacher's instruction 教师指导策略................................................................................................................... 19
010135.Population Growth 人口增长............................................................................................................................. 19
Repeat Sentence............................................................................................................................................... 20
1. Bar................................................................................................................................................................................ 28
2. Flow..............................................................................................................................................................................38
3. Line...............................................................................................................................................................................48
4. Map...............................................................................................................................................................................59
5. Mix............................................................................................................................................................................... 68
6. Picture...........................................................................................................................................................................71
7. Pie.................................................................................................................................................................................85
8. Table.............................................................................................................................................................................92
Retell Lecture.......................................................................................................................................................97
040110.Food Labeling 食品标签.....................................................................................................................................97
040041.Early Robot 早期的机器人.................................................................................................................................98
040016.The Best Rice 最好的大米............................................................................................................................... 100
040001.Brain DevelopmentV1 大脑发育阶段版本一.................................................................................................102
040078.Bomb Calorimeter 弹式热量计........................................................................................................................ 104
040109. The Large Hadron Collider 大型强子对撞机..................................................................................................105
040106.UK City Population 英国城市人口.................................................................................................................. 107
040090.Narratives 叙述................................................................................................................................................. 108
040025.Edmund Wilson 埃德蒙·威尔逊.......................................................................................................................109
040097. European Countries ‘Educational Expenditure‘欧洲国家的教育开支...........................................................111
040158.Pavlov’s Experiment V2 巴甫洛夫的实验版本二（文本补充）..................................................................112
040132.Practice and Performance 实践与表现.............................................................................................................113
040006.Infinite monkey theorem 无限猴子定理.......................................................................................................... 115
040146.Truth and Rhetoric 真理和修辞........................................................................................................................116
040083.Morton Prince & Dissociation of a Personality 莫顿王子&人格的分裂.........................................................117
040148. Poverty in Rural Areas 农村贫困.....................................................................................................................119
040089.Human Behavior 人类行为...............................................................................................................................120
040122.Mars and Earth V1 火星与地球版本一.......................................................................................................... 121
040100.British Standards Institution 英国标准学会：................................................................................................. 122
040051.Air Pollution 空气污染..................................................................................................................................... 123
040162.Attention Interval 注意力集中时间................................................................................................................. 125
040172.Speed of Light 光速.......................................................................................................................................... 125
040215.The Effect Of Globalization 全球化的影响..................................................................................................... 126
040212.Scientific Theory 科学理论.............................................................................................................................. 127
040213.Good Local Government 好的当地政府..........................................................................................................127
040150.Innovation and Invention 创新和发明..............................................................................................................128
040156.File a Patent 申请专利...................................................................................................................................... 129
040072.Aging 老龄化.................................................................................................................................................... 131
040024.Chest X-RAY 胸部 x 光片（100% confirmated）......................................................................................... 132
040011. Haussmann’s Renovation of Paris 奥斯曼对巴黎的改造（24/6 考场）..................................................... 134
040029.Natural Resource 自然资源.............................................................................................................................. 136
040066.Galaxy 星系.......................................................................................................................................................137
040008.Western countries birth rate 西方国家出生率..................................................................................................138
040055.Superman & Superpower 超人与超能力（100% confirmated）...................................................................140
040058.Linguist and Linguistic Authorities 语言学家和语言学权威（100% confirmated）.................................... 142
040048.Biology 生物学................................................................................................................................................. 144
040015.Survey on media 媒体调查（100% confirmated）........................................................................................ 146
040012.NGO & disempowerment 非政府组织与反授权（100% confirmated）......................................................148
040120.Europe Economic Structure 欧洲经济结构..................................................................................................... 149
040027.Civilization 人类文明....................................................................................................................................... 150
040073.Soot Emission 烟尘排放...................................................................................................................................152
040127.Economic and technological development 经济技术发展...............................................................................154
040203.Greek Diet 希腊饮食........................................................................................................................................ 155
040010.Language Extinction 语言消亡.........................................................................................................................155
040099.Overfishing 过度捕捞....................................................................................................................................... 156
040117.Freedom of Speech in Britain 英国的言论自由...............................................................................................158
040125.US Economy 美国经济.................................................................................................................................... 158
040157.Discovering the Port of Roman London 发现罗马伦敦港...............................................................................159
040144.Social Identity 社会身份...................................................................................................................................160
040074.Bilingual Kids 双语的孩子...............................................................................................................................161
040059.Dancing Bee 跳舞的蜜蜂................................................................................................................................. 163
040061.Gross National Happiness 国民幸福总值........................................................................................................ 165
040139.Absolute zero 绝对零度....................................................................................................................................166
040142.Mega cities 大城市............................................................................................................................................167
040050.London’s Fog 伦敦的雾....................................................................................................................................168
040057.Teaching 教学................................................................................................................................................... 171
040124.Indian HIV Training 印度艾滋病培训............................................................................................................. 172
040018.Thermodynamic and Atom Movement 热力学和原子运动.............................................................................173
040042. Benefits of Migration 移民的好处.................................................................................................................. 174
040003.Open Border 开放边界..................................................................................................................................... 176
040007.Licking and grooming rats 舔舐和梳理老鼠....................................................................................................177
040014.Robot 机器人.................................................................................................................................................... 178
040034.Loggerhead turtles 红海龟................................................................................................................................ 180
040035. Art 艺术............................................................................................................................................................ 181
040043.Influence of Climate Change 气候变化的影响................................................................................................182
040045.Australian cities, Perth 澳大利亚城市,珀斯.....................................................................................................183
040069.Pavlov’s Experiment V1 巴甫洛夫的实验版本一..........................................................................................185
040094.Australian export 澳大利亚出口...................................................................................................................... 186
040093.Variation in Frogs 青蛙的变化......................................................................................................................... 188
040104.The Increasing Productivity 增加生产力........................................................................................................ 189
040207.Dimension 维度.................................................................................................................................................190
040103.Science and Scientists 科学和科学家...............................................................................................................191
040116.Latin America Economic Reform 拉美经济改革.............................................................................................193
040121.Government Blog 政府博客............................................................................................................................. 194
040126.Language disorder in the UK 英国语言障碍................................................................................................... 195
040129. Underwater Antares Detectors for fish 鱼类水下 Antares 探测器..................................................................196
ANSWER SHORT QUESTION................................................................................................................ 198
1
Read Aloud
010102.THE wild Cat 野猫
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腾讯视频讲解（按住 Ctrl 点击）

In the photo, the wild cat’s huge paws are clamped onto the side of the white safari Jeep in which Chappell
was a passenger. Almost as tall as the Jeep on her hind legs, she appears to be forcing the muzzle into the
back window.
Reference:http://edition.cnn.com/2015/06/08/world/africa-lion-attack-photo/index.html
010036.Welfare 福利

Welfare has a special political meaning to the United States because it refers to how the poor receives
financial aid. In comparison, welfare services are regarded as a universal right in other regions like Europe,
where it is believed that all citizens should be able to obtain a minimal level of social support and well-being.
010165.Two Sisters 两姐妹
Two sisters were at a dinner party when the conversation turned to upbringing. The elder sister started to say
that her parents had been very strict and that she had been rather frightened of them. Her sister, younger by
two years, interrupted in amazement. “What are you talking about?” she said. “Our parents were very lenient.
I remember being allowed to stay out late and to do all sorts of things. How could you call them strict?”
2
010029.Akimbo 双手叉腰
Akimbo, this must be one of the odder-looking words in the language. It puzzles us in part because it doesn’t
seem to have any relatives. What's more, it is now virtually a fossil word, until recently almost invariably
found in arms, akimbo, a posture in which a person stands with hands on hips and elbows sharply bent
outward, one that signals impatience and hostility.
010209.Grand Canyon-version 1 大峡谷-版本 1

The Grand Canyon is 277 miles long, up to 18 miles wide and attains a depth of over a mile. While the
specific geologic processes and timing that formed the Grand Canyon are the subject of debate by geologists,
recent evidence suggests the Colorado River established its course through the canyon at least 17 million
years ago.
010216The only family 唯一的人家
Imagine living all your life as the only family on your street. Then, one morning, you open the front door
and discover houses all around you. You see neighbors tending their gardens and children walking to school.
Where did all the people come from? What if the answer turned out to be that they had always been there—
you just hadn't seen them?
010009.Father 父亲

Ever since I remembered, father woke up at five thirty every morning,no matter how later he slept,and then
he made us all breakfast and read newspaper.in the rest of the morning with mother After that he would go
to work. He worked as a writer. It was a long time before I realized he did this for a living.
3
010196.Environmental Policy Course 环境政策课程
Along with customary classes on subjects such as finance, accounting, and marketing, today’s MBA
students are enrolling on courses for environmental policy and stewardship. Indeed, more than half of
business schools require a course in environmental sustainability or corporate social responsibility,
according to a survey of 91 US business schools, published in October 2005.
010195.Electric Car 电动汽车
First-year university students have designed and built a ground breaking electric car that recharges itself.
Fifty students from the University of Sydney‘s Faculty of Engineering spent five months working together
bits of plywood, foam and fiberglass to build the Mango concept car. They developed the specifications and
hand built the car. It's a pretty radical design: a four-wheel drive with a motor in each wheel.
010224.Method of learning（学习的方法）
There is no single method of learning that guarantees success. How we learn depends on many different
factors. And what works best for you be the same approach used for the other students even if they study the
same course. We are all unique learners, although some patterns emerge within groups of students.
没有一种单一的学习方法能保证成功。我们如何学习取决于许多不同的因素。最有效的方法不一定和其他学生使用的方法一样即使他
们学的是同一门课。作为学习者，我们都是独特的，尽管有些模式出现在任何学生群体中。
010179.Orientalists 东方主义者
Orientalists, like many other nineteenth-century thinkers, conceive of humanity either in large collective
terms or in abstract generalities. Orientalists are neither interested in nor capable of discussing individuals;
instead, artificial entities predominate. Similarly, the age-old distinction between "Europe" and "Asia" or
4
"Occident" and "Orient" herds beneath very wide labels every possible variety of human plurality, reducing
it in the process to one or two terminal collective realities.
010200.Public demand for education 公众对教育的需求
Public demand for education has remained strong, reflecting the importance of education as a means of
social progress. Aware of the social value of education to the world of the work, the government continues
to innovate and update the education system in order to produce a qualified and competent work force.
010230.Canada 加拿大
With a population of only just over 30 million living in the world’s second largest country, Canada is justly
renowned for vast tracts of wilderness untroubled by pollution either from industry or from intensive
farming methods. A major conservation issue is the battle to stop the logging of virgin forest in northern
Ontario and on the west coast.
加拿大人口只有 3000 多万，居世界第二大国家之列以广阔的荒野而闻名，不受工业或集约化污染的困扰耕作方法。一个主要的保护
问题是制止北方原始森林砍伐的斗争安大略和西海岸。
010002.Carbon emissions 碳排放量

When countries assess their annual carbon emissions, they count up their cars and power stations, but bush
fires are not included – presumably because they are deemed to be events beyond human control. In
Australia, Victoria alone sees several hundred thousand hectares burn each year; in both 2004 and the
present summer, the figure has been over 1 million hectares.
5
010229. The Emergence of IT IT 的出现
The emergence of Information Technology has created new products, processes and distribution systems.
New products include the computer, the internet and digital TV; new processes include internet banking,
automated inventory control and automated teller machines; and new distribution systems include cable and
satellite TV
010227.Australian English（Version 2）澳大利亚英语(版本 2)
Australian speak English of course, but for many tourists and even some locals. Australian English has only
tenuous links with mother tone. Our speech is prepared with words and phrases whose arcane means
understood only by the initiate. It is these colorful colloquialisms that Australian slang set to truly explain.
010226.Teenage Girls(十几岁的女孩)
Teenage girls are continuing to outperform boys in English while the gender gap in achievements in math
and science has almost disappeared. The figures show that last year 80% of 14-year-old girls reached at least
the expected level 5 in English, compared with 65% of boys. But in math, the girls are just 1% ahead of boys,
while in science the difference is 2%.
010205.Online shopping environments 网上购物环境
A unique characteristic of online shopping environments is that they allow vendors to create retail interfaces
with highly interactive features. One desirable form of interactivity from a consumer perspective is the
implementation of sophisticated tools to assist shoppers in their purchase decisions by customizing the
electronic shopping environment to their individual preferences.
010174.Fast food 快餐
6
Hundreds of millions of people buy fast food every day without giving it much thought. They just grasp a
hamburger and unwrap it and tossed the wrap into the bin. The whole experience is transitory and soon
forgotten.
010026.Shakespeare 莎士比亚

A young man from a small provincial town-a man without independent wealth, without powerful family
connections and without a university education - moved to London in the late 1580’s and, in a remarkably
short time, became the greatest playwright not of his age alone but of all time. How did Shakespeare become
Shakespeare?
010162.香草
The uniquely scented flavor of vanilla is second only to chocolate in popularity on the world’s palate. It’s
also the second most expensive spice after saffron. But highly labor intensive cultivation methods and the
plant’s temperamental life cycle and propagation mean production on a global scale is struggling to keep up
with the increasing demand for the product.
010228.Black Swan 黑天鹅
Before the discovery of Australia, people in the old world were convinced that all swans were white, an
unassailable belief as it seemed completely confirmed by empirical evidence. The sighting of the first black
swan might have been an interesting surprise for a few ornithologists (and others extremely concerned with
the coloring of birds), but that is not where the significance of the story lies..
010185.Company imprint 企业形象
7
Companies will want to be known not just for the financial results they generate, but equally for the imprint
they leave on society as a whole. First, ensuring that their products contribute positively. Second, operating
in a way that approaches a "net-neutral" impact to the natural environment. And third, cherishing their
people.
010005.Blue 蓝色

While blue is one of the most popular colors, it is one of the least appetizing. Blue food is rare in nature.
Food researchers say that when humans searched for food, they learned to avoid toxic or spoiled objects,
which were often blue, black or purple. When food dyed blue is served to study objects, they lose appetite.
010184.Examination 考试
The department determines whether or not the candidate has passed the examination. In cases where an
appearance for the final public oral examination would constitute a substantial financial hardship for the
candidate, the director of graduate studies may recommend to the dean of the Graduate School that the
examination be waived.
010223.Important value of literature（文学的重要价值）
One of the important values of literature is that knowledge is our emotional life, the inner life that good
review in their characters, often gives us glimpses into some portion of ourselves. We can devote to laugh,
cry tremor, dream, ponder, shriek, or rik by simply turning a page inside of turning our lives upside down.
8
010225.A World Without Light（一个没有光的世界）
Have you ever picture a world without light? Just think how much we rely on man-made light sources in our
lives, without engineers, we wouldn’t be able to live the way we do. No street lights, no TV, no computer
displays, no house light, engineers design and build all these things.
010004.Fiscal Year 财政年度

At the beginning of each fiscal year funds are allocated to each State account in accordance with the
University’s financial plan. Funds are allocated to each account by object of expenditure. Account managers
are responsible for ensuring that adequate funds are available in the appropriate object before initiating
transactions to use the funds.
010046.Global warming 全球变暖

Global warming is defined as an increase in the average temperature of the earth's atmosphere. This trend
began in the middle of the 20th century and is one of the major environmental concerns of scientists and
governmental officials worldwide. The changes in temperature result mostly from the effect of increased
concentrations of greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere.
Reference: https://climate.nasa.gov/evidence/
010008.Pluto 冥王星

Pluto lost its official status as a planet yesterday, when the International Astronomical Union downsized the
solar system from nine to eight planets. Although there had been passionate debate at the IAU General
Assembly Meeting in Prague about the definition of a planet – and whether Pluto met the specifications - the
audience greeted the decision to exclude it with applause.
9
010190.Business School Admissions 商学院招生
Business school admissions officers said the new drive to attract younger students was in part the result of a
realization that they had inadvertently limited their applicant pool by requiring several years' work
experience. Talented students who might otherwise have gone to business school instead opted for a law or
policy degree because they were intimidated by the expectation of work experience.
010069.21st century 21 世纪

The beginning of the twenty-first century will be remembered, not for military conflicts or political events,
but for a whole new age of globalization – a ‘flattening’ of the world. The explosion of advanced
technologies now means that suddenly knowledge pools and resources have connected all over the planet,
leveling the playing field as never before.
010155.Industrial Revolution 工业革命
As to the Industrial Revolution, one cannot dispute today the fact that it has succeeded in inaugurating in a
number of countries a level of mass prosperity which was undreamt of in the days preceding the Industrial
Revolution. But, on the immediate impact of Industrial Revolution, there were substantial divergences
among writers.
010191.Hazard Assessment 风险评估
A Hazard Assessment should be performed for work involving distillations of organic liquids and should
thoroughly address issues relating to residual water and possible decomposition of the solvent in question, as
well as the physical placement of the distillation apparatus and heating equipment to be employed.
10
010183.The most memorable benefit 最难忘的好处
Perhaps the most measurable benefit of the program has been the opportunity to me in small groups,
something that is difficult to arrange such a desperate organization. Many officers would have to work
together for thirty years but would not know other's strengths and weaknesses.
010170.Russia 俄罗斯
Youtube 视频讲解（按住Ctrl点击）
Long isolated from Western Europe, Russia grew up without participating in shared developments like the
Reformation. Russians took pride in their unique culture and found dubious value in foreign ideals. As a
result, Russia is the most unusual member of the European family, if indeed it can be considered one at all.
This question is still hotly debated, particularly amongst Russians.
010208.Internal combustion engine 内燃机

Internal combustion engine, enabling the driver to decide which source of power is appropriate for the travel
requirements of given journey. Major US auto manufacturers are now developing feasible hybrid electric
vehicles, and some are exploring fuel-cell technology for their electric cars.
010189.Elephant 大象

The elephant is the largest living land mammal. During evolution, its skeleton has greatly altered from the
usual mammal, design for two main reasons. One is to cope with the great weight of huge grinding cheek
teeth and elongated tusk teeth , making the skull particularly massive. The other is to support the enormous
bulk of such a huge body.
11
010222.Tesla and Edison （Version 2）特斯拉和爱迪生(版本 2)
Tesla's theoretical work formed the basis of modern alternating current electric power systems. Thomas
Edison promised him almost one million dollars in today's money to undertake motor and generator
improvement. However, when Tesla ethical serbs asked about the money, Edison reportedly reply "Tesla,
you don't understand our American humor." The pair becomes arch rivals.
010139.Marketing course 市场营销课程
For any marketing course that requires the development of a marketing plan, such as Marketing
Management, Marketing Strategy and segmentation support Marketing. This is the only planning handbook
that guides students through step by step creation of a customized marketing plan while offering commercial
software to aid in the process.
010127.Lincoln 林肯

Lincoln’s apparently radical change of mind about his war power to emancipate slaves was caused by the
escalating scope of the war, which convinced him that any measure to weaken the Confederacy and
strengthen the Union war effort was justifiable as a military necessity.
010182.Divisions of domestic work 家务分工
Traditional divisions of domestic work are understood to persist because of the strong association of the
home with femininity and paid work with masculinity - to challenge who does what in the home is arguably
tantamount to challenging what it is to be a woman or a man.
010021.Edison and Tesla （Version 1）爱迪生和斯特拉版本 1
Tesla actually worked for Edison in his early career. Edison offered to pay him the modern equivalent of a
12
million dollars to fix the problems he was having with his DC generators and motors. Tesla fixed Edison's
machines and when he asked for the money he was promised, Edison laughed him off and had this to say:"
Tesla, you don't understand our American humor".
010187.The next wave of leaders 下一波领导人

The next wave of leaders in industrial manufacturing will build an ecosystem that capitalizes on the promise
of analytics and connectivity to maximize efficiency for themselves and their customers. They will map out
their strategies and prioritize measures that will bring the most value to their business, starting now with
pilot projects, and building greater strengths in data analytics with cross-functional teams of experts.
010134.Difficult conversations 困难的对话

Surprisingly, despite what appear to be infinite variations, all difficult conversations share a common
structure. When you’re caught up in the details and anxiety of a particular difficult conversation, this
structure is hard to see. But understanding that structure is essential to improve how you handle your most
challenging conversations.
010155.Industrial Revolution 工业革命
As to the Industrial Revolution, one cannot dispute today the fact that it has succeeded in inaugurating in a
number of countries a level of mass prosperity which was undreamt of in the days preceding the Industrial
Revolution. But, on the immediate impact of Industrial Revolution, there were substantial divergences
among writers.
010176.Introvert and Extrovert – Version 2 内向的人和外向的人-版本 2
13
Introvert (or those of us with introverted tendencies) tends to recharge by spending time alone. They lose
energy from being around people for long periods of time, particularly large crowds. Extroverts, on the other
hand, gain energy from other people. Extroverts actually find their energy is sapped when they spend too
much time alone. They recharge by being social.
010159.Major Breeding Areas 主要繁殖区
Major breeding areas, and breeding islands, are shown as dark green areas or darts. Open darts shown no-
breeding records on islands, and are also used for offshore sightings, that is from ships or boats. Other areas
where species is not meant to be seen are plain pale green, with pale green hatching where records are
usually sparse.
010199.The preparation of abstract 摘要的编写
The preparation of abstracts is an intellectual effort, requiring general familiarity with the subject. To bring
out the salient points of an author's argument calls for skills and experience. Consequently, a considerable
amount of qualified manpower that could be used to advantage in other ways must be diverted to task of
facilitating access to information.
010020.Tesla 特斯拉

Tesla came over from Graz and went to work for Thomas Edison. Nonetheless Edison offered him a job,
promising Tesla fifty thousand dollars if Tesla could redesign Edison’s breakdown-prone DC generator
designs.（真题可能无此句） The new generator designs were a vast improvement over Edison’s originals.
Upon completing the job Tesla went to Edison to collect the $50,000 promised for the task. Tesla, Edison
replied, you don’t understand our American humour. And Tesla was never paid. These two men became
arch-rivals.（新增此句）
14
010183.Electronic discourse 电子语篇
Electronic discourse is one form of interactive electronic communication. In this study, we reserve the term
for the two-directional texts in which one person using a keyboard writes language that appears on the
sender’s monitor and is transmitted to the monitor of a recipient, who responds by keyboard.
010175.Australian English 澳大利亚英语

Australians do speak English, however, for some tourists and travelers, it can be difficult to understand the
slang. Also, the links between Australian and American English were seen to be very tenuous. At least some
colloquialisms in Australian English does not exist in other types of English.
010188.Divorce 离婚
Researchers have found that divorce has different kinds of negative impacts on the planet, including higher
demand for resources and a lower rate of efficiency in the use of household resources. People have been
talking about how to protect the environment and combat climate change, but divorce is an overlooked
factor that needs to be considered.
010166.Legal writing 法律写作

Legal writing is usually less discursive than writing in other humanities subjects, and precision is more
important than variety. Sentence structure should not be too complex; it is usually unnecessary to make
extensive use of adjectives or adverbs, and consistency of terms is often required.
15
010151.Sustainable agriculture 可持续农业
Since its inception, the UN system has been working to ensure adequate food for all through sustainable
agriculture. The majority of the world’s poorest people live in rural areas of developing countries. They
depend on agriculture and related activities for their livelihoods. This makes them particularly vulnerable to
man-made and wealth influences that reduce agricultural production.
010192.Shrimp 虾
Shrimp farmers used to hold animals in nursery ponds for 30 to 60 days; now they try to move them into
grow-out ponds in less than 30 days. This reduces stress on the animals and dramatically increases survivals
in the grow-out ponds. Many farms that abandoned nursery ponds have gone back to them, and the results
have been surprisingly positive. They're using the old, uncovered, earthen, nursery ponds.
010172.Statistical Information 统计信息
The provision of accurate and authoritative statistical information strengthens our society. It provides a basis
for decisions to be made on public policy, such as determining electoral boundaries and where to locate
schools and hospitals. It also allows businesses to know their market, grow their business, and improve their
marketing strategies by targeting their activities appropriately.
010167.Semiconductor 半导体
The semiconductor industry has been able to improve the performance of electric systems for more than four
decades by making ever-smaller devices. However, this approach will soon encounter both scientific and
technical limits, which is why the industry is exploring a number of alternative device technologies.
16
010203.Globalization 全球化
Globalization has affected what we eat in ways we are only beginning to understand. Modern food
production no longer related to our biological needs but is in direct conflict with them. The relationship
between diet and our fertility, our cancer, heart diseases and mental illness is becoming clear. Yet much of
our food is nutritionally bankrupt.
010211.Brain 大脑

The brain is divided into its 'hemispheres" by a prominent groove. At the base of this lies nerve fibres which
enable these two halves of the brain to communicate with each other. But the left hemisphere usually
controls movement and sensation in the right side of the body, while the right hemisphere similarly controls
the left side of the body.
010132.Founding fathers 开国元勋
The founding fathers established constitutional protections for the press because they understood that
leaving the watchdog function to partisan politicians wouldn’t necessarily serve the public interest; both
sides have too many incentives to preserve the status quo and ignore problems that elude quick fixes.
010010.Botswana 博茨瓦纳
Although Botswana's economic outlook remains strong, the devastation that AIDS has caused threatens to
destroy the country's future. In 2001, Botswana has the highest rates of HIV infection in the world. With the
help of international donors, it launched an ambitious national campaign that provided free antiviral drugs to
anyone who needs them, and by March 2004, Botswana's infection rate has dropped significantly.
010093.Trade unions 工会
17
Trade unions originated in Europe during the Industrial Revolution. Because of the machinery that had
become commonplace, skilled labor became less in demand so employers had nearly all of the bargaining
power. Employers mistreated the workers and paid them too little for the work they did. Trade unions were
organized that would help in the improvement of working conditions.
010030.Yellow 黄色
Yellow is considered as the most optimistic color, yet surprisingly, people lose their tempers most often in
yellow rooms and babies will cry more. The reason may be that yellow is the hardest color for eyes to take
in, so it can be overpowering if overused.
010007.Yellow Tulip/Square Root 黄色郁金香/根

How do we imagine the unimaginable? If we’re asked to think of an object -say, a yellow tulip – a picture
immediately forms in our mind's eye? But what if we try to imagine a concept such as the square root of a
negative number?
010168.Japanese Tea Ceremony 日本茶道
The Japanese tea ceremony is a ritual influenced by Buddhism in which green tea is prepared and served to a
small group of guests in a peaceful setting. The ceremony can take as long as hours and there are many
traditional gestures that both the server and the guest must perform.
010156.Diversity of language 语言的多样性
The diversity of human language may be compared to the diversity of the natural world. Just as the
extinction of different plants deprives humanity of biomedical resources, so too would the extinction of
other languages lead to deprivation: of culture, wealth, and art.
18
010206.Bookkeepers 簿记员

A national study into fraud by bookkeepers employed at small and medium-sized businesses has uncovered
65 instances of theft in more than five year, with more than $31 million stolen. Of the cases identified by the
research, 56 involved women and nine instances involved men. However, male bookkeepers who defrauded
their employer stole three times, on average, the amount that women stole.
010164.No Ordinary Book 非普通书籍
This book is no ordinary book and should not be read through from beginning to end. It contains many
different adventures, and the path you take will depend on the choices you make along the way. The success
or failure of your mission will depend on the decisions you make, so think carefully before choosing.
010006.Himalayas 喜马拉雅山脉

Although it hails from a remote region of the western Himalayas, this plant now looks entirely at home on
the banks of English rivers. Brought to the UK in 1839, it quickly escaped from Victorian gardens and
colonized river banks and damp woodlands. Now it is spreading across Europe, New Zealand, Canada and
the US.
010171.MBA 工商管理学硕士

Exhilarating, exhausting and intense. These are just some of the words used to describe doing an MBA.
Everyone's experience of doing MBA is, of course, different through denying that it's hard and a demanding
work whichever course you do. MBA is one of the fastest growing areas of studying in the UK so that must
be a sustainable benefit against form in one pain.
19
010177.Teacher's instruction 教师指导策略
In classes, your teachers will talk about topics that you are studying. The information that they provide will
be important to know when you take tests. You must be able to take good written notes from what your
teacher says.
010135.Population Growth 人口增长

How quickly is the world’s population growing? In the United States and other developed countries, the
current growth rate is very low. In most developing countries, the human population is growing at a rate of
3% per second. Because of this bustling growth rate, the human population is well on its way to reach 9
billion within our lifetime.
20
Repeat Sentence
 本周新增：
 020757.It is interesting to observe the development of language skills of toddlers.
 020574.Don’t hesitate to ask if you have any questions.
 020753.In 1880, cycling became a major phenomenon in Europe
 020306.The office opens on Mondays and Thursdays directly following the freshman seminar
 020768.The schedule will be posted on the website before the class starts.
 020276.The first few sentences of an essay should capture the readers’ attention.
 020653.You can download all lecture handouts from the course website.
 020448 79.5% of California do speak English at home
 020518 At the 1830, periodicals appeared in large numbers in America.
 020111 If she does speak the language, she is not going to sit around for a translator
 020761.In marketing, short-term thinking leads to many problems./disasters
 020403.We are delighted to have Professor Robert to join our faculty.★珀斯机房考生确认
 020292.The maximum production of chocolate is in U.S.
 020429.You can find the student service centre on level one of Home Building
 020330.The seminar on writing skills has been cancelled.
 020625.Generally, students have unusual problems in school.
 020763 Robert would live in rural areas in London.
 020764.Internet provides unusual opportunities for students and current events.
 020740.The older equipment has been put at the back of the building.
 020762.We need to read the first five chapters to prepare for next week tutorial. subject
 020705.This small Indian state is a land of forest valleys and snowy islands.
 020699.We didn’t have any noticeable variance between the two or three tasks.
 020759.Many of the university’s original buildings are still in use
 020760.The key to success in the exam is to study hard and do well.
 020197.Please prepare a PowerPoint presentation for tomorrow's meeting.
 020720.I don’t understand what the comment of my essay means.
 020240.You should include your name and identification number in the application form.
 020279.The hypothesis needs to be tested in a more rigorous way.★悉尼机房考生确认
21
 020524.The bookstore is located on the main campus behind the library.

 020539.Biographical information should be removed before the publication of the results.
 020725.The new English class will start next Monday morning.已确认
 020014.All undergraduate students should participate in the seminar.
 020024.Anatomy is the observation of internal and external body structures.
 020102.I will be in my office every day from ten to twelve.
 020521.Number the beakers (烧杯) and put them away until tomorrow.
 020127.Interpreters are not readily available in this department.★悉尼机房考生确认
 020758.We will see if we can get through this without too many interruptions.
 020415.We will discuss these two pictures in the next lecture.
 020721.Our fundamental realities, especially national needs, have seen the ability to flourish.
 020716.His lecture is always useful and stimulated.
 020735.Make sure the Financial Director knows the full details of the Pay Agreement.
 020739.The generic biology technology lab is located at the North Wing of the library.
 020485.Student loans are now available for international students.
 020702.It’s within that framework that we’re making our survey.
 020145.Knives and forks should be placed next to the spoon on the edge of the table.
 020749.I would like tomato and cheese sandwiches on white bread and orange juice.
 020751.Since the problems that we face are global, we need to find the relative solutions
 020231.This is the third time you've asked for an extension on this project.
 020496.Care needs to be taken for vulnerable groups during the periods of turmoil
 020419.What is the most effective way of interaction between teachers and students in class?
 020387.To improve the essay, I decided to include more direct quotes
 020029.Applicants for the course preferably have a preference on English and journalism.
 020754.More muscles are used in swimming than other sports.
 020074.He is almost never in his office.
 020489.Your watch is fast, you need to reset it
 020525.The professor will be the last speaker this evening.
 020534.All of our accommodations are within a walking distance to teaching buildings.★墨尔本机房
考生确认
 020190.Physics is a detailed subject of matter and energy. ★Lily 老师确认
 020120.In Europe, the political pressure is similar regarding globalization.
22
 020680.Meeting with mentors can be scheduled for students who require additional support.
 020440.You should raise your concern with the head of school.★珀斯机房考生确认
 020700.You should enquire about the Direct Deposit.★小米老师确认
 020478.I don't like cheese and tomato sandwiches on white bread and orange juice.（待确认）
 020530.The US wears 20 seconds in foreign aid, given it as a percentage of GDP.
 020499.Please explain what the author means by sustainability.
 020068.Exam results will be available next week from the course office.★阿德莱德机房考生确认
 020715.They have enough works to keep them going.
 020717.In my free time, I would like to read current affairs and newspapers. （补充）
 020750.Students should book a library tour on the first week of the first semester.
 020592.Your enrollment information, results and fees will be available online.
 020470.Students will not be given credits for assignments submitted after the due date.★悉尼机房考生
确认
 020257.The clear evidence between brain events and behavioral events are always fascinating.★珀斯机
房考生确认
 020461.I used to have a cup of coffee with milk and one sugar.★李老师确认
 020325.The result of the study will be published next month.★小米老师确认
 020471.Basketball was created in 1891 by a physician and a physical instructor.★阿德机房考生确认
 020144.Just wait a minute. I will be with you shortly.★Lily 老师确认 24/6 考场
 020530.The US ranks the 22nd in foreign aid, given as a percentage of GDP.
 020242.The author expressed an idea that modern readers cannot accept.
 020250.The cafeteria closes soon but the snack machine is accessible throughout the night.
 020452.In consultation with your supervisor, your thesis is approved by the faculty committee.
 020420.When I was in school, I had many of the same problems you do now.
 020588.Please go straight and turn left to reach the library.
 020125.Information is being given to readers in a format that looks familiar.
 020593.Alex captured her hands and forced her to drop the potatoes.
 020719.There is a plan in place for those who have difficulty paying their bills.
 020715.They both have enough works to keep them going.(学生回忆)
 020584.You should go to reception to get your student card(学生回忆)
23
 020066.Even with the permit, finding a parking spot on campus is almost impossible.★珀斯机房考生
确认
 020393.Try to explain how your ideas are linked so that there is a logical flow.（收到 5.28 考生回忆）
 020668.Once more under the pressure of economic necessity, practice outstripped theory.★小米老师确
认
 020320.The real reason for global hunger is not the lack of food, but poverty.★小米老师确认
 020695.Please sort and order the slides of the presentation according to topic and speech time.（收到珀
斯考生回忆）
 020733.Essays with few or no citations will be regarded as invalid.（收到珀斯考生回忆）
 020679.Is hypothesis on black hole as rendered moot as explanation of explanations?
 020317.The Psychology department is looking for volunteers to be involved in research projects.★布里
斯班机房考生确认
 020054.Don’t forget to hand in your assignments by the end of next week.★墨尔本机房考生确认
 020001.A computer virus destroyed all my files.★惟知老师确认
 020246.The bookshop is located at the north end of the main campus.
 020475.Newspapers across the world reported stories of presidents.
 020124.In this library, reserve collection books can be borrowed for up to three hours.
 020159.Meteorology is a detailed study of earth’s atmosphere.★布里斯班机房考生确认
 020416.We would like a first draft of the assignment by Monday.★布里斯班机房考生确认
 020522.Organic food is growing without applying chemicals and no artificial additives.
 020368.There will be ample opportunities for ask questions about the presentation.已确认
 020679.The hypothesis of black hole as rendered moot as explanation of X.
 020678.The lecture management in Japan will take place in the week seven.
 020463.He was constantly looking for ways to bring industry and agriculture closely together.(考生回
忆)
 020551.Higher fees cause the student to look more critically at what universities offer.
 020722.The student service center is located on the main campus behind the library.
 020540.Environmental friendliness is a new category in which campuses are competing.★阿德机房考
生确认
 020206.Residence Hall is closed prior to the academic building closing time at the end of the semester.
24
 020744.Anxiety decreases rapidly when a person has more optimism and faith.（考生回忆）
 020278.The glass is not truly solid because it does not have crystal structure.(考生回忆)
 020579.She doesn't pay much attention to how she dresses.
 020609.Traffic is very bad in the evening, therefore we must leave early.
 020563.Tom doesn't watch TV except on Saturdays.
 020189.People with an active lifestyle are less likely to die early or to have a major illness.
 020611.How much time did you spend on doing research before you started writing?
 020697.Today, we will be discussing the role of the government in preventing injustice.★悉尼机房考
生确认
 020289.The library is located on the other side of the campus behind the student center.
 020638.Hypothetically, insufficient mastery in the areas slows future progress.
 020736.Expertise in particular areas distinguishes you from other graduates.
 020008.A thorough bibliography is needed at the end of every assignment.★Lily 老师确认
 020573.There is varying plagiarism across different university departments.★悉尼机房考生确认
 020582.The professor has promised to put his lecture notes online.
 020103.I will check again but I am pretty sure we are supposed to read chapter two.
 020617.Students are afraid of writing an essay, because they have learned nothing about it.
 020213.She sold all of her furniture, so she could afford to feed herself and her dog.
 020146.Lecture theater is located on the ground floor of the building.
 020546.Being a vegan means not consuming any other animal meat.
 020738.We want to attract the very best students regardless of their financial circumstances.
 020083..I could not save my work as my computer crashed.
 020548.Please make sure all works follow the department guidelines.★小米老师确认
 020640.It's important to keep this medicine in the fridge.
 020237.The country’s economy is primarily based on tourism.
 020671.Students who wish to apply for an extension should approach their tutors.
 020710.Those reference books are too old, while the others are OK. ★墨尔本机房考生已确认
 020084.I didn’t understand the author’s point of view on immigration.★惟知老师确认
 020338.The study showed that people’s mood can be affected by news and weather reports.★悉尼机房
考生确认
 020126.International students can get help with locating housing near the university.
25
 020164.Most students are not eligible to claim housing benefits.

 020150.Many of his research objectives are driven by his natural curiosity and instincts.
 020170.New timetables will be posted on the student noticeboard.
 020173.Next time, we will discuss the influence of the media on public policy.
 020176.Novelists have a major role to play in inflecting their time to their readers.
 020267.The development was mainly included in chapter nine.
 020269.The Drama Society is now auditioning for parts in the student play.
 020287.The lecture on child psychology has been postponed until Friday.
 020374.This article covers the who, where and when of the conflict
 020019.All the assignments should be submitted by the end of this week.★珀斯机房考生确认
 020448.39.5% of California residents speak a language other than English at home.
 020129.It is important to take gender into account when discussing the figures.★李老师确认
 020138.It’s time to finalize the work before the Wednesday seminar.
 020160.Modern poetry often tests the conventions of language and rhythm.
 020161.More females than males graduated from universities last year.★惟知老师确认
 020162.Most of the assignments should be submitted on the same day.
 020321.The recent study has thrown out the validity of the argument.★悉尼机房考生确认
 020069.Extra seminars will be scheduled to assist you with revision..
 020537.History is not the simple collection of dates and events.
 020302.The new hypothesis needs to be tested with a new controlled experiment.
 020444.The college welcomes postgraduate students from all over the world.
 020261.The context includes both the land history and the human history.
 020480.Answering this complex question with a simple yes or no is absolutely impossible.
 020091.I missed yesterday’s lecture. Can I borrow your notes? 已确认
 020723.Our school of Arts and Technology accept applications at all points throughout the year.已确认
 020724.There are a range of housing options near the university.已确认
 020726.All source of materials must be included in your bibliography.已确认
 020727.Negative discourse continues to be predominant in discussion of gender.已确认
 020728.She told the faculty to be very supportive.已确认
 020729.This lecture was meant to start at ten.
 020730.His objection to include scientific evidence has brought a lot of controversy to him.已确认
26
 020731.Many undergraduate students go back home and stay with their parents after graduation.
 020732.The program depend entirely on private funding.
 020711.Fishing is a sport and a means for survival.
 020402.We are also going to be more prescriptive about what you focus on in your presentation.
 020249.The cafe house is closed down but the snack machine will be running throughout the night.
 020575.For writing bibliography you need to use Italic fonts.
 020512.The facts you have gone out with such infinite trouble were in failure to pinch.
 020328.The Romans left in 410, at the beginning of the 5th century
 020347.The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy.★墨尔本机房
考生确认
 020286.The law library is closed on Sundays and public holidays.
 020502.Please pass the handouts along to the rest of the people in your row.
 020305.The number of students registering for postgraduate research has risen.
 020310.The original Olympic Games were celebrated as religious festivals.★Lily 老师确认
 020520.Nearly half of television production is given away for educational program.
 020684.One of the hardest things about starting university is finding your way around.
 020692.There is a limited amount of departmental funding which is available for qualified students.
 020701.The United States has the maximum production of chocolate.
 020618.I don't agree with the author's point of view, but his presentation is good.
 020560.Cellular engineering strategies are highly desirable.
 020591.Would you please put the materials on the table?
 020604.A renowned economist is selected to have a speech tonight at eight.
 020606.Student discount cards can be used in the coffee house on campus.
 020624.Participants were not performing an actual purchase.
 020632.But they haven't come to widespread use yet.
 020639.The investigation aims to establish stains of the problem.
 020712.As a student union member, we can influence the change of the university.
 020619.Our university has strong partnerships with industry as well as collaborative relationships with
government bodies.
 020067.Every year, students pass biology course easily.
 020090.I know how to solve the problem, but I've been asked not to tell you.
 020093.I need more quotations to back up my argument.
27
 020119.In English, the first letter of the months of the year is always capitalized.已确认
 020121.In spite the cold temperature, the sky is clear and blue.
 020153.Many privately owned firms have been eaten up by larger corporations.
 020163.Most of these criticisms can be shown to be false.
 020175.Note-taking methods work great both on paper and digitally.
 020201.Portfolio is due to the internal review office no later than Tuesday.已确认
 020227.Students can get access to computers on a daily basis.
 020245.The books reserved in the library can be borrowed for up to 3 hours.
 020272.The fertile plains in the east of the region provide excellent land for farming.
 020493.Hemoglobin carries oxygen from lungs to other parts of the body.
 020371.There's an hourly bus service from the campus into town.
 020380..This module develops our understanding of the theory behind advertising campaigns.
 020342.The topic next week on colonial will be the nuclear disarmament. 已确认
 020381.This part of the session is not supported by documentation.
 020395.Tutorials are held for two hours every Thursday during the semester.★李老师确认
 020405.We are warning the clients that the rates are increasing.
 020451.When demand for the course rose, university authorities took on additional academic staff.已确
 020748.We’re constantly looking for ways to bring industry and agriculture close together.已确认
 020464.A demonstrated ability to write clear, correct and concise English is bigotry.★墨尔本机房考生
确认
 020500.She doesn't care about anything but what is honest and true.
 020483.Companies need to satisfy customers' needs if they want to be successful.
 020488.By clicking this button, you agree with the terms and conditions of this website.
 020492.It is clear that little accurate documentation is in support of this claim.
 020501.The leading scientists speculate that numerous planets could support life forms.
 020510.No crop responds more readily to care for husbandry and skilful cultivation.
 020519.Most printers in the library are out of ink.
 020527.The study of archaeology requires intensive international fieldwork.
28
Describe Image
 本周新增：
1. Bar
031096
要点一：互联网的使用方面，2005 年占比最高 60%、2001 年最低，40%
要点二：收音机的使用方面，2001 年占比最高 63%，2005 年最低，40%
要点三：电视的使用方面，2001 年和 2003 年持平 20%，2005 年最低，19%
要点四：报纸的使用方面，2001 年占比最高 5%，2003 年和 2005 年占比持平，3%
29
031095
重点一：2003-2006 处于递减状态。
重点二：2007-2010 处于递增的状态。
重点三：最高值在 2010，最低值在 2006。
031071
要点一：在 female 中，年龄 1-15 最高，15.5%；年龄 85+最低，0.4%
要点二：在 male 中，年龄 1-15 最高，17%；年龄 85+最低，0.8%
30
031068
要点一：1500 到 1850 年，horse carriage 是主流交通工具，平均速度为 15mph
要点二：1850 到 1950 年，locomotive 是主流交通工具，平均速度为 75mhp
要点三：1950 到 2000 年，automobile 是主流交通工具
031005
重点一：Unemployment rate in 2012: 最大值 Less than a high school diploma, 12.4%;
最小值 Professional degree: 2.1%
31
重点二：Median weekly earnings in 2012: 最大值 Professional degree: 1735; 最小值 Less
than a high school diploma, 471
重点三：Doctoral degree, Master’s degree, Bachelor’s degree, Associate degree 等
031012
重点一：1950: 最大值 North America, 64; 最小值 Africa：15
重点二：2007: 最大值 North America, 79; 最小值 Africa：37
重点三：2030, World, Asia, Europe, Latin America/Caribbean
031024
32
要点一：warm regime 中最大值：1940,13；最小值：1932，-7
要点二：cool regime 中最大值：1956,5；最小值：1955，-10
031030
要点一: 最大值: Art, 3.18
要点二: 第二大值: Math, 3.14
要点三: 最小值: History, 2.92
要点四: English, 2.93
33
031041
要点一: Non-OPEC: 最大值 1980-2000, 10; 最小值 2010-20, 2
要点二: Other OPEC: 最大值 2000-10, 8; 最小值 1980-2000, 0
要点三: OPEC Middle East
031052
要点一: Age 65+: 最大值 UK 2011, 16; 最小值 UK 1911, 5
34
要点二: Age 0-14: 最大值 UK 1911, 30; 最小值 UK 2011, 18
要点三: 15-64, UK 2001
031054
要点一: 2003: 最大值 North America, 80; 最小值 Africa, 39
要点二: 2030: 最大值 South America, 84; 最小值 Africa, 52
要点三: World, Asia, Europe
35
031060
要点一: Female: 最大值 Latin America/Caribbean, 88;最小值 Arab States/North Africa, 72
要点二: Male: 最大值 Latin America/Caribbean, 90;最小值 Africa, 69
要点三: World, Asia
031067
要点一: 1993: 最大值 Latin America-Caribbean, 44; 最小值 North America, 2%
要点二: 2012: 最大值 Latin America-Caribbean, 38; 最小值 North America, 1%
36
要点三: Europe, Asia Pacific, Sub-Saharan Africa 等
031069
要点一: Heavy Drinker: 最大值 45-54, 13; 最小值 16-24 & 65-74, 2
要点二: Light Drinker: 最大值 25-34, 31; 最小值 65-74, 4
要点三: Ex-Drinker, Never Drinker
031089
要点一：最大值：Australia and Austria，16.6%
37
要点二：最低值：Denmark，8%
031091
要点一: 男人：在类别 5 方面最强，13000；在类别 3 方面最弱，11000
要点二: 女人：在类别 2 方面最强，12000；在类别 1 方面最弱，11000
要点三: 其它
031094
要点一: 男性人口最大值 45-49 岁, 23000; 最小值 100 岁以上, 0
38
要点二: 女性人口最大值 35-39 岁, 21000; 最小值 100 岁以上, 1000
要点三: 其它
2. Flow
032036
要点一: 第一步 exercise
要点二: 第二步 relaxation & stress management
要点三: 第三步 nutrition
39
032014
要点一: 第一步 apple seed
要点二: 第二步 small trees
要点三: 第三步 blossom/flowers
要点四: 最后一步 cross section of an apple with seeds
要点五: fruits
032024
40
要点一: 第一步 Search
要点二: 第二步 Purchase
要点三: 第三步 Download
要点四: 最后一步 Play
032007
要点一: 第一步 Egg Mass
要点二: 第二步 Tadpole
要点三: 第三步 Tadpole with Legs
要点四: 最后一步 Adult Frog
要点五: Young Frog
41
032008
要点一: 第一步 Adult fly
要点二: 第二步 Eggs
要点三: 第三步 1st larval stage
要点四: 最后一步 Pupa
要点五: 2nd larval stage, 3nd larval stage
032018
42
要点一: 第一步 State the Problem
要点二: 第二步 Generate Ideas
要点三: 第三步 Select a Solution
要点四: 最后一步 Present Results
要点五: Build the Item, Evaluate
032022
要点一: 第一步 Understand clients
要点二: 第二步 Ideate with employees
要点三: 第三步 Synthetize ideas
要点四: 最后一步 Iterate and get feedback
要点五: Build tests and prototypes
43
032023
要点一: 第一步 Sea Ice & polar bear
要点二: 第二步 ringed seal
要点三: 第三步 arctic cod
要点四: 最后一步 algae
要点五: copepods, diatoms
032029
44
要点一: 第一步 Seed
要点二: 第二步 Seed with Root
要点三: 第三步 Seedling with Leaf
要点四: 最后一步 Young Plant
032030
要点一: 第一步 Negative pole
要点二: 第二步 Light bulb
要点三: 最后一步 Positive pole
要点四: Currents, Wire, Arrows
45
032032
要点一: 第一步 Adsorption
要点二: 第二步 Entry
要点三: 第三步 Replication
要点四: 最后一步 Release
要点五: Assembly
032034
46
要点一：最底部为 lamp cover
要点二：中间有 battery，controller board，led
要点三：上层有 solar cells， photoresistor
要点四：顶层覆盖 glass cover
032040
要点一：collect sea water
要点二： desalination of sea water
要点三：remove salt and minerals
要点四：fresh water
47
032048
要点一: 第一步 coal
要点二: 第二步 power station
要点三: 第三步 transformer
要点四: 最后一步 houses, shops and other buildings
要点五: national transmission lines, substation
48
3. Line
033058
要点一: Full-time students: 最大值 11 pm, 35; 最小值 3 am, 0
要点二: Part-time students: 最大值 9 am, 20; 最小值 3 am, 0
要点三: 趋势
033017
要点一：1970 年中国最高值，$900；美国最高值$13000
49
要点二：2000 年中国最高值，$1400；美国最高值$15000
要点三：趋势
033044
要点一: 最大值: 1993, 2250
要点二: 第二大值: 1992, 2000
要点三: 最小值: 1953, 200
要点四: 趋势
50
033047
要点一: Daily High: 最大值 July, 30 centigrade; 最小值 Jan & Dec, 0 centigrade &
38Fahrenheit
要点二: Daily Low: 最大值 July, 15 centigrade; 最小值 Jan & Dec, -10 centigrade &
18Fahrenheit
要点三: 趋势
033063
要点一: CO2: 最大值 320, 000, 300; 最小值 20, 000, 180
51
要点二: Temperature: 最大值 320, 000, 3; 最小值 25, 000, -9
要点三: 趋势
033040
要点一: Hydroelectricity: 最大值 2002, 300;最小值 1989, 150
要点二: Conventional Thermal: 最大值 2004, 1700;最小值 1984, 700
要点三: 两者趋势相同
要点四: 趋势
52
033052
要点一：1970 最高值在$0.5；最低值在$100,
要点二：1990 最高值在$2；最低值在$102
要点三：1970 年与 1990 年 poor 的对比
要点四：趋势
033046
要点一: Oil Price: 最大值 06/2008, 130; 最小值 11/2001, 18
53
要点二: Food Price Index: 最大值 06/2008, 135; 最小值 06/2012, 17
要点三: 趋势
033043
要点一：以身高切入:例如, 身高 180cm, 体重低于 60 是 underweight, 体重在 60-80 之间是

Normal, 体重在 80-95 之间是 Overweight, 体重大于 95 是 Obese.
033045
要点一: Series A: 最大值 2101, 62; 最小值 2008, 20
54
要点二: Series B: 最大值 2101, 45; 最小值 2008, 20
要点三: Series C
要点四: 趋势
033033
要点一: Cairo, Egypt: 最大值 July, 83; 最小值 January, 55
要点二: Cape Town, South Africa: 最大值 January, 70; 最小值 July, 55
要点三: Mombasa, Kenya
要点四: 趋势
55
033035
要点一: Vegetables: 最大值 2000, 425; 最小值 1970, 340
要点二: Fruit: 趋势;最大值 2000, 280; 最小值 1973, 230
要点三: 趋势
033036
要点一: Developing countries: 最大值 2050, 8.5; 最小值 1750, 0.8
要点二: Industrialized countries: 最大值 2050, 1.2; 最小值 1750, 0.2
56
要点三: 趋势
033041
要点一：以 protons 切入，若 protons 为 50，β-的数值在 90，β＋的数值在 70
要点二：趋势
033042
要点一：以身高切入:例如, 身高 160 体重低于 38 是 very underweight, BMI 在 0-6 之间；体

重在 38-48 之间是 underweight, BMI 在 6-10 之间；体重在 48-65 之间是
healthy weight, BMI 在 10-15 之间；体重在 65-78 之间，是 Overweight,BMI 在
57
15-22 之间
033048
要点一: 最大值: 11:30, 3500
要点二: 第二大值: 11:00, 3450
要点三: 最小值: 10:00, 0
要点四: 趋势
033060
58
要点一: 最大值: 8:00, 400
要点二: 第二大值: 18:00, 390
要点三: 最小值: 6:00 & 16:00, 100
要点四: 趋势
033069
要点一: 题目中有很多蔬果的名词
要点二: 图中有两条线, 都是逐年上升
59
4. Map
034019
要点一: 绿色部分是 inferred historic distribution,在 north of India and east of Pakistan
要点二: 它还在 south of Nepal and north of Bangladesh
要点三: 黄色部分是 Current distribution area,在 Bardia 和 Chiwan
要点四: Bangladesh 在 Myanmar 的北边
034039
60
要点一: 最大面积紫色代表 German, 在地图中部位置
要点二: 最小面积黄色代表 Italian, 在地图右下角部分
要点三: 第二最大面积绿色代表 French, 在地图左边位置
034036
要点一: 红色 60 - 80 Fahrenheit,在 Africa, Latin America and Oceania
要点二: 黄色 10 Celsius,在 China, Middle East and America
要点三: 蓝色 0 - 20,在 Russia and Arctic
要点四: purple, orange, Europe 等
61
034017
要点一：先描述标题以及旁边的备注
要点二：左边是 eastern rubbish patch 和周围的国家
要点三：右边是 western rubbish patch 和周围的国家
034021
要点一: 绿色部分是 inferred historic distribution,在 north of India and east of Pakistan
要点二: 它还在 south of Nepal and north of Bangladesh
62
要点三: 黄色部分是 Current distribution area,在 Bardia 和 Chiwan
要点四: Bangladesh 在 Myanmar 的北边
034026
要点一: 黄色是 Arable land, 在印度的大部分地区都有
要点二: 绿色是 Forests, 在印度的中部
要点三: 红色是 Non-agricultural, 在印度的东边和北边
要点四: Plantation, scrub and grass, unproductive land
63
034008
要点一: 橘色是 Bolivia, capital cit 是 La Paz
要点二: 黄色是 Brazil,在 Bolivia 的东边
要点三: 绿色是 Peru,在 Bolivia 的西部
要点四: 粉色是 Paraguay,在 Bolivia 的南部
034020
要点一: 浅黄色表示 Less than 1750 hours,在 north of France
64
要点二: 黄色表示 1750 to 2000 hours,在 middle of France
要点三: 红色表示 More than 2750 hours,在 south of France
要点四: 橘色, 2250 to 2500 hours, Charante-Maritime 等
034024
要点一: 橘色是 German, 在地图的北边
要点二: 紫色是 Italian, 在地图的南边
要点三: 绿色是 French, 在地图的西边
要点四: 咖色是 Romansch, 在地图的东边
65
034028
要点一：左图 municipalities 深蓝色 90-100%在上半部，浅蓝色 10-30%在下半部
要点二：右图 precipitation 红色-3mm 在左边和中间，黄色 0.75 在上面
要点三：淡粉色表示 0-25 每平方公里，可以在俄罗斯看到
034029
要点一: Georgia 和 Russia 在 Azerbaijan 的北部
要点二: Armenia 和 Iran 在它的南部
66
要点三: Baku 是它的 capital city
要点四: 黄色、橘色、Caspian Sea 等
034032
要点一: 红色是 hot humid,在 Australia 的北部
要点二: 粉色是 warm humid,在 Australia 的东部
要点三: 黄色是 hot dry summer, cold winder,在 Australia 的中部
要点四: 橘色是 hot dry summer, warm winter,绿色是 temperate,蓝色是 cool temperate
67
034034
要点一: 粉色是 0-25,在 Russia, Canada 和 Latin America
要点二: 红色是 75-150,在 China, Europe 和 Africa
要点三: 黑色是 1500-9000,在 Asia
要点四: No data, Australia, America 等
034040
重点一：红色部分代表 South America 和 Africa
68
重点二：绿色部分代表 Europe
重点三：其它
5. Mix
035002
要点一: 柱状图: 最大值 2004, 3; 最小值 1960, 0.7
要点二: 地图: 绿色表示 low income,在 India 和 Africa
要点三: 黄色表示 Middle income,在 China, Russia 和 Latin America
要点四: 红色表示 High income,在 North America, Saudi Arabia 和 Australia
要点四: Europe
69
035006
要点一：柱状图 Precipitation：最大值 May,115; 最小值 Feb,75
要点二：线形图 temperature：最大值：Jul, 25;最小值：Jan,-1
要点三：趋势
035013
要点一: 最大值 Higher Education, $1.8 billion
要点二: 第二大值 Vocational Education Training, $2 billion
70
要点三: 最小值 Early Childhood, $0.8 – $1.4 billion
要点四: Schools, $11 billion Education Investment Fun
035019
要点一: Line 图最大值，最小值
要点二: Line 图的趋势
要点三: Bar 图的最大值，最小值
035020
71
要点一: Line 图最大值，最小值
要点二: Line 图的趋势
要点三: Bar 图的最大值，最小值
6. Picture
038054
重点一：垃圾分类
重点二：有不同种的垃圾是可回收的
72
重点三：有的类型的垃圾是不可回收的，例如塑料袋
038055
重点一：标题 Sweden Government Budget.
重点二：政府的总支出是 999 billion
重点三：政府的总收入是 1043 billion
重点四：政府的收入比支出多 44 billion
038013
73
要点一: 金字塔的最上面是 Self-Actualization Needs
要点二: 它的下面是 Self-Esteem Needs
要点三: 金字塔的中间是 Belonging Needs
要点四: 它的下面是 Safe Needs 和 Physiological Needs
要点五: Status/Esteem Needs, Stimulation Needs, Security Needs
038033
要点一: 金字塔的最上面是 junk food, sweets and sugar drinks
要点二: 它的下面是 milk, cheese and eggs 以及 meat, poultry, sausage and fish
要点三: 金字塔的中间是 bread and cereals 以及 fruits and vegetables
要点四: 它的最下面是 water
74
038035
要点一：三个 office 在平面图的上方
要点二：restroom 在 office 的下方；storage 在 restroom 的左边
要点三：animal science 与 plant science 在平面图的下方，互为隔壁
要点四：computer room 以及会议室在平面图的右方
要点五：会议室中有一张大桌子，7 把椅子
038031
75
要点一：描述 Under Weight 的趋势
要点二：Healthy Weight 和 Over Weight 趋势相同，描述起始点趋势
要点三：Obese 从 1.36m 到 1.9m，5kg 到 110kg
038015
要点一: 左边是黑白照片，街上有很多行人，路的两边是古老建筑
要点二: 人们主要的交通方式是马车
要点三: 右边是彩色照片，在一个路口
要点四: 有红色的双层巴士，摩托车和现代的建筑
76
038010
要点一: 用锯子将树砍倒，可以看到它的横截面有很多年轮
要点二: 细看年轮，左边年轮的间距较大，indicates warmer climate
要点三: 右边辩论的间距较小，indicates cooler climate
要点四: 图中还有绿草和树桩
77
038054
要点一、正确的对生活垃圾进行分类
要点二：瓜果蔬菜食物残渣等分类到一起是正确的
要点三：塑料袋，土壤等分到一起是错误的
78
038006
要点一: 最高的塔是 Taipei 101 in Taipei, 1,670 feet
要点二: 第二高的塔是 Petronas Towers 1&2 in Kuala Kumpur, 1,483 feet
要点三: 第三高的塔是 Sear Tower in Chicago, 1,450 feet
038008
要点一: 左边的图是 UAE 的国旗
要点二: 它有四个矩形，四种颜色分别是红、绿、白、黑
79
要点三: 右边的图是 Jordan 的国旗
要点四: 它有一个红色三角形，其中间有一个白色的星星
要点五: 两面国旗有相似和不同之处
038018
要点一: 最外面是 crust and upper-most solid mantle
要点二: 往里是桔红色，表示 asthenosphere
要点三: 中间是黄色，表示 lower mantle
要点四: 灰色是 outer core, which is 2900 km
要点五: 最里面是 inner core, which is 5100 km
80
038023
要点一：四种不同的树
要点二：hemlock 最高，高度是是 130feet
要点三：cedar 最低，高度是 200feet
038025
要点一: 第一张图，从上往下看，两手平行放在键盘上方是正确的
要点二: 手腕向里或者向外弯曲都是错的
81
要点三: 第二张图，从侧面看，手要保持水平，与键盘平行
要点四: 手腕向上，或者向下弯曲都是错的
038029
要点一：最大的 Trout 是 over 15 years old，大概有 60 条
要点二: 第二大 Trout 是 8 years old，大概有 45 条
要点是三最小的 Trout 是 1year old，大概有 30 条
038052
82
要点一: 图的最上方是 Glass Cover
要点二: 它的下面是 Solar Cells 和 Photoresistor
要点三: 图的中间是 Battery, Controller Board and LED
要点四: 图的下方是 Lamp Cover
038038
要点一: 当你走进门，左边是 kitchen with a sink and gas stove，右边是 bathroom
要点二: 继续往前走，左边是 living room，有 double bed with pillows 和 desk
要点三: 右边是 living room，有 sofa
要点四: 这个公寓长 6.8 米，宽 5.4 米
83
038048
要点一: 树的上方是 leaves 和 twig, 它们是绿色的
要点二: 数的中间是 branch 和 trunk, 它们是棕色的
要点三: 树的下方是 roots, 是淡黄色的
要点四: leaves, twig and branch 叫做 crown
038049
要点一: 第一幅图，白天，fish less abundant but more predation
84
要点二: 第二幅图，晚上，fish more abundant but less predation
要点三: 第三幅图，artificial light at night, fish abundance and predation similar to

the day
038051
重点一：一条船
重点二：船下有两条大鱼
重点三：船下有很多小鱼
038053
85
重点一：左图展示了正确的坐姿，右图展示的是错误的坐姿。
重点二：右图中的人背没有直立，脚没有平踩地面，手也没有放平。
重点三：这种姿势会给颈椎和脊椎带来压力，会让人们感到头痛和腰痛。
重点四：左边的正确坐姿会使颈椎放松，肩膀与手都处于放松的状态。
7. Pie
036021
要点一: 最大值: Cattle ranching, 65-70%
要点二: 第二大值: Small-scale agriculture, 20-25%
要点三: 最小值: Other, 1-2%
要点三: Large-scale agriculture, logging
86
036030
要点一: 最大值: Other appliances, 24%
要点二: 第二大值: Water heating, 23%
要点三: 最小值: Cooking & Standby, 5%
要点四: Lighting, Refrigeration, Heating and cooling
036004
要点一: 最大值: Home, 41.4%
87
要点二: 第二大值: Roads, 19.5%
要点三: 最小值: School / Childcare, 4.8%
要点四: Leisure / Sport, Work, Other
036010
要点一: 最大值: Tourism, 26%
要点二: 第二大值: Industry, 24%
要点三: 最小值: Agriculture, 2%
要点四: Fishing, Petroleum, Workers’ Remittances
88
036016
要点一: 最大值: Paper and paperboard, 28.2%
要点二: 第二大值: Food scraps, 14.1%
要点三: 最小值: Other, 3.5%
要点四: Yard Trimmings, Plastics, Metals 等
036018
要点一: 最大值: Vet care and Wellbeing, 47%
89
要点二: 第二大值: Food and Littler, 41%
要点三: 最小值: Pet purchase, 2%
要点四: Services: Grooming & Boarding
036019
要点一: 最大值: Genetic Set Point, 50%
要点二: Intentional Activities, 40%
要点三: Life Circumstances, 10%
90
036020
要点一: 2014: 最大值 Segment A, 40%; 最小值 Segment E, 9%
要点二: 2015: 最大值 Segment A, 48%; 最小值 Segment E, 4%
要点三: Segment B, Segment C, Segment D
036026
要点一: 2011: 最大值 Facebook, 59%; 最小值 Google+, Pinterest, 5%
要点二: 2012: 最大值 Facebook, 59%; 最小值 Pinterest, 6%
91
要点三: 2013, Twitter, Linkedln
036027
要点一: 最大值: High School, 28%
要点二: 第二大值: Some College, 21%
要点三: 最小值: 9th to 12th Grade, 12%
要点四: Graduate degree, BA/BS, AA/AS
036034
92
重点一：最大值 Chrome, 61.2%
重点二：最小值 other, 11.3%
重点三：第二最大值 Firefox, 15.5%
重点四：其它
8. Table
037020
重点一：2011 年 rank 最高最低
重点二：2007 年 rank 最高最低
重点三：其它
93
037008
要点一: Nighttime sleep: 最大值 18 months, 11.25; 最小值 1 month, 8.5
要点二: Daytime sleep: 最大值 1 month, 7; 最小值 18 months, 1.25
要点三: 6 months, Total sleep
037021
重点一：想从事教师职业的准毕业生，1%
重点二：从事教学的毕业生，7%
94
重点三：在教室行业工作的人，95%
037005
要点一: 1980: 最大值 Business, 91, 000; 最小值 Language and Literature, 64, 000
要点二: 1990: 最大值 Business, 97, 000; 最小值 Language and Literature, 71, 000
要点三: 2000, Education
037007
要点一: boys 6-11: 最大值 football, 87; 最小值 swimming, 19
95
要点二: boys 12-16: 最大值 football, 87; 最小值 swimming, 19
要点三: basketball, cricket, rugby
037011
要点一：2001 年与 2011 年的最高值都是 business
要点二：两年的数值都有增长，business 增长最快
037018
要点一：Average work expectancy at age 15 years: 最大值 1901 Federation,
96
44.2; 最小值：1980-2003 GenY, 42.3
要点二: Average life expectancy: 最大值 2004-2025 Gen Z, 70.6;最小值 1901

Federation, 53.6
要点三: Average inactivity, 最大值 2004-2025 Gen Z, 28.1; 最小值 1901

Federation, 9.4.
要点四：Inactivity share of life 的最大值与最小值
037019
要点一: Speakers: 最大值 Mandarin Chinese, 874.000.000; 最小值 Bengali

207,000,000
要点二: Countries: 最大值 English, 104;最小值 Bengali, 9
要点三: Spanish, English, Hindi (India)等
97
Retell Lecture
 本周新增：
040110.Food Labeling 食品标签
整理回忆：
We should categorize food and drinks into three colors including the red category, yellow category and
green category. Each color provides various health benefits, so labeling food with different colors can help
consumers choose the right type of food as their bodies need and develop healthy diet habits. Retailers
should introduce a color-coding system because traffic light labeling can guide consumers to make a wise
decision while doing grocery shopping.
Key Points 翻译
98
This lecture is about food labeling. 这篇讲座是关于食物标签。
We should categorize food and drinks into three 我们应该把食物和饮料分成三种颜色，包括红色、黄

colors including the red category, yellow category
色和绿色。
and green category.
Each color provides various health benefits, so 每种颜色都有不同的健康益处，所以给食物贴上不同

labeling food with different colors can help
颜色的标签可以帮助消费者根据自己的身体需要选择
consumers choose the right type of food as their
正确的食物类型，养成健康的饮食习惯。
bodies need and develop healthy diet habits.
It is the retailer’s responsibility to label food properly 零售商有责任正确地为食品贴标签，以提供有关如何

to provide updated information about how to choose
选择食品的最新信息。
food.
Traffic light labeling can guide consumers to make a 交通灯标签可以引导消费者在购物时做出明智的决
wise decision while doing grocery shopping.
定。
In this way, consumers are aware of food with less 这样，消费者就会意识到少吃盐、糖和脂肪的食物才

salt, sugar and fat to keep a healthy diet.
能保持健康的饮食。
040041.Early Robot 早期的机器人
99
文本：
This is a kind of object that you're probably all familiar with When you had the term robot, but I'm goanna
show you the very, very first robots. These were the very first robots. They were characters in a play in the
1920s called Rossum's Universal Robots, and they…, the play was written by Czech writer called Karle
Capek. And basically, these robots, you know, people tend to think of robots as kind of cute cuddly toys or,
you know, Hollywood depictions kind of devoid of politics. But the first robots were actually created and
imagined in a time of absolute political turmoil. You just had the First World War, you know, it finished and
had a devastating impact across Europe and so people will kind…and people are kind of reflecting on “What
does it mean to be human”, “what makes us human” those kinds of question. And this kind of context is
what inspired Capek to kind of write this play. And interestingly, these robots being human, they are
actually in the play assembled on a production line, a bit like the Ford manufacturing production line. So
even though they are human, they are assembled and these robots are designed to labor and that is their
primary purpose in society.
100
Key Points 翻译
This lecture is about early robot. 这是一篇关于早期机器人的讲座。
These very first robots were characters in a play 这些早期的机器人是 20 世纪 20 年代一部剧本中的角

written in the 1920s.
色。
People tend to think of robots as kind of cute cuddly 人们倾向于认为机器人是一种可爱的可爱的玩具。

toys.
The first robots were actually created and imagined in 但第一批机器人实际上是在绝对的政治动荡时期创造

a time of absolute political turmoil.
和想象出来的。
040016.The Best Rice 最好的大米
101
文本：
In 1943, what became known as the Green Revolution began when Mexico, unable to feed its growing
population, shouted for help. Within a few years, the Ford and Rockefeller Foundations founded the
International Rice Research Institute in Asia, and by 1962, a new strain of rice called IR8 was feeding
people all over the world. IR8 was the first really big modified crop to make a real impact on world hunger.
In 1962 the technology did not yet exist to directly manipulate the genes of plants, and so IR8 was created
by carefully crossing existing varieties: selecting the best from each generation, further modifying them, and
finally finding the best. Here is the power of modified crops: IR8, with no fertilizer, straight out of the box,
produced five times the yield of traditional rice varieties. In optimal conditions with nitrogen, it produced
ten times the yield of traditional varieties. By 1980, IR36 resisted pests and grew fast enough to allow two
crops a year instead of just one, doubling the yield. And by 1990, using more advanced genetic manipulation
techniques, IR72 was outperforming even IR36. The Green Revolution saw worldwide crop yields explode
from 1960 through 2000.
Key Points 翻译
102
This lecture is about the development of rice. 这一篇关于水稻发展的讲座。
IR8, a new strain of rice was created during the Green IR8，一种新型水稻，产于绿色革命时期，那时墨西哥
Revolution when Mexico, unable to feed its growing
无法养活不断增长的人口。
population.
It is the first modified crop, producing five times the 它是第一个转基因作物，产量是传统水稻的五倍。

yield of traditional rice varieties.
Then, the speaker mentioned IR36 and IR72 which 之后，演讲者提到了 IR36 和 IR72，这两种新型水稻比
are more advanced than IR8
IR8 更加先进。
The Green Revolution saw worldwide crop yields 绿色革命见证了从 1960 年到 2000 年全球农作物产量的
explode from 1960 through 2000.
爆炸性增长。
040001.Brain DevelopmentV1 大脑发育阶段版本一
103
Key Points 翻译
The lecture talks about 3 stages of brain 这节课讲的是大脑发育的三个阶段，即原始大脑，边缘

development, which are the primitive brain, limbic
大脑和新皮质。
brain and neocortex.
Different sections of the brain have different 大脑的不同部位在不同的时间有不同的功能和完成发

functions and finished development in different
育。
times.
For sensory pathways, including vision and hearing, 包括视觉和听觉在内的感觉通路从胚胎时期开始发育，

develop from embryo time, peak at 3 months old,
在 3 个月大时达到高峰，在 1 岁以上时停止。
stop at more than 1 year old.
For language, develop from embryo time, peak 语言发育从胚胎时期开始，9 个月左右达到高峰，1 岁

around 9 months old, and stop at more than 1 year
以上停止。
old.
For higher cognitive function, develop from embryo 认知功能从胚胎时期开始发育，1 岁时达到高峰，发育

time, peak at 1 year old and develop for a longer
时间较长。
period time.
104
Moreover, higher-level functions, such as logical 此外，更高层次的功能，如逻辑思维，基于较低层次的

thinking, based on a lower level of development.
开发。
040078.Bomb Calorimeter 弹式热量计
Key Points 翻译
This equipment can help to measure how much 这种设备可以帮助测量食物中含有多少能量。

energy contained in food.
105
There will be chemical combustion between the food 食物和氧气之间会发生化学燃烧。当食物样品燃烧

and oxygen. The water chamber absorbs the heat
时，水室吸收热量。
when food samples are burned.
The thermometer measures the increased temperature 温度计测量水升高的温度，然后我们可以计算食物的

of the water and then, we can calculate the energy of
能量。
the food.
The result of this calorimeter is different from the 这个量热计的结果与人体从食物中吸收的能量不同，

energy that human’s body absorbs from food because
因为我们的消化系统不能从食物中吸收所有的能量。
our digestion system cannot absorb all energy from
food.
040109. The Large Hadron Collider 大型强子对撞机
（Large Hadron Collider (LHC), 7TEV (7tera electron volts), 1,000,000 times/s）
106
Key Points 翻译
This lecture talks about the hadron collider, the 大型强子对撞机(LHC)是世界上最大的粒子加速器，

biggest and most powerful machine in the world.
位于一条隧道内。
The temperature in the tunnel is near the absolute 隧道里的温度接近绝对零度。

zero.
The diameter of this giant machine is 27km long. 这台巨型机器的直径为 27 公里。
This device can generate huge power to accelerate 这个装置能产生巨大的能量来加速接近光速的质子。

protons near the speed of light.
Electric and magnetic fields are the key to a particle 电场和磁场是粒子加速器的关键。

accelerator.
By observing the collision of protons, scientists may 通过观察质子的碰撞，科学家们可能会发现新的粒

find new particles and have a better understanding of
子，从而更好地了解我们宇宙的早期历史。
the early history of our universe.
107
040106.UK City Population 英国城市人口
（有配图，是一个表格，里面有 London，Wales，Scotland 的人口数量）
整理回忆：
Key Points 翻译
The lecture is about the UK city population. 本讲座关于英国城市人口。
London has the population of 7 million, which is 伦敦有 700 万人口，几乎是苏格兰和威尔士的总和。

nearly the total of Scottish and Welsh.
Every one of two people live in London, so it is 每两个人中就有一个人住在伦敦，所以管理伦敦比管理

much harder to manage London than the other cities.
其他城市要困难得多。
The reason is that the UK lacks a national party to 原因是英国缺少一个全国性的政党来管理城市。
manage the city。
108
Scottish Nationalist Party, Welsh Nationalist Party 苏格兰民族党、威尔士民族党和伦敦民族党相互独立，

and London Nationalist Party are independent from
有许多不同之处。
each other and have many differences.
040090.Narratives 叙述
文本：
The comics I show you with lots of people chatting around in a room is a form of description. We use
different kinds of methods to describe a situation. Sometimes we have to use visual description, particularly
when we do not witness the scenario. I was born during the Second World War and my hometown is X, for
example when I asked my mother about the war, I always ask her you have mentioned this or that when you
talked to me when asked her about the shelter, I asked her what the shelter looks like and when did you go to
the shelter. From her response I could get more visual evidence as I can to write my book.
Key Points 翻译
This lecture is about visual description. 这是一篇关于可视化描述的讲座。
We sometimes use different kinds of methods to 我们有时用不同的方法来描述一种情况。

describe a situation.
Sometimes we have to use visual description, 有时我们必须使用可视化描述，特别是当我们没有亲眼

particularly when we do not witness the scenario.
目睹场景时。
The speaker often asks his mother about the Second 演讲者经常问他的母亲二战的情况，问他们一家从哪里
World War, asking where a family came from, what
来，庇护所是什么样子的，她什么时候住在那里。
the shelter looked like and when did she live there.
109
In conclusion, in such a way the speaker gets visual 总之，通过这种方式，演讲者获得了写书的视觉证据。

evidence to write his book.
040025.Edmund Wilson 埃德蒙·威尔逊
文本：
Wilson came from a different world. And he became the focal point of a board mainstream American culture
that thought that modern literature and wanted modern literature to be able to be read and appreciated by
ordinary people. They were not modernists in an abstract sense. And certainly some of them like TS Eliot
and Faulkner were too difficult for some of their writings to be read by ordinary people. But this was a
world before the division between the brows or between a lead and whatever had established itself as a part
of our consciousness. Wilson was a major player in the successful effort of his generation to establish at the
heart of American life and innovative literature that would equal the great cultures of Europe. And he knew
that the great cultures of Europe were there. He was not a product of a narrow American Studies kind of
training at all. He joined a high artistic standard with openness to all experience and a belief that literature
110
was as much of a part of life for everyone as conversation. He thought the Proust and Joyce and Yeats and
Eliot could and should be read by ordinary Americans and helped that to happen. Wilson was a very various
man. Over a period of almost 50 years, he was a dedicated, a literary journalist, and an investigative reporter,
a brilliant memoirist, and dedicated journal keeper. (His biography, biographical histories to the Finland
station and Patriotic Gore are profoundly influential with Americans today.真题中无此句)
Key Points 翻译
This lecture is about Wilson who became the focal 威尔森是美国大众主流文化的焦点。

point of a board mainstream American culture.
He hoped wanted modern literature to be able to be 他希望现代文学能够被普通人阅读和欣赏。

read and appreciated by ordinary people.
Wilson made efforts to establish at the heart of 确立了美国生活和创新文学的核心地位，使之与欧洲

American life and innovative literature that would
的伟大文化相媲美。
equal the great cultures of Europe.
He believed that literature was as much of a part of life 他认为，文学对每个人来说都是生活的一部分，就像

for everyone as conversation.
谈话一样。
Wilson was also a very various man, he participated in 威尔逊也是一个非常多样化的人，他参与了许多工

many occupations.
作。
111
040097. European Countries ‘Educational Expenditure‘欧洲国家的教育开支
整理回忆：
Key Points 翻译
This lecture is about educational expenditure among 本讲座讲的是不同欧洲国家的教育支出。

different European countries.
UK spent 1.08% of its GDP on education 英国教育机构支出占 GDP 的 1.08% ，低于经合组织

institutions, which was insufficient compared to the
4.6%的平均水平。
OECD average of 4.6%.
The expenditure of Italy and France is close to that of 意大利和法国的支出接近英国。

the UK.
By contrast, Denmark and Finland spent much more 相比之下，丹麦和芬兰比其他欧洲国家花费的要多得

than the rest of the European countries.
多。
112
040158.Pavlov’s Experiment V2 巴甫洛夫的实验版本二（文本补充）
文本：
Conditioning actually has three stages as you see here in stage one the dogs drool in response to food, but
they have no reactions to the bell so food is called an unconditioned stimulus because no special condition is
required the dogs naturally drew in response to food and when the dogs drooled in response to food that's
called an unconditioned response things that have been naturally are considered unconditioned my learned
connections are called conditions Wesley the bell is called a neutral stimulus because it produces no reaction
stage two is where the conditioning occurs Pavlov would ring the bell then give the dogs food this was
repeated multiple times so that the dogs could learn the connections between the bell and the food, Pavlov
knew the dogs had made the connection when the Bell made them drool however if he rang the bell and
waited too long the dogs wouldn’t learn the connection this is called temporal contiguity and stage 3 the
conditioning is complete the dogs drool in response to the bell now the bell is called conditioned stimulus
and the drooling is called a conditioned response so two things happened here the bell went from being a
neutral stimulus to a conditioned stimulus and the dogs are showing a new conditioned response to the pedal
you can also reverser the conditioning process if you keep ringing the bell without getting the dogs food they
will drool less and less until the response disappears that's called extinction this concludes the video thanks
for watching.
Key Points 翻译
The experiment explains the rewarding process by 实验通过展示经典条件作用来解释奖励过程。
113
showing classical conditioning.
First, the dog salivates in response to seeing food, 首先，狗看到食物时会分泌唾液，这被称为无条件反

which is called unconditioned response.
应。
Then, the bell rings every time the dog sees the food, 然后，每当狗看到食物时，铃声就会响起，这被称为条
which is called conditioning.
件反射。
Later, even though there is no food, the dog will 后来，即使没有食物，狗听到铃声也会流口水，这是条

salivate when it hears the ring bell, which is
件反射。
conditioned response.
040132.Practice and Performance 实践与表现
（有配图，一个小女孩拉小提琴）
整理回忆：
If you want to master a skill, you have to practice and make it perfect. And you need to do labor practice.
For example, if you want to learn to play the violin, you need practice. If you practice every day and you
will accumulate thousands hours practice. You have to understand your weaknesses during practice. For
example, when you learn mathematics and you find you are not good at geometry, then you will have to
practice more on geometry. Even for those who are talented, they also need to practice.
114
Key Points 翻译
This lecture is about practice. 这是一篇关于练习的讲座。
Talent is closely related to practice. 天才和练习是密不可分的。
Even a talented violinist have to practice thousands 即使是天才小提琴家也需要上千个小时的练习才能得到

hours to gain the international recognition.
国际认可。
You have to find out your weakness, and practice 你要找到你自己的缺点，并进行相应的练习，这样你才

accordingly so that you can success.
能成功。
Such as leaning math, if you are weak at algebra, 比如学习数学，如果你不擅长代数，那么你就应该多

you should practice more.
加练习。
Even geniuses have to spend far more time to 即使是天才也要花更多的时间去练习才能成功，所以没

practice to succeed, so there is no need to be
有必要为练习感到羞耻。
ashamed to practice.
115
040006.Infinite monkey theorem 无限猴子定理
参考文本：（答案根据回忆整理，文本与答案若有不符，以答案回忆为准）
The infinite monkey theorem states that a monkey hitting keys at random on a typewriter keyboard for an
infinite amount of time will almost surely type a given text, such as the complete works of William
Shakespeare. In this context, "almost surely" is a mathematical term with a precise meaning, and the
"monkey" isn't an actual monkey, but a metaphor for an abstract device that produces a random sequence of
letters ad infinitum. The theorem illustrates the perils of reasoning about infinity by imagining a vast but
finite number, and vice versa. The probability of a monkey exactly typing a complete work such as
Shakespeare's Hamlet is so tiny that the chance of it occurring during a period of time of the order of the age
of the universe is minuscule, but not zero.
But technologies can help monkeys to write. If the monkeys are given a pen and some papers to spell the
word monkey, they can only scratch on the paper. By contrast, if they are given a typewriter, it will take
them over 10 years to produce the right spelling. However, if they can use computer programing, they can
finish the task within a day.
Key Points 翻译
116
This lecture is about infinite monkey theorem. 这是关于猴子无限定理的讲座。
If the monkeys are given a pen and some papers to 如果给猴子一支笔和一些纸来拼写单词 monkey，它们
spell the six-word “monkey”, they can only scratch
只能在纸上抓。
on the paper.
if they are given a typewriter, it will take them over 如果给他们一台打字机，他们要花 10 年多的时间才能
10 years to produce the right spelling.(the work of
写出正确的拼写。（完成莎士比亚的作品）
Shakespeare)
if they can use computer programing, they can 如果他们能使用电脑编程，他们可以在一天内完成任

finish the task within a day.
务。
040146.Truth and Rhetoric 真理和修辞
（有配图，亚里士多德的照片）
文本：
But Aristotle says the reason we need rhetoric is we have to be able to use it. We have to be able to use
rhetoric influence, basically, the rebel, and the morons. We try to get them to understand truth. Truth is
suggested, is different than rhetoric. Rhetoric is the dressing, is the body, right? Truth is the spirit, is the soul,
is abstract. It doesn’t have a body. It’s not particular. If you wanna get somebody to the truth, you might
have to use some kind of tricks. Right? Because most people are not sound and can't see the truth. That’s
what we think. Most people are ramble. Really. Only the educated be erudite are actually capable of seeing
the truth. If you wanna get the general mass there, you may have to do fable a little bit. So Aristotle that is
rhetoric. Rhetoric is something that is used to influence people. Right? And it’s a kind of mentally promised
a logic.
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Key Points 翻译
This lecture is about the relationship of truth and 这是一篇关于真理与修辞之间的关系的讲座。

rhetoric.
Aristotle believes that truth and rhetoric is different. 亚里士多德认为真理和修辞是不同的。
Rhetoric is important to help people to understand 修辞十分重要，可以帮助人们理解真理。

truth.
Some people are not able to understand the truth 有些人不理解真理，因为真理是理性的。

because the truth is rational.
Truth is the spirit and soul, while rhetoric is body, 真理是精神和灵魂，而修辞是身体，它的基础是逻辑。

which is fundamentally based on logic.
We have to use some rhetoric tricks to make people 我们要使用一些修辞技巧来让人们理解真理，因为真理

understand truth, because it is abstract.
是抽象的。
040083.Morton Prince & Dissociation of a Personality 莫顿王子&人格的分裂
（有配图，一个人的肖像画）
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The powerful influence of Stevenson's text on the discourse of dissociation is strikingly apparent in the work
of American physician and psychologist Morton Prince. Rieber credits Prince with pioneering the
phenomenon of popularizing MPD as embodied in a spectacular case. Princes Dissociation of a Personality
(1905) tells the story of Miss Christine Beau-champ, a pseudonym for Clara Norton Fowler, who, according
to Prince, is a person in whom several personalities have become developed.
Key Points 翻译
Morton Prince is an American physician and 莫顿·普林斯是一位美国医生和心理学家。

psychologist.
In his book The Dissociation of a Personality, the 在他的书《人格的分离》中，克里斯汀·比彻姆发展了

character Christine Beauchamp developed several
几种人格，B1、B2 和 B3。
personalities, B1, B2 and B3.
Hidden memory exists between the three 隐藏的记忆存在于这三种人格之间。B3 知道 B2 和 B1

personalities. B3 knows the existence of B2 and B1,
的存在，而 B2 知道 B1 的存在，B1 都不知道。
while B2 knows the existence of B1, and B1 knows
neither.
The strongest personality accounts for most of the 最强的人格占据了大部分时间，最终会取代其他人格成

time and will take over the others and become the
为主要人格。
main personality at the end.
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The case study is helpful for crime investigation and 案例研究有助于侦破犯罪案件和幻觉治疗。

hallucination treatment.
040148. Poverty in Rural Areas 农村贫困
整理回忆：
Key Points 翻译
This lecture is about poverty in rural areas. 这是关于农村贫困的讲座。
Rural areas are home to about 75% of the poor and 约 75%的贫困人口居住在农村地区，预计到 2025 年仍
are still expected to house 60% by 2025.
将有 60%的人居住在农村。
Poverty in rural areas in Vietnam, India and 越南、印度和津巴布韦农村地区的贫困导致环境问

Zimbabwe leads to environmental problems,
题，包括水污染、饮用水卫生、室内烟雾和气体排
including water pollution, sanitation of drinking
放。
water, indoor smoke and gas emissions.
We need to address poverty because it can reduce 我们需要解决贫困问题，因为它一方面可以减少全球

global poor population and poverty rate in urban
贫困人口，另一方面可以降低城市地区的贫困率，因
areas.
为 75%的贫困人口生活在农村地区。
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040089.Human Behavior 人类行为
（有配图，图中写着 determinants，internal，external）
整理回忆：
Key Points 翻译
This lecture is about the human behavior. 这是一篇关于人类行为的讲座。
Human behavior is determined by two factors, 人的行为是由两个因素决定的，即个人因素和环境因

which are personal factors and environmental
素。
factors.
The personal factors which are internal, including 内在的个人因素，包括人们对某些事情的信念和个人对

people’s belief on certain things and their individual
它的思考。
thinking about it.
The environmental factors which are external, 环境因素是外在的，包括温度，气压和其他人对它们的

including temperature, air pressure and the others’
看法。
thinking about them.
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In conclusion, one’s determinant is affected by both 总之，一个人的决定因素受到他自己和环境的双重影

him and the environment.
响。
040122.Mars and Earth V1 火星与地球版本一
整理回忆：
Key Points 翻译
This lecture compares the condition on the Earth and 这是一篇关于火星和地球的讲座。

on Mars.
There are some similarities between Earth and Mars. 地球和火星有许多相似之处。
There are many similarities between Earth and Mars. 地球和火星有许多相似之处。它们的表面都有山和小

Both of them have polar caps, atmospheres and both
山，沙漠被岩石覆盖。
are in water climate which means Earth has oceans,
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while Mars has ice.
In preparing for the Phoenix Mission, scientists have 在“凤凰计划”的准备过程当中，科学家已经在南极洲

done Antarctica trial runs.
做了试验。
They have also dug trenches, collected samples of 并且，他们已经挖了沟壕，并在冰与土的交界处取了

ice-soil boundary.
样。
040100.British Standards Institution 英国标准学会：
The British Standards Institution (BSI) is a service organization that produces standards across a wide
variety of industry sectors. All products must have a BSI Kitemark license to get access into the market.
There are two types of standard. One is compulsory, and the other one is elective. Under the compulsory
standard, the products cannot come into the market unless they meet the requirements. Otherwise, without
the Kitemark license, these products will be seen as illegal. This is for the purpose of safety. Take
matchboxes as an example.
Key Points 翻译
BSI is a standard set for all products to ensure their BSI 是所有产品的标准设置，以确保其健康和安全状
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health and safety condition. 况。
It is mandatory or optional. 它是强制性的或可选的。
Under the compulsory standard, manufacturers must 在强制性标准下，制造商在进入市场前必须通过 BSI 标

past the BSI standard before getting to the market.
准。否则，这些产品就是非法的。
Otherwise, the products are illegal.
This is for the purpose of safety. Matchbox is an 这是为了安全起见。火柴盒就是一个例子。

example.
040051.Air Pollution 空气污染
In today's lecture I'm going to talk about changes in air pollution since the middle of the last century and
what has created these changes.
So, um - by the 1950s, air pollution was very visible with frequent thick black fogs known as 'smog’s' in
many large cities around the world. The main source of this pollution was from factories and it caused
severe health problems. For example, particularly severe smog in London in 1952 caused over four thousand
deaths. Obviously something had to be done and in 1956 a Clean Air Act was introduced in Britain. This
addressed the pollution from factories and the smog’s soon disappeared.
However, as you know, these days air pollution is still a big issue. The main difference between now and the
1950s is that you can't see it - it's invisible. Also, the main source of pollution now is from cars and Lorries,
and although these don't produce visible signs, this air pollution is still a significant risk to health. And one
of the key factors in the rise of this type of pollution is that we have all become much more vehicle-
dependent. There are far more cars and Lorries, trains and planes than in the 1950s and this is now the main
source of air pollution around the world.
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Key Points 翻译
This lecture is about changes in air pollution and 这堂课是关于空气污染的变化以及是什么造成了这些变

what has created these changes.
化。
In 1950, the air pollution was very visible, which 在 1950 年，空气污染是非常明显的，它来自工厂，造
came from factories and caused severe health
成了严重的健康污染。
pollution.
Then, the government introduced a new act called 随后，政府推出了一项名为《清洁空气法》的新法案，

Clean Air Act, which addressed the pollution from
该法案解决了来自工厂的污染问题，雾霾很快就消失
factories and the smog soon disappeared.
了。
But now, air pollution is still a big issue. The main 但是现在，空气污染仍然是一个大问题。现在和 20 世
difference between now and the 1950s is that it’s
纪 50 年代的主要区别在于它是无形的。
invisible.
The main source of air pollution now is from cars 现在空气污染的主要来源是汽车和卡车。由于每个人都
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and lorries. It will be increasing because everyone is 依赖于交通工具，这一比例将会上升。

vehicle dependent.
040162.Attention Interval 注意力集中时间
整理回忆：
10 years ago, before the use of iPad and iPhone, people's attention interval is about 25 minutes. This number
is good. However, nowadays the intention interval has dropped from 25 minutes to only 8 seconds， which
means our memories are shorter than that of a goldfish.
040172.Speed of Light 光速
（配有视频）
整理回忆：
1. 声音速度约 300m/s；光速是声音速度的一百万倍。光速约是 300million m/s。
2. 例子 1 ：所以 thunderstorms 时候你看到闪电再听到打雷。
3. 例子 2: 在体育场看比赛的时候你会觉得对面的人比你欢呼的晚，因为你们同时看到精彩瞬间。但是声音传播
慢所以你觉得对面的人欢呼的晚。
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040215.The Effect Of Globalization 全球化的影响
I've been thinking a lot about the world recently and how it's changed over the last 20, 30, 40 years. Twenty
or thirty years ago, if a chicken caught a cold and sneezed and died in a remote village in East Asia, it would
have been a tragedy for the chicken and its closest relatives, but I don't think there was much possibility of
us fearing a global pandemic and the deaths of millions. Twenty of thirty years ago, if a bank in North
America lent too much money to some people who couldn't afford to pay it back and the bank went bust,
that was bad for the lender and bad for the borrower, but we didn't imagine it would bring the global
economic system to its knees for nearly a decade. This is globalization. This is the miracle that has enabled
us to transship our bodies and our minds and our words and our pictures and our ideas and our teaching and
our learning around the planet ever faster and ever cheaper. It's brought a lot of bad stuff, like the stuff that I
just described, but it's also brought a lot of good stuff. A lot of us are not aware of the extraordinary
successes of the Millennium Development Goals, several of which have achieved their targets long before
the due date. That proves that this species of humanity is capable of achieving extraordinary progress if it
really acts together and it really tries hard.
Key Points 翻译
This lecture is about globalization. 这堂课是关于全球化的。
Globalization brings us not only some bad stuff, but 全球化不仅给我们带来了一些不好的东西，也给我们带

also some good stuff.
来了一些好的东西。
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For bad ones, when banks in American went bust, it 对于坏的一面来说，当美国的银行破产时，全球经济体

would bring the global economic system to its knees
系将在近十年的时间里陷入瘫痪。
for nearly a decade.
For good stuff, it enables us to transship many things 对于好东西，它使我们能够更快、更便宜地转换我们的

like our minds, brain, culture ever fast and cheaper.
思想、大脑、文化等许多东西。
In conclusion, it proves that this species of humanity 总而言之，它证明了如果人类真的齐心协力、努力奋

is capable of achieving extraordinary progress if it
斗，就有能力取得非凡的进步。
really acts together and it really tries hard.
040212.Scientific Theory 科学理论
（配有视频，视频中是 PPT ，提到 scientific research method 的主要步骤： observation, questions,
hypothesis, collect date, experiment, conclusion）
回忆一：
讲的是 scientific method，大概有 5-6 步，边介绍边解释意思，有 PPT 非常好记，但是会消失。
回忆二：
有个视频开头是一个 ppt 上面写着 acceptance 然后教授出来说话说 how to choose a better one in a lot of
scientific theories （视频从头到尾一直是一个 PPT，结束之后视频关闭，PPT 也随之消失，注意做好笔记！
040213.Good Local Government 好的当地政府
One of the questions I guessed a lot is how do we get good local government, good bureaucracy and how do
we see these positive changes come forward. And it's interesting because a lot of the time we pay attention to
the pioneers, the people coming with new ideas or sometimes we pay attention to the big bosses, the
politicians or the big civil servants, but it seems to me the really important people in seeing kind of
widespread change are people like Morak. Morak is a manager for a council called North Funnish council,
it's in Scotland. And what Morak is done for many years now is constantly work away with her colleagues to
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figure out how do we keep making the system better. When they see somebody in the vein, they think what
we can learn from them, what we can bring to our council. And when they see problems occurring in the
bureaucracy, in the systems, they think how can we change these problems. And I think I suppose Morak
means, Morak for me is an image of a good public servant, passionate about her own community and
making that place as good as possible and able to use government and work through government structures
to deliver positive change.
Key Points 翻译
This lecture is about how to get a good local 这次讲座是关于如何建立一个好的地方政府。

government.
We always pay attention to the influential people, but 我们总是关注有影响力的人，但实际上我们应该关注那

actually we should focus on the people who can see
些能看到广泛变化的人。
widespread change.
The speaker mentioned Morak, a good public 演讲者提到了 Morak，一个很好的公务员，他致力于使

servant, who engages in making the government
政府系统更好。
system better.
She is able to use government and work through 她能够利用政府，并通过政府机构实现积极的变革。

government structures to deliver positive change.
040150.Innovation and Invention 创新和发明
（有配视频）
He says innovation equals invention. Let me just stop here. Innovation equals invention often people
mistake these two things for the same thing. Innovation equals invention, they are not. Innovation is
something that generates value for the world. It makes something faster, better, cheaper. It gives someone
some great satisfaction. An invention is an idea, a technology, a patent. In and of itself, it does not generate
value. So these two are not the same thing. And sometimes you see them interchange. And that's not correct.
So innovation equals invention times commercialization. So and when we look at this equation of innovation
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something of value, it requires a new idea and then it requires someone or some organization that is going to
commercialize that idea. And to make it a value to the world.
Key Points 翻译
This lecture is about the relationship between 这堂课讲的是创新和发明之间的关系。

innovation and invention.
People often mistake these two things for the same 人们经常把这两件事误认为同一件事。他们是不平等
thing. They are not equal.
的。
Innovation is something that generates value for the 创新是为世界创造价值的东西。它使一些东西更快，更

world. It makes something faster, better, cheaper.
好，更便宜。
While an invention is an idea, a technology, a patent, 虽然一项发明是一种想法，一项技术，一项专利，但它

it does not generate value.
并不产生价值。
In conclusion, innovation equals invention times 总之，创新等于发明乘以商业化。

commercialization.
040156.File a Patent 申请专利
（配有视频）
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文本：
We’re thinking about this and we’re trying to say, alright, well, let’s file a patent on this clicker. If I was
ready to go to the patent office and say, alright, I want a patent on a clicker, period. The patent officer would
just laugh. You know, the clicker has been around for a while. Presentation clickers have been around for a
while. And so there would be a 0% chance that we would actually get that. If we were somehow to convince
the patent office that we should be able to get a patent on clicker, period. It would, however, be incredibly
valuable. Every single clicker that was made after this point would infringe. And when it infringes, maybe
we take one or two dollars each. That would add up to be a decent amount of money. On the other end of the
spectrum, let’s go to the million-word version. I go to the patent office and I say, I want a patent on this
exact thing. And those million words describe every single radius, every single material, every single thing
about this. And the patent officer says, yeah, we’re never seen that before. Go ahead and take it. Almost
100% of chance of getting that patent, but the value of that patent would be close to zero.
Key Points 翻译
This lecture is about the file a patent. 这是关于申请专利的讲座。
There are two ways to file a patent for the clicker. 有两种方法可以为点击器申请专利。
The first way is to describe the clicker in one word, 第一种方法是用一个词来描述点击器，就是点击器，没

just clicker, no other description.
有其他的描述。
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In this way, it is difficult to get a patent on the 这样，就很难获得点击器的专利。如果我们能以某种方

clicker. If we were somehow able to get a patent, it
式获得一项专利，它将是非常有价值的。这加起来将是
would be incredibly valuable. And that would add up
一笔可观的钱。
to be a decent amount of money.
The other way is to describe the clicker in million 另一种方法是用百万字来描述点击器。几乎 100%的机

words. Almost 100% of chance of getting the patent,
会获得专利，但价值将接近于零。
but the value of that would be close to zero.
040072.Aging 老龄化
整理回忆：
As the world population growth, the aging population has become more serious. The aging percentage in the
US is now 13% and is expected to be 23% in 2030. The situation is the same in Japan and Germany. There
will be more than 20% of the German population aged over 65 years old in 2030. Aging problem is related
to industrialization.
Key Points 翻译
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The demography has changed a lot as human life 随着人类预期寿命的增加，人口结构发生了很大变化。

expectancy increases.
As the world population grows, the problem of the 随着世界人口的增长，人口老龄化问题变得越来越严

aging population has become more serious.
重。
The aging percentage in the US is now 13% and is 美国目前的老龄化比例为 13%，预计到 2030 年将达到
expected to be 23% in 2030.
23%。
The situation is the same in Japan and Germany. 日本和德国的情况也一样。
There will be more than 20% of German population 到

2030 年，将有超过 20％的德国人口年龄超过 65 岁。
aged over 65 years old in 2030.
Aging problem is related to industrialization. 老龄化问题与工业化有关。
040024.Chest X-RAY 胸部 x 光片（100% confirmated）
文本：
This is one picture that you probably you all know what it is when you see it. It’s a familiar looking image.
Something probably we all have some personal experience with, right? This is a chest x-ray that would be
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taken in your doctor’s office, for example, or a radiologist’s office. And it is a good example of Biomedical
Engineering and that it takes a physical principle, that is how x-rays interact with the tissues of your body,
and it uses that physics, that physical principle to develop a picture of what’s inside your body, so to look
inside and see things that you couldn’t see without this device. And you’ll recognize some parts of the image,
you can see the ribcage here, the bones you can see the heart is the large bright object down here. If you
have good eyesight from the distance, you can see the vessels leading out of the heart and into the lungs, and
the lungs are darker spaces within the ribcage.
Key Points 翻译
This lecture is about X-ray. 这是一篇关于 X 射线的图像。
It is a good example of biomedical engineering and it 这是生物医学工程的一个很好的例子，它利用物理原

takes a physical principle, that is how x-rays interact
理，那就是 x 射线如何与你身体的组织相互作用。
with the tissues of your body.
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So we can see what we can't see without this device. 所以我们可以看到没有这个设备我们看不到的东西。
From the picture, we can see the ribcage, the bones, 从图中，我们可以看到胸腔，骨头，心脏，通向肺的
the heart, vessels leading to the lungs.
血管。
040011. Haussmann’s Renovation of Paris 奥斯曼对巴黎的改造（24/6 考
场）
(本题有两个版本，一版与参考文本相似，但考试频率很低；另一版并未提到 Haussmann, 文本不
长，用词简单，提到 street，gasline，街道干净整洁。)
参考文本：
Cities are interesting palaces. Some cities are carefully planned and built for a reason and reflect the needs of
the people as it grows, others are less consciously designed. Paris for example was originally founded in the
third century as a small village and with every passing generation it grew in size and importance.it grew
from medieval city to a modern city but the transition was not always smooth. Emperor napoleon had to hire
135
someone to oversee the rebuilding of Paris. The man he chose was houseman. In 1853 Haussmann began the
process of renovating Frances capital city. His basic instructions were to bring the light and air into the
central district. Improve the sanitation and living areas and make Paris a more modern beautiful city. Not
your average weekend renovation, Haussmann’s project includes the destruction of old medieval
neighborhood, widening of streets, building large parks and public squares, and addition of fountains and
sew lines.to add all this, the size of Paris had to be increased, doubled actually and the napoleons issued
official decree annexing nearby suburbs to make them part of the city. One of the main priorities of the
massive renovation was to connect all the districts together. If we think of Paris like a house, each district
was its own room, existing essentially independently of the other districts, napoleons wanted to be easier to
travel between the most important districts and to create a sense of being one unified city, not a series of
independent neighborhoods.so Haussmann created large avenue that connected districts, more than that he
made all the avenues look roughly the same. Buildings on Major Avenue were required to be roughly the
same height and style and even used the same color stones for the facade. The result was to remove any local
characters and create a uniform Paris. For the first time the city has a specific look, a style that people began
to associate not with the districts but with Paris itself.
Key Points 翻译
The lecture is about the revolution of Paris by 这是关于拿破仑三世对巴黎进行改造的讲座。

Napoleon on the 3rd.
He hired George Huasseman to rebuild Paris from a 他雇佣乔治·霍斯曼将巴黎从一个中世纪的城市改造成现

mediaeval to a modern city.
代化的城市
Starting from 1853, Huasseman began his 从 1853 年开始，奥斯曼开始进行改造，将空气和阳光引

revolution to bring air and light to the central
入城市的中心区。
district of the city.
One of the main priorities of the massive 大规模改造的主要重点之一是将所有地区连接起来。

renovation was to connect all the districts together.
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For the first time, the city has a specific look. 这是这座城市第一次有了特定的外观。
040029.Natural Resource 自然资源
（配有图片，图片标题是 Footprint，有三个柱子，分别是 AVERAGE, GLOBAL, AUSTRALIA, 图中
有文本中提到的数字）
整理回忆：
回忆一：
natural resource。说三分之一的 natural resource 被破坏了 since last 3 decades。还说如果都像 Australia 一样
consume natural resource 的话整个世界就都不好了。
回忆二：
According to the data collected by WWF, more than1/3 of resources on the earth have been consumed by
people during the past three decades. Ecological footprint is to calculate how much land does each resident
need. The results showed 7.7 global hectares ... 2.2 global hectares... So an average of 1.8 global hectares is
needed by an individual, which means a toral of 11.8 billion global hectares is required. If everyone on the
earth consumes resources like in Australia, by 2050, we will need at least two planets for resources.
Key Points 翻译
This lecture is about natural resources. 这个讲座是关于自然资源的。
More than 1/3 of resources on the earth have been 在过去的三十年里，地球上超过三分之一的资源被人类

consumed by people during the past three decades.
消耗掉了。
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Every country should record their carbon footprint. 每个国家都应该记录他们的碳足迹。
Australian average ecological footprint is 7.7 澳大利亚人均生态足迹为 7.7 公顷。

hectares per person.
If everyone on the earth consumes resources like in 如果地球上的每个人都像澳大利亚那样消耗资源，到

Australia, by 2050, we will need at least two planets
2050 年，我们将至少需要两个星球来获取资源。
for resources.
040066.Galaxy 星系
（有配图）
Our friends at the Highlands Museum and Discovery Center in Ashland, Kentucky, asked a very good
question. Why is it dark in space? That question is not as simple as it may sound. You might think that space
appears dark at night because that is when our side of Earth faces away from the Sun as our planet rotates on
its axis every 24 hours. But what about all those other far away suns that appears as stars in the night sky?
Our own Milky Way galaxy contains over 200 billion stars, and the entire universe probably contains over
100 billion galaxies. You might suppose that that many stars would light up the night like daytime! Until the
20th century, astronomers didn't think it was even possible to count all the stars in the universe. They
thought the universe went on forever. In other words, they thought the universe was infinite. Besides being
very hard to imagine, the trouble with an infinite universe is that no matter where you look in the night sky,
you should see a star. Stars should overlap each other in the sky like tree trunks in the middle of a very thick
forest. But, if this were the case, the sky would be blazing with light. This problem greatly troubled
astronomers and became known as "Olbers' Paradox." A paradox is a statement that seems to disagree with
itself. To try to explain the paradox, some 19th century scientists thought that dust clouds between the stars
must be absorbing a lot of the starlight so it wouldn't shine through to us. But later scientists realized that the
dust itself would absorb so much energy from the starlight that eventually it would glow as hot and bright as
the stars themselves. Astronomers now realize that the universe is not infinite. A finite universe—that is, a
universe of limited size—even one with trillions and trillions of stars, just wouldn't have enough stars to
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light up all of space. Although the idea of a finite universe explains why Earth's sky is dark at night, other
causes work to make it even darker.
Key Points 翻译
This lecture is about the darkness between galaxies. 这是关于星系之间黑暗的讲座。
The photo was taken by NASA, which is the largest 这张照片是由美国宇航局拍摄的，这是迄今为止宇宙

photo taken so far from thousands of galaxies in the
中成千上万个星系中最大的一张照片。
universe.
The image is called Hubble Deep Field, and is 这张照片被命名为 “ 哈勃深场 ” (Hubble Deep

copyright free, being able to be found in newspapers,
Field)，没有版权，可以在报纸、杂志和互联网上找
magazines and the internet.
到。
Gaps between galaxies are not dark because the 星系之间的间隙并不暗，因为宇宙的膨胀导致光被转

expansion of the universe causes lights to be shifted to
移到低频波，而我们的眼睛无法探测到。
lower-frequency waves, which our eyes cannot detect.
The darkness between galaxies remains mysterious to 星系之间的黑暗对我们来说仍然是神秘的。

us.
040008.Western countries birth rate 西方国家出生率
有图，一条折线,先上升一点,后直线下降, 纵轴 Child birth rates 横轴年份到 2000 年时候大概是 1
点几%出生率
近似文本：
The birth rates increased during 20's century but it starts to decrease over these last two decades. In the year
2000, as an example, the birth rate remained at around 1.1%-1.2%. Birth rates dropped to its lowest point
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that has never been seen in the society. There are even some negative birth rates in other countries. The
reason is that The western countries women are becoming more and more reluctant to give birth to babies,
especially those young women under 30 years old. However, the male's status in society remains as strong as
it ever has in recent years. It also has impacts on male in the society especially young man, and it might have
some connection with unemployment rates as well.
Key Points 翻译
This lecture is about the European birth rate. 这是一篇关于欧洲出生率的讲座。
Childbirth rates in European countries are 欧洲国家的儿童出生率正在下降。

decreasing.
Birth rates dropped to its lowest point that has 近年来，出生率已降至历史最低点，约为 1.1- 1.2%。
never been seen in the society in about 1.1%-1.2%.
The reason is that women in Europe are reluctant to 原因是欧洲妇女不愿意生孩子，尤其是那些 30 岁以下的
140
give birth especially those young women under 30 年轻妇女。

years old.
The phenomenon would affect man's position of 这种现象会影响人们的生活地位，从而增加他们的失业

life, which will increase their unemployment rate.
率。
040055.Superman & Superpower 超人与超能力（100% confirmated）
文本：
Today we're going to recount heroic tales of superhuman feats of strength, when in the face of disaster, some
people are said to have summoned up incredible physical power to lift a car off of an accident victim, move
giant rocks, or like Big John of song, single-handedly hold up a collapsing beam to let the other miners
escape. Are such stories true? There are many anecdotes supporting the idea, but we're going to take a fact-
based look at whether or not it truly is possible for an adrenalin-charged person to temporarily gain massive
strength. In proper terminology, such a temporary boost of physical power would be called hysterical
strength. The stories are almost always in the form of one person lifting a car off of another. And even lifting
many cars by several inches still leaves most of its weight supported by the suspension springs. But our
purpose today is not to "debunk" any of the specific stories. The majority of them are anecdotal, and
interestingly not repeatable; in many cases, the person who summoned the super strength later tried it again
141
only to find that they couldn't do it. Basically, what we have is a respectably large body of anecdotal
evidence that suggests that in times of crisis, danger, or fear, some people have the ability to temporarily
exercise superhuman strength.
Key Points 翻译
This lecture is about superpower. 这是一篇关于超能力的讲座。
When in the face of disaster, some people are said to 当遇到灾难，一些人可以拥有令人难以置信的体力。

have summoned up incredible physical power.
In proper terminology, such a temporary boost of 用恰当的术语来说，这种身体力量的暂时增强被称为歇

physical power would be called hysterical strength.
斯底里的力量。
The majority of them are anecdotal, and interestingly 其中大多数都是轶事，有趣的是不能重复

not repeatable.
Basically, these anecdotes suggest that in times of 基本上，这些轶事表明，在危机、危险或恐惧的时候，

crisis, danger, or fear, some people have the ability to
有些人有能力暂时行使超人的力量。
temporarily exercise superhuman strength.
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040058.Linguist and Linguistic Authorities 语言学家和语言学权威（ 100%
confirmated）
文本：
But when we move into working with communities, we have to recognize that the communities have to be
the authority in their language. Actually, a woman in the class I'm teaching at Sydney at the moment, a
career woman, expressed this very nicely, although she was talking about something else. She was
distinguishing expertise from authority. And certainly linguists because of our training we do have expertise
in certain very narrow areas of language, but we don't have the authority over what to do with that
knowledge or what to do with other knowledge that the community produces. I guess for me the bottom line
is languages are lost because of the dominance of one people over another. That's not rocket science. It's not
hard to work that out. But then what that means is if in working with language revival we continue to hold
the authority, we actually haven't done anything towards undoing how languages are lost in the first place,
so in a sense, the languages are still lost if the authority is still lost.
143
Key Points 翻译
This lecture is about language and authority. 这是一篇关于语言与权威的讲座。
Communities have to be the authority in their 我们必须认识到社区必须成为他们语言的权威。

language.
There is a distinction between expertise and 专业知识和权威是有区别的。

authority.
Linguists have expertise in certain very narrow areas 语言学家在某些非常狭窄的语言领域有专长，但我们

of language, but we don't have the authority of the
没有社区产生的语言的权威。
language the community produces.
The bottom line is languages are lost because of the 最重要的是，语言的消失是因为一个民族对另一个民

dominance of one people over another.
族的统治。
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In a sense, the languages are still lost if the authority 从某种意义上说，如果权威仍然丧失，语言仍然丧

is still lost.
失。
040048.Biology 生物学
文本：
Welcome to your very first tutorial in biology. Now, in this video series, what I want to do is I want to talk
to you guys about many different topics concerning biology. For example, I want to talk to you guys about
DNA and genetics in cells, in bacteria, in life and a whole bunch of interesting stuff. But since this is the
very first video, I think what we should do in this video is just stick with the very basics. And the first thing
I want to do is talk to you guys about what is biology. So, let’s go ahead and answer that question. And the
definition of biology is this: the study of life in living organisms. All right, that makes sense up to a certain
point up until organisms because you may have heard of organisms before. And you may have your own
definition, but the scientific definition of an organism is a living thing. Well, that’s easy. We know what
living things are… I’m a living thing, err…plants, grass is a living thing. My puppy named old Dan, cutest
puppy ever by the way is a living thing, but whenever we talk about living things, believe it or not, things
get kind of complicated because then you have to ask yourself “what is life”. Well, of course, if you ask your
grandma or your best friend or even if you ask a philosopher “What is life”, everyone is goanna give you
kind of a different definition of their outlook on life. However, whenever scientists and biologists were first
deciding, you know what, “What is life?” that’s the problem they had. Everyone had their own separate
definition of life itself. So, what they needed to do before biology was even invented, which are, of course,
the study of life is scientists needed to agree on the definition of life.
145
Key Points 翻译
This lecture is about biology, which is the study of 这是一个关于生物学的讲座，生物学是研究生物体中的

life in living organisms.
生命。
The scientific definition of an organism is a living 有机体的科学定义是有生命的东西，如植物和草。

thing, such as plants and grass.
But things get complicated when we are trying to 但是当我们试图回答“生命是什么”这个问题时，事情
answer the question “ What is life ” , because 就变得复杂了，因为每个人都有不同的定义。
everyone has a different definition.
So, before biology was invented, scientists needed to 因此，在生物学发明之前，科学家们需要就生命的定义

agree on the definition of life.
达成一致。
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040015.Survey on media 媒体调查（100% confirmated）
文本：
Let's say if I'm asking which source you often use to get information. Newspaper? Radio? TV? And the
survey shows 62% of the people chose internet. You might be thinking I am going to say, how important the
internet is, or how quickly it has changed the world for a few years. But what if I tell you this survey is
conducted on the website globalandmail.com? Our answer will be different because the people who did this
survey on a website must be frequent users of internet. This sample is a biased sample. So we have to pay
attention to how a survey is conducted.
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Key Points 翻译
This lecture is about a survey which shows that 62% 一项调查显示，62%的人在网上获取信息，而其他人是

of the people chose internet to get information, while 在报纸、电视和广播上获取信息。
others chose newspaper, radio or TV.
But actually, this survey is conducted on the website 但事实上，这项调查是在 globalandmail.com 网站和

globalandmail.com.
mail.com 上进行的。
The people who did this survey on a website must be 在网站上做这项调查的人必须是互联网的常客。

frequent users of internet.
This sample is biased. So we have to pay attention to 这个样本是有偏差的。所以我们必须注意调查是如何进

how a survey is conducted.
行的。
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040012.NGO & disempowerment 非政府组织与反授权（100% confirmated）
（配有 PPT，与文本高度相关，可以照读）
文本：
I marveled at how often powerful Phil powerless, but in the face of this sense of disempowerment, there
surprisingly is no decline in involvement in organizations which seek to share wealth and opportunities,
protect one another’s rights and work towards the common good. According to the United Nations, civil
society groups have grown 40 folds since the turn of last century.
Internationally, the non-profit sector is worth one trillion dollars, and there are 700,000 such organizations in
Australia alone. The UN recognizes 37,000 specifically civil society organizations across the globe, and
gave 3,500 accreditations to the 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development.
This profound movement towards harnessing voices and resources from outside the realm of governments
and officialdom reflects a profound growth in NGOS, "the third sector, as some call it. As Robert Putnam
discovered in the field of local government in Italy the best predictor of governmental success was the
strength and density of a region's civic associations.
Key Points 翻译
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This lecture is about non-governmental 这是一篇关于非政府组织的讲座。

organizations.
There is no decline in involvement of organizations 寻求分享财富和机会并保护人权的组织的参与并没有减

which seek to share wealth and opportunities and
少。
protect human right.
Civil society groups have grown 40 folds since the 自上世纪以来，公民社会团体的数量增长了40倍。

last century.
The non-profit sector is worth one trillion dollars, 非营利部门价值1万亿美元，仅在澳大利亚就有70万个

and there are 700,000 such organizations in
这样的组织。
Australia alone.
The UN recognized 37,000 civil society groups and 联合国认可了37000个公民社会团体，并给予3500个认

gave 3,500 accreditations.
证。
The best predictor of governmental success was the 政府成功的最佳预测因素是一个地区的公民协会的强度

strength and density of a region's civic associations.
和密度。
040120.Europe Economic Structure 欧洲经济结构
Key Points 翻译
This lecture is about the change in European 这篇讲座是关于欧洲经济结构改变。

economic structure.
After the Industrial Revolution, the economic 工业革命后，欧洲的经济结构在 19 世纪初前后发生了巨

structure in Europe changes dramatically around the
大的变化。
beginning of the 19th century.
150
Since lots of machinery such as steam engines had 由于大量的机械如蒸汽机被用于制造业，商品和服务的

been used in manufacturing, the circulation for
流通显著增加。
goods and services increased significantly.
It consequently leads to an expansion of middle 因此，它导致了中产阶级人口的扩大和社会财富的积

class population and more accumulation of social
累。
wealth.
040027.Civilization 人类文明
整理回忆：
回忆一：
civilisation 就像一艘大船，驶向未来，比我们想的要快，走得要更远
我们无法预测，但是我们可以看这艘船的 safety records，可以看 capability of its crew
还有其他船在我们后面。我们这艘不但是最大的，也是我们的最后一艘
中间还说了一堆做完就失忆了，try and error 那堆
最后说 the world is too small for us to try again.
151
回忆二：
海上货运集装箱文明社会 civilization 一个船的图说文明 civilization 就像一艘大船，驶向未来比我们想象得更
快，走得更远，我们无法预测，但是我们这艘船不但是最大的，也是我们最后一艘船，保护环境刻不容缓，我们
不能再考验和失败 trail and error 下去了，地球妈妈不会再给我们机会， the earth is too small for us to try
again.
Key Points 翻译
This lecture is about civilization. 这堂课是关于文明的。
Civilization is like a ship that heads to the future. It 文明就像一艘驶向未来的船。它比我们想象的更快更

is faster and further than we think.
远。
We cannot foresee the future, but we could study the 我们无法预测未来，但我们可以研究这艘船的安全记录

safety records of the ship and the capability of its
和船员的能力。
crew.
Our ship is not only the biggest one, but also the last 我们的船不仅是最大的，而且是最后的。
one.
We have to protect the environment immediately. We 我们必须立即保护环境。我们不能再通过反复试验来取

cannot afford to progress by trial and error anymore.
得进展。
The world is too small for us to try again. 世界太小了，我们不能再试一次。
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040073.Soot Emission 烟尘排放
Sometimes it's the little things that can make big things happen. Fleas and the plague, atoms and nuclear
bombs. Diminutive leaders in world history. Soot is one of these little things. Soot also known as black
carbon is released when you burn dung, coal, diesel fuel and wood. From Los Angeles to Mumbai, soot
causes respiratory illnesses like lung cancer and asthma and contributes to one point six million premature
deaths every year. Mostly among the poor. And it gets worse. Atmospheric currents carry soot thousands of
miles from where it is produced, to the Himalayas and the Arctic. Black carbon being black absorbs sunlight,
so even a little soot on snow makes it melt faster. And when snow melts global sea levels rise, threatening
our freshwater indigenous communities and polar bears who hunt on the Arctic ice. Climate Change has
been a big thing for a while and carbon dioxide has been its main cause. Scientists estimate that soot causes
twenty five percent of human-caused global warming. It’s the second leading cause of Arctic warming after
carbon dioxide. Let’s not underestimate the impact of this tiny particle. But there’s good news, reducing
black carbon may be the fastest way to slow global warming. Buy time for the Arctic. Yes even more so
than changing a light bulb. Since black carbon only stays in the atmosphere for a couple of weeks, reducing
it will produce results immediately. Of course, reducing soot alone won’t solve global warming, but solving
our soot problem now will help buy time for the Arctic and allow us to deal with the bigger problem of
carbon dioxide. We have the cleaner industries, cook stoves, and diesel now we have to use them. In
developed nations, we’ve significantly reduced our black carbon, but we still have much more to do. We
153
need to tighten our standards at home and invest in cleaner technologies in developing nations. In a world
going on seven billion people, you might feel rather little yourself. But if you urge the US government and
the European Union to take the lead on black carbon reduction, you can make a big difference. Go to
www.stopsoot.org and help stop these little things from causing big trouble.
Key Points 翻译
This lecture is about soot emission. 这是一篇关于烟尘排放的讲座。
Soot is also known as black carbon. It is released 烟灰也被称为炭黑。当你燃烧煤炭、柴油和木头时，它

when you burn down coal, diesel fuel and wood.
就会释放出来。
As the second major element contributing to global 作为全球温室气体排放的第二大因素，它不仅会导致全

greenhouse emission, it will not only cause global
球变暖，还会给人们带来健康问题，如肺癌。
warming, but also bring health problems to people
such as lung cancer.
We should not ignore carbon dioxide emissions and 我们不应该忽视二氧化碳排放和温室气体。

greenhouse gases.
Soot emission is more harmful to health than carbon 烟尘排放对健康的危害比二氧化碳更大。

dioxide.
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The reduction of soot emission is the quickest and 在短期内，减少烟尘排放是解决全球变暖问题最快、最

easiest way to tackle global warming in short-term.
简单的方法。
040127.Economic and technological development 经济技术发展
（图片用处不大）
整理回忆：
回忆一：
Economic and technological development has an impact on people’s health. There are two phases, one is
before the industrial revolution, and the other one is after that. During this time, countries such as China and
Africa have developed significantly. But there are still some difficulties and problems.
回忆二：
发达国家 (rich and developed world) 都经历过大转折 (turning points) ， GDP 增长迅速 (extraordinary GDP
growth)，经济和科技腾飞(take off)。发展中国家包括中国印度都在转变前期(early stages of transformation)，
发达国家 developed countries 已经完成转型，他们再发展也不会对人类进程（do not have further progress) 有
155
多大提高。言下之意应该是，在 early stages of transformations 才会在各方面有显著的发展。。到转变后期会遇
到瓶颈。
040203.Greek Diet 希腊饮食
（配有图片，图中是沙拉和鱼）
整理回忆：
说的是希腊 Diet 为什么会这么受欢迎和有效。文中说到希腊人的沙拉用大量橄榄油，以及他们喜欢吃鱼等等。
040010.Language Extinction 语言消亡
A language dies when the last person who speaks it dies. But you know, sometimes people say it dies when
the second-last person who speaks it dies, because the last person has nobody to talk to. Well, of course,
languages have come and gone throughout history as communities have come and gone. But what's
happening now is something really quite extraordinary. Well, there are about 6000 languages in the world at
the moment, more or less. Nobody knows the exact number. Of these, about half of them are so seriously in
danger, are likely to die out in the course of present century. Now the present century is a hundred years,
half is 3000 languages. So, that means one language is dying out somewhere in the world average every two
weeks. There are all kinds of reasons why languages die; one is physical reason when people are affected by
famine, disease and earthquake. Another is genocide, when some countries deliberately stamp out a small
language. The main reason is globalization. That is, some huge languages in the world, like English, Arabic,
Spanish and French, and these are like stream rollers crushing the smaller languages they find in their path.
A great deal can be done to preserve endangered language. The first thing is that the people themselves must
want the language to be preserved. That's very important. The second thing is that the powers- that- be must
want the language to be preserved. They must be respect for the minority languages in their care. The third
thing has to be there, of course, is cash. It costs quite a lot of money to preserve an endangered language.
Think about it, you have to train the teachers; you have to write books for the children. And all sort of things.
156
It doesn't cost extraordinary amount money, but it does cost a bit. So without money, endangered languages
don't have a positive future.
Key Points 翻译
Many languages are disappearing at a rate that was 许多语言正在以历史上从未见过的速度消失。

never seen before in history.
Urbanization and globalization are the main reasons for 城市化和全球化是主要原因。

this.
People who speak small languages are moving to urban 说小语种的人正在搬到城市地区，那里的小语种无法

areas, Therefore, small languages can only survive in
生存。
isolated areas.
These people also have to speak the global language as 这些人还必须说全球语言。

well.
Therefore, small languages can only survive in isolated 因此，小型语言只能在孤立的地区生存。

areas.
040099.Overfishing 过度捕捞
文本：
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Aquaculture, the farming of fish, shrimp, shellfish and seaweeds, has been the sources of human protein for
nearly four thousand years, especially in Asia. In the last decade, however, there is been unprecedented
growth in aquaculture production, more than 300% since 1984, which has increased the importance of the
modern food supply. It’s the world’s fastest growing food production activity. And globally, more than 25%
of the odd fishing and shellfish production in 1999 was attributable to aquaculture. Yes, this industry’s
contributions to human diet is actually greater than the numbers imply, whereas 1/3 of the conventional fish
catch is used to make fish meal and fish oil. Virtually all farmed fish are used as human food. Today, nearly
1/3 of fish consumed by human is the product of aquaculture, and that percentage will only increase as
aquaculture expands the world’s conventional fish catch, for the oceans and lakes continues to decline
because of overfishing and environmental damage.
Key Points 翻译
This lecture is about the aquaculture and overfishing. 本讲座是关于书产养殖和过度捕捞。
Fish, shrimp, shellfish and seaweeds, have been the 鱼、虾、贝类和海草，一直是人类蛋白质的来源。

sources of protein for human beings.
There is been an unprecedented growth in 水产养殖产量的空前增长。这增加了现代食品供应的重

aquaculture production.which has increased the
要性。
importance of the modern food supply.
1/3 of the conventional fish catch is used to make 传统渔获物的 1/3 被用来制作鱼粉和鱼油。
fish meal and fish oil.
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But now the food source from the ocean is 但由于过度捕捞，海洋的食物来源正在减少。

decreasing, due to overfishing.
040117.Freedom of Speech in Britain 英国的言论自由
整理回忆：
Key Points 翻译
This lecture is about the freedom of speech in 这是关于英国言论自由的讲座。

British.
The British press came into being in the 18th 英国的印刷术产生于 18 世纪。
century.
Since then British policy encouraged freedom of 从那时起，英国的政策鼓励言论自由。

speech.
People could talk about anything in public places 人们可以在公共场所谈论任何事情，如在咖啡馆或街道

such as in coffee houses or on streets.
上。
People read newspapers and talked about politics 那里的人们读报纸，谈论政治和军事问题。

and military matters.
It is a great sign of pubic freedom. 这是公共自由的伟大标志。
040125.US Economy 美国经济
（图文高度相关，可以当 DI 做）
159
整理回忆：
In terms of the size of the economy, the US economy is more than the total amount of China, Japan, UK,
and Germany.
In terms of the industrial output, US output is $2.8 trillion, but it only equals to the sum of China and Japan.
040157.Discovering the Port of Roman London 发现罗马伦敦港
文本：
But what we are going to discuss today is how the port of London was discovered and what we discovered
about it. Now if you look at the historical records of Roman London, there is only about 14 actual references
to London in antiquity I contemporary references. And all those only one is in the first century, there are
none at all in the second or third century. There is only one in the late third century and there is four in the
fourth century. So if you are a historian trying to write the history of Rome in London, it's very difficult.
You don't really have much data, you're going to depend on the archaeological evidence, the material
evidence of the port and indeed the town to have any understanding of what happened then. And so, what
we're looking at here is how did we discover about the port of London, there is no historical documentations,
no customs books, no terrorists, no idea of the taxes. We have to understand the port entirely from the
archaeological evidence. So that's what we are going to do today. So, if we move on to the next slide, I love
lifestreaming. Thank you very much.
160
Key Points 翻译
This lecture is about how the port of London was 这堂课讲的是伦敦港是如何被发现的以及我们发现了什

discovered and what we discovered about it.
么。
There are very few references to the historian 很少有关于罗马伦敦的历史记载。

records of Roman London.
Thus, it’s very difficult for a historian to write the 因此，历史学家很难写出罗马伦敦的历史。

history of Roman London.
Because we don’t have much data, we have to 由于我们没有太多的数据，我们必须依靠考古证据来了

depend on the archaeological evidence to understand
解这个港口。
the port.
040144.Social Identity 社会身份
整理回忆：
Key Points 翻译
161
The lecture talks about information about the 这堂课讲的是关于社会认同概念的信息。

concept of social identity.
He has studied several aspects of social identity 他研究了社会认同的几个方面，包括社会认同威胁。

including social identity threats.
As for social identity, it is part of the personal 社会认同是个体认同的一部分，包括年龄、性别、地

identity, including age, sex, region, religion, etc.
域、宗教信仰等。
He raised two questions about why social identity is 他提出了两个问题，关于社会认同为何重要，以及它将

important and what influence it will have on us.
对我们产生何种影响。
The answer to both questions is: it depends. 这两个问题的答案都是:视情况而定。
040074.Bilingual Kids 双语的孩子
文本：
The arising concern that a lot of people have about raising children bilingually, especially the preschool year
is based on the conceptualization that the human brain at birth is essentially monolingual. And the reason
why come to this occasion. Because often the parents will ask me if they use two languages at home will
their child be confused, because they hearing two languages. And parents are often ask my advice about
whether they should use one language on parent role which is widely known that parents who are raising
children bilingually. And the reason why most people think this is a good idea is that it will help to reduce
the risks of the children being confused. Because they were able to associate each language with a separate
speaker. The fear is that both parents use both languages, especially they use both languages into changeable
within the same conversation within the same sentences. The child will not be able to separate the languages.
162
Key Points 翻译
This lecture is about raising children bilingually. 这是一篇关于用双语抚养孩子的讲座。
The human brain at birth is essentially monolingual. 人类出生时的大脑基本上是单语的。
Parents wonder that if they use two languages at 父母们想知道，如果他们在家使用两种语言，他们的

home will their child be confused.
孩子是否会感到困惑。
Most people think that use one language on parent 大多数人认为用一种语言来描述父母的角色是一个好

role is a good idea, as it reduces the risk of the
主意，因为它可以降低孩子们感到困惑的风险。
children being confused.
both parents use both languages, especially they use 父母双方都使用两种语言，尤其是他们在同一个对话

both languages into changeable within the same
中，在同一个句子中，把两种语言变成可变的。这个
conversation within the same sentences. The child
孩子将无法区分这两种语言。
will not be able to separate the languages.
163
040059.Dancing Bee 跳舞的蜜蜂
文本：
Honey bees do a waggle dance to direct other bees to the sources of nectar. The dancing bees like this one
can be halted by a head-butt from another bee. Now research has found that this head-butt is actually a
warning signal. A feeding station was set up in the lab to mimic a source of nectar, and then foraging bees
were introduced to the dangers at the station, such as competition from rival colonies. When foragers
returned to the hive they stopped bees dancing. Scientists think the behavior warns dancers of a dangerous
source of nectar.
164
Key Points 翻译
This lecture is about dancing bee. 这是一篇关于跳舞的蜜蜂的讲座。
Honey bees do a waggle dance to direct other bees 蜜蜂跳摇摆舞来指引其他蜜蜂找到花蜜的来源。

to sources of nectar.
The dancing bee can be halted by a head-butt from 但是研究人员发现，跳舞可以被另一只蜜蜂的头撞到作

another bee, which is a warning signal.
为一个警告信号而停止。
The researchers set up in the lab to mimic a source 他们建立了一个模仿花蜜来源的实验室，并把觅食的蜜

of nectar and then foraging bees were introduced to
蜂引入到来自竞争群体竞争的危险中。
the dangers at the station.
When foragers returned to the hive they stopped 当觅食工蜂返回蜂巢时，它们阻止蜜蜂跳舞。

bees dancing.
Their behavior of stopping bee’s dancing is a 停止蜜蜂跳舞的行为是对一种危险的蜜源的警告。

warning of a dangerous source of nectar.
165
040061.Gross National Happiness 国民幸福总值
文本：
Only one country, tiny little Bhutan, wedged between China and India, has adopted the Gross National
Happiness as the central index of government policy, and actually has a good deal of success in education
and in health and in economic growth and in environmental preservation. And they have a rather
sophisticated way of measuring the effects of different policies on people’s happiness. But they are the only
country to go that far. But you are now beginning to get other countries interested enough to do kind of
white paper policy analyses about happiness research – what effects would it have if we used it more for
public policy? You are beginning to get countries like Australia, France, Great Britain that are considering
publishing regular statistics on happiness. So it is beginning to become a subject of greater interest for
policymakers and legislators in different advanced countries.
Key Points 翻译
This lecture is about happiness. 这是一篇关于幸福的讲座。
166
Bhutan is the only country that has adopted the Gross 不丹是唯一一个将国民幸福总值作为政府政策核心指
National Happiness as the Central index of
标的国家。
government policy.
They have a rather sophisticated way of measuring the 他们有一种相当复杂的方法来衡量不同政策对人们幸

effects of different policies on people’s happiness.
福感的影响。
Other countries are now interested in happiness 其他国家现在对幸福研究感兴趣，并希望将其更多地

research and would like to use it more for public
用于公共政策。
policy.
It is beginning to become a subject of greater interest 它正开始成为不同发达国家的政策制定者和立法者更

for policymakers and legislators in different advanced
感兴趣的话题。
countries.
040139.Absolute zero 绝对零度
（配有视频）
整理回忆：
Absolute zero is the point at which the fundamental particles of nature have minimal vibrational motion.
Absolute zero, theoretically, is not achievable and does not exist. But scientists are putting a lot of effort into
designing experiments trying to achieve or create absolute zero.
The reason they do so is not for a predetermined end. They are not focusing on the goal of the experiment.
The fun in these experiments is to find and prove whether something you don’t know exists or not. And this
is the beauty of science that scientist’s fall in love with
167
Key Points 翻译
This lecture is about absolute zero. 这篇讲座是关于绝度零度。
Absolute zero is a temperature at which all natural 绝对零度是所有自然粒子都没有进行振动运动的温度，

particles have no vibrational motions, which not
这是不可能实现的。
attainable.
But the scientists are still putting efforts in designing 但科学家们仍在努力设计实验。试图实现或创造绝对零

experiments on it, trying to achieve or create
度。
absolute zero.
Scientific research is not for the goal, but for the 科学研究不是为了目标，而是为了结果。
results.
The fun of experiment is to find and prove 实验的乐趣在于发现和证明你不知道的东西，这就是科

something you don't know, this is the beauty that
学家所热爱的美。
scientist in love with.
040142.Mega cities 大城市
（配有线图）
168
Key Points 翻译
This lecture is about the huge impact of mega cities. 大城市的发展带来了巨大的影响。
Global population has increased from 1.5 billion in 全球人口从 1990 年的 15 亿增长到 2000 年的 60 亿，
1990 to 6million in 2000, which is a 4 folds increase.
增长了 4 倍。
Meanwhile, resource consumption increased by 16 与此同时，资源消耗在本世纪增长了 16 倍。

folds over the century.
Due to globalization and urbanization, cities only take 由于全球化和城市化，城市只占 2%的土地，但有 50%
up 2% of the land, but have 50% of the population
的人口和 75%的资源消耗。
and consume 75% of the resources.
Moreover, people also produce tons of wastes. 不仅如此，人们还产生了大量的废物。
040050.London’s Fog 伦敦的雾
169
文本：
Turner, not surprisingly, painted one of the earliest pictures of London’s fog in the 1835 painting, the
Thames above Waterloo Bridge. Turner is a trueborn Londoner, is advertising his familiarity with London’s
air problem by putting smoke and atmospheric pollution at its center. And as you can see, in here, the bridge
is the central elements which are a theme that’s later taken up by Monet. And it's partly obscured by the
steam and smoke which rises from both sides of the river. Here, we see a shot-tower. I think you can just
about to see it, which was constructed in 1826. Do you know what shot-towers are? They produce shot for
guns, ammunition. And they were very smoky, one of the more smoking industries. But it's barely visible, as
you can see, as are the various industries on the lambent side of the river. There's, on this side, there's a
steam ship about to dock or preparing to leave, its black smoke thrusting up to join the kind of swirling arc
of smoke there. William Rodner sees this painting as a potent essay on the energy and complexity of modern
polluted urbanization. Smoke, I think, here represents for a flourishing economy, which brings employment
and food on tables, but also the dirt and pollution associated with the fumes. All seems to be tainted by
sulfurous yellow.
170
Key Points 翻译
This lecture is about a picture painted by Turner 这一讲座主要讨论特纳的画，画中描绘了最早时期的伦

which shows the earliest London’s fog.
敦雾。
In the painting, the bridge is the center part, which is 桥是中心元素，部分被蒸汽和烟雾遮蔽。

partly obscured by the steam and smoke.
And there are shot-tower and a steamship. 我们还可以看到炮塔和蒸汽船。
This painting as a potent essay on the energy and 这幅画是一篇关于现代污染的城市化的能量和复杂性的

complexity of modern polluted urbanization.
有力文章。
Smoke represents a flourishing economy, which 烟雾代表着繁荣的经济，给人们带来就业和食物，但也

brings employment and food on tables, but also the
带来了与烟雾有关的灰尘和污染。
dirt and pollution associated with the fumes.
171
040057.Teaching 教学
（有配图：一个教授在讲话）
文本：
All my research and that I conducted was my 60 plus graduate students, was motivated by their need to learn,
so that we can teach. Of course, in some inventions happened along the way but I've always considered the
end result. And I always consider that this invention to be by-product, by-products of the learning process.
The end product for me was always better understanding or when one really succeeded in unifying theory
that can help us in teaching the subject. I've also looked at teaching as a vehicle to try new ideas, or new
ways to doing things on an intelligent group of learners. That is as the vehicle for the teaching research
results. And in my experience, this kind of teaching is the most stimulated and motivating to students. I am
also uncovered many interesting research problems is the cause of teaching the subject. It is this unity of
research and teaching their close connection and the benefits gathered by exercising and the interplay that to
be recognized the successful professor.
Key Points 翻译
This lecture is about teaching. 这是关于教学方法的讲座。
172
The speaker mentioned that 60 plus graduate 演讲者提到 60 多名研究生的动机是学习的需要。在这过

students were motivated by their need to learn. And
程中就产生了一些发明。
some inventions happened along the way.
He thought that inventions are the by-products of 他认为这个发明是学习过程的副产品。

learning process.
The speaker also has looked at teaching as a vehicle 我也把教学看作是一种尝试新想法的工具，或者是在一

to try new ideas, or new ways to doing things on an
群聪明的学习者身上做事情的新方法。
intelligent group of learners.
And this kind of teaching is the most stimulated and 根据我的经验，这种教学方式对学生来说是最具刺激和

motivating to students.
动力的。
It is this unity and close connection of research and 正是这种研究与教学的统一与紧密联系，才被公认为成

teaching recognized the successful professor.
功的教授。
040124.Indian HIV Training 印度艾滋病培训
Key Points 翻译
173
This lecture is about the health training for community 这个讲座是关于社区服务者的健康培训。

service workers.
Health training is essential for community service 在艾滋病毒难以控制的印度，健康培训对社区服务工

workers in India where HIV is difficult to control.
作者至关重要。
Training is essential for workers to understand the 培训是工人了解预防知识和预防疾病传播的必要条

precaution knowledge and prevent disease from
件。
spreading.
They will be provided by big hospitals and 它们将由大医院和专业人员提供。

professionals.
The regular meetings will be held to follow up. Large 定期会议将进行跟进。有些城市不需要举办大型讲习

workshops and seminars are not necessary in some
班和研讨会。
cities.
040018.Thermodynamic and Atom Movement 热力学和原子运动
（配有 PPT，内容与文本高度吻合，可照读）
174
Key Points 翻译
This lecture is about thermodynamics and kinetic 热力学和动力学理论是物理学的主要发展方向。

theory, which are the major development of physics.
Thermodynamics is about heat and temperature 热力学是关于热和温度的传递以及它们与能量和功的

transmission and their relation to energy and work.
关系。
The laws of thermodynamic are constant and 动力学理论用组成物质的粒子的运动来解释物质的物

statistical, describing how quantities behave under
理性质。
various circumstances.
Thermodynamics are obeyed under most 热力学在大多数情况下是服从的，但也有例外，原子

circumstances, while there are exceptions when atoms
随动能随机运动。
move randomly with kinetic energy.
040042. Benefits of Migration 移民的好处
文本：
Now the economists calculated, it's a back-of-the-envelope calculation, that removing all immigration
controls would double the size of the world economy, and even a small relaxation of immigration controls
would lead to disproportionally big gains. Now from an ethical point of view, it's hard to argue against a
policy that will do so much to help people that are much poorer than us. The famous Rand Study reckons
that a typical immigrant who arrives in US ends up with $20,000 a year, that's rough. It's not just the
migrants themselves who gain; it's the countries they come from. Already, the migrants from poor countries
working in rich countries send home around 200 billion dollars a year, through formal channels, and about
twice as that through informal channels. And that compares to the neat a hundred million dollars that
Western governments give in aid. These remittances are not wasted on weapons or siphoned off into Swiss
175
bank accounts; they go straight into the pockets of local people. They pay for food, clean water and
medicines, they help kids in school, they help start up new business.
Key Points 翻译
This lecture is about the benefits of immigration. 这是一篇关于移民好处的讲座。
Economists calculated that removing all immigration 经济学家计算出，取消所有移民控制将使世界经济

controls would double the size of the world economy.
规模扩大一倍。
Even a small relaxation of immigration controls would 即使稍微放松移民控制，也会带来不成比例的巨大

lead to disproportional big gains.
收益。
It's not just the migrants themselves who gain; it's the 受益的不只是移民本身;而是他们来自的国家。
countries they come from.
Migrants from poor countries send money home through 来自贫穷国家的移民通过正规或非正规渠道把钱寄

formal or informal channels, which go straight into the
回家，这些钱直接进入当地人的口袋来提高他们的
pockets of local people to improve their living standards.
生活水平。
176
040003.Open Border 开放边界
文本：(配有 PPT，列了出四个 cases: principle, humanity, economics, pragmatic，具体叙述要认真听）
I believe our borders should be open. But if that is not politically acceptable for now, Europe should at least
open up a legal route for people from developing countries to come work here. Over time, hopefully, we can
move to a position where borders are completely open. Persuading skeptics won't be easy. That’s why I
think the argument for free migration has to be made at several levels. A principled case, it increases
freedom and reduces injustice. A humanitarian case, it helps people much poorer than us. An economic case,
it makes us richer. And a pragmatic case, it is inevitable, so it is in everyone’s interests to make the best of it.
Freedom of movement is not just a matter of human rights and international solidarity. It is in our self-
interest. Opening our borders may seem unrealistic. But so too, once did abolish slavery or giving women
the vote. Campaigning for people’ right to vote freely is a noble cause for our time.
Key Points 翻译
177
This lecture is about open borders. 这是一篇关于开放边界的讲座。
The Speaker claimed that developed counties 演讲者认为发达国家应该向发展中国家开放边界，这符

should open their borders, which is in everyone’s
合所有人的利益。原因有四。
interests to make the best of it. There are four
reasons.
From a principle perspective, it increases freedom 在原则方面，开放秩序减少了不公正，并允许自由。

and reduces injustice.
From a humanitarian perspective, it helps poor 在人道方面，它帮助了穷人。

people.
From an economic perspective, it makes developed 在经济上，它使发达国家更加富有。

countries richer.
From a pragmatic perspective, it is inevitable. 从务实的角度来看，开放边界是不可避免的。
040007.Licking and grooming rats 舔舐和梳理老鼠
（图文高度相关，可照读）
178
Key Points 翻译
This lecture is about stress reactivity. 这是一篇关于应激反应的讲座。
Differences in stress reactivity of adult rats are 成年大鼠应激反应的差异是由母鼠在婴儿期的舔舐和梳

determined by maternal licking and grooming
理决定的。
during infancy.
L means licking and G means grooming. L 表示舔，G 表示理毛。
High LG lead to modest stress reactivity and 高 LG 导致适度的应激反应，降低发育不良和疾病的风险

reduced risk for poor development and disease
Low LG leads to increased stress reactivity and 低 LG 导致应激反应增加，增加心脏病、糖尿病和其他疾

increases risk for heart disease, diabetes and other
病的风险。
diseases.
040014.Robot 机器人
整理回忆：
179
Key Points 翻译
This lecture is about robots. 这是一篇关于机器人的讲座。
Why is it so difficult to make a robot like humans? 为什么制造像人类一样的机器人如此困难?
It’s easy for us to finish some tasks, but it’s difficult 完成一些任务对我们来说很容易，但对机器人来说
for robots.
却很难
For example, we distinguish colors easily, but it’s hard 例如，我们很容易区分颜色，但这对机器人来说很

for robot.
难。
They only have a simple sensor which has a camera on 他们只有简单的传感器，传感器上有一个摄像头来

it to capture pixels, but color distinguish need
捕捉像素，但是颜色识别需要复杂的感官来完成。
complicated sensory to fulfill. So the sensory of robots
因此，机器人的感官应该得到改善。
should be improved.
In conclusion, there is no comparison between humans 总之，人类和机器人之间没有可比性。

and robots.
180
040034.Loggerhead turtles 红海龟
（有配图，有两张图，一张是美国地图，标注了三个地点 Virginia、Georgia 和 Carolina，地点上都
标注了时间，表示的是海龟迁徙；还有一张图是一张黑色的乌龟图片）
Key Points 翻译
This lecture is about Loggerhead turtle which is 红海龟是世界上最大的海龟之一。

one of the largest sea turtles in the world.
It has a big head and short neck and is almost 它头大脖子短，在美国濒临灭绝。

distinct in the USA.
Scientists put trackers on the turtle’s shell and use 科学家和研究人员在海龟的壳上安装了追踪器，并用卫

satellites to track and locate their migration route.
星跟踪和定位它们的迁徙路线。
To adapt to temperature and climate change, they 为了适应温度和气候的变化，它们通过许多地方迁徙。

migrate via many places.
The migration takes around 3 months, from Florida 迁徙需要大约 3 个月的时间，从 4 月份的南部佛罗里达
in the south in April, laying eggs in May, to the
州，到 5 月份的产卵地，再到美国北部。
north of the country.
181
040035. Art 艺术
（配有视频）
文本：
I have said before that you can’t have a civilization that doesn’t have art when we think about the great
civilizations historically. All of them had a great production of culture and art because a society has built to
observe itself and the sophistication of the great civilizations were their ability to look at themselves. And
what allows a society to do that are the producers of art and culture with mirror back to the core of the
society exactly. What is being produced at that moment? How people are thinking of themselves and how
individuals are relating to the social structure at that time. Art is the vehicle through which we understand
that. Were you to take away art, What would be that mirror? How would we see what we were about? How
would we understand what was going on in Paris at the time of the Impressionists when people were
learning to see in a completely different way? Pre-cinematography Pierre all of these things are just
emerging and here are people looking at the world in a very different way, which was considered so radical
at that time.
Key Points 翻译
This lecture is about civilization and art. 这是关于文明和艺术的讲座。
We can't have a civilization that doesn't have art. 我们不能有一个没有艺术的文明。
A society has built to observe itself and the 一个社会的建立是为了观察自己，伟大文明的复杂性在

sophistication of the great civilizations was their
于他们观察自己的能力。
ability to look at themselves.
The producers of art and culture with mirror back to 艺术与文化的生产者以镜像回到社会的核心，让社会做
182
the core of the society allow a society to do that. 到这一点。
Art is the vehicle through which we understand how 艺术是我们理解人们如何看待自己以及个人与当时社会

how people are thinking of themselves and how
结构的关系的载体。
individuals are relating to the social structure at that
time.
It also reflects how people look at the world in 艺术同样也反映了人们如何以不同的方式看世界。

different ways.
040043.Influence of Climate Change 气候变化的影响
文本：
Some adverse effects of climate changes to agricultural productions because some lands are unsuitable for
growing crops. There will be millions of people facing hunger in Africa in the future. Climate change will
result in less production and less food. It is difficult for developing countries to deal with climate change due
to their financial status and other issues. There are many people living in hunger especially in Africa. The
climate change has devastating effects on world economy. The tropical areas on earth are dry and hot, and
are originally not suitable for food production. The change of the climate leads to extreme weather
conditions such as flood and hurricane, which exacerbates the food production. As a result, it leads to a
continuous decline in food supply annually around 10-17%. And this trend is perceived to be continuing in
the future by 2070. The regions suffering the most will be some African countries.
Key Points 翻译
This lecture is about the influence of climate change, 这是关于气候变化影响的讲座。对农业生产产生了不

which has some adverse effects on agriculture
利的影响。
production.
183
Because some lands are unsuitable for growing crops. 气候变化的一些不利影响改变了农业生产，因为有些
土地不适合种植作物。
Climate change will result in less production and less 气候变化将导致减产和粮食减产,非洲将有数百万人

food. Millions of people will face hunger.
面临饥饿。
It is difficult for developing countries to deal with 由于发展中国家的财政状况和其他问题，它们很难应

climate change due to their financial status and other
对气候变化。
issues.
The climate change has devastating effects on the 气候变化对世界经济具有毁灭性的影响。

world economy.
The change of the climate leads to extreme weather 气候的变化导致极端天气条件，这加剧了粮食生产。

conditions, which exacerbates food production.
As a result, it leads to a continuous decline in food 因此，它导致粮食供应每年持续下降约 10 - 17%。

supply annually around 10 to 17%.
040045.Australian cities, Perth 澳大利亚城市,珀斯
文本：
Australia’s location is important for the world’s exports, and its international trade is also important. Since
Australia has a large territory with vast, uninhabited areas, all towns are scattered around. This leads to huge
expenses for transportation when using trains and ferries. The government also has to pay large amounts for
its telecommunications to build up the catching between these regions. The Australian people are mainly
living in five cities: Melbourne, Sydney, Perth and Brisbane and Adelaide. The most special one is Perth,
which is one of the most isolated cities in the world. However, this does not affect its state to be one of the
184
largest cities in Australia. Most large companies, like the two leading companies, Telstra and Qantas, they
are both based in Perth.
Key Points 翻译
This lecture is about Australian cities. 这是一篇关于澳大利亚城市的讲座。
Australia’s location is important for the world’s 澳大利亚的地理位置对世界出口很重要，其国际贸易

exports, and its international trade is also important.
也很重要。
Since Australia has a large territory, all towns are 由于澳大利亚幅员辽阔,所有的城镇都分布在澳大利亚

scattered around in Australia, people spend huge
各地，人们要花费大量的交通费用。
expenses on transportation.
The Australian people are mainly living in five cities: 澳大利亚人主要生活在五个城市:墨尔本、悉尼、珀

Melbourne, Sydney, Perth and Brisbane and Adelaide.
斯、布里斯班和阿德莱德。
Although Perth is one of the most isolated cities in the 尽管珀斯是世界上最孤立的城市之一，这并不影响它

world, this does not affect its state to be one of the
作为澳大利亚最大城市之一的地位。
largest cities in Australia.
185
040069.Pavlov’s Experiment V1 巴甫洛夫的实验版本一
文本：
During this time my goals are going to be to talk about the phenomenon that we may share impart with other
animals, and our language and that is emotion. And also talk about some new technology, brain imagining,
functional magnetic resonance imagining that we applied to try to answer some very old questions about
how’s does motivation and emotion work. I’m going to present you with the scenario first, and some of you
may be familiar with. This was developed by Pavlov over a century ago.
And in this scenario, the dog is presented with the sound, the dog waits, and then it’ll see food powder and
this happens repeatedly, things start to happen in the middle of what we’ve already understood point.
Interesting things start to happen here. Pavlov’s study was salivation the dog, the salivation increases more
time to paralyses. But other things happened here too. You have a dog move around here more, all kinds of
things are going on here. What we trying to capture was the experiment I’m going on to describe today is
what is going on in the brain to generate that state which we called it Pavlov state. But you can also think
Key Points 翻译
186
We may share impart with other animals, and our 我们可以与其他动物分享我们的语言和情感。还有一些

language and emotion. And some new technology,
新技术，脑成像和功能性磁成像。
brain imaging and functional magnetic imagining.
Pavlov experiment was developed a century ago, 巴甫洛夫实验是在一个世纪前发展起来的，实验表明，

which shows the dog is presented with the sound and
当狗听到声音时，它会等待。
the dog waits.
The study shows the salivation of the dog and 研究表明，狗的唾液分泌和唾液分泌增加了麻痹的时

salivation increases more time to paralyses.
间。
It indicates the brain generate the competitive state. 它表明大脑产生竞争状态。
040094.Australian export 澳大利亚出口
整理回忆：
187
In the lecture, the speaker talks about Australia exports. At the beginning of the lecture, the speaker says that
it used to be isolated from North American/UK. Also, the speaker mentions the changes happened since
1985. The development of Japan and China led to more exports. China became the second largest export
country just after Japan. According to the speaker, China's rise exerted a great influence to Australia. Lastly,
the speaker indicates that Australia should take the advantage to promote its exports.
Key Points 翻译
In the past, Australia was concerned about its export 过去，澳大利亚对其出口感到担忧，因为它在地理上

because it is geographically isolated from North
与北美和英国隔绝。
America and the UK.
Nowadays, with the rise of Asia, especially China, 如今，随着亚洲的崛起，特别是中国的崛起，澳大利

Australia has become a great exporting country to
亚以其得天独厚的地理位置成为中国的重要出口国。
China with its perfect location.
Currently, Japan is the largest importing country of 目前，日本是澳大利亚最大的进口国，但中国未来可

Australia, but China may become the largest one in
能成为最大的进口国。
the future.
Australia should take advantage of China’s rise to 澳大利亚应该利用中国的崛起来发展出口。

develop its exports.
188
040093.Variation in Frogs 青蛙的变化
Key Points 翻译
This lecture is about frog deformity. 这是一篇关于青蛙变异的讲座。
20% to 30% frogs are deformed to extra limbs or 20%到 30%的青蛙会因为多余的肢体或缺失的肢体而变

missing limbs.
形。
189
It’s harm to the development of frogs and also 它对青蛙的发育有害，也会影响两栖动物的数量减少。

affects the decline of amphibians.
Some people think it is caused by their drinking 一些人认为这是由于他们的饮用水，所以人们担心水也

water, so people worried that the water will also
会影响他们的健康。
affect their health.
040104.The Increasing Productivity 增加生产力
Key Points 翻译
The development of technology during Industrial 工业革命期间技术的发展提高了生产力。

Revolution has increased productivity.
190
Thus, there is more output for every unit of input, 这样，每单位投入就有更多的产出，大大降低了成本。

which reduces cost significantly.
For example, in the past, the cost of computer 比如，过去电脑价格昂贵是因为生产电脑的半导体很

production was relatively high because the price of
贵。
semiconductors was expensive.
With increased productivity, the cost of computer 随着生产力的提高，电脑零件的成本下降，电脑变得更

parts goes down and computers become cheaper.
便宜。
040207.Dimension 维度
整理回忆：
191
Key Points 翻译
Dimensions can be defined as the number of spaces 维度可以定义为描述一个位置所需的空间或变量的数

or variables needed to describe a position.
量。
One dimension refers to 1 variable, which is 一维表示一个变量，即经度。

longitude.
Two dimensions contain 2 variables, namely 二维包含两个变量，即经度和纬度。

longitude and latitude.
Three dimensions contain 3 variables: longitude, 三个维度包含三个变量:经度、纬度和海拔。

latitude and altitude.
Four dimensions include the above-mentioned 四个维度包括上述变量和时间。

variables and time.
We can use 4 dimensions to represent any event in 我们可以用四个维度来表示空间中的任何事件，但是我

the space, but we seldom use them.
们很少使用它们。
040103.Science and Scientists 科学和科学家
（音频为对话形式）
整理回忆：
192
Key Points 翻译
Loving science is very different from being a 热爱科学与成为一名科学家大不相同。

scientist.
Scientists can do research and propose questions to 科学家可以做研究，提出问题来找出真相。

find out what is true.
Science is like furniture. It’s all about evidence. 科学就像家具。都是关于证据的。
However, science fiction is not scientific because 然而，科幻小说并不科学，因为你不需要博士学位就

you don’t need a PHD degree to understand science
能理解科幻小说。
fiction.
The speaker tried the traditional way of writing, but 演讲者尝试了传统的写作方式，但后来发现写作风格

later found that the writing style is too old-fashioned.
太过时了。
Therefore, fiction writing is not the same as writing 因此，小说写作并不等同于写日记。

journal.
193
040116.Latin America Economic Reform 拉美经济改革
（有配图，表格第一行是时间（197X – 最近），第二行是 economic growth，图上有具体的数字，但
是录音提到的百分比，图上并没有）
Key Points 翻译
This lecture is about the economic development in 这是关于拉丁美洲经济发展的讲座。

Latin America.
Due to globalization effect, economic growth in 由于全球化的影响，改革后拉丁美洲的经济增长急剧下

Latin America dropped dramatically after the
降。
reform.
People thought globalization could lead to an 人们认为全球化可以促进经济增长，但事实恰恰相反。

increase in economic growth, but it is actually the
opposite.
Over the past 20 years, the economic development in 20 年来，拉美经济增长 80%。

Latin America grew by 80%.
194
After the globalization and reform, the growth 在全球化和改革之后，经济增长从 80%放缓到 10%。
slowed down from 80% to 10%.
The speaker believes that the economy after the 演讲者认为改革后的经济是不可持续的。

reform is unsustainable.
So some people start to question whether the reform 因此，一些人开始质疑改革是积极的还是消极的发展。

is a positive or negative development.
040121.Government Blog 政府博客
（配有 PPT，内容很全）
Key Points 翻译
This lecture is about the government blog. 这是关于政府博客的讲座。
Blog is usually considered as a two-way interaction 博客通常被认为是一种双向互动——博主让内容和读

which means the blogger makes the contents and the
者在评论区与作者互动。
readers react or interact with the author in the
comment area.
195
But when it comes to government blog, it becomes 但是当涉及到政府博客时，就变得非常困难了，因为

really difficult since readers in the comment area
评论区的读者经常变得粗鲁无礼。
often become coarse and rude.
As a result, government blogs often go wild, chaotic 因此，政府博客经常变得疯狂、混乱和失控。

and out of control.
When the government begins to administer the 当政府开始管理博客上的评论时，人们对自己的言论

comments on the blog, people have the feeling of
自由有一种被操纵的感觉，这与初衷相悖。
being manipulated about their freedom of speech,
which contradicts the original intention.
040126.Language disorder in the UK 英国语言障碍
（配饼图，图中只有 10%，标题为 language disorder in the UK）
Key Points 翻译
This lecture is about language disorder is children ’ s 语言障碍是儿童产生语言能力的障碍。
disability to produce speech.
196
In the UK/US, 10% of the population suffers from it; 在英国/美国，10%的人口患有这种疾病;我们需要解

we need to address the problem.
决这个问题。
We need to know what language is and how it can be 我们需要知道语言是什么以及如何学习它。

learnt.
It is a philosophical question that children are not able 儿童语言障碍与成人不同，应单独处理。

to generate sentences.
while in adults it is a logical question. Children’s logic 在成年人当中，这是一个逻辑问题。儿童的逻辑和

is different from adults’.
成年人的是不一样的。
040129. Underwater Antares Detectors for fish 鱼类水下 Antares 探测器
（有配图，海上有艘船，海里有鱼）
Key Points 翻译
This lecture is about Underwater Antares Detector 水下安塔瑞斯探测器是一个安装在水下的摄像头，用

which is a camera installed under water to monitor
来监视鱼类。
fishes.
197
It is a remote technology system that can be used to 这是一个远程技术系统，可以用来观察周围环境的变

observe the surrounding environment change and
化和水温的变化。
water temperature change.
The camera can help find out fish's reaction to the 摄像机可以探测周围的环境和鱼类，这有助于发现它
feeding.
们吃什么和不吃什么。
This makes it possible for people to change their 这使得人们可以在鱼对喂养没有反应时迅速改变他们

feeding strategies quickly when fish do not react to
的喂养策略。
the feeding.
198
ANSWER SHORT QUESTION

 本周新增：
ID Question&Answer Translation
050719 What is the first paragraph of an essay? 我们把报告的第一段叫做什么?
--Introduction.
—介绍。
How many years are there in a century? 一个世纪有多少年?

050021
--100 years. —100 年。
What natural resource is used by a carpenter? 木匠使用什么自然资源?

050480
--Wood. —木。
What is the natural material used to make a car tire? 制造汽车轮胎的天然材料是什么?

050294
--Rubber. —橡胶。
050659 If a parent have a couple of children, how many children 如果一个父母有一对孩子，他有几个

does he have?
孩子?
--Two.
——两个。
What shines at night in the sky and uses its own

050764 什么东西在夜晚的天空中发光并使用
brightness?
– Star. 它自己的亮度?
——明星。
199
Which shape has four equal sides and four angles, and
050765 哪个形状有四条等边和四个角，每个
each angle is a right angle?
– Square 角都是直角?
——平方
050763 What’s the legal document protecting someone’s

保护某人知识产权的法律文件是什么?
intellectual property?
--copyright ——版权
Equator divide the earth into how many parts?

050760 赤道把地球分成多少部分?
--two
——两个
How is half be presented in percentage?

050761 一半如何用百分数表示?
--50%
——50%
你怎么称呼一本书前面的列表，它概
What do you call a list in front of a book which outlines
050324 the structure of a book? 括了一本书的结构?
--Table of Contents. —目录。
050701 What do these following describe: kilogram, pounds, 下面这些描述是什么:千克，磅，吨?

tons?
—重量。
--Weight.
050523 Who is the person who works in a hospital and can do 谁是在医院工作并能做手术的人?
operations?
—外科医生。
--Surgeon.
050529 When something has increased by triple, how many times 当某个东西增加了三倍时，它增加了
does it increase?
多少次？
200
--Three times. —三次。
050739 When you use Microsoft Word, what does “Times New 当您使用 Microsoft Word 时， “Times
Roman” mean?
New Roman”是什么意思?
-Font.
—字体。
050619 Where can you find the index in a book? 你在哪里能找到一本书的索引?
--At the end.

—最后。
050518 What is the opposite to convex? 凸的反义词是什么?
--Concave.
—凹。
050676 If you want to find the map of the US, what type of book 如果你想找到美国地图，你应该用什
should you use?
么类型的书?
--Atlas.
—地图集。
The patient who have phobia suffer from what? 有恐惧症的病人患什么病?

050758
--Fear
——恐惧
What are the five things in front of your foot? 你脚前的五样东西是什么?

050759
--Toes
——脚趾
050615 How many wheels does a tricycle have? 三轮车有几个轮子?
--Three.
—三个。
What are the things that you touch with you left hand
050331 你弹吉他时碰到的东西是什么?
when you play a guitar?
201
--Strings. —琴弦
我们怎么称呼一个能卖处方药的医生
What can we call a doctor who can sell prescribed
050309 medicines? 呢?
--Pharmacist./Chemist. —药剂师。
What does a Sundial measure? 日晷是用来测量什么的?

050325
--Time. —时间。
How do you call the book where you collect all your 你把你所有的照片收集在一起的书叫
photos together?
050515 什么名字?
--Album.
—相册。
050745 What is the device that shows the time of the day 根据阳光的阴影显示一天的时间的装
according to the shadow of sunlight?
置是什么?
--Sundial.
—日晷。
“前辈”的反义词是什么?
What is the opposite of “predecessor”?
050329
--Successor. —继任者。
太阳从哪个方向升起?
In which direction does the sun rise from?
050042
--East. —东方。
050471 What system does the earth belong to? 地球属于什么系统?
202
--Solar system. —太阳系。
什么样的书是一个人写的关于自
What kind of book is written by a person about their own
050182 life? 己的生活?
--Autobiography.
—自传。
骆驼通常住在哪里?
Where does a camel normally live?
050263
--Desert. —沙漠。
在炎热的天气里，可以往饮料里加些
What can be added to a drink to cool it down on a hot
050059 day? 什么来降温呢?
--Ice. —冰。
How many days should be added to the February in a leap

闰年的二月应该增加多少天?
050315 year?
—一天。
--One day.
050079 What do birds use to fly? 鸟类用什么来飞翔?
– Wings.
—翅膀
050080 What do mammals use to feed their next generations? 哺乳动物用什么来喂养他们的下
– Breast. 一代呢？
—乳房
203
050081 What material are windows made of? 窗户是用什么材料制成的呢？
– Glass
—玻璃
What is the general term for paintings of the countryside 乡村画或自然风景画的通称是什么?
050096 or natural views?

—风景。
--Landscapes.
When you get lost in city, what do you need? 当你在城市里迷路时，你需要什么?

050305
--Map. —地图。
What publication reports daily news? 什么出版物报道每日新闻?

050506
--Newspaper. —报纸。
如果织物或药物是人为的，而不是天
If something such as fabric or medicine is artificially
050031 made, not natural, what do we say it is? 然的，我们怎么说呢?
--Artificial/Manmade synthesis. —人工/人造合成。
按时间顺序排列的事件列表通常描述
A list of events placed in time order is usually described
050004 as what? 为什么?
--A chronology/a timeline. —年表/时间表
050679 If you invented something, what can you apply for to 如果你发明了什么东西，你可以申请
prevent others copying your invention?
什么来防止别人复制你的发明?
--Patent.
—专利。
204
050634 How do we call that animals and plants preserved in the 我们怎么称呼保存在岩石中的动植物
rocks?
呢?
--Fossils.
—化石。
Which organ is the blood pumped from?★悉尼机房考生

血液是从哪个器官泵出来的?
050121 已确认
—心脏。
--Heart.
How many years are there in a passage of decade? ★悉尼

十年的过去有多少年?
050022 机房考生已确认
—10。
--10.
What can we call a document protecting someone ’ s

我们怎么称呼保护某人的知识产权?
050310 intellectual property?
—版权。
--Copyright.
你可以随身携带的电脑部件，它和动
The part of computer you can carry with you and has the
050239 same name as that of an animal. 物的名字一样。
--Mouse. —鼠标。
一连串的珠子用于计数的祈祷。是念
A string of beads used for counting prayers. Rosary or
050280 Garland? 珠或花环吗?
--Rosary. —念珠。
050318 If there are 8 black balls and 1 white ball, and I randomly 如果有 8 个黑球和 1 个白球，我随机选
205
pick one, which color is mostly likely to be picked? 一个，最可能选哪种颜色?
--Black.
—黑色。
What do we call the thread in the center of a candle? 蜡烛中央的线叫什么?

050475
--Wick. —灯芯。
050618 Which part at the end of book can be used for further 书的最后哪一部分可以用来进一步阅
reading? An index or a bibliography?
读?索引还是参考书目?
--Bibliography.
—参考书目。
050628 What is the hard object in the center of peaches, apples 桃子、苹果和梨中间的硬物是什么?
and pears?
—核。
--Stone（核）.
050530 How do you describe the line that divides a circle in two 你怎样描述把一个圆分成两部分的那
pieces?★悉尼机房考生已确认条线?
--Chord. —和弦。
What are the people who study ancient bones or plants in

研究岩石中远古骨骼或植物的人是谁?
050317 rocks? ★珀斯机房考生已确认
—古生物学家
--Paleontologist
Would a supermarket, a café or a bookstore probably have 超市、咖啡馆或书店哪个可能有最广

050170
the widest range of products available. 泛的产品？
206
--A supermarket. —超市。
你如何描述一个主要以农业为基础的
How would you describe an economy based largely on
050025 farming? 经济?
--Agricultural. —农业学。
在汽车或飞机上绕着一个人旋转的皮
What do you call the strap that circulates a person in a car
050303 or an aeroplane? 带叫什么?
--Seatbelt. —安全带。
050630 A newspaper is published everyday, and a journal is 每天出版一份报纸，每月出版一本杂

published every month. What do you call the publication
志。一年出版四次的出版物叫什么?
that is published four times a year?
—季刊。
--Quarterly.
050538 What is the antonym of artificial? 人造这个词的反义词是什么?
What is the opposite to the word ‘artificial’?

—自然/真实/真实。
--Natural / genuine / real.
050639 Which one has more interactions between teachers and 哪一个老师和学生之间的互动更多，
students, a lecture or a tutorial?
讲座还是辅导课?
--A tutorial.
—教程。
050690 Which one is the quickest to finish 100 meters? Running, 哪一个最快跑完 100 米?跑步，散步，
walking, or jogging?
还是慢跑?
--Running.
—跑步。
207
050620 Which one has a higher humidity, a desert or a rainforest? 哪个湿度更高，沙漠还是雨林?
--A rainforest..
—热带雨林。
050543 What type of shape has four corners, four lines that are 什么形状有四个角，四条等长的线?
equal in length?
—正方形。
--Square.
050554 In which reference book can you find synonyms and 什么样的词典提供同义词、反义词和
antonyms?
相关词？
--Thesaurus.
—同义词典。
Which of the following sports is more dangerous,

下面哪个运动更危险，跳伞还是慢跑?
parachuting or jogging? 已确认
050500
—跳伞。
--Parachuting (跳伞).
What is the outer part that protects fruits like oranges and 什么样的东西能起到保护橘子和香蕉
bananas?
050347 的作用呢?
--Peel.
—果皮。
尽管男女平等方面取得了诸多进步，
Despite all the advances in equality between the sexes, 但会有更多的男性或女性参加职业足
050010 would more men or women play professional football?

球比赛吗?
--More men.
—更多的男性。
Historians use evidence to draw conclusions about the

050012 历史学家使用证据来总结过去，当代
past, would a contemporary artist’s painting of an ancient
208
battle be an original source or secondary source? 艺术家的古代战争绘画是原始来源还
--(a) Secondary (source). 是次要来源?
—次要(来源)。
How many days are in a leap year? 闰年有几天?

050015
--366. —366 年。
How many times a year is a quarterly journal published? 一本季刊一年出版几次?

050020
--Four. —四个。
如果一个图形是六角形的，它有多少
If a figure is hexagonal, how many sides does it have?
050026 条边?
--Six.
—6 条。
In which direction does the sun come up? 太阳从哪个方向升起?

050041
--East. —东方。
日历从周日开始，通常一周开始的另
Some calendars begin the week on Sunday, what is the
050051 other day which commonly starts a week? 一天是哪一天?
--Monday. —星期一。
如果一本书包含了很多单词及其含
What do we call a book that contains lots of words with
050063 their meanings? 义，我们该怎么称呼它呢?
--Dictionary. —字典。
209
What do we call the piece of paper that proves you have 证明你买了一件东西的那张纸叫什么?
050074 bought an item?

—收据。
--A receipt.
你会用什么仪器来检查非常小的物体
What instrument would you use to examine very small
050087 objects or life forms? 或生命形式?
--Microscope. —显微镜。
100%的 3 / 4 是多少?
What is 3 quarters of 100%?
050088 How much percent is three quarters? 四分之三是多少?
--75% —75%
What is the wet place does crocodile prefer to live? 鳄鱼喜欢住在哪个潮湿的地方？
In a grassland or a swamp can you normally see an

—沼泽/河流/湖泊。
050106
alligator (鳄鱼)?
--Swamp/river/lake.
What is the word in geometry for a shape that has three 有三条边的形状在几何学中叫什么?
050115 sides?
—三角形。
--Triangle.
What kind of liquid do mammals feed their babies 哺乳动物用什么液体喂养它们的孩子?
050119 (chidren)?
—牛奶。
--Milk.
050131 What word is used to describe frozen water? 用什么词来形容冰冻的水?
210
--Ice —冰
Which instrument is used to measure variations in 用什么仪器来测量温度的变化?
050148 temperature?
—温度计。
--Thermometer.
Which sweet food is produced by bees? 蜜蜂生产哪些甜食?

050159
--Honey. —蜂蜜。
Which symbol is used to complete a sentence? 哪个符号用来完成一个句子?

050160
--Full stop/period. —句号
Which was invented earlier, computer, telephone or .电脑、电话和打字机哪个发明得更早?
050161 typewriter?
—打字机。
--Typewriter.
视力有问题的人会向生物学家咨询或
Would a person suffering problems with their vision
050169 consult a biologist or an optometrist? 验光师咨询呢?
--(An) Optometrist. —验光师。
What is the red liquid that flows from the heart to the rest 流过身体的红色液体是什么?
050183 of the body?

—血液。
--Blood.
What is the name of a building where you can borrow 你可以借书的建筑物叫什么名字?
050186 books?
学生在学校可以从哪里借阅参考资料?
Where can students borrow reference materials in school?
211
--Library. —图书馆。
What do we call a period of 1000 years? 我们称 1000 年为什么时期?

050213
--Millennium. —千禧年。
What does the term otolaryngology mean? 耳鼻喉科这个术语是什么意思?

050219
--The study of ears, noses and throats. —研究耳朵、鼻子和喉咙
What do ophthalmologist specialize in? 眼科医生的专长是什么?

050220
--Eye operations / care. —眼部手术/眼部护理。
What do you call a piece of equipment we use to look at 我们用来观察星星的仪器叫什么?
050226 stars?
—天文望远镜。
--Astronomical telescope.
(下面的文字将出现在您的屏幕上。乔
(Below text will be on your screen. King George was the 治国王是 1993 年西班牙的统治者;2. 罗
ruler of Spain in 1993; 2. King Russell ruled Spain in
素国王于 1996 年统治西班牙;伯纳德国
050232 1996; King Bernard ruled Spain in 2000.) Who was the
王于 2000 年统治西班牙。)谁是伯纳德
predecessor for King Bernard?
国王的前任?
--King Russell.
—罗素国王。
Ounces and kg are the measures of what? 盎司和千克代表什么?

050243
--Weight. —重量。
050246 Plants that are grown in between rock? 生长在岩石之间的植物?
212
--Alpine plants or Lithophytes. —高山植物或岩生植物。
Which one is quicker? Running, walking or jogging? 哪一个更快?跑步，散步还是慢跑?

050248
--Running. —跑步。
What do we use to launch space shuttle? 我们用什么来发射航天飞机?

050259
--Rocket boosters/Rocket /A rocket booster. —火箭助推器
哪一种不是公共交通工具?火车、模型
Which is not a way of public transportation? Train, model
050261 car or air-plane? 车还是飞机?
--Model car. —汽车模型。
A place where dead bodies are kept. Cemetery or 存放尸体的地方。墓地或者停尸房?
050268 Mortuary?
—停尸房。
--Mortuary.
A place where fishes are kept? 养鱼的地方是?

050272
--Aquarium. —水族馆。
A disease which spreads by contact. 通过接触传播的疾病是？

050276
--Contagious disease. —传染性疾病。
What do we call the person who thinks only for himself? 我们怎么称呼那些只考虑自己的人?
050277
--Egoistic. —自私自利的人。
050279 What do we call a building for keeping and feeding 我们把养马和喂马的建筑物叫做什么?
213
horses, stable or kennel? 马厩还是狗舍?
--Stable.
—马厩。
Having a lot of fat in one's body. 身体里有很多脂肪是？

050286
--Obesity. —肥胖。
A notice of death in a newspaper. 报纸上的死亡通知是？

050287
--Obituary. —讣告。
Where is the solar energy coming from? 太阳能从何而来?

050293
--The Sun. —太阳。
How many alphabets are there in English? 英语中有多少个字母?

050296
--26. —26 个。
If a figure is pentagon, how many sides does it have? 如果一个数字是五边形，它有几条边?

050299
--Five. —5。
When you react to a stimulus, is your response quick or 当你对刺激做出反应时，你的反应是
slow?★布里斯班机房考生已确认快还是慢?
050307
--Quick. —快。
What fruit is used in a winery? 酿酒厂用什么水果?

050308
--Grapes.
—葡萄。
214
What can we call the animals with white ivory (象牙) and 长着白色象牙和长长的鼻子的动物叫
050311 long trunk (象鼻)? 什么?
--Elephant. —大象。
从寒冷地区到温暖地区的季节性飞行
How do you call the seasonal flying from cold to warmer
050313 areas? Mitigation or migration? 叫什么?缓解或迁移吗?
--Migration. —迁移。
How many years does a centennial celebrates? 多少年百周年庆祝?

050316
--100 years. —100 年。
如果你想买戒指，你会找谁?珠宝商还
If you want to buy a ring, who do you approach, a jeweler
050319 or pharmacist? 是药剂师?
--Jeweler. —珠宝师。
In which subject would you learn gravity ？ Physics or 你会在哪门课上学习重力?物理还是化
050320 学?
chemistry?
--Physics. —物理。
What do we call the instructions that tell you how to cook 告诉你如何烹饪食物的说明是什么?
050321 food?
—食谱。
--Recipe.
在餐馆做饭的人的工作头衔是什么?
What is the job title for someone who cooks food in a
050322
kitchen?
—厨师。
215
--Chef /Cook.
What is the big musical instrument that has 88 black and 有 88 个黑白键的大型乐器是什么?
050326 white keys?

—钢琴
--Piano.
What kind of food that vegetarians do not eat? 素食者不吃什么食物?

050327
--Meat. —肉。
What is the joint between your shoulder and your 你的肩膀和前臂之间的关节是什么?
050328 forearm?
—手肘。
--Elbow.
What are the strings on shoes? 鞋上的绳子是什么?

050330
--Shoelace. —鞋带。
哪个有更多的学术文章，杂志还是期
Which one has more academic articles, magazines or
050337 journals? 刊?
--Journals. —期刊。
什么样的山会喷发?/喷发的山脉是什
Which kind of mountain can erupt? /What are the
050338 mountains that are erupt? 么?
--Volcanoes. —火山。
What do we call the “Times New Roman” in word? “Times New Roman” 在 word 里是什么
050339
--Typeface. 意思?
216
—字体。
What species does a Giraffe belong to? 长颈鹿属于什么物种?

050356
--Animal. —动物。
我们把一个存放书籍和其他阅读和学
What do we call a depository built to contain books and
050376 other materials for reading and study? 习材料的仓库叫做什么?
--Library. —图书馆。
What stage is a ten-year old child in? 一个十岁的孩子处于什么阶段?

050430
--Teenage.
—青少年。
What is correlation with a cause? 是什么与原因相关?

050435
--Effect.
—结果。
你会用哪个词来描述沙漠、湿度还是
Which one would you use to describe the desert, humidity
050467 or aridity? 干旱?
--Aridity . —干旱。
Before airplanes were invented, how did people travel 在飞机发明之前，人们是如何从美洲

between island from America to Europe?
050470 岛屿旅行到欧洲的?
--By ship /By cruise.
—坐船。
What is the opposite of positive? 积极的反义词是什么?

050473
--Negative. —消极。
217
如果一个物种被描述为有毒的，它有
If a species is described as venomous, what substance it
050477 has? 什么物质?
--Toxin. —毒素
Under which circumstance would you describe the 在哪种情况下，你会把经济描述为好

economy as a good one, the one with high unemployment
050479 经济，高失业率还是低失业率?
or low unemployment?
—低失业率。
--Low unemployment.
如果你对一项协议很满意，你想在合
If you are happy with an agreement, what would you like
050481 to put at the bottom of the contract with the date? 同底部加上什么?
--Signature. —签名。
How many hemisphere does the equator divide the globe 赤道把地球分成多少个半球?
050482 into? ★墨尔本机房考生已确认

—两个。
--Two.
在数学和算术中，有加法、乘法、除
In mathematics and arithmetic, there are addition,
050484 multiplication, division. What is the other one? 法。另一个是什么?
--Subtraction. —减法。
How many days are there in February during a leap year? 闰年二月有多少天?
050486
--29 days. —29 天。
What is the most catching line of the newspaper?

050487 这份报纸最吸引人的地方是什么?
--Headline.
218
—标题。
What is the adjective to describe the creatures that no 描述不复存在的生物的形容词是什么?
050488 longer exist?

—灭绝。
--Extinct .
What is the cracking or breaking of a hard object or

什么是硬物或材料的开裂或断裂?
material?
050490
—骨折。
--Fracture（骨折）.
If you have a toothache, do you go to a surgeon or a 如果你牙疼,你会去看外科医生还是牙
050494 dentist?★小米老师已确认医?
--Dentist. —牙医。
What does an altitude measure? 海拔是用来测量什么的?

050497
--Height. —高度。
我们把每四年举行一次的把人们聚集
What do we call a festival which is held every four years 在一起作为一项体育活动的节日叫做
050498 gathering people together as a sporting event?

什么?
--Olympics (Games).
—奥运会。
素食者吃什么食物，牛肉馅饼还是水
What type of food does a vegetarian eat, beef pie or fruit
050501 salad? 果沙拉?
--Fruit Salad. —水果沙拉。
219
Which day is between Tuesday and Thursday? 星期二和星期四之间是哪一天?

050503
--Wednesday. —周三。
Which part of body do optometrists examine? 验光师检查身体的哪个部位?

050504
--Eyes. —眼睛。
What can bring astronauts to space? 什么能把宇航员带到太空?

050505
--Spacecraft. —宇宙飞船。
What is paper made from? 纸是用什么做的?

050507
--Trees /wood. —树/木头。
What will snow become after it melted? 雪融化后会变成什么?

050508
--Water. —水。
Oral English is different from academic English, which is 口语不同于学术英语，学术英语最好

the best term to describe academic English: tolerant or
050511 用哪个词来形容:宽容的还是严格的?
rigorous?
--Rigorous. —严格的。
在面试时，你的态度是热情的还是消
What attitude would you have when you are in a job
050512 interview, enthusiastic or passive? 极的?
--Enthusiastic . —热情的。
220
050519 What is the opposite of still? 静止的反义词是什么?
--Dynamic or active.
—动态或活动。
050521 What electronic device wakes you up in the morning? 什么电子设备能让你在早上醒来?
--Alarm clock.
—闹钟。
050526 Who sits in the cockpit of an airplane? 谁坐在飞机的驾驶舱里?
--Pilot.
—飞行员。
050527 What institution helps people save money? 什么机构帮助人们省钱?
--Bank.
—银行。
050528 Which kind of people use periodic table to study? 哪种人用元素周期表来学习?
--Chemist.
—化学家。
050531 How do you call someone who likes to drink heavily 你怎么称呼一个每天都喝很多酒的人?
everyday?
—酒鬼。
--Alcoholic.
050532 What term is used for the amount of money we owe, asset 我们所欠的钱是什么，资产还是负债?
or debt?
—负债。
--Debt.
050533 Which shape in mathematics has the concept of perimeter 数学中哪个形状有周长和直径的概念?

and diameter?
—圆。
--Circle.
221
050534 What material is used both on window and light bulb? 窗户和灯泡都用什么材料?
—玻璃。
--Glass.
050535 Which continent do China, India, Korea and Japan locate? 中国、印度、韩国和日本位于哪个大
陆?
--Asia.
—亚洲。
050541 What do bees collect from flowers? 蜜蜂从花中收集什么?
--Pollen.
—花粉。
050542 Why are bees so important to agriculture?★珀斯考生已为什么蜜蜂对农业如此重要?
确认 —授粉。
--Pollination.
050545 What do we call the person who can speak two 我们如何称呼会说两种语言的人?
languages?
—双语。
--Bilingual.
050546 What is the line between countries? 国家之间的界限是什么?
--Boundary or border.
—边界。
050549 Which one is easier to recycle, plastic or paper? 塑料和纸哪个更容易回收?
--Paper.
—纸。
050552 What is the item of footwear intended to protect and 什么是保护和舒适人类脚的鞋类物品?
222
comfort human foot? —鞋子。
--Shoes.
050555 Inhalation of which tobacco substance or activity is 吸入哪种烟草物质或活动是危险的?

dangerous?
—尼古丁。
--Nicotine.
050556 What century are we now? 我们现在是哪个世纪?
--Twenty first.
—二十一世纪。
050557 In the library, which books we are not allowed to bring 在图书馆里，哪些书是我们不能随身
them out with ourselves?
携带出来的?
--Reserved book.
—馆藏书。
050560 Where do we hang our clothes, closet or drawer? 我们的衣服是挂在衣柜里还是抽屉里?
--Closet.
—衣柜。
050577 One map given and asked about Which ocean is on west 一张地图给了并询问它的西面是哪个
of it? ( Which ocean is to the west?)
海洋?
--Pacific Ocean.
—太平洋。
050608 What does ASAP stand for? ASAP 代表什么意思?
--As Soon As Possible

—越快越好
050611 What do these following belong to: chrysanthemum, 菊花、玫瑰、雏菊、郁金香等属于什

roses, daisies, tulip, etc?
么?
223
--Flowers. —花。
050613 How do you call the diagram which includes a horizontal 这个包含一条横线(x 轴)和一条纵线(y
line called X-axis and a vertical line called Y-axis?
轴)的图怎么叫?
--Coordinate system.
—坐标系。
050616 Which color we made by blending black and white? 我们用黑白混合制成的是什么颜色?
--Grey.
—灰色
050617 What kind of forms are tragedy and comedy? 悲剧和喜剧是什么形式的?
--Literature.
—文艺。
050621 What is the force happened between the relative motion 当物体相互摩擦时，相对运动之间的
when objects are rubbed against each other?
力是什么?
--Friction.
—摩擦力。
050622 After a busy working day, what do you feel, exhausted or 经过一天忙碌的工作,你感觉,疲惫还是
excited?
兴奋?
--Exhausted.
—疲惫不堪。
050623 What does green being helpful for? 绿色有益于什么？
--Environment.
—环境。
050624 Which one would you most likely to see in the lake, a 你最可能在湖里看到的是天鹅还是乌
swan or acrocodile?
鸦?
224
--A swan. —天鹅。
050625 What do we call the place selling gold and silver? 我们管卖金银的地方叫什么?
--A jewelry shop/A bullion market.

—珠宝店/金条市场。
050626 How do you call (describe) the money that citizens must 市民必须向政府捐款以供公众使用，
contribute to the government for public use?
你如何称呼这笔钱?
--Tax.
—税收。
050629 What does the chemical symbol H2O stands for? H2O 的化学符号代表什么?
--Water.
—水。
050635 If a car is not stopping, what it is doing? 如果一辆车没有停下来，它在做什么?
--Running.
—行驶。
050638 What is the material in the recipe? 配方中的物料是什么？
--Ingredients.
—配料。
050640 What is the hard object in the center of fruits？水果中心的硬对象是什么？
--Core. —核。
050675 Where does camels normally appear? 骆驼通常出现在哪里?
--Desert.
—沙漠。
050736 Does a scapegoat receive or give a crime? 替罪羊是接受犯罪还是犯罪？
225
--Receive. —接受。
050754 In a hospital, who is the person that can write 在医院里,可以写处方的人是谁?

prescriptions?★墨尔本考生已确认
—医生。
--Doctor.
050755 What will ice do when it is heated? ★墨尔本机房考生已冰受热时会发生什么?
确认 —融化。
--Melt.
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目录
Summarize Written Text.........................................................................................1
060068.Overqualified Worker 资历过高的员工.................................................................................................1
060029.Tree Ring 树木的年轮............................................................................................................................2
060055.Frog Amber 青蛙琥珀............................................................................................................................ 3
060064.The Rosetta Stone 罗塞塔石碑............................................................................................................ 4
060076.The World Wide Web Version 1 万维网版本一................................................................................. 5
060011.Grass and Cow 牛和草........................................................................................................................... 6
060060.Plug-in vehicle/Electronic car 电动汽车/电子汽车............................................................................... 7
060095.Parents’ Born Order Effects Version 1 父母的出生顺序效应版本一（24/6）................................. 8
060001.Aging：Australia and Japan 老龄化: 澳大利亚和日本....................................................................... 9
060134.Compulsory Voting in Australia澳大利亚强制投票............................................................................ 10
060075.Different Experience in Reading and Watching TV 读书和看电视的不同体验................................ 11
060132.The World’s Most Accurate Mechanical Clock 世界上最精确的机械钟...........................................12
060174.Study History And Politics 学习历史与政治.......................................................................................13
060175.High Fat Intake Diet 高脂饮食.............................................................................................................13
060153.The Greenland Sharks 格陵兰鲨鱼...................................................................................................... 14
060002.Comparative Advantage 优势对比....................................................................................................... 14
060004.Nobel Prize 诺贝尔奖...........................................................................................................................15
060042.Malaysia 马来西亚............................................................................................................................... 17
060040.Skip Breakfast 不吃早餐...................................................................................................................... 18
060107.Small War 小型战争............................................................................................................................. 19
060108.Paying Children Allowances 支付孩子的补贴.................................................................................... 20
060063.Columbus 哥伦布................................................................................................................................. 20
060074.Online learning 在线学习.....................................................................................................................21
060005.The City of London 伦敦城市发展...................................................................................................... 22
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060170.To predict volcano eruptions 预知火山爆发........................................................................................ 23
060171.Public Speaking 公众演讲....................................................................................................................23
060172.Triangulation Research Method三角研究方法..................................................................................... 24
060173.Aggression 侵犯....................................................................................................................................24
060034.Australian Indigenous Food 澳洲美食.................................................................................... 25
060106.The Extinction of Dinosaurs 恐龙灭绝................................................................................................ 26
060054.Orbital Debris 轨道碎片.......................................................................................................................27
060018.Wine Industry 葡萄酒工业................................................................................................................... 27
060007.Technology Prediction 科技预测..........................................................................................................28
060010.Armed Police 校园警察........................................................................................................................29
060041.Voting in the UK 英国选举.................................................................................................................. 30
060087.Multi-life 多种人生.............................................................................................................................. 31
060093.Brain Research 大脑研究..................................................................................................................... 32
060006.Beauty Contest in Australia 澳洲审美差异..........................................................................................33
060008.Children Watching TV 儿童适度看电视............................................................................................. 34
060014.Lifestyle in Country 乡村生活............................................................................................................. 35
060015.Napping Version 1 小憩版本一..........................................................................................................36
060021.Computer Programming America vs India 计算机编程美国vs 印度................................................. 37
060022.Australian Education 澳洲教育............................................................................................................ 38
060030.Greenhouse Gas Version 1 温室气体版本一..................................................................................... 39
060129.Greenhouse Gas Version 2 温室气体版本二..................................................................................... 39
060051.American English Dominance 美式英语的主导地位......................................................................... 40
060063.Columbus Version 1 哥伦布版本一................................................................................................... 41
060091.Sunshine Revolution: The Age of Solar Power 阳光革命: 太阳能时代.............................................42
060116.Benefit of Honey to Athletes 蜂蜜对运动员的益处............................................................................ 43
060144.Pre-service Teachers 教师岗前培训.....................................................................................................44

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060148.Energy Demand (population growth) 能源需求 (人口增长).............................................................. 44
060126.Knowledge Transfer Partnership (KTP) 知识转移伙伴关系...............................................................45
060155.Disabled People and Information in Electronic Format 电子设备对残疾人的帮助...........................46
Write Essay............................................................................................................................................... 47
079002 Getting married before graduation or employment在毕业或找到工作前结婚....................................47
074006 Medical technology and longevity 医学技术与寿命........................................................................... 47
076008 Architectural design建筑设计............................................................................................................... 48
076004 Market evolution商场进化.................................................................................................................... 49
076005 Work life balance - One工作和生活的平衡1 （合并补充）............................................................. 49
073002 The most pressing problem - one最紧迫的问题1................................................................................. 50
073003 Public transport公共交通...................................................................................................................... 51
071015 Study and employment学习与就业.......................................................................................................52
073006 Promises of government政府的诺言.....................................................................................................53
071021 Digital media and libraries数字媒体与图书馆..................................................................................... 54
071016 Experiential learning体验式学习.......................................................................................................... 55
071012 Deducting marks扣分............................................................................................................................ 55
073002 The most pressing problem - one最紧迫的问题1................................................................................. 56
078001 Tourism industry旅游业........................................................................................................................ 58
073008 Compulsory voting强制投票（原076003）.........................................................................................59
071043 College life and a degree大学生活与学位............................................................................................59
072010 Lazy journalism懒惰的新闻..................................................................................................................60
077001 The law changes behavior法律改变行为.............................................................................................. 61
077002 Legal responsibility法律责任................................................................................................................ 61
076007 Cashless society无现金社会................................................................................................................. 62

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1
Summarize Written Text
060068.Overqualified Worker 资历过高的员工
If your recruiting efforts attract job applicants with too much experience a near certainty in this weak labor
market you should consider a response that runs counter to most hiring managers MO: Don't reject those
applicants out of hand.
Instead, take a closer look. New research shows that overqualified workers tend to perform better than other
employees, and they don't quit any sooner. Furthermore, a simple managerial tactic empowerment can
mitigate any dissatisfaction they may feel.
The prejudice against too-good employees is pervasive. Companies tend to prefer an applicant who is a
perfect fit over someone who brings more intelligence, education, or experience than needed. On the surface,
this bias makes sense: Studies have consistently shown that employees who consider themselves
overqualified exhibit higher levels of discontent. For example, over-qualification correlated well with job
dissatisfaction in a 2008 study of 156 call-center reps by Israeli researchers Saul Fine and Baruch Nevo. And
unlike discrimination based on age or gender, declining to hire overqualified workers is perfectly legal.
But even before the economic downturn, a surplus of overqualified candidates was a global problem,
particularly in developing economies, where rising education levels are giving workers more skills than are
needed to supply the growing service sectors. If managers can get beyond the conventional wisdom, the
growing pool of too-good applicants is a great opportunity. Berrin Erdogan and Talya N. Bauer of Portland
State University in Oregon found that overqualified workers' feelings of dissatisfaction can be dissipated by
giving them autonomy in decision making. At stores where employees didn't feel empowered, over-educated
workers expressed greater dissatisfaction than their colleagues did and were more likely to state an intention
to quit. But that difference vanished where self-reported autonomy was high.
Sample Answer:
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It is shown that overqualified workers tend to 研究表明，资历过高的员工往往比其他员工表现

perform better than other employees, and they don't 得更好，他们不会很快辞职，然而，对优秀员工
quit any sooner, however, the prejudice against
too-good employees is pervasive, and the fact is that 的偏见是普遍存在的，事实是，那些认为自己资
employees who consider themselves overqualified 历过高的员工表现出更高的不满程度，与此同时，
exhibit higher levels of discontent, meanwhile, a
surplus of overqualified candidates was a global 资历过高的候选人过剩是一个全球性问题，尤其
problem, particularly in developing economies. （56 是在发展中经济体。
words）
060029.Tree Ring 树木的年轮
Here’s how tree ring dating, known to scientists as dendrochronology (from the Greek roots dendron = tree,
and chronos = time), works. If you cut a tree down today, it’s straightforward to count the rings inwards,
starting from the tree’s outside (corresponding to this year’s growth ring), and thereby to state that the 177th
ring from the outermost one towards the center was laid down in the year 2005 minus 177, or 1828. But it’s
less straight forward to attach a date to a particular ring in an ancient Anasazi wooden beam, because at first
you don’t know in what year the beam was cut. However, the widths of tree growth rings vary from year to
year, depending on the rain or drought conditions in each year.
Hence the sequence of the rings in a tree cross--section is like a message in Morse code formerly used for
sending telegraph messages, dot-dot-dash-dot-dash in the Morse code, wide-wide-narrow-wide-narrow in the
tree ring sequence. Actually, the tree ring sequence is even more diagnostic and richer in information than the
Morse code, because trees actually contain rings spanning much different width, rather than the Morse code
choice between dot and dash.
Tree ring specialists (known as dendrochronologists) proceed by noting the sequence of wider and narrower
rings in a tree cut down in a known recent year, and noting the sequences in beams from trees cut down at
various times in the past. Then they match up and align the tree ring sequences with the same diagnostic
wide/narrow patterns from different beams.
In that way, dendrochronologists have constructed tree ring records extending back for thousands of years in
some parts of the world. Each record is valid for a geographic area whose extent depends on local weather

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patterns, because weather and hence tree growth patterns vary with location. For instance, the basic tree ring
chronology of the American Southwest applies (with some variation) to the area from Northern Mexico to
Wyoming.
A bonus of dendrochronology is that the width and substructure of each ring reflects the amount of rain and
the season at which the rain fell during that particular year. Thus, tree ring studies also allow one to
reconstruct the past climate, e.g., a series of wide rings means a very wet period, and a series of narrow rings
means a drought. Tree rings thereby provide southwestern archaeologists with uniquely exact dating and
uniquely detailed year-to-year environmental information.
Sample Answer:
Dendrochronology, known as tree-ring dating, is 年轮年代学，又称年轮年代学，类似于莫尔斯电

similar to the Morse code, the tree ring sequences are
码，年轮序列更具诊断性，年轮年代学家已经在
more diagnostic, dendrochronologists have
constructed tree ring records extending back for 世界上的一些地理区域建立了可以追溯到几千年
thousands of years in some geographical areas of the 前的年轮记录，了解精确的年代学和独特的详细
world and understood exact dating and uniquely
detailed year-to-year environmental information, 年复一年的环境信息，从而可以重建过去的气候。
which allows to reconstructing the past climates. (54
words)
060055.Frog Amber 青蛙琥珀
Mexico City, a miner in the state of Chiapas found a tiny tree frog that has been preserved in amber for 25
million years, a researcher said. If authenticated, the preserved frog would be the first of its kind found in
Mexico, according to David Grimaldi, a biologist and curator at the American Museum of Natural History,
who was not involved in the find.
The chunk of amber containing the frog, less than half an inch long, was uncovered by a miner in Mexico
southern Chiapas state in 2005 and was bought by a private collector, who loaned it to scientists for study. A
few other preserved frogs have been found in chunks of amber, a stone formed by ancient tree sap, mostly in
the Dominican Republic. Like those, the frog found in Chiapas appears to be of the genus Craugastor, whose
descendants still inhabit the region, said biologist Gerardo Carbot of the Chiapas Natural History and

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Ecology Institute. Carbot announced the discovery this week.
The scientist said the frog lived about 25 million years ago, based on the geological strata where the amber
was found. Carbot would like to extract a sample from the frog’s remains in hopes of finding DNA that could
identify the particular species, but doubts the owner would let him drill into the stone.
Sample Answer:
A tiny tree in amber was first found in Mexico after 一个很小的树在墨西哥琥珀首次发现是在2500万

25 million years, which is probably the first of its
年,这可能是在墨西哥首次发现,它似乎Craugastor
kind found in Mexico, and it appears to be of the
genus Craugastor, whose descendants still inhabit the 属,其后代仍然居住在该地区,然而,当研究人员想
region, but when researchers would like to extract a 从青蛙的遗体中提取样本,希望发现DNA,可以识
sample from the frog ’ s remains in hopes of finding
DNA that could identify the particular species,the 别特定的物种,老板不同意。
owner did not agree. (70 words)
060064.The Rosetta Stone 罗塞塔石碑
When the Rosetta stone was discovered in 1799, the carved characters that covered its surface were quickly
copied. Printer's ink was applied to the Stone and white paper laid over it. When the paper was removed, it
revealed an exact copy of the text—but in reverse. Since then, many copies or "facsimiles" have been made
using a variety of materials. Inevitably, the surface of the Stone accumulated many layers of material left
over from these activities, despite attempts to remove any residue. Once on display, the grease from many
thousands of human hands eager to touch the Stone added to the problem. An opportunity for investigation
and cleaning the Rosetta Stone arose when this famous object was made the centerpiece of the Cracking
Codes exhibition at The British Museum in 1999. When work commenced to remove all but the original,
ancient material the stone was black with white lettering. As treatment progressed, the different substances
uncovered were analyzed. Grease from human handling, a coating of carnauba wax from the early 1800s and
printer's ink from 1799 were cleaned away using cotton wool swabs and liniment of soap, white spirit, and
acetone and purified water. Finally, white paint in the text, applied in 1981, which had been left in place until
now as a protective coating, was removed with cotton swabs and purified water. A small square at the bottom
left corner of the face of the Stone was left untouched to show the darkened wax and the white infill.

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Sample Answer:
After being discovered in 1799, the carved characters 在1799年被发现后，玫瑰花石上的雕刻文字被迅

on Rosette Stone were quickly copied, and the 速复制，尽管试图去除任何残留物，但石头的表
surface of the Stone accumulated many layers of
material left over from activities, despite attempts to 面积累了许多活动遗留下来的材料层，但当这个
remove any residue, but an opportunity for 著名的物体成为展览的中心时，研究和清洁罗塞
investigation and cleaning the Rosetta Stone arose
when this famous object was made the centerpiece of 塔石碑的机会出现了，当工作开始移除所有原始
exhibition, when work commenced to remove all but 的、古老的材料时，石头是黑色和白色的文字。
the original, ancient material the stone was black
with white lettering. (74 words)
060076.The World Wide Web Version 1 万维网版本一
He is the man who has changed the world more than anyone else in the past hundred years. Sir Tim
Berners-Lee may be a mild-mannered academic who lives modestly in Boston, but as the inventor of the
World Wide Web he is also a revolutionary. Along with Galileo, William Caxton and Sir Isaac Newton, he is
a scientist who has altered the way people think as well as the way they live.
Since the web went global 20 years ago, the way we shop, listen to music and communicate has been
transformed. There are implications for politics, literature, economics even terrorism because an individual
can now have the same access to information as the elite. Society will never be the same.
The computer scientist from Oxford, who built his own computer from a television screen and spare parts
after he was banned from one of the university computers, is a cultural guru as much as a technological one.
It is amazing how far we've come, he says. But you're always wondering what the next crazy idea is, and
working to make sure the web stays one web and that the internet stays open. There isn't much time to sit
back and reflect.
We speak for more than an hour about everything from Facebook to fatwas, Wikipedia to Google. He
invented the web, he says, because he was frustrated that he couldn't find all the information he wanted in
one place. It was an imaginary concept that he realized.

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The World Wide Web invented by Tim Berners-Lee. It changes the way people shop and listen to music. It
also changed economic political and terrorism because it makes people have the same opportunities to assess
information.
Sample Answer:
Since Sir Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide 自从蒂姆•伯纳斯-李爵士发明万维网,因为他想找

Web because he wanted to find all the information in 到的所有信息在一个地方,他改变了世界,为个人
one place, he has changed the world, for individuals
can now have the same access to information as the 现在可以有相同的信息获取的精英,但他想知道下
elite, but he is wondering what the next crazy idea is, 一个疯狂的想法是,和工作,以确保网络保持一个
and working to make sure the web stays one web and
that the internet stays open. (64 words) 网络和互联网保持开放。
060011.Grass and Cow 牛和草
The co-evolutionary relationship between cows and grass is one of nature's underappreciated wonders; it also
happens to be the key to understanding just about everything about modern meat. For the grasses, which have
evolved to withstand the grazing of ruminants, the cow maintains and expands their habitat by preventing
trees and shrubs from gaining a foothold and hogging the sunlight; the animal also spreads grass seed, plants
it with his hooves, and then fertilizes it with his manure. In exchange for these services the grasses offer
ruminants a plentiful and exclusive supply of lunch. For cows (like sheep, bison, and other ruminants) have
evolved the special ability to convert grass which single stomached creatures (like us can't digest into high
quality protein). They can do this because they possess what is surely the most highly evolved digestive
organ in nature: the rumen. About the size of a medicine ball, the organ is essentially a forty five gallon
fermentation tank in which a resident population of bacteria dines on grass.
Sample Answer:
The co-evolutionary relationship between cows and 牛和草之间的共同进化关系是自然中未被充分认

grass is one of nature's underappreciated wonders,
识的奇迹之一，这也是了解现代肉类的主要因素。
which is the main factor to understand about modern
meat, and grasses evolved to withstand grazing of 草进化到能够承受牛的放牧，为牛提供食物，因
cows, offer cows with food supply, because cows

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have a digestive organ called rumen in which 为牛有一个叫做瘤胃的消化器官，在瘤胃里细菌

bacteria can convert grass into high-quality protein,
可以把草转化成高质量的蛋白质，而牛可以维持
while cows can maintain and expand grasses’ habitat
and spread grass seeds. (65 words) 和扩大草的栖息地，传播草的种子。
060060.Plug-in vehicle/Electronic car 电动汽车/电子汽车
Here's a term you're going to hear much more often: plug-in vehicle, and the acronym PEV. It's what you and
many other people will drive to work in, ten years and more from now.
At that time, before you drive off in the morning you will first unplug your car - your plug- in vehicle. Its big
on board batteries will have been fully charged overnight, with enough power for you to drive 50-100
kilometres through city traffic.
When you arrive at work you'll plug in your car once again, this time into a socket that allows power to flow
form your car's batteries to the electricity grid. One of the things you did when you bought your car was to
sign a contract with your favourite electricity supplier, allowing them to draw a limited amount of power
from your car's batteries should they need to, perhaps because of a blackout, or very high wholesale spot
power prices. The price you get for the power the distributor buys from your car would not only be most
attractive to you, it would be a good deal for them too, their alternative being very expensive power form
peaking stations.
If, driving home or for some other reason your batteries looked like running flat, a relatively small, but quiet
and efficient engine running on petrol, diesel or compressed natural gas, even biofuel, would automatically
cut in, driving a generator that supplied the batteries so you could complete your journey.
Concerns over 'peak oil', increasing greenhouse gas emissions, and the likelihood that by the middle of this
century there could be five times as many motor vehicles registered worldwide as there are now, mean that
the world's almost total dependence on petroleum-based fuels for transport is, in every sense of the word,
unsustainable.
Sample Answer:
To solve the concerns over peak oil and its 为解决人们对石油峰值及其环境后果的担忧，建

environmental consequences, it’s recommended to

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adopt plug-in vehicles as our daily transportation 议采用插电式汽车作为我们的日常交通方式，只

method simply through the way of plugging in to
需通过插电的方式与我们签约的电力公司为我们
charge our cars with our contracted electricity
company; moreover, an efficient engine driving a 的汽车充电;此外，当电池耗尽时，一台驱动发电
generator will supply alternative power to complete
机的高效发动机将提供替代能源来完成整个旅
the journey when the batteries run flat, and the
world's almost total dependence on petroleum-based 程，而全球交通运输几乎完全依赖石油燃料是不
fuels for transport is unsustainable. (73 words)
可持续的。
060095.Parents’ Born Order Effects Version 1 父母的出生顺序效应版本一（24/6）(考
生反馈无最后俩段)
Parents' own birth order can become an issue when dynamics in the family they are raising replicate the
family in which they were raised. Agati notes common examples, such as a firstborn parent getting into
"raging battles" with a firstborn child. "Both are used to getting the last word. Each has to be right. But the
parent has to be the grown up and step out of that battle," he advises. When youngest children become
parents, Agati cautions that because they "may not have had high expectations placed on them, they in turn
may not see their kids for their abilities." But he also notes that since youngest children tend to be more
social, "youngest parents can be helpful to their firstborn, who may have a harder time with social situations.
These parents can help their eldest kids loosen up and not be so hard on themselves. Mom Susan Ritz says
her own birth order didn't seem to affect her parenting until the youngest of her three children, Julie, was
born. Julie was nine years younger than Ritz's oldest, Joshua, mirroring the age difference between Susan and
her own older brother. "I would see Joshua do to Julie what my brother did to me," she says of the taunting
and teasing by a much older sibling.
"I had to try not to always take Julie's side." Biases can surface no matter what your own birth position was,
as Lori Silverstone points out. "As a middle myself, I can be harder on my older daughter. I recall my older
sister hitting me," she says of her reactions to her daughters' tussles.
"My husband is a firstborn. He's always sticking up for the oldest. He feels bad for her that the others came
so fast. He helps me to see what that feels like, to have that attention and then lose it." Silverstone sees birth
order triggers as "an opportunity to heal parts of ourselves. I've learned to teach my middle daughter to stand

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up for herself. My mother didn't teach me that. I'm conscious of giving my middle daughter tools so she has a
nice way to protect herself."
Whether or not you subscribe to theories that birth order can affect your child's personality, ultimately, "we
all have free will," Agati notes. It's important for both parents and kids to realize that, despite the
characteristics often associated with birth order, "you're not locked into any role."
Sample Answer:
Parents’ own birth orders have an influence on their 父母自己的出生顺序对他们的养育方式有影响，

parenting and they usually replicate their family, and
他们通常会复制他们的家庭。偏见是基于他们自
biases are based on their own birth positions which
affect the children’s personalities, and birth order 己的出生顺序，这影响了孩子的个性，出生顺序
triggers as an opportunity to heal parts of ourselves,
的触发作为一个机会治愈我们自己的一部分，而
while both parents and children should realize that
they have free will to build up their own roles. (62 父母和孩子都应该意识到他们有建立自己角色的
words)
自由意志。
060001.Aging：Australia and Japan 老龄化: 澳大利亚和日本
In 2005 Japan had the highest median age of all countries in the world, while Australia's population was only
moderately aged. Some 50 years ago the demographic situation was quite different, with the median age of
Australia's population being seven years older than Japan's.
The ageing of the population is a major issue for Australian policy makers, particularly in regard to the long-
term implications for reduced economic growth and the increasing demand for Age Pensions, and health and
aged care services. As the population ages, growth in the number of people of working age will slow, while
the proportion of people of retirement age will increase.
Sustained population ageing also leads to slowing or negative population growth. While declining population
growth in developed countries is welcomed by some environmentalist and social scientists, economists tend
to agree that population decline brings gloomy economic prospects. In addition to the decrease in the labour
supply, the demand side of the economy may be affected through shrinking markets for goods and services.

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How quickly this occurs depends on the dynamics of fertility, mortality and overseas migration. While a
moderate pace of demographic change allows for gradual adjustment of the economy and policies to the
changing population demographics, rapid changes are more difficult to manage. As a result, governments and
society as a whole may need to take actions to address these issues. But how severe is the ageing of
Australia's population, relative to other countries?
One way of applying a degree of perspective to the ageing debate is to compare ageing in Australia with that
of other countries. This article examines the population structures in Australia and Japan and the
demographic forces that shape the respective populations, both historically and projections for the future.
Sample Answer:
Although Australia's population was moderately 尽管澳大利亚人口适度年龄与日本的图相比,人口

aged compared with the figure for Japan, the ageing
老龄化为澳大利亚政策制定者和行为是一个主要
of the population is a major issue for Australian
policy makers and actions are needed to address the 问题需要解决的问题,因为它会带来人口增长放缓
issue, because it leads slowing or negative
或消极和悲观的经济前景,减少劳动力供给和需求
population growth and gloomy economic prospects,
decreasing the labour supply and the demand of 的经济通过市场萎缩,其速度影响的难度调整生育
economy through shrinking markets, whose speed
的经济动态,死亡率和海外移民。
affects the difficulty of adjustment of the economy
through dynamics of fertility, mortality and overseas
migration. (75 words)
060134.Compulsory Voting in Australia 澳大利亚强制投票
A democratic country should have the right to decide whether to vote or not. It is strange that after decades of
crawling up the political backside of the US, Australians don't have that right. Being fined for not voting
reminds me of the old saying "you can lead a horse to water but you cannot make him drink". The fine is not
for failing to vote but for failing to have your name marked off a list! Forcing people to make a decision just
means they'll make the easiest, quickest decision they can, not the best one. You need an informed electorate
for compulsory voting to work. However, the reality is that nobody knows anything about the candidates and
promotional material is not readily available. I'd rather 80% of people didn't vote than have them all just pick
the first recognisable name on the ballot sheet. Then at least the government is elected by the 20% who care

11
and make informed decisions. Otherwise it is largely pot chance who gets elected. Furthermore, compulsory
voting doesn't ensure that the entire electorate is engaged in the democratic process. Those who don't want to
vote can simply turn up and get their name marked off, without even putting pencil to paper. But you're
seriously deluding yourself if you think that this is what all those who don't care about government do when
they turn up to the polling booth. Voluntary voting at least ensures those who vote are the ones that care
enough to do so. Perhaps somebody could enlighten me as to the reason why, to the best of my knowledge,
Australia is the only 'democracy' that has compulsory voting. It is certainly not compulsory in the USA,
England, Canada, and New Zealand, Philippines or any other European or Asian democracy that I am aware
of. Compulsory voting is, however, mandatory in most communist regimes.
Sample Answer:
While Australia is one of the few democratic 虽然澳大利亚是少数几个实行强制投票的民主国

countries where voting is compulsory, compulsory
家之一，但强制投票实际上一点也不民主，因为
voting is actually not democratic at all, as citizens are
forced to vote by making the quickest and easiest 公民被迫在不了解政治观点的情况下做出最快、
choice without understanding the political views just
最简单的选择，因为如果他们不了解政治观点，
because they will be fined if they do not, but it will
be much better if the votes come from people who 就会被罚款，但如果投票来自那些仔细了解政治
have understood the political views carefully.
观点的人，情况会好得多。
060075.Different Experience in Reading and Watching TV 读书和看电视的不同体验
One that emerged in the world dominated by the printing press, it is important to distinguish the quality of
vividness experienced by television viewers from the vividness experienced by readers. I believe that the
vividness experienced in the reading of words is automatically modulated by the constant activation of the
reasoning centers of the brain that are used in the process of cocreating the representation of reality the author
has intended. By contrast, the visceral vividness portrayed on television has the capacity to trigger instinctual
responses similar to those triggered by reality itself and without being modulated by logic, reason, and
reflective thought.
The simulation of reality accomplished in the television medium is so astonishingly vivid and compelling

12
compared with the representations of reality conveyed by printed words that it signifies much more than an
incremental change in the way people consume information. Books also convey compelling and vivid
representations of reality, of course. But the reader actively participates in the conjuring of the reality the
book's author is attempting to depict. Moreover, the parts of the human brain that are central to the reasoning
process arc continually activated by the very act of reading printed words: Words are composed of abstract
symbols letters that have no intrinsic meaning themselves until they are strung together into recognizable
sequences.
Television, by contrast, presents to its viewers a much more fully formed representation of reality without
requiring the creative collaboration that words have always demanded.
Sample Answer:
While, it is important to distinguish the quality of 然而，区分电视观众所体验到的生动性与读者所

vividness experienced by television viewers from the 体验到的生动性是很重要的，文字的阅读受逻辑、
vividness experienced by readers, and reading of
words is modulated by logic, reason and reflective 理性和反思思维的调节，而电视所描绘的内心生
thought, while the visceral vividness portrayed on 动性具有与现实本身所引发的本能反应类似的触
television has the capacity to trigger instinctual
responses similar to those triggered by reality itself, 发能力，这意味着电视媒介所完成的对现实的模
which means the simulation of reality accomplished 拟是如此的逼真，令人惊讶。
in the television medium is so astonishingly vivid.
(68 words)
060132.The World’s Most Accurate Mechanical Clock 世界上最精确的机械钟
One of Guinness World Records’ more unusual awards was presented at the National Maritime Museum
yesterday. After a 100-day trial, the timepiece known as Clock B – which had been sealed in a clear plastic
box to prevent tampering – was officially declared, by Guinness, to be the world’s “most accurate mechanical
clock with a pendulum swinging in free air”. It was an intriguing enough award. But what is really
astonishing is that the clock was designed more than 250 years ago by a man who was derided at the time for
“an incoherence and absurdity that was little short of the symptoms of insanity”, and whose plans for the
clock lay ignored for two centuries. The derision was poured on John Harrison, the British clockmaker whose
marine chronometers had revolutionized seafaring in the 18th century (and who was the subject of Longitude

13
by Dava Sobel). His subsequent claim – that he would go on to make a pendulum timepiece that was accurate
to within a second over a 100-day period – triggered widespread ridicule. The task was simply impossible, it
was declared. But now the last laugh lies with Harrison. At a conference, Harrison Decoded: Towards a
Perfect Pendulum Clock, held at Greenwich yesterday, observatory scientists revealed that a clock that had
been built to the clockmaker’s exact specifications had run for 100 days during official tests and had lost only
five-eighths of a second in that period.
Sample Answer:
A clock which is called Clock B was declared to be 一个叫钟B的钟被宣布为世界上“最精确的机械

the world’s “most accurate mechanical clock with a
钟，钟摆在自由的空气中摆动”，但真正令人惊
pendulum swinging in free air”, but what is really
astonishing is that the clock was designed more than 讶的是，这只钟是250多年前由一位时钟制造商设
250 years ago by a clock maker who was derided at
计的，当时他被嘲笑为疯子和荒谬的，他对时钟
the time as insane and absurd, and whose plans for
the clock lay ignored for two centuries. (70 words) 的计划被忽视了两个世纪。
060174.Study History And Politics 学习历史与政治
Based on memory 根据回忆整理
讲U.S teenage in U.S education 怎样学习 history 和 politics，seek to explore为什么美国学生fall behind
其他国家的学生，文章是一整段，说了两部分，最后几句是他们没找到什么原因，但是他们找到了什
么东西然后说With the session 啥啥，最后一句是这个lecture from Howard x course...
060175.High Fat Intake Diet 高脂饮食
讲研究发现，摄入高脂肪饮食是有好处的，可以促进恢复，但是这一结论是通过对精英运动员的实验
研究得出的，后来研究人员又发现高脂肪饮食摄入会给健康带来风险，比如胆固醇过高之类的。

14
060153.The Greenland Sharks 格陵兰鲨鱼
An international team of scientists, including a physiologist from The University of Manchester, will head to
the largest island in the world later this month to investigate the Greenland shark – believed to be the
longest-lived vertebrate animal. Dr Holly Shiels, who is also a trustee of the Physiological Society, will be
the only UK-based scientist on the expedition aboard the research vessel Sanna commissioned by the
Greenland government. The purpose of the mission is to understand more about the Greenland shark, a top
predator in the Arctic, which lives for more than 272 years - possibly more than 400. This extreme age was
only revealed by scientists from Copenhagen last year and published in the journal Science. Little else is
known about how the shark survives in the deep seas around the Arctic Circle. It is both a hunter and a
scavenger and has been seen to feed on seals and been found with the remains of polar bears and whales in its
stomach. It is also one of the largest species of shark – growing to about five-and-a-half meters, just a bit
smaller than the great white. However, more information is required to ensure the species is adequately
protected, as Dr Shiels explained: "Greenland sharks are classified as data deficient," she said. "This means
that we don't know enough to put measures in place to protect them from over-fishing, pollution or climate
change. This expedition has a broad range of expertise which means that we'll be able to take full advantage
of any sharks that we discover."
Sample Answer:
In order to understand more about the Greenland 格陵兰鲨是世界上最大的鲨鱼物种之一，据信也

sharks, which is one of the largest species of shark 是寿命最长的脊椎动物。为了对格陵兰鲨有更多
and is believed to be the longest-lived vertebrate
animal, an international team of scientists will head 的了解，一个国际科学家团队将前往格陵兰岛对
to the largest island to investigate them, but more 其进行调查，但要确保这个物种免受过度捕捞、
information is required to ensure the species is
protected from over-fishing, pollution or climate 污染或气候变化的影响，还需要更多的信息。
change.（58 words）
060002.Comparative Advantage 优势对比
With an abundance of low priced labor relative to the United States, it is no surprise that China, India and
other developing countries specialize in the production of labor intensive products. For similar reasons, the

15
United States will specialize in the production of goods that are human and physical capital intensive because
of the relative abundance of a highly educated labor force and technically sophisticated equipment in the
United States.
This division of global production should yield higher global output of both types of goods than would be the
case if each country attempted to produce both of these goods itself. For example, the United States would
produce more expensive labor intensive goods because of its more expensive labor and the developing
countries would produce more expensive human and physical capital intensive goods because of their relative
scarcity of these inputs. This logic implies that the United States is unlikely to be a significant global
competitor in the production green technologies that are not relatively intensive in human and physical
capital.
Nevertheless, during the early stages of the development of a new technology, the United States has a
comparative advantage in the production of the products enabled by this innovation. However, once these
technologies become well understood and production processes are designed that can make use of less skilled
labor; production will migrate to countries with less expensive labor.。
Sample Answer:
The fact that developing countries specialize in the 事实是，发展中国家专门生产劳动密集型产品，

production of labor-intensive products with abundant
拥有大量廉价劳动力，而美国擅长制造人力和物
cheap labor, while America is good at manufacturing
human-and-physical-intensive goods, and it is not a 力密集型产品，每个国家都试图自己生产这两种
wise idea that each country attempted to produce
产品，这不是一个明智的想法，但一旦这些技术
both of these goods by itself, but once these
technologies become well understood and production 被充分理解，生产过程被设计成可以利用低技能
processes are designed that can make use of less
劳动力的;生产将转移到劳动力成本较低的国家。
skilled labor; production will migrate to countries
with less expensive labor.(71 words)
060004.Nobel Prize 诺贝尔奖
This year’s Nobel Peace Prize justly rewards the thousands of scientists of the United Nations Climate
Change Panel (the IPCC). These scientists are engaged in excellent, painstaking work that establishes exactly
what the world should expect from climate change.

16
The other award winner, former US Vice President Al Gore, has spent much more time telling us what to fear.
While the IPCC’s estimates and conclusions are grounded in careful study, Gore doesn’t seem to be similarly
restrained.
Gore told the world in his Academy Award winning movie (recently labeled “one sided” and containing
“scientific errors” by a British judge) to expect 20 foot sea level rises over this century. He ignores the
findings of his Nobel co winners, the IPCC, who conclude that sea levels will rise between only a half foot
and two feet over this century, with their best expectation being about one foot. That’s similar to what the
world experienced over the past 150 years.
Likewise, Gore agonizes over the accelerated melting of ice in Greenland and what it means for the planet,
but overlooks the IPCC’s conclusion that, if sustained, the current rate of melting would add just three inches
to the sea level rise by the end of the century. Gore also takes no notice of research showing that Greenland’s
temperatures were higher in 1941 than they are today.
Gore also frets about the future of polar bears. He claims they are drowning as their icy habitat disappears.
However, the only scientific study showing any such thing indicates that four polar bears drowned because of
a storm.
The politician turned movie maker loses sleep over a predicted rise in heat related deaths. There’s another
side of the story that’s inconvenient to mention: rising temperatures will reduce the number of cold spells,
which are a much bigger killer than heat. The best study shows that by 2050, heat will claim 400,000 more
lives, but 1.8 million fewer will die because of cold. Indeed, according to the first complete survey of the
economic effects of climate change for the world, global warming will actually save lives.
Sample Answer:
Nobel Peace Prize winners from the United Nations 来自联合国气候变化专门委员会的诺贝尔和平奖

Climate Change Panel are engaged in telling us what
获得者致力于告诉我们世界应该对气候变化有什
the world should expect from climate change, while
the other award winner, Al Gore, has spent much 么期待，而另一位获奖者，阿尔·戈尔，花了更多
more time telling us what to fear and he exaggerated
的时间告诉我们应该害怕什么，他夸大了海平面
the sea-level rise and over emphasized the
accelerated melting of ice with no notice of research 的上升，过分强调了冰的加速融化，却没有注意
that global warming will actually save lives. （ 67
到全球变暖会拯救生命的研究。

17
words）
060042.Malaysia 马来西亚
Malaysia is one of the most pleasant, hassle-free countries to visit in Southeast Asia. Aside from its gleaming
21st century glass towers, it boasts some of the most superb beaches, mountains and national parks in the
region.
Malaysia is also launching its biggest-ever tourism campaign in effort to lure 20 million visitors here this
year. More than 16 million tourists visited in 2005, the last year for which complete statistics were available.
While the majority of them were from Asia, mostly neighboring Singapore, Thailand, Indonesia, Brunei,
China, Japan and India, a growing number of Western travelers are also making their way to this Southeast
Asian tropical paradise. Of the 885,000 travelers from the West, 240,000 were from the United Kingdom,
265,000 from Australia and 150,000 from the U.S.
Any tourist itinerary would have to begin in the capital, Kuala Lumpur, where you will find the Petronas
Twin Towers, which once comprised the world’s tallest buildings and now hold the title of second-tallest.
Both the 88-story towers soar 1,480 feet high and are connected by a sky-bridge on the 41st floor.
Also worth visiting is the Central Market, a pre-war building that was the main wet market for the city, and
has now been transformed into an arts and cultural center.
The limestone temple Batu Caves, located 9 miles north of the city, have a 328-foot-high ceiling and feature
ornate Hindu shrines, including a 141-foot-tall gold-painted statue of a Hindu deity. To reach the caves,
visitors have to climb a steep flight of 272 steps.
In Sabah state on Borneo Island – not to be confused with Indonesia’s Borneo – you’ll find the small
mushroom-shaped Sipadan Island, off the coast of Sabah, rated as one of the top five diving sites in the world.
Sipadan is the only oceanic island in Malaysia, rising from a 2,300-foot abyss in the Celebes Sea.
You can also climb Mount Kinabalu, the tallest peak in Southeast Asia, visit the Sepilok Orang Utan
Sanctuary, go white-water rafting and catch a glimpse of the bizarre Proboscis monk.
Sample Answer:
Malaysia, a place with superb beaches, mountains 马来西亚拥有一流的海滩、山脉和国家公园，是

18
and national parks in the region is one of the most 东南亚最令人愉快、无忧无虑的国家之一，任何

pleasant, hassle-free countries to visit in Southeast
旅游行程都必须从首都吉隆坡开始，在那里，你
Asia, and any tourist itinerary would have to begin in
the capital, Kuala Lumpur, where you will find the 会发现双子塔(Petronas Twin Towers)、石灰岩寺庙
Petronas Twin Towers, the limestone temple Batu
巴图石窟 (Batu Caves) 、婆罗洲的沙巴州 (Sabah
Caves, Sabah state on Borneo island, Sipadan and
Mount Kinabalu. (61 words) state) 、西帕丹 (Sipadan) 和基纳巴卢山 (Mount
Kinabalu)。
060040.Skip Breakfast 不吃早餐
Skipping breakfast seems a simple way of losing weight or saving time while getting the children ready for
school or rushing off to work. But it can also be a sign of an unhealthy lifestyle with potentially dangerous
consequences, including a higher risk of premature death. According to a study, adults and teenagers who
miss the first meal of the day are less likely to look after their health. They tend to smoke more, drink more
alcohol and take less exercise than those who do eat. Those who skip food in the morning are also more
likely to be fatter and less well-educated, meaning they find it harder to get a job.
Researcher Dr. Anna Keski-Rahkonen said: Smoking, infrequent exercise, a low level of education, frequent
alcohol use and a high body mass index were all associated with skipping breakfast in adults and adolescents.
Our findings suggest this association exists throughout adulthood. Individuals who skip breakfast may care
less about their health than those who eat breakfast.
Previously, experts assumed that missing breakfast often called the most important meal of the day was
simply the marker of a hectic life or a way to try to lose weight. But Dr. Keski-Rahkonen, who led the study
at Helsinki University, said the results revealed starting the day without food suggests an unhealthy lifestyle.
Sample Answer:
Skipping breakfast, the most important meal of the 早餐是一天中最重要的一餐，不吃早餐似乎是减

day, seems a simple way of losing weight or saving 肥或节省时间的一种简单方式，但它也可能是一
time, but it can also be a sign of an unhealthy
lifestyle with potentially dangerous consequences, 种不健康的生活方式的标志，具有潜在的危险后

19
and those who skip food in the morning care less 果。那些早上不吃早餐的人比那些吃早餐的人更
about their health than those who eat breakfast and
不关心自己的健康，更有可能变得更胖，受教育
more likely to be fatter and less well-educated,
meaning they find it harder to get a job. (71 words) 程度更低，这意味着他们更难找到工作。
060107.Small War 小型战争
In such an environment, warfare is no longer purely directed against the military potential of adversarial
states. It is rather directed at infiltrating all areas of their societies and to threaten their existences. The
comparatively easy access to weapons of mass destruction, in particular relatively low-cost biological agents,
is of key concern. Both governmental and non-governmental actors prefer to use force in a way that can be
characterized as “unconventional” or also as “small wars”. War waged according to conventions is an
interstate phenomenon. The “small war” is the archetype of war, in which the protagonists acknowledge no
rules and permanently try to violate what conventions do exist. The protagonists of the “small war” observe
neither international standards nor arms control agreements. They make use of territories where they do not
have to fear any sanctions because there is no functioning state to assume charge of such sanctions or because
the state in question is too weak to impose such sanction. This type of war does not provide for any warning
time. It challenges not only the external security of the nation states and international community, but also
their internal safety.
Sample Answer:
Warfare infiltrates all areas of their societies and to 战争渗透到他们社会的各个领域，威胁着他们的

threaten their existences, and both governmental and 生存，政府和非政府行为者都倾向于使用“小战
non-governmental actors prefer to use “small wars”,
and the protagonists of the “small war” observe 争”，而“小战争”的主角既不遵守国际标准，
neither international standards nor arms control 也不遵守军备控制协议，而是使用领土，它提供
agreements, but they use territories, and it provides
for any warning time and it challenges not only the 了任何预警时间，它不仅挑战着民族国家和国际
external security of the nation states and international 社会的外部安全，也挑战着他们的内部安全。
community, but also their internal safety. (74 words)

20
060108.Paying Children Allowances 支付孩子的补贴
Many people who have written on the subject of allowances say it is not a good idea to pay your child for
work around the home. These jobs are a normal part of family life. Paying children to do extra work around
the house, however, can be useful. It can even provide an understanding of how a business works.
Allowances give children a chance to experience the things they can do with money. They can share it in the
form of gifts or giving to a good cause. They can spend it by buying things they want. Or they can save and
maybe even invest it.
Saving helps children understand that costly goals require sacrifice: you have to cut costs and plan for the
future. Requiring children to save part of their allowance can also open the door to future saving and
investing. Many banks offer services to help children and teenagers learn about personal finance.
A savings account is an excellent way to learn about the power of compound interest. Interest rates on
savings can be very low these days. But compounding works by paying interest on interest. So, for example,
one dollar invested at two percent interest will earn two cents in the first year. The second year, the money
will earn two percent of one dollar and two cents, and so on. That may not seem like a lot. But over time it
adds up.
Sample Answer:
Paying children to do extra work around the house 付钱让孩子做一些额外的家务是很有用的，因为

can be useful as it can provide an understanding of
它可以让孩子了解企业是如何运作的，给孩子一
how a business works, give children a chance to
experience the things they can do with money, help 个机会去体验他们可以用钱做的事情，帮助孩子
children understand that costly goals require sacrifice 们理解昂贵的目标需要通过储蓄做出牺牲，这是
through saving, which is an excellent way to learn
about the power of compound interest, and that may 了解复利的力量的一个很好的方式，这可能看起
not seem like a lot but over time it adds up. (73 来不是很多，但随着时间的推移，它会积累起来。
words)
060063.Columbus 哥伦布
When Christopher Columbus arrived at Hispaniola during his first transatlantic voyage in the year A.D. 1492,

21
the island had already been settled by Native Americans for about 5,000 years. The occupants in Columbus’s
time were a group of Arawak Indians called Tainos who lived by farming, were organized into five
chiefdoms, and numbered around half a million(the estimates range from 100,000 to 2,000,000). Columbus
initially found them peaceful and friendly, until he and his Spaniards began mistreating them.
Unfortunately for the Tainos, they had gold, which the Spanish coveted but didn’t want to go to the work of
mining themselves. Hence the conquerors divided up the island and its Indian population among individual
Spaniards, who put the Indians to work as virtual slaves, accidentally infected them with Eurasian diseases,
and murdered them. By the year 1519, 27 years after Columbus’s arrival, that original population of half a
million had been reduced to about11,000, most of whom died that year of smallpox to bring the population
down to3,000.
Sample Answer:
When Christopher Columbus arrived at Hispaniola, 当哥伦布到达伊斯帕尼奥拉岛,岛上已经被印第安

the island had already been settled by Native
人称为泰诺人定居,和哥伦布最初发现他们和平和
Americans called Tainos, and Columbus initially
found them peaceful and friendly, then Columbus 友好,哥伦布和他的西班牙人开始虐待它们,把它
and his Spaniards began to mistreat them and put
们作为虚拟奴隶通过迫使他们到采矿工作,并与欧
them to work as virtual slaves by forcing them into
mining work, and accidentally infected them with 亚意外感染疾病,并杀害他们,泰诺人的原始人口
Eurasian diseases, and murdered them, which made
减少。
the original population of Tainos reduced. (66 words)
060074.Online learning 在线学习
What makes teaching online unique is that when you teach online, you don't have to be someplace to teach.
You don't have to lug your briefcase full of papers or your laptop to a classroom, stand at a lectern, scribble
on a chalkboard (or even use your high-tech, interactive classroom smart whiteboard), or grade papers in a
stuffy room while your students take a test. You don't even have to sit in your office waiting for students to
show up for conferences. You can hold office hours on weekends or at night after dinner. You can do all this
while living in a small town in Wyoming or a big city like Bangkok, even if you're working for a college
whose administrative offices are located in Florida or Dubai. You can attend an important conference in

22
Hawaii on the same day that you teach your class in New Jersey, logging on from your laptop via the local
cafes wireless hot spot or your hotel rooms high- speed network. Or you may simply pull out your
smartphone to quickly check on the latest postings, email, or text messages from students, using a mobile app
for your course site or to access other resources.
Online learning offers more freedom for students as well. They can search online for courses using the
internet, scouring their institutions or even the world for programs, classes, and instructors that fit their needs.
Having found an appropriate course, they can enroll and register, shop for their books (whether hard copy or
e-books), read articles, listen to lectures, submit their homework assignments, confer with their instructors,
and access their final grades all online. They can assemble in virtual classrooms, joining other students from
diverse geographical locales, forging bonds and friendships not possible in conventional classrooms, which
are usually limited to students from a specific geographical area.
Sample Answer:
What makes teaching online unique is that when you 网络教学的独特之处在于，当你在网上教学时，

teach online without limitation of time and location 不受时间和地点的限制，它为学生提供了更多的
and it offers more freedom for students, which
means they can search the information that fit their 自由，这意味着他们可以搜索适合他们需要的信
needs, in addition, they can assemble in virtual 息，此外，他们可以在虚拟教室中进行集合，这
classrooms, which is different from conventional
classrooms that are usually limited to students from a 不同于传统的教室通常局限于来自特定地理区域
specific geographical area.(60 words) 的学生。
060005.The City of London 伦敦城市发展
Who would have thought back in 1698, as they downed their espressos, that the little band of stockbrokers
from Jonathan's Coffee House in Change Alley EC3 would be the founder members of what would become
the world's mighty money capital?
Progress was not entirely smooth. The South Sea Bubble burst in 1720 and the coffee house exchanges
burned down in 1748. As late as Big Bang in 1986, when bowler hats were finally hung up, you wouldn't
have bet the farm on London surpassing New York, Frankfurt and Tokyo as Mammon's international nexus.
Yet the 325,000 souls who operate in the UK capital's financial hub have now overtaken their New York

23
rivals in size of the funds managed (including offshore business); they hold 70% of the global secondary
bond market and the City dominates foreign exchange trading. And its institutions paid out £9 billion in
bonuses in December. The Square Mile has now spread both eastwards from EC3 to Canary Wharf and
westwards into Mayfair, where many of the private equity 'locusts' and their hedge fund pals now hang out.
For foreigners in finance, London is the place to be. It has no Sarbanes Oxley and no euro to hold it back, yet
the fact that it still flies so high is against the odds. London is one of the most expensive cities in the world to
live in, transport systems groan and there's an ever present threat of terrorist attack. But, for the time being,
the deals just keep on getting bigger.
Sample Answer:
It was surprising that London has become the 令人惊讶的是，伦敦已成为世界上最强大的货币

world’s mighty money capital, surpassed New York
资本，其管理的资金规模超过纽约和其他竞争对
and other rivals in size of the funds managed,
dominating the global secondary bond market and 手，在全球二级债券市场和外汇交易中占据主导
foreign exchange trading and it is a great place for
地位。对于从事金融业的外国人来说，伦敦是一
foreigners working in finance, but it is one of the
most expensive cities to live in with transport system 个很棒的地方，但它是生活成本最高的城市之一，
groaning and threat of terrorist attack.（67 words）
交通系统不堪重负，面临恐怖袭击的威胁。
060170.To predict volcano eruptions 预知火山爆发
Predict eruption of volcano need many events, we cannot only depend on single event. Even though each
volcano has a different situation, we need to analyze its own reliability, etc. Some eruptions occurred even
without previous signals. Prediction the eruption of a volcano needs long-term observations and studies on
that specific volcano. And local residents may provide useful information and discoveries.
060171.Public Speaking 公众演讲

24
回忆一：
第一段讲人们会对未知的事物产生恐惧（原文单词many fears，knowledge，what we don’t know)
第二段举了一个public speech 的例子，通过不断练习，可以克服恐惧，再练习，可以更自信confidence
第三段讲不光是演讲，其他的事情我们也可以通过练习和get knowledge 来获得自信
回忆二：
People feel fear because of the lack of knowledge. Like public speaking, everyone fears the public speaking,
so people should learn some skills from the people who are good at speaking in public. Practice more, you
will feel more confident. In ordinary life, when you know more, you will have more confidence and less fear.
060172.Triangulation Research Method 三角研究方法
第一段介绍triangular research , 说这种research 是用多种方法研究同一个问题。
第二段介绍这个研究方法在研究社会问题上的作用，因为使用不同的方法会得出不同的结论，那么就
很难得出一个准确的统一结论。
060173.Aggression 侵犯
回忆一：
两种aggression 一种是攻击 the goal the object 一种攻击others ； aggression is triggered by action of
others ， also triggered by culture/ social norms ，在一些社会制度松散治安不好的国家，人们会更
aggressive和暴力。

25
回忆二：
Philosophers do some research on aggression and have a better understanding. There are two kinds of
aggression: first is holistic, it is occurred when... (这句照抄); the other is xx (记得是i开头的), which occurs
when.. ( 照抄 ). In some cultures when societies xx, aggression can be xx, such as citizens can protect
themselves xx no law.
060034.Australian Indigenous Food 澳洲美食
In its periodic quest for culinary identity, Australia automatically looks to its indigenous ingredients, the
foods that are native to this country. ‘There can be little doubt that using an indigenous product must qualify
a dish as Australian notes Stephanie Alexander. Similarly, and without qualification, Cherikoff state that ‘A
uniquely Australian food culture can only be based upon foods indigenous to this country, although, as Craw
remarks, proposing Australian native foods as national symbols relies more upon their association with
‘nature’ and geographic origin than on common usage. Notwithstanding the lack of justification for the
premise that national dishes are, of necessity, founded on ingredients native to the country – after all, Italy’s
gastronomic identity is tied to the non-indigenous tornado, Thailand’s to the non-indigenous chili—the
reality is that Australians do not eat indigenous foods in significant quantities. The exceptions are fish,
crustaceans and shellfish from oceans, rivers and lakes, most of which are unarguably unique to this country.
Despite valiant and well-intentioned efforts today at promoting and encouraging the consumption of native
resources, bush foods are not harvested or produced in sufficient quantities for them to be a standard
component of Australian diets, nor are they generally accessible. Indigenous foods are less relevant to
Australian identity today than lamb and passionfruit, both initially imported and now naturalised.
Sample Answer:
With the fact that Australian indigenous foods as 澳大利亚土著食品作为国家的象征，更多地依赖

national symbols rely more upon their association
于它们与“自然”和地理起源的联系，而不是它
with “ nature” and geographic origin than on
common usage, Austrians do not eat indigenous 们的普遍使用，因此奥地利人不吃数量不重要的
foods insignificant quantities, because indigenous
土著食品，因为土著食品的收获或生产的数量不
foods are not harvested or produced in sufficient

26
quantities for them to be a standard component of 足以使它们成为澳大利亚饮食的标准组成部分，

Australian diets, nor are they generally accessible,
而且通常也不容易获得，这使得土著食品与今天
which makes indigenous foods are less relevant to
Australian identity today. (71 words) 的澳大利亚身份关系不大。
060106.The Extinction of Dinosaurs 恐龙灭绝
The end of the Cretaceous Period saw one of the most dramatic mass extinctions the Earth has ever seen. The
fossil record shows that throughout their 160 million year existence, dinosaurs took on a huge variety of
forms as the environment changed and new species evolved that were suited to these new conditions. Others
that failed to adapt went extinct.
But then 66 million years ago, over a relatively short time, dinosaurs disappeared completely (except for
birds). Many other animals also died out, including pterosaurs, large marine reptiles, and other sea creatures
such as ammonites.
Although the number of dinosaur species was already declining, this suggests a sudden catastrophic event
sealed their fate, causing unfavourable changes to the environment more quickly than dinosaurs and other
creatures could adapt.
The exact nature of this catastrophic event is still open to scientific debate. The catastrophe could have been
an asteroid impact, volcanic eruptions or the effect of both, together with more gradual changes in the Earth’s
climate over millions of years.
Whatever the causes, the huge extinction that ended the age of the dinosaur left gaps in the ecosystem that
were subsequently filled by mammals and birds, allowing them to evolve rapidly.
Sample Answer:
The end of the Cretaceous Period saw dramatic mass 白垩纪末期出现了地球上从未见过的大规模物种

extinction the Earth has ever seen and 66 million
灭绝，6600万年前，恐龙完全消失了，这表明一
years ago, dinosaurs disappeared completely,
suggesting a sudden catastrophic event sealed their 场突如其来的灾难性事件决定了它们的命运，导
fate, causing unfavourable changes to the

27
environment more quickly than dinosaurs and other 致环境发生不利变化的速度超过了恐龙和其他生

creatures could adapt, which is still open to scientific
物能够适应的速度，这仍有待科学讨论，并在生
debates and left gaps in the ecosystem that were
subsequently filled by mammals and birds, allowing 态系统中留下了空白，后来哺乳动物和鸟类填补
them to evolve rapidly. (72 words)
了这一空白，让它们得以迅速进化。
060054.Orbital Debris 轨道碎片
For decades, space experts have worried that a speeding bit of orbital debris might one day smash a large
spacecraft in to hundreds of pieces and start a chain reaction, a slow cascade of collisions that would expand
for centuries, spreading chaos through the heavens. In the last decade or so, as scientists came to agree that
the number of objects in orbit had surpassed a critical mass or, in their terms, the critical spatial density, the
point at which a chain reaction becomes inevitable they grew more anxious.
Early this year, after a half-century of growth, the federal list of detectable objects (four inches wide or larger)
reached10,000, including dead satellites, spent rocket stages, a camera, a hand tool and junkyards of whirling
debris left over from chance explosions and destructive tests. So our billion dollars of satellites are at risk.
Sample Answer:
As space experts have worried that orbital debris 由于太空专家担心轨道碎片有一天会将一艘大型

might one day smash a large spacecraft into pieces
宇宙飞船撞成碎片并引发连锁反应，科学家们最
and start a chain reaction, scientists recently came to
agree that the number of orbital debris had surpassed 近达成共识，轨道碎片的数量已经超过了临界空
the critical spatial density, which will inevitably lead
间密度，这将不可避免地导致连锁反应，使我们
to a chain reaction that puts our billion dollars of
satellites at risk. (56 words) 数十亿美元的卫星处于危险之中。
060018.Wine Industry 葡萄酒工业
In 1920, the eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution created yet another setback for the
American wine industry. The National prohibition Act, also known as the Volstead Act, prohibited the

28
manufacture, sale, transportation, importation, delivery, or possession of intoxicating liquors for beverage
purposes. Prohibition, which continued for thirteen years, nearly destroyed what had become a thriving and
national industry.
One of the loopholes in the Volstead Act allowed for the manufacture and sale of sacramental wine,
medicinal wines for sale by pharmacists with a doctor’s prescription, and medicinal wine tonics (fortified
wines) sold without prescription. Perhaps more important, prohibition allowed anyone to produce up to two
hundred gallons yearly of fruit juice or cider. The fruit juice, which was sometimes made into concentrate,
was ideal for making wine. People would buy grape concentrate from California and have it shipped to the
East Coast. The top of the container was stamped in big bold letters: caution: do not add sugar or yeast or else
fermentation will take place! Some of this yield found its way to bootleggers throughout America who did
just that. But not for long, because the government stepped in and banned the sale of grape juice, preventing
illegal wine production. Vineyards stopped being planted, and the American wine industry came to a halt.
Sample Answer:
Although the National Prohibition Act prohibited the 虽然《国家禁酒法》禁止以饮料为目的的醉酒行

proceeding of intoxicating liquors for beverage
为长达13年之久，几乎摧毁了整个葡萄酒行业，
purpose for thirteen years which nearly destroyed the
wine industry, but the loopholes allowed the sale of 然而，这些漏洞允许销售圣酒、药用酒，更重要
sacramental wine, medicinal wine and more 的是，允许用果汁或苹果汁生产葡萄酒，而果汁
importantly the production of wine from fruit juice or
cider which was ideal for making wine, but it was 或苹果汁是理想的酿酒原料，但后来被美国政府
later banned by the American government, leading 禁止，导致美国葡萄酒行业陷入停滞。
the American wine industry to a halt.（69 words）
060007.Technology Prediction 科技预测
As far as prediction is concerned, remember that the chairman of IBM predicted in the fifties that the world
would need a maximum of around half a dozen computers, that the British Department for Education seemed
to think in the eighties that we would all need to be able to code in BASIC and that in the nineties Microsoft
failed to foresee the rapid growth of the Internet. Who could have predicted that one major effect of the
automobile would be to bankrupt small shops across the nation? Could the early developers of the telephone

29
have foreseen its development as a medium for person to person communication, rather than as a form of a
broadcasting medium? We all, including the 'experts', seem to be peculiarly inept at predicting the likely
development of our technologies, even as far as the next year. We can, of course, try to extrapolate from
experience of previous technologies, as I do below by comparing the technology of the Internet with the
development of other information and communication technologies and by examining the earlier
development of radio and print. But how justified I might be in doing so remains an open question. You
might conceivably find the history of the British and French videotex systems, Prestel and Minitel,
instructive. However, I am not entirely convinced that they are very relevant, nor do I know where you can
find information about them on line, so, rather than take up space here, I've briefly described them in a
separate article.
Sample Answer:
It is extremely difficult for people, including the 对于包括“专家”在内的人们来说，预测高科技

“experts” to predict the likely development of high
发展的可能性是极其困难的，但是我们可以尝试
technology, but we can try to extrapolate from the
experience of previous technologies bu comparing 借鉴以往技术的经验，将互联网技术与其他信息
the technology of Internet with the development of
技术的发展进行比较，但是如何证明它是合理的，
other information technologies, but how to justify it
is still a problem for the author is not entirely 对于作者来说仍然是一个问题，并不是完全相信
convinced that information is very relevant. （ 65
信息是非常相关的。
words）
060010.Armed Police 校园警察
Armed police have been brought into NSW schools to reduce crime rates and educate students. The 40
School Liaison Police (SLP) officers have been allocated to public and private high schools across the state.
Organisers say the officers, who began work last week, will build positive relationships between police and
students. But parent groups warned of potential dangers of armed police working at schools in communities
where police relations were already under strain.
Among their duties, the SLPs will conduct crime prevention workshops, talking to students about issues
including shoplifting, offensive behaviour, graffiti and drugs and alcohol. They can also advise school
principals. One SLP, Constable Ben Purvis, began work in the inner Sydney region last week, including at

30
Alexandria Park Community School's senior campus. Previously stationed as a crime prevention officer at
The Rocks, he now has 27 schools under his jurisdiction in areas including The Rocks, Redfern and Kings
Cross. Constable Purvis said the full time position would see him working on the broader issues of crime
prevention. “I am not a security guard,” he said. “I am not there to patrol the school.
We want to improve relationships between police and schoolchildren, to have positive interaction. We are
coming to the school and giving them knowledge to improve their own safety.”
The use of fake ID among older students is among the issues he has already discussed with principals.
Parents' groups responded to the program positively, but said it may spark a range of community reactions."
It is a good thing and an innovative idea and there could be some positive benefits," Council of Catholic
School Parents executive officer Danielle Cronin said. "Different communities will respond to this kind of
presence in different ways.
Sample Answer:
Armed police have been introduced to NSW schools 为了降低犯罪率和教育学生，新南威尔士州的学

for reducing crime rates and educating students, and
校引入了武装警察，他们将与学生建立积极的关
they will build positive relationships with students
and conduct crime prevention workshops, despite the 系，并举办预防犯罪研讨会，尽管这种关系已经
relations were already under strain, but it has gained
处于紧张状态，但它已经得到了家长团体的积极
positive feedback from parents' groups, admitting it
is innovative with some positive benefits. (52 words) 反馈，承认它是创新的，有一些积极的好处。
060041.Voting in the UK 英国选举
Compulsory voting is often suggested as a solution to the problem of declining turnout. But how are
individuals and countries affected by compulsory voting beyond boosting electoral participation? Shane
Singh investigates the social, economic, and political consequences of compelling citizens to vote.
There has been a lot of discussion about compulsory voting these days. In the United Kingdom, in particular,
as voter turnout rates have declined, many commentators and politicians have begun advocating for
mandatory electoral participation. Those in favour of compulsory voting often adduce the importance of
participation among all segments of society. Citizens of democracies are forced to do many things in the
interest of the public good, they maintain, including serving on juries and educating their children, and full

31
participation serves the country as whole. Those opposed to compulsory voting often argue that, from a
democratic theory perspective, the right to vote implicitly includes a right not to vote. Such a right of
abstention, they argue, is more important than any societal good that might accompany high turnout. In fact,
opponents of compulsory voting often contend that the country may be better off if those who are disinclined
to vote are not pushed to participate in public affairs.
Regardless of whether one of these sets of arguments is more persuasive than the other, compulsory voting is
commonly used around the world. Several European democracies mandate voting, as do Australia and most
of the countries in Latin America. By evaluating results from these countries, it is possible to assess the
mechanics and effects of compulsory voting.
Sample Answer:
Compulsory voting is often suggested as a solution to 强制投票往往被认为是解决投票率下降问题的一

the problem of declining turnout but it has aroused 种方法，但它引起了热烈的讨论，支持者往往提
heated discussion, and proponents often adduce the
importance of participation among all segments of 出社会各阶层参与的重要性，而反对者往往认为，
society, while opponents often contend that the 如果不推动那些不愿意投票的人参与公共事务，
country may be better off if those who are
disinclined to vote are not pushed to participate in 国家可能会更好，但强制投票在世界各地普遍使
public affairs, nevertheless, compulsory voting is 用。
commonly used around the world. (68 words)
060087.Multi-life 多种人生
Life expediencies have been rising by up to three months a year since 1840, and there is no sign of that
flattening. Lynda Gratton and Andrew Scott draw on a 2009 study to show that if the trend continues, more
than half the babies born in wealthier countries since 2000 may reach their 100th birthdays. With a few
simple, devastating strokes, Gratton and Scott show that under the current system it is almost certain you
wont be able to save enough to fund several decades of a decent retirement. For example, if your life
expectancy is 100, you want a pension that is 50 percent of your final salary, and you save 10 percent of your
earnings each year, they calculate that you won’t be able to retire till your 80s. People with 100-year life
expediencies must recognize they are in for the long haul, and make an early start arranging their lives
accordingly.

32
But how to go about this? Gratton and Scott advance the idea of a multistage life, with repeated changes of
direction and attention. Material and intangible assets will need upkeep, renewal or replacement. Skills will
need updating, augmenting or discarding, as will networks of friends and acquaintances. Earning will be
interspersed with learning or self-reflection. As the authors warn, recreation will have to become re-creation.
Sample Answer:
Life expectancies have been rising, but under the 人们的预期寿命一直在增长，但在目前的体制下，

current system it is almost certain you won’t be able 几乎可以肯定的是，你将无法存下足够的钱，过
to save enough to fund several decades of a decent
retirement, thus, the two researchers advance the 上几十年体面的退休生活。因此，两位研究人员
idea of a multistage life, with repeated changes of 提出了多阶段生活的概念。
direction and attention, including issues about
wealth, skills, social connections, earning, even
redesigning recreation. (58 words)
060093.Brain Research 大脑研究
Scientists have worked for many years to unravel the complex workings of the brain. Their research efforts
have greatly improved our understanding of brain function. During the past decade alone, scientific and
technical progress in all fields of brain research has been astonishing. Using new imaging techniques,
scientists can visualize the human brain in action. Images produced by these techniques have defined brain
regions responsible for attention, memory, and emotion. A series of discoveries (in multiple fields of study)
has displaced the long-standing assumption that brain cells are stable and unchanging. Amazingly, new
findings show that some adult brain cells can divide and grow! In addition, advances in research are allowing
scientists to analyze and make progress toward understanding the causes of inherited brain disorders such as
Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. Taken together, these discoveries provide hope for the recovery
of nervous system function lost through injury or disease.
Despite these and other significant advances in the field of brain research, most of the processes responsible
for the integrated functioning of billions of brain cells remain a mystery. Research on the brain in the new
millennium is crucial to our effort to come to a complete understanding of this fascinating organ. In turn,
improved understanding makes the development of new treatment options possible. Research continues to
bring new insights into how the brain is put together, how it works, and whether damage to the brain can be

33
reversed.
Sample Answer:
Scientists have worked for many years to unravel the 科学家们多年来致力于解开复杂的大脑的工作原

complex workings of the brain with new techniques, 理与新技术,大大提高了我们对大脑功能的认识,
which has greatly improved our understanding of
brain function, provided hope for the recovery of 为神经系统的恢复提供了希望受伤或生病失去的
nervous system function lost through injury or 功能,大多数的过程的集成功能负责数十亿脑细胞
disease, most of whose processes responsible for the
integrated functioning of billions of brain cells 仍是个谜,但对大脑的研究在新世纪新治疗方法的
remain a mystery but research on the brain in the 发展是至关重要的。
new millennium is crucial to the development of new
treatment options. (75 words)
060006.Beauty Contest in Australia 澳洲审美差异
Since Australians Jennifer Hawkins and Lauryn Eagle were crowned Miss Universe and Miss Teen
International respectively, there has been a dramatic increase in interest in beauty pageants in this country.
These wins have also sparked a debate as to whether beauty pageants are just harmless reminders of old
fashioned values or a throwback to the days when women were respected for how good they looked.
Opponents argue that beauty pageants, whether its Miss Universe or Miss Teen International, are demeaning
to women and out of sync with the times. They say they are nothing more than symbols of decline.
In the past few decades Australia has taken more than a few faltering steps toward treating women with
dignity and respect. Young women are being brought up knowing that they can do anything, as shown by
inspiring role models in medicine such as 2003 Australian of the Year Professor Fiona Stanley.
In the 1960s and 70s, one of the first acts of the feminist movement was to picket beauty pageants on the
premise that the industry promoted the view that it was acceptable to judge women on their appearance.
Today many young Australian women are still profoundly uncomfortable with their body image, feeling
under all kinds of pressures because they are judged by how they look.
Almost all of the pageant victors are wafer thin, reinforcing the message that thin equals beautiful. This
ignores the fact that men and women come in all sizes and shapes. In a country where up to 60% of young

34
women are on a diet at any one time and 70% of school girls say they want to lose weight, despite the fact
that most have a normal BMI, such messages are profoundly hazardous to the mental health of young
Australians.。
Sample Answer:
There is an intensive debate about whether beauty 关于选美比赛是无害的老式价值观的提醒，还是

pageants are just harmless reminders of old
对过去女性因外表而受到尊重的时代的倒退，人
fashioned values or a throwback to the days when
women were respected for how good they looked, 们展开了激烈的辩论。反对者认为，选美比赛是
and opponents argue they are demeaning to women,
对女性的贬低，通过外表来评判女性，并强化了
judging women on their appearance,and reinforcing
the message prefer thin images.（50 words）人们更喜欢瘦照片的观点。
060008.Children Watching TV 儿童适度看电视
Why and to what extent should parents control their children’s TV watching? There is certainly nothing
inherently wrong with TV. The problem is how much television a child watches and what effect it has on his
life. Research has shown that as the amount of time spent watching TV goes up, the amount of time devoted
not only to homework and study but other important aspects of life such as social development and physical
activities decreases. Television is bound to have it tremendous impact on a child, both in terms of how many
hours a week he watches TV and of what he sees. When a parent is concerned about the effects of television,
he should consider a number of things: what TV offers the child in terms of information and knowledge, how
many hours a week a youngster his age should watch television, the impact of violence and sex, and the
influence of commercials.
What about the family as a whole? Is the TV set a central piece of furniture in your home! Is it flicked on the
moment someone enters the empty house? Is it on during the daytime? Is it part of the background noise of
your family life? Do you demonstrate by your own viewing that television should be watched selectively?
Sample Answer:
There is nothing wrong with TV, but the problem is 电视没什么问题，但问题是孩子看了多少电视，

how much television a child watches and what effect

35
it has on his life such as social development and 电视对他的生活有什么影响，比如社会发展和体

physical activities and parents need to consider the
育活动，父母需要考虑看电视的时间，了解电视
hours on watching TV and know the information and
knowledge that TV offers and the impact of 提供的信息和知识，暴力、性、广告的影响，电
violence, sex, commercials, the role of TV in the
视在家庭中的作用。
family as well.（65 words）
060014.Lifestyle in Country 乡村生活
Live in the country and last three years longer than my city friends? Good news indeed, more backing for a
lifestyle choice made half a lifetime ago when it seemed a good idea to exchange an Edinhurgh terrace for a
farm cottage.
I knew it was a good idea because I had been there before. Born and reared on a farm I had been seduced for
a few years by the idea of being a big shot that lived and worked in a city rather than only going for the day
to wave at the buses.
True, I was familiar with some of the minor disadvantages of country living such as an iffy private water
supply sometimes infiltrated by a range of flora and fauna (including, on one memorable occasion, a dead
lamb), the absence of central heating in farm houses and cottages, and a single track farm road easily blocked
by snow, broken down machinery or escaped livestock.
But there were many advantages as I told Liz back in the mid-Seventies. Town born and bred, eight months
pregnant and exchanging a warm, substantial Corstorphine terrace for a windswept farm cottage on a much
lower income, persuading her that country had it over town might have been difficult.
Sample Answer:
Some people think it’s a good idea to exchange a 有些人认为把露台换成农舍是个好主意。作者在

terrace for a farm cottage, the author was born and
农场出生和长大，他声称农村生活有一些小缺点，
reared on a farm and claimed that there were some
minor disadvantages of country living, but there still 但仍有很多优点。然而，要说服镇上出生的怀孕
has many advantages, but it is difficult to persuade
的妻子住在收入较低的农场小屋里是很困难的。
his town born pregnant wife to live in a farm cottage

36
where has lower income. (62 words)
060015.Napping Version 1 小憩版本一
A large new study has found that people who regularly took a siesta were significantly less likely to die of
heart disease. "Taking a nap could turn out to be an important weapon in the fight against coronary
mortality," said Dimitrios Trichopoulos of the Harvard School of Public Health in Boston, who led the study
published yesterday in the Archives of Internal Medicine.
The study of more than 23,000 Greek adults the biggest and best examination of the subject to date found that
those who regularly took a midday siesta were more than 30 percent less likely to die of heartdisease.
Other experts said the results are intriguing. Heart disease kills more than 650,000 Americans each year,
making it the nation's No. 1 cause of death.
"It's interesting. A little siesta, a little snooze may be beneficial," said Gerald Fletcher, a cardiologist at the
Mayo Clinic in Jacksonville, Fla., speaking on behalf of the American Heart Association. "It's simple, but it
has a lot of promise."
While more research is needed to confirm and explore the findings, there are several ways napping could
reduce the risk of heart attacks, experts said. "Napping may help deal with the stress of daily living," said
Michael Twery, who directs the National Heart Lung and Blood Institute's National Center on Sleep
Disorders Research.
"Another possibility is that it is part of the normal biological rhythm of daily living. The biological clock that
drives sleep and wakefulness has two cycles each day, and one of them dips usually in the early afternoon.
It's possible that not engaging in napping for some people might disrupt these processes." Researchers have
long known that countries such as Greece, Italy and Spain, where people commonly take siestas, have lower
rates of heart disease than would be expected. But previous studies that attempted to study the relationship
between naps and heart disease have produced mixed results. The new study is first to try to fully account for
factors that might confuse the findings, such as physical activity, diet and other illnesses.。
Sample Answer:
The study on more than 23,000 Greek adults 希腊研究超过23000成年人排除其他因素,发现经

37
excluded other factors and discovered that taking a 常来个午睡可以减少由于心脏病死亡,死亡的第一

siesta regularly can reduce the mortality due to heart
原因,因为午睡可以帮助处理日常生活的压力,日
disease, which is the No. 1 cause of death, because
napping could help deal with the stress of daily 常生活的正常生物节律的一部分,导致较低的心脏
living and is part of the normal biological rhythm of
病在一些欧洲国家。
daily living, contributing to lower rates of heart
disease in some European countries. （67 words）
060021.Computer Programming America vs India 计算机编程美国 vs 印度
Consider the current situation: like their counterparts in the United States, engineers and technicians in India
have the capacity to provide both computer programming and innovative new technologies. Indian
programmers and high-tech engineers earn one-quarter of what their counterparts earn in the United States;
Consequently, India is able to do both jobs at a lower dollar cost than the United States: India has absolute
advantage in both. In other words, it can produce a unit of programming for fewer dollars than the Unites
States, and it can also produce a unit of technology innovation for fewer dollars. Does that mean that the
United States will lose not only programming jobs but innovative technology job, too? Does that mean that
our standard of living will fall if the United States and India engage in the international trade?
David Ricardo would have answered no to both questions-- as we do today. While India mat have an absolute
advantage in both activities, that fact is irrelevant in determining what India or the United States will produce.
India has a comparative advantage in doing programming in part because of such activity requires little
physical capital. The flip side is that the United States has a comparative advantage in technology innovation
partly because it is relatively easy to obtain capital in this country to undertake such long--run projects. The
result is that Indian programmers will do more and more of what U.S. programmers have been doing in the
past. In contrast, American firms will shift to more and more innovation.
Sample Answer:
India has comparative advantages, or even absolute 印度在编程和高科技工程方面具有相对优势，甚

advantages, in programming and high-tech
至绝对优势，而且成本要低得多，而美国在技术
engineering with a much lower cost, while America
has advantage in technology innovation with 创新方面具有优势，有必要的资金来进行长期项

38
necessary capital to take long-run projects, which 目，这意味着印度程序员将会做越来越多的美国

means Indian programmers will do more and more of
程序员过去一直在做的事情，而美国公司将会转
what U.S. programmers have been doing in the past,
whereas American firms will shift to more and more 向越来越多的创新。
innovation. (61 words)
060022.Australian Education 澳洲教育
When Australians engage in debate about educational quality or equity, they often seem to accept that a
country cannot achieve both at the same time.
Curriculum reforms intended to improve equity often fail to do so because they increase breadth or
differentiation in offerings in a way that increases differences in quality. Further, these differences in quality
often reflect differences in students’ social backgrounds because the ‘new’ offerings are typically taken up by
relatively disadvantaged students who are not served well them. Evidence from New South Wales will be
used to illustrate this point.
The need to improve the quality of education is well accepted across OECD and other countries as they seek
to strengthen their human capital to underpin their modern, knowledge economies. Improved equity is also
important for this purpose, since the demand for high-level skills is widespread and the opportunities for the
low skilled are diminishing.
Improved equity in education is also important for social cohesion. There are countries in which the
education system seems primarily to reproduce existing social arrangements, conferring privilege where it
already exists and denying it where it does not. Even in countries where the diagnosis might be less extreme,
the capacity of schooling to build social cohesion is often diminished by the way in which schools separate
individuals and groups.
Sample Answer:
Although Australians seem to accept that a country 尽管澳大利亚人似乎认为，一个国家不可能同时

cannot achieve both educational quality and equality
实现教育质量和平等，但旨在提高公平的课程改
at the same time, curriculum reforms intended to
improve equity often fail to do so and it is important 革往往未能同时实现这一点，提高质量和平等是

39
to improve the quality and equity, because it can 很重要的，因为它可以加强其人力资本，以支持

strengthen their human capital to underpin their
其现代知识经济和增强社会凝聚力。
modern, knowledge economies and enhance social
cohesion. (57 words)
060030.Greenhouse Gas Version 1 温室气体版本一
When an individual drives a car, heats a house, or uses an aerosol hair spray, greenhouse gases are produced.
In economic terms, this creates a classic negative externality. Most of the cost (in this case, those arising
from global warming) are borne by individuals other than the one making the decision about how many miles
to drive or how much hair spray to use. Because the driver (or sprayer) enjoys all the benefits of the activities
but suffers only part of the cost, that individual engages in more than the economically efficient amount of
the activity. In this sense, the problem of greenhouse gases parallels the problem that occurs when someone
smokes a cigarette in an enclosed space or litters the countryside with fast--food wrappers. If we are to get
individuals to reduce production of greenhouse gases to the efficient rate, we must somehow induce them to
act as though they bear all the costs of their actions. The two most widely accepted means of doing this are
government regulation and taxation, both of which have been proposed to deal with greenhouse gases.
Sample Answer:
Greenhouse gases are produced by individuals 温室气体是由个人产生的，因为他们享受活动的

because they enjoy all the benefits of the activities 所有好处，但只承担部分成本，这意味着温室气
but suffers only part of the cost, which means the
problem of greenhouse gases production is as serious 体的生产问题像吸烟或乱扔垃圾一样严重，为了
as smoking or littering, in order to reduce the 减少温室气体的生产，最广泛接受的两种方法是
production of greenhouse gases, the two most widely
accepted means of doing this are government 政府监管和税收。
regulation and taxation. （60 words）
060129.Greenhouse Gas Version 2 温室气体版本二
Many human activities are responsible for the production of greenhouse gases. Generating electricity is the
single largest source of CO2 emissions in the United States, followed by transportation. Negative

40
externalities are created by individuals that engage in more than the economically efficient amount of an
activity, such as driving. Because the driver enjoys all of the benefits that come along with driving and only
suffer part of the cost, they do not put a limit on how far or how often they should drive. The only way to get
individuals to participate in reducing greenhouse gases is by having them bear all the costs of their actions.
This is difficult because the costs are so little compared to the benefit, so why give up something that benefits
more than sets you back. Two different methods are being proposed in order to help humans take into
consideration the costs of their actions in order to reduce production of greenhouse gases. The methods
proposed are government regulation and taxation. Unless the government sets regulations and taxes, the
individual level of involvement will be very low and unless many people participate, the amount of
greenhouse gases will not be significantly reduced.
Sample Answer:
Negative externality can be generated by specific 负外部性可以通过使用能源的特定活动产生，因

activity of using energy, because people can enjoy all
为人们可以享受活动的所有好处，但只承担部分
the benefits of the activities but suffer only part of
the cost, making individuals engage in more than the 成本，使个人从事的活动超过经济有效的数量，
economically efficient amount of the activity, in 为了减少温室气体的生产，提出的方法是政府监
order to reduce production of greenhouse gases, the
methods proposed are government regulation and 管和税收。
taxation. (57 words)
060051.American English Dominance 美式英语的主导地位
Firstly, from the macroscopic view, the dominance of English is not precipitated by the language itself, so the
arising of English dominance in international communication is not solely the dominance of language itself.
Just as the professor Jean Aitchison in Oxford pointed out, the success of a language has much to do with the
power of the people who use it but has little to do with internal features of the language. It is very obvious in
consideration to English. During the 18th century and 19th century, the influence of the British Empire began
to spread around the world for the sake of industrial revolution, so English began to become popular. English
was used not only in the British colonies but also in the diplomatic negotiations of non- English-speaking
countries.
However, no matter how powerful the adaptively is and how large the area that the power of English covers,

41
currently, the international status of English mainly springs from the status of America as a super power after
World War II.
Besides, with the development of the economic globalization and new political structure, there is a great need
of an international language. As result, American English became the first choice.
Sample Answer:
The dominance of English is not precipitated by the 英语的统治地位不是语言本身所引发的,有许多因

language itself, there are many factors, such as the
素,如工业革命的影响在18世纪和19世纪,然而,英
influence of industrial revolution in the 18th century
and 19th century, but the international status of 语的国际地位主要源于美国作为一个超级大国的
English mainly springs from the status of America as 地位,随着经济全球化的发展和新的政治结构,有
a super power, and with the development of the
economic globalization and new political structure, 一个伟大的需要一种国际语言。
there is a great need of an international language.(67
words)
060063.Columbus Version 1 哥伦布版本一
When Christopher Columbus arrived at Hispaniola during his first transatlantic voyage in the year A.D. 1492,
the island had already been settled by Native Americans for about 5,000 years. The occupants in Columbus’s
time were a group of Arawak Indians called Tainos who lived by farming, were organized into five
chiefdoms, and numbered around half a million(the estimates range from 100,000 to 2,000,000). Columbus
initially found them peaceful and friendly, until he and his Spaniards began mistreating them.
Unfortunately for the Tainos, they had gold, which the Spanish coveted but didn’t want to go to the work of
mining themselves. Hence the conquerors divided up the island and its Indian population among individual
Spaniards, who put the Indians to work as virtual slaves, accidentally infected them with Eurasian diseases,
and murdered them. By the year 1519, 27 years after Columbus’s arrival, that original population of half a
million had been reduced to about11,000, most of whom died that year of smallpox to bring the population
down to3,000.
Sample Answer:

42
When Christopher Columbus arrived at Hispaniola, 当哥伦布到达伊斯帕尼奥拉岛,岛上已经被印第安

the island had already been settled by Native 人称为泰诺人定居,和哥伦布最初发现他们和平和
Americans called Tainos, and Columbus initially
found them peaceful and friendly, then Columbus 友好,哥伦布和他的西班牙人开始虐待它们,把它
and his Spaniards began to mistreat them and put 们作为虚拟奴隶通过迫使他们到采矿工作,并与欧
them to work as virtual slaves by forcing them into
mining work, and accidentally infected them with 亚意外感染疾病,并杀害他们,泰诺人的原始人口
Eurasian diseases, and murdered them, which made 减少。
the original population of Tainos reduced. (66 words)
060091.Sunshine Revolution: The Age of Solar Power 阳光革命: 太阳能时代
The suburbs of Las Vegas do not look like the cradle of a revolution. Golden stucco-clad houses stretch for
street after identical street, interspersed with gated communities with names such as Spanish Oaks and
Rancho Bel Air. The sky is the deepest blue, the desert air is clear and the distant mountains are beautiful.
The only sounds are the buzz of a gardener’s hedge trimmer and a squeaking baby buggy pushed by a power-
walking mother. The bright lights of Sin City seem a very long way away.
Yet these quiet streets are being changed by a movement that is gathering momentum across America and
around the world, challenging one of the most fundamental of economic relationships: the way we use and
pay for energy. There are now more than 7,000 homes in Nevada fitted with solar panels to generate their
own electricity, and the number is rising fast. Just five years ago, residential solar power was still a niche
product for the homeowner with a fat wallet and a bleeding heart. Not anymore. Technology, politics and
finance have aligned to move it into the mainstream. Solar power has become the fastest-growing energy
source in the US.
For decades the electricity industry has been a cautious and conservative business, but the plunging prices of
solar panels, down by about two-thirds in the past six years, and have woken it up with a bang. Dynamic
rooftop solar power companies have entered the market, in the most radical change to electricity supplies
since the industry was born in the 19th century. It has been described as the equivalent of the mobile
revolution in telephony, or the PC in computing.
Sample Answer:

43
The suburbs of Las Vegas are being changed by one 拉斯维加斯的郊区正在被一种最基本的经济关系

of the most fundamental of economic relationships: 所改变:我们使用和支付能源的方式正受到技术、
the way we use and pay for energy because of
technology, politics and finance and the development 政治和金融的影响，而太阳能的发展则是由其价
of solar power caused by its plunging prices, 格暴跌引起的，这吸引了太阳能公司作为电力供
attracting solar power companies entering the market
as the most radical change to electricity supplies. (57 应方面最根本的变化进入市场。
words)
060116.Benefit of Honey to Athletes 蜂蜜对运动员的益处
In order to have a competitive edge, athletes often use drugs with high athletic performance. Honey’s impact
on athletes has always been neglected, but there has been more and more researches on diet to help athletes
recovery, especially honey.
The National Honey Board recently found that honey has the same functions but less negative impact. This
clinical trial is the third in a series of studies focusing on the use of honey by athletes. The first study
(involving 71 subjects) determined that honey has a milder effect on blood sugar than other popular forms of
carbohydrate gel.
The second study in the series (with 39 weight trained subjects) investigated the combination of honey with
a protein supplement and suggested that honey speeds muscle recovery after a workout. Many claims honey
can be used as a performance booster… honey can be eaten for enduring exercise and can be eaten as protein.
We should make good use of honey because honey is easy to eat. We can drink honey water, which is easily
absorbed by our body, and can be used as a dip with bread, or with salad or vegetables.
Sample Answer:
Many athletes often use drugs with high athletic 很多运动员经常使用高运动成绩的药物来获得竞

performance to have a competitive edge, while honey 争优势，而蜂蜜具有相同的功能，但负面影响较
has the same functions but less negative impact, and
honey can speed up the muscle recovery after a 小，当蜂蜜与蛋白质补充剂结合时，可以加快锻
workout when combined with a protein supplement, 炼后的肌肉恢复，我们可以用不同的方式吃蜂蜜，

44
and we can eat honey in different ways, which is 这对我们的健康是有好处的。

good for our health.(55 words)
060144.Pre-service Teachers 教师岗前培训
Each course has a specific syllabus that highlights specific technologies required.
Some teachers know how to integrate technologies while some others don’t.
There will be instructors helping pre-service teachers learn how to integrate technology and experiences in
class, and to encourage pre-service teachers to think about the integration, which always allows them to learn
online anytime.
Sample Answer:
While each course has a specific syllabus to highlight 虽然每门课程都有一个特定的教学大纲来突出所

specific technologies required, some teachers know 需要的特定技术，但是有些老师知道如何集成技
how to integrate technologies while some others
don’t, but there will be instructors helping 术，而有些老师不知道，但是会有教师帮助职前
pre-service teachers learn how to
integrate 教师学习如何在课堂上集成技术和经验，这使得
technology and experiences in class, which allows
them to learn online anytime. 他们可以随时在线学习。
060148.Energy Demand (population growth) 能源需求 (人口增长)
With the population growth, the demand for resources has been growing as well. The increase of demand
also happened in non-renewable resources, such as metal.
The demand for petrol, diesel and crude oil is also huge to cope with the demand for manufacturing plastics.
Sample Answer:
There is an expected increase in demand for various 人们对各种替代资源的需求预计会增加，但由于

45
alternative resources, but people should ensure 世界人口增加，人们应该确保自然世界仍然能够

natural world can still work well to earn the future
很好地工作，以赢得未来的福祉。
well-being because the world population rises.
(32words)
060126.Knowledge Transfer Partnership (KTP) 知识转移伙伴关系
Asda has become the first food retailer in the country to measure how much customers can save by cutting
back on food waste, thanks to a Knowledge Transfer Partnership (KTP) with the University of Leeds. The
idea behind the KTP was for the university, using Asda's customer insight data, to apply its research to
identify, investigate and implement ways of helping customers to reduce their food waste. This was one of
the first times that a major retailer had tried to deliver large-scale sustainability changes, with the two-year
project seen as a way for Asda to position themselves as true innovators in this area.
The campaign focused on providing customers with advice on everything from food storage and labelling, to
creative recipes for leftovers. Meanwhile, in-store events encouraged customers to make changes in their own
homes. In fact, two million customers have said they will make changes to how they deal with food waste in
their own homes, leading to an average saving of 57 pounds per customer, as well as a reduction in waste.
A key aspect of a KTP is that an associate is employed by the University to work in the firm and help deliver
the desired outcomes of the KTP. As part of the collaboration with Asda, Laure Babbs was given the task of
driving forward the sustainability changes in the retailer. As result of the success of her work, Laura
Sample Answer:
Thanks to a Knowledge Transfer Partnership with 由于知识转移与利兹大学的合作,阿斯达已成为第

the University of Leeds, Asda has become the first
一个食品零售商来衡量多少客户可以减少食物浪
food retailer to measure how much customers can
reduce their food waste by providing customers with 费在一切为客户提供建议和店内活动,鼓励客户在
advice on everything and in-store events to 自己家里进行更改,这是第一次,主要零售商之一
encourage customers to make changes in their own
homes, and this is one of the first times that a major 曾试图提供大规模可持续发展变化。
retailer had tried to deliver large-scale sustainability

46
changes.（66 words）
060155.Disabled People and Information in Electronic Format 电子设备对残疾人的帮
Disabled people were among the early adopters of personal computers. They were quick to appreciate that
word processing programs and printers gave them freedom from dependence on others to read and write for
them. Some of these disabled early adopters became very knowledgeable about what could be achieved and
used their knowledge to become independent students at a high level. They also gained the confidence to ask
that providers of education make adjustments so that disabled students could make better use of course
software and the web, rather than just word processing. For some disability groups, information in electronic
format (whether computer-based or web-based) can be more accessible than printed information. For
example, people who have limited mobility or limited manual skills can find it difficult to obtain or hold
printed material; visually impaired people can find it difficult or impossible to read print, but both these
groups can be enabled to use a computer and, therefore, access the information electronically. Online
communication can enable disabled students to communicate with their peers on an equal basis. For example,
a deaf student or a student with Asperger’s syndrome may find it difficult to interact in a face-to-face tutorial,
but may have less difficulty interacting when using a text conferencing system in which everyone types and
reads text. In addition, people’s disabilities are not necessarily visible in online communication systems; so
disabled people do not have to declare their disability and are not perceived as being different.
Sample Answer:
Disabled people can quickly access information that 残疾人可以快速获取电子形式的信息，他们中的

is in electronic format and some of them were very
一些人非常有知识和独立，他们也有信心要求教
knowledgeable and independent, and they also
gained the confidence to ask that providers of 育提供者为残疾学生做出调整，更好地使用软件
education to make adjustments for disabled students 和网络，在线交流可以帮助残疾学生更好地交流。
to make better use of the software and the web, and
online communication can help disabled students to
communicate better. （58 words）

47
Write Essay
079002 Getting married before graduation or employment在毕业或找到工作前结婚
It is argued that getting married before finishing school or 有人认为，在毕业或找到工作前结婚不是一个好

getting a job is not a good choice. To what extent do you
agree or disagree? 选择。你在多大程度上同意或不同意?
观点示例
Agree:
Cultivate a sense of responsibility. 培养责任感。
Take care of each other. 互相照顾。
Make progress together. 共同进步。
Disagree:
Affect academic performance. 影响学业成绩。
Heavy financial burden. 沉重的财政负担。
Difficult to balance the domestic stuffs and academic 国内事务和学术事务难以平衡。

affairs.
Not mature enough to deal with the domestic affairs. 不够成熟，不能处理好国内事务。
Too much pressure. 太多的压力。
074006 Medical technology and longevity 医学技术与寿命
The advanced medical technology will expand 先进的医疗技术将延长人类的寿命。你认为这是

human’s life. Do you think it is a blessing or a curse?
福还是祸?
观点示例
Advantage:

48
people have more chances to enjoy the life 人们有更多的机会享受生活
People have more time to realize dreams 人们有更多的时间去实现梦想
Promote the development of science and technology 促进科学技术的发展
People have more time to learning 人们有更多的时间来学习
Disadvantage:
More resources will be consumed 更多的资源将被消耗
Huge financial burden on family 家庭的巨大经济负担
Pensions supported by governments, companies and 政府、企业和其他组织支持的养老金必须提高。

other organizations have to rise.
More energy consuming 更多的能量消耗
076008 Architectural design建筑设计
Whether design of buildings will have a positive or 建筑设计会对人们的生活和工作产生积极还是消

negative impact on people’s life and work?
极的影响?
观点示例
Positive:
Increase working efficiency 增加工作效率
More safe 更安全
Relieve pressure 缓解压力
Increase the sense of happiness 增加幸福感

49
Negative:
Bad designs will bring risks 糟糕的设计会带来风险
Use of chemicals will damage to health 使用化学药品会损害健康
Affect people’s mood 影响人们的心情
076004 Market evolution商场进化
Large shopping malls are superseding small shops. 大型购物中心正在取代小型商店。你对此有什么

What is your opinion about this? Discuss with
看法?用适当的例子讨论。
appropriate examples.
观点示例
Advantage:
Provide various choices for customer 为客户提供多种选择
More convenience and efficiency 更方便、更高效
Create a competitive environment 创造竞争环境
Disadvantage:
Impact on the traditional retail industry 对传统零售业的冲击
Need a large amount of money to build the mall 建这个购物中心需要一大笔钱
076005 Work life balance - One工作和生活的平衡1 （合并补充）
【V1】Nowadays, people put too much time at work and 【版本一】现在，人们把太多的时间放在工作上，

they seldom have time for their personal life. Discuss this
issue and support your answer with examples. 他们很少有时间过个人生活。讨论这个问题，并

50
【V2】How widely do you think the problem spreads that 用例子支持你的回答。

people spend too much time on work than their personal
life and experience time shortage? What problems will it 【版本二】人们把太多的时间花在工作上，而不
cause?
是个人生活上，造成时间短缺，你认为这一问题
传播得有多广泛？这会导致什么问题？
观点示例
Conditions:
The problem is widespread 这个问题很普遍
So many people suffers from working overtime 很多人都饱受加班之苦
Results:
Have less time to enjoy their life 有更少的时间享受他们的生活
Have little time to develop own hobbies 没有时间发展自己的爱好
Have less time to spend with family 有更少的时间和家人在一起
Too much pressure 太多的压力
073002 The most pressing problem - one最紧迫的问题1
The world’s governments and organizations are facing a 世界各国政府和组织都面临着许多问题。你认为

lot of issues. Which do you think is the most pressing
problem for the inhabitants on our planet? And give 对地球上的居民来说，最紧迫的问题是什么?给出
solutions.
解决办法。
观点示例
Problem 1: climate change

Intensify extreme weather 加强极端天气
Impact on agriculture 对农业的影响
Lead to the extinction of endangered species 导致了濒危物种的灭绝

51
Solutions:
Reduce the burning of fossil fuels 减少化石燃料的燃烧
Develop public transportation 发展公共交通
Enact environmental laws and regulations 制定环境法律法规
Develop alternative energy and clean energy 发展替代能源和清洁能源
Problem 2: Aging
Exert a higher financial burden 增加财政负担
Labor shortage 劳动力短缺
Energy consuming 能源消耗
Solution:
Encourage people to give birth 鼓励人们生育
Attract more immigrant 吸引更多的移民
Postpone the retirement age 推迟退休年龄
Problem 3: pollution
Detrimental to the ecosystem, result in desertification 对生态系统有害，导致沙漠化
Decrease living standard 降低生活水平
Damage to people’s health 对人体健康的危害
Solution:
Promote trash sorting 提倡垃圾分类
Limit the use of plastic 限制塑料的使用
073003 Public transport公共交通
As cities expanding, some people claim governments 随着城市的扩张，一些人认为政府应该规划为每

should look forward creating better networks of
个人创造更好的公共交通网络，而不是只为拥有
public transportation available for everyone rather
than building more roads for vehicle owning 汽车的人修建更多的道路。你的观点是什么？给
population. What’s your opinion? Give some

52
examples or experience to support. 出一些例子或经验来支持。
观点示例
Better networks of public transportation:
More environmental-friendly 更环保的
Save energy 节约能源
Reduce the traffic jams 减少交通堵塞
More cheaper than driving 比开车更便宜
Building more roads:
Increase the satisfaction 提高满意度
People have more choice 人们有更多的选择
071015 Study and employment学习与就业
Effective learning requires time, comfort and peace so it 有效的学习需要时间、舒适和平静，所以不可能

is impossible to combine study and employment. Study
and employment distract one from another. To what 把学习和就业结合起来。学习和工作不能同时进
extent do you think the statements are realistic? Support
行。你认为这些说法在多大程度上是现实的？用
your opinion with examples.
例子来支持你的观点。
观点示例
Can be combined:
If arrange time properly 如果合理安排时间
People need good self-control 人们需要良好的自控能力

53
Good at utilizing the digital devises to improve the 善于利用数字设备提高工作效率

efficiency
Cannot be combined:
People have limited time and capacity to do the two 人们同时做两件事的时间和能力是有限的
things at the same time
Difficult to balance the work and study 工作和学习很难平衡
Too much pressure 太多的压力
073006 Promises of government政府的诺言
Governments promise continuous economic 政府承诺持续的经济增长，但这实际上是一种幻

growths, but it’s actually an illusion. Some people
觉。一些人认为政府应该放弃这种做法。请谈谈
think that governments should abandon this. Please
talk about the validity and the implications. 它的有效性和含义。
观点示例
Validity:
Difficult to fulfill 很难实现
Economic growth is unpredictable 经济增长不可预测
Implication:
Economic cannot grow continuously, the economic 经济不能持续增长，经济周期是衰退、萧条、复苏和繁

cycle is recession, depression, recovery and
荣
prosperity
Lead to excessive consumerism 导致过度的消费主义
Lost trust from people 失去了人们的信任

54
071021 Digital media and libraries数字媒体与图书馆
With the increase of digital media available online, 随着在线数字媒体的增加，图书馆的作用已经过

the role of the library has become obsolete.
时。大学应该只购买数字材料，而不是不断地购
Universities should only procure digital materials
rather than constantly textbooks. Discuss both the 买教科书。讨论这个职位的优点和缺点，并给出
advantages and disadvantages of this position and
你自己的观点。
give your own point of view.
观点示例
Advantage:
Low cost 低成本
More environmental-friendly 更环保的
Easy to access and searchable 易于访问和搜索
More efficient 更高效的
Can be better preserved 可以更好地保存
Can be easily shared 可以很容易地分享
Disadvantage:
Hard to take notes 很难记笔记
Detrimental to eye sight 对视力有害的
Reading digital book are easily be distracted 阅读电子书很容易分心
Lack of the pleasure of reading 缺乏阅读的乐趣

55
071016 Experiential learning体验式学习
Some people point that experiential learning (i.e. 一些人指出经验学习（即通过实践学习）在正规

learning by doing it) can work well in formal
教育中很有效。然而，其他人认为传统的教学形
education. However, others think the traditional form
of teaching is the best. Do you think experiential 式是最好的。你认为体验式学习在高中或大学里
learning can work well in high schools or colleges?
行得通吗?
观点示例
Agree:
Help students to make preparation before they begin 帮助学生在开始工作前做好准备

to work
Cultivate practical skills 培养实践技能
Increase the competitive 增加竞争力
Disagree:
Decreased academic test scores 学业考试成绩下降
Spend too much time 花太多时间
Difficult to assess the learning results 难以评估学习结果
071012 Deducting marks扣分
What is your opinion on deducting marks on 因为学生的作业交迟了而扣分，你的意见是什

student's work if it is late？
么？（叙述影响与建议如何解决迟交作业）
观点示例

56
Agree:
Improve students’ time management skill 提高学生的时间管理技能
Increase students’ sense of responsibility 提高学生的责任感
Foster the sense of punctuality 培养守时的意识
Suggestions:
Permit a extension for students who suffer from 允许有困难的学生延期。

some difficult situations.
Send E-mail to remind students. 发电子邮件提醒学生。
073002 The most pressing problem - one最紧迫的问题1
The world’s governments and organizations are 世界各国政府和组织都面临着许多问题。你认为

facing a lot of issues. Which do you think is the most
对地球上的居民来说，最紧迫的问题是什么?给出
pressing problem for the inhabitants on our planet?
And give solutions. 解决办法。
观点示例
Problem 1: climate change
Intensify extreme weather 加强极端天气
Impact on agriculture 对农业的影响
Lead to the extinction of endangered species 导致了濒危物种的灭绝
Solutions:

57
Reduce the burning of fossil fuels 减少化石燃料的燃烧
Develop public transportation 发展公共交通
Enact environmental laws and regulations 制定环境法律法规
Develop alternative energy and clean energy 发展替代能源和清洁能源
Problem 2: Aging
Exert a higher financial burden 增加财政负担
Labor shortage 劳动力短缺
Energy consuming 能源消耗
Solution:
Encourage people to give birth 鼓励人们生育
Attract more immigrant 吸引更多的移民
Postpone the retirement age 推迟退休年龄
Problem 3: pollution
Detrimental to the ecosystem, result in 对生态系统有害，导致沙漠化

desertification
Decrease living standard 降低生活水平
Damage to people’s health 对人体健康的危害
Solution:
Promote trash sorting 提倡垃圾分类
Limit the use of plastic 限制塑料的使用

58
078001 Tourism industry旅游业
【V1】Tourism industry brings more disadvantages 【版本一】旅游业给一个国家带来的弊大于利。

to a country than benefits. How far do you agree
你在多大程度上同意这个观点?你可以用自己的
with this opinion? You can use your own examples
to argue. 例子来论证。
【 V2 】 In less developed countries, tourism has

【版本二】在欠发达国家，旅游业在过去的十年
developed significantly in the last decade. Discuss
the disadvantages and advantages. 中有了显著的发展，讨论其缺点和优点。
【 V3 】 In a less developed country, the

【版本三】在不太发达的国家，旅游业的缺点和
disadvantages of tourism can be as great as
advantages. 优点一样多。
观点示例
Advantage:
Boost the development of local tourism industry. 促进地方旅游业的发展。
Increase the employment rate. 提高就业率。
Improve the local economy. 改善当地经济
Promote the cultural communication. 促进文化交流
improve the infrastructure development. 加强基础设施建设
Disadvantage:
Damage to the local environment. 对当地环境的破坏。
Erode traditional customs. 侵蚀传统的风俗。

59
Over commercialize. 在商业化。
073008 Compulsory voting强制投票（原076003）
"In some countries around the world, voting is 在世界上的一些国家，投票是强制性的。你同意

compulsory. Do you agree with the idea of
强制投票的观点吗?
compulsory voting?
观点示例
Agree:
Encourage people to engage in public affairs 鼓励人们参与公共事务
Fair social policies 公平的社会政策
Stand for democracy 代表民主
Disagree:
Increase costs 增加成本
Vote out of ignorance 无知投票
Detrimental to people’s freedom of choice 不利于人民的选择自由
071043 College life and a degree大学生活与学位
University life and university degree, which one is more 大学生活和大学学位哪个更重要?运用你自己的

important? Use your own experience.
经验解释。
观点示例
University life:

60
Improve problem-solving skills 提高解决问题的能力
Make new fiends 结交新的朋友
Improve communication skills 提高沟通技巧
Broaden horizon 拓宽视野
University degree:
It’s important for future job hunting 这对将来找工作很重要
More likely to have job opportunities 更有可能获得工作机会
Basic requirement of the company 公司基本要求
072010 Lazy journalism懒惰的新闻
Lazy journalism has become commonplace in 在当今数字化的世界里，懒惰的新闻已经司空见

today’s digitalized world. Explain what it is and the
惯。解释它是什么和它的原因。
cause of it.
观点示例
Definition:
Journalists’ irresponsible behaviors 记者的不负责任的行为
Not verifying the accuracy of the information 没有核实资料的准确性
A report lack of original idea 报道缺乏新意
Only seeking for entertainment instead of insight 只追求娱乐而不是洞察报道

reports
Causes:
With the help information and communication 在信息和通信技术的帮助下

technology
Globalization make the information explosion 全球化使信息爆炸

61
Difficult for journalists to collect evidence to verify 记者很难收集证据来核实信息

the information
The collapse of journalism attitude 新闻业态度的崩溃
077001 The law changes behavior法律改变行为
Some people think law changes human behavior. Do 有些人认为法律改变了人类的行为。你同意还是

you agree or disagree?
不同意?
观点示例
Agree:
Law regulates human behaviors 法律规范人类行为
Law is the baseline of human behavior 法律是人类行为的基础
Limit people's instincts and imagination 限制人们的直觉和想象力
Disagree:
Cannot operate on people's minds 不能对人的思想进行操作
Maintaining the peace and stability of the society 维护社会的和平稳定
077002 Legal responsibility法律责任
Parents should be held legally responsible for 父母应对孩子的行为负法律责任。你有什么看法?

children’s acts. What is your opinion?
观点示例
Agree:

62
Parents have duty of supervision over children. 父母有监督孩子的责任。
Children cannot afford the result 孩子们承受不起这样的后果
Disagree:
Cultivate the sense of responsibility 培养责任感
Pay their own bills for their actions 为自己的行为买单
076007 Cashless society无现金社会
【V1】Do you think cashless society is realistic and 【版本一】你认为无现金社会现实吗？为什么？

why? What are the advantages and disadvantages?
有什么优点和缺点？
【 V2 】 Nowadays there are more and more credit
cards used instead of cash. Discuss the potential 【版本二】现在越来越多的人使用信用卡而不是
benefits and problems.
现金。讨论潜在的好处或问题。
观点示例
Advantage:
More convenient than by cash 比用现金更方便
Carrying too much cash can be dangerous 携带太多现金是危险的
Easily to be recorded 易于记录
Improve the efficiency of purchasing 提高采购效率
Disadvantage:
Encourage cyber crime 鼓励网络犯罪

63
Easy to go budget deficit 预算赤字很容易解决

、
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每周高频阅读题库 21 Oct - 27 Oct

目录
Re-order Paragraphs:......................................................................................................... 1
100076.A $300-House 300 美元的房子............................................................................................................................1
100120.Green Areas 绿色区域..........................................................................................................................................2
100135.Were We Really Up to the Challenge? 我们真的准备好迎接挑战了吗？........................................................ 2
100013.Map 地图.............................................................................................................................................................. 3
100079.Monash student 蒙纳士大学学生....................................................................................................................... 3
100040.Rosa Parks 罗莎·帕克斯.................................................................................................................................... 4
100112.Voice higher than 5herz 声音高于 5 赫兹.......................................................................................................... 5
100001.Foreign Aid 对外援助........................................................................................................................................... 5
100104.A requirement of Humanities 人文学科的要求.................................................................................................. 6
100066.Mario de Andrade 马里奥·德·安德拉德........................................................................................................ 6
100092.Bankruptcy 破产................................................................................................................................................... 7
100048.Competence and performance 能力与表现..........................................................................................................7
100028.Hypothesis 假设....................................................................................................................................................8
100099.Vegetarian 素食主义者........................................................................................................................................ 9
100192.Native plants and animals 当地的动植物............................................................................................................ 9
100003.An underperforming company 一家经营不善的公司....................................................................................... 10
100145.Scientific Dishonesty 科学不端........................................................................................................................ 10
100088.Opinion Compromise 舆论妥协.........................................................................................................................11
100057.International Economics : Theory and Policy 互联网经济:理论与政策...........................................................12
100121.Desert Festival 沙漠的节日................................................................................................................................12
100002.Mail Delivery: Lindbergh 邮件传递：林德伯格...............................................................................................13
100071.Study Overseas 海外学习...................................................................................................................................13
100191.A Challenging Job 有挑战性的工作。..............................................................................................................14
100103.Electronic device disposal Version 2 电子设备处理版本二............................................................................ 15
100142.European Union 欧盟......................................................................................................................................... 15
100108.Silent Students in Tutorials 课堂中的安静学生................................................................................................ 16
100008.Railway Profile 铁路概况.................................................................................................................................. 16
100074.Arcelor-Mittal Takeover Version 1 阿赛洛·米塔尔收购版本一....................................................................17
100089.Artificial Intelligence 人工智能......................................................................................................................... 18
100165.Puzzles experiment 解谜实验.............................................................................................................................19
100032.LADS 识字与爸爸（订正原文本）................................................................................................................ 19
100186.Art history 艺术史.............................................................................................................................................. 20
100041.SEPAHUA 塞帕华小镇..................................................................................................................................... 21
100129.Teach us, Mr. Mayor Ver. 2 教教我们，市长先生-版本二............................................................................. 22
100097.Games affect brains 游戏影响大脑....................................................................................................................22
100078.Sherbet powder 冰冻果子露粉...........................................................................................................................23
100044.The topography of the ocean floors 海底地形................................................................................................... 23
100051.Human worship gods 人们崇拜的神灵............................................................................................................. 24
100070.The Development of Aviation 航空业的发展...................................................................................................25
100084.Botanical Gardens Conservation International 国际植物园保护组织.............................................................. 26
100072.Carbon Pricing in Canada 加拿大的碳价格...................................................................................................... 26
100010.A retired engineer 一个退休的工程师...............................................................................................................27
100073.Electronic device disposal Version 1 电子设备处理版本一........................................................................... 27
100012.Jet stream 喷流....................................................................................................................................................28
100006.International Date Line 国际日期变更线.......................................................................................................... 29
100138.New Ventures 新型风险投资.............................................................................................................................29
100050.The glow worms 萤火虫.....................................................................................................................................30
100004.Unprecedented opportunity 前所未有的机遇.................................................................................................... 31
100005.Chimpanzees 黑猩猩......................................................................................................................................... 31
100007.Persuaded by information 说服的信息.............................................................................................................. 32
100011.Aviation 航空......................................................................................................................................................33
100014.New energy 新能源............................................................................................................................................ 33
100019.Battle with enemy 与敌人斗争......................................................................................................................... 34
100021.Electronic transactions 电子交易....................................................................................................................... 35
100030.IT Innovation in India 印度信息技术创新........................................................................................................ 35
100036.Meeting 会议...................................................................................................................................................... 36
100046.Weather in Delhi 德里的天气............................................................................................................................ 36
100049.Journalists Version1 记者版本一...................................................................................................................... 37
100052.Animal Exploratory urge 动物探索性冲动....................................................................................................... 37
100059.Time management of Employees 员工的时间管理..........................................................................................38
100062.Fruit intake 水果的摄入量................................................................................................................................. 39
100065.University of Otago Center 奥塔哥中心大学.................................................................................................. 39
100067.Experiment on calves 针对小牛犊的实验......................................................................................................... 40
100083.Reading 阅读...................................................................................................................................................... 41
100086.Wal-Mart 沃尔玛...............................................................................................................................................41
100096..Accounting System 会计系统........................................................................................................................... 42
100123.Car Accidents Ver.2 车祸-版本二......................................................................................................................43
100125.Arcelor-Mittal Takeover Version 2 阿赛洛·米塔尔收购版本二.....................................................................44
100136.Technology Revolution 科技革命......................................................................................................................44
100141.Hip hop 嘻哈.......................................................................................................................................................45
100143.Neutron Scattering Summer School 中子散射暑期学校...................................................................................45
Fill in the blanks－拖拽.................................................................................................................................47
110002.Plainness 平铺直叙.............................................................................................................................................. 47
110038.Australia and New Zealand 澳大利亚与新西兰................................................................................................ 47
110151.Business 商业.....................................................................................................................................................48
110203.Coral reef 珊瑚礁（挖空修改）........................................................................................................................49
110026.Shark’s Personalities 鲨鱼的性格................................................................................................................... 49
110008.Kashmiri 克什米尔..............................................................................................................................................50
110226.Good looks win votes 美貌赢得选票（拖拽）.................................................................................................50
120263.Bones 骨头的作用..............................................................................................................................................51
110050.Steven Pinker 史蒂文•平克............................................................................................................................... 51
110097.Sociology 社会学（挖空修改）........................................................................................................................ 52
110259. Wind Moving 风的运动（拖拽）.....................................................................................................................53
110278.Dog Emotion 狗的情绪.......................................................................................................................................53
110112.Fingermarks 指纹................................................................................................................................................54
110160.Primary Means of Advertising Clothing 广告服装的主要手段......................................................................... 54
110228.Alaska Island 阿拉斯加岛（拖拽）...................................................................................................................55
110073.Milky Way System 银河系.................................................................................................................................. 56
110201.Linguistic effects 语言效果（挖空修改）.........................................................................................................56
110149.What Is Music? 什么是音乐（挖空新增）....................................................................................................... 57
110279.Two 'Norths'两个“北方”.....................................................................................................................................57
110191.National Gallery of Canada 加拿大国家美术馆（拖拽）................................................................................ 58
110112.Fingermarks 指纹................................................................................................................................................58
110267.DNA on a Crime Scene 犯罪现场的 DNA（拖拽）..........................................................................................59
110241.Charles Darwin 查尔斯·达尔文（拖拽）....................................................................................................... 59
110234.Music in ancient Egypt 古埃及音乐（拖拽）................................................................................................... 60
110240.Women’s participation in labor force 妇女参与劳动（挖空）（拖拽）.....................................................60
110223.The Ministerial Staffing System 部级人员配置体系（拖拽）......................................................................... 61
110156.Computational thinking 计算思维（拖拽）..................................................................................................... 61
110272.Active Reading 主动的阅读（拖拽）................................................................................................................62
110239.Wrinkle Cure 皱纹治疗（文本修改+挖空新增）（拖拽）............................................................................ 63
110244.Conservancy 保护协会....................................................................................................................................... 63
110246. Seminars 研讨会(新加)（拖拽）..................................................................................................................... 64
110214.Enigma 谜题（拖拽）（挖空增加）................................................................................................................65
110215.McLuhan 麦克卢汉.............................................................................................................................................65
110216.Tidal energy 潮汐能............................................................................................................................................66
110217. Pewter 白蜡....................................................................................................................................................... 66
110218.Arabic Student 阿拉伯的学生（拖拽）............................................................................................................66
110219.DNA Barcoding DNA 条形码（拖拽）...............................................................................................................67
110220.Gas Drilling 气体钻井（拖拽）......................................................................................................................... 68
110221.Lure New Students 吸引新学生（拖拽）.........................................................................................................69
110212.Low fertility 低生育率........................................................................................................................................ 69
110213.The American People 美国人............................................................................................................................. 69
110085.The resultant force 合力（新挖空）.................................................................................................................70
110162.Iceland 冰岛....................................................................................................................................................... 70
110209.Nutrition scientists 营养学家............................................................................................................................. 71
110210.Complementary Therapies 辅助性疗法.............................................................................................................71
110028.Study space 学习环境........................................................................................................................................ 72
110208.Leading scientists 顶级科学家........................................................................................................................... 72
110009.Classical music in Shanghai 上海古典音乐........................................................................................................ 72
110006.Reality (Camus’ test) 现实(加缪测验).............................................................................................................73
110182.Well-being 英国当今幸福（挖空修改）.......................................................................................................... 73
110200.Stock of Australian housing 澳洲住房存量（挖空修改）................................................................................74
110105.The morality of the welfare state 福利国家的道德（文本修改+挖空修改）................................................ 74
110204.Walt Disney World 华特迪士尼世界................................................................................................................. 74
110051.Higher Education Qualifications 高等教育学历.................................................................................................75
110190.Psychoanalytic and behaviors 精神分析和行为主义........................................................................................75
110180.Durkheim 涂尔干（挖空修改）........................................................................................................................76
110181. Octopus 章鱼..................................................................................................................................................... 76
110183.Pullman historic district 普尔曼历史街区......................................................................................................... 77
110186.Gauss 天才高斯（挖空修改）.......................................................................................................................... 77
110140.Biological Systems 生物系统.............................................................................................................................. 78
110098.Work-ready international students 准备工作的国际学生............................................................................... 78
110093.The gray wolf 灰狼..............................................................................................................................................78
110001.Teenage brain 青少年的大脑............................................................................................................................ 79
110022.Omniscience 无所不知....................................................................................................................................... 80
110055.Colorful Poison Frogs 彩色毒蛙......................................................................................................................... 80
110084.Neuroscientists 神经学家（挖空+选项修改）.................................................................................................81
110092.Jupiter’s moon Europa 木星木卫二................................................................................................................ 82
110067.Health professionals 健康专家...........................................................................................................................82
110057.Children skip school 逃学儿童........................................................................................................................... 83
110039.Volcanoes 火山................................................................................................................................................... 83
110048.Science Warn Global Warming 科学警告我们全球变暖.................................................................................. 84
110076.Civil society and the market 民间社会与市场...................................................................................................84
110089.Tokyo’s Skytree 东京晴空塔........................................................................................................................... 85
110049.Fiction and Life 小说与生活（挖空修改）....................................................................................................... 85
110041.The sun and the moon 太阳和月亮................................................................................................................... 86
110095.Most Respected Companies 最受尊敬的企业（挖空）...................................................................................87
110069.Concept of Culture 文化的概念......................................................................................................................... 87
110024.Sea turtle hatch light pollution 光污染对海龟的影响...................................................................................... 88
110007.Ikebana – Version 1 插花-版本 1..................................................................................................................... 88
110040.Microorganism 微生物....................................................................................................................................... 89
110025.The Origins of Music 音乐的起源...................................................................................................................... 89
110169.E-learning 电子学习........................................................................................................................................... 90
110003.University Science 大学科学.............................................................................................................................. 90
110004.Sportswomen’s records 女运动员记录.......................................................................................................... 91
110042.Symbiosis 共生....................................................................................................................................................91
110044.Environmentalists 环保人士...............................................................................................................................92
110052.Just-in-time 准时制.............................................................................................................................................92
110090.Anthropologists 人类学家........................................................................................................................ 93
110010.Planes 飞机......................................................................................................................................................... 93
110083.Climate 气候....................................................................................................................................................... 94
110079.Plagiarism 剽窃................................................................................................................................................... 94
110021.Sustainable Job Growth 可持续就业增长......................................................................................................... 94
110078.UW course description 大学课程描述...............................................................................................................95
110019.Kids Distinguish Commercial Ads 孩子如何辨别商业广告............................................................................... 95
110075.The amount of sleep 你需要睡多久（挖空修改）.......................................................................................... 96
Fill in the blanks－下拉.................................................................................................................................97
120205.History Books 历史书（挖空）（文本）......................................................................................................... 97
120030.Emerald 翡翠...................................................................................................................................................... 97
120010.Seatbelt 安全带.................................................................................................................................................. 98
120104.Treat students 如何对待学生（文本+挖空）.................................................................................................. 99
120208. kiwi 几维鸟(新挖空)........................................................................................................................................100
120122.Atmosphere on the move = Wind 移动的大气层=风......................................................................................100
120020.Kimbell 金尔贝（新挖空）............................................................................................................................. 101
120248.Fresh water 淡水（下拉）.............................................................................................................................. 102
120250.Bachelor of Commerce 商学学士（文本修改+挖空修改）（下拉）...........................................................102
120146.How to make cloth? 如何织布......................................................................................................................... 103
120096.Gender Equality Campaign 性别平等运动...................................................................................................... 104
120029.The horned desert viper 有角的沙漠蝰蛇...................................................................................................... 104
120080.Dark Energy 暗能量.......................................................................................................................................... 105
120214.Arbitration 仲裁（拖拽+下拉）......................................................................................................................106
120038. Vice-chancellor 副校长....................................................................................................................................106
120149.Hard work 努力学习.........................................................................................................................................107
120240.Linda Finch 琳达芬奇（新增机经）.............................................................................................................. 108
120026.Wine and ale 葡萄酒和啤酒............................................................................................................................ 108
120087.Legal Deposit 法定押金....................................................................................................................................109
120235.Writing style 书写风格（下拉）.................................................................................................................... 110
120256.Austria 奥地利.................................................................................................................................................. 110
120253. Exams looming 考试迫在眉睫（文本修改）（下拉）................................................................................ 111
120251.Psychology 心理学（文本修改+挖空修改）（下拉）..................................................................................111
120252.The wholeness of thought 思想的整体性（下拉）....................................................................................... 112
120239.Mini helicopter 迷你直升机（下拉）.............................................................................................................113
120045.Andersen 安徒生（拖拽+下拉）.................................................................................................................... 114
120046.Olympic medalists 奥运奖牌获得者................................................................................................................115
120241.Library 图书馆（新增机经）...........................................................................................................................115
120255.Headless Horseman 无头骑士（新增机经）................................................................................................. 116
120236.Teens writing 青少年写作................................................................................................................................116
120027. Oxford medical school 牛津大学医学院(新挖空).......................................................................................... 117
120016.Edible insects 可食用昆虫................................................................................................................................118
120162.The narrative of law 法律的叙述（拖拽+下拉）（挖空）...........................................................................119
120006.Impressionism 印象派...................................................................................................................................... 120
120062.Lure New Students 吸引新学生.......................................................................................................................121
120092.Maya descendants 玛雅人后裔....................................................................................................................... 121
120003.Australia Higher Education Funding 澳洲高等教育基金（挖空修改+文本修改）...................................... 122
120067. How does outer space affect the human body? 外太空对人体有怎样的影响？.........................................123
120095.Opportunity Cost 机会成本..............................................................................................................................123
120001.Pinker 平克....................................................................................................................................................... 124
120181.Progressive enhancement 逐步加强（挖空）...............................................................................................125
120041.Egg-Eating Snakes 食蛋蛇................................................................................................................................ 125
120202.Shrimp Farm 虾场.............................................................................................................................................126
120121.Bats 蝙蝠...........................................................................................................................................................126
120074.EE & AVG 能量消耗和活动视频游戏.............................................................................................................. 127
120047.David Lynch 大卫·林奇.................................................................................................................................. 127
120178.New Zealand 新西兰........................................................................................................................................ 128
120154.When to revise? 什么时候复习？（挖空）（拖拽+下拉）......................................................................... 128
120126The Origin of Species 物种起源.........................................................................................................................129
120072.UBC expeditions to the Canadian Arctic 不列颠哥伦比亚大学对加拿大北极的探险.................................. 130
120192.Clones 克隆（下拉+拖拽）.............................................................................................................................130
120090.Water security 水安全......................................................................................................................................131
120120.Three degrees 三摄氏度.................................................................................................................................. 132
120139.Good customer service 好的客户服务............................................................................................................ 132
120108.UNEP 联合国环境规划署................................................................................................................................ 133
120133.Leadership 领导................................................................................................................................................134
120088.Serving on a Jury 担任陪审员.......................................................................................................................... 134
120036.Peter Garrett 彼得·加勒特............................................................................................................................ 135
120002.Video-Conferencing Technology 视频会议技术..............................................................................................136
120007.Trigger Points 触发点....................................................................................................................................... 136
120055.Genetically Modified Food 转基因食品...........................................................................................................137
120023.Definition of Country 国家的定义................................................................................................................... 137
120022.Jean Piaget 皮亚杰........................................................................................................................................... 138
120166.Life expectancy at birth 出生时预期寿命........................................................................................................139
120005.Edison 爱迪生（文本修改）...........................................................................................................................140
120185.Snails 蜗牛（非真题）.................................................................................................................................... 140
120171.Integrate sales activities 整合销售活动.......................................................................................................... 141
120186.Language comes naturally 语言是天生的（挖空）....................................................................................... 142
120059.Australian Overseas Departures 澳大利亚的海外移民.................................................................................. 142
120063.Father’s Books 父亲的书...............................................................................................................................143
120164.Foreign policy 外交政策（挖空）...................................................................................................................144
120083.Move to a new region 搬到一个新的地方（挖空）...................................................................................... 144
120054.Movement in painting 绘画运动......................................................................................................................145
120019.Visual art 视觉艺术.......................................................................................................................................... 146
120093.Primates 灵长类动物（挖空）....................................................................................................................... 147
120103.Allergies 过敏（挖空）....................................................................................................................................147
1
Re-order Paragraphs:
注：为方便理解记忆，特用不同颜色对标志性词语进行标注，红色表示逻辑连词和语
气，绿色表示重点提示单词，橙色表示时间点。
 本周新增
100076.A $300-House 300 美元的房子
When Vijay Govindarajan and Christian Sarkar 2010 年 8 月，维贾伊·戈文达拉扬(Vijay Govindarajan)和克

wrote a blog entry on Harvard Business Review in
里斯蒂安· 萨卡尔 (Christian Sarkar) 在《哈佛商业评论》
August 2010 mooting the idea of a $300-house for
(Harvard Business Review)上写了一篇博客，讨论 300 美元
they were merely expressing a suggestion.
一套房子的想法，因为他们只是在表达一个建议。
Of course, the idea we present here is an 达特茅斯大学塔克商学院 (Tuck School Of business at

experiment, wrote Prof Govindarajan, a professor
Dartmouth)国际商务教授戈文达拉扬(Govindarajan)和营销
of international business at the Tuck School of
Business at Dartmouth and Mr. Sarkar, a marketing 顾问萨卡尔(Sarkar)写道，当然，我们在这里提出的想法
consultant who works on environmental issues an 是一个实验。他们对这个“远远超出现实”的想法，发表
almost apologetic disclaimer for having such a far-
了一个几乎道歉式的说明。
out idea.
Who could create a house for $300 and if it was 谁能花 300 美元建造一座房子?如果有可能，为什么以前
possible, why hadn’t it been done before?
没有人做过?
Nonetheless, they closed their blog with a 尽管如此，他们在博客的结尾提出了一个挑战:我们询问

challenge: We ask chief executives, governments,
首席执行官、政府、非政府组织和基金会
NGOs, foundations
2
100120.Green Areas 绿色区域
Not complete. Based on memory 根据回忆整理,欢迎补充
Green area is XXX (the definition of green area). 绿色区域为 XXX(绿色区域的定义)。
These areas are good place for working meeting. 这些地区是工作会议的好地方。
However, mobile phone is not suitable for these 然而，手机并不适合这些地区。

areas.
Mobile phone usage is XXX (specification of 手机使用情况为 XXX(手机规格)

mobile)
100135.Were We Really Up to the Challenge? 我们真的准备好迎接挑战了吗？
During the school year, we had the benefit of being 在这一学年里，我们既不负责任又无所不能，这对我们

both unaccountable and omnipotent.
是有好处的。
We could engage in impassioned debates about how 我们可以展开激烈的辩论，讨论作为某家公司的首席执

as chief executive of a certain company we would
行官，我们会如何做到这一点，或者如果我们是这笔交
have done this, or if we had been the banker on that
易的银行家，我们会如何构建这笔交易。
deal we would have structured it like that.
Insulated from the consequences of such decisions, 与此类决策的后果无关，并且对案例的所有关键信息都

and privy to all critical information about the case,
了如指掌，因此我们能够相对轻松地解决复杂的业务问
we were able to solve complex business problems
题。
with relative ease.
We knew that once we began our internships, this 我们知道，一旦我们开始实习，情况就不一样了。

would no longer be the case.
The information would be more nebulous and the 信息将更加模糊，我们的决定的结果将是不可预测的。
3
outcomes of our decisions would be unpredictable.
So in approaching this impending summer period, 因此，在即将到来的夏季，我们脑海中萦绕着一种集体

what lingered in the back of our minds was a
的、难以言表的想法:“我们真的能接受挑战吗?”
collectively felt, unspeakable thought: "Were we
really up to the challenge?"
100013.Map 地图
For as long as I can remember, there has been a map 从我记事起，皮卡迪利广场地铁站的售票大厅里就有一

in the ticket hall of Piccadilly Circus tube station
张地图，据说上面显示了世界上不同时区的白天黑夜。
supposedly showing night and day across the time
zones of the world.
This is somewhat surprising given the London 考虑到伦敦地铁历来难以把握守时的概念，这多少有些

Underground's historic difficultly in grasping the
令人惊讶。
concept of punctuality.
But this map has always fascinated me, and still 但这张地图一直让我着迷，现在依然如此，尽管它现在
does, even though it now seems very primitive.
看起来非常原始。
This is because it chops the world up equally by 这是因为它以经度平均分割世界，而不考虑政治分歧或

longitude, without regard the reality of either
季节变化的现实。
political divisions or the changing seasons.
100079.Monash student 蒙纳士大学学生
Mechanical engineering student Ne Tan is spending 机械工程专业的学生谭恩美(Ne Tan)今年第一学期在加

the first semester of this year studying at the
州大学伯克利分校 (University of California, Berkeley) 学
University of California, Berkeley as part of the
习，这是莫纳士海外项目(Monash Abroad program)的一
Monash Abroad program.
4
部分。
Ne (Tan), an international student from Shanghai, Ne (Tan)，来自中国上海的一名国际学生，于 2006 年 10

China, began her Monash journey at Monash
月在莫纳什学院开始了她的莫纳什之旅。
College in October 2006.
There she completed a diploma that enabled her to 在那里，她完成了一个文凭，使她能够进入莫纳什大学

enter Monash University as a second- year student.
作为一个二年级的学生。
Now in her third year of study, the Monash Abroad 现在，在她的第三年学习，莫纳什海外项目将看到她完

program will see her complete four units of study in
成四个单元的学习在美国，然后在 2009 年 5 月返回澳大
the US before returning to Australia in May 2009.
利亚。
100040.Rosa Parks 罗莎·帕克斯
It was there that Rosa Parks, an African American 正是在那里，非裔美国妇女罗莎·帕克斯(Rosa Parks)拒绝

woman, refused to vacate her seat in the middle of
让出她在公交车中间的座位，让白人男子坐到她的位置
the bus so that a white man could sit in her place.
上。
She was arrested for her civil disobedience. 她因非暴力反抗而被捕。
Parks’ arrest, a coordinated tactic meant to spark a 帕克斯的被捕，一个旨在激发草根运动的协调策略，成

grassroots movement, succeeded in catalysing the
功地催化了蒙哥马利巴士抵制运动。
Montgomery bus boycott.
Parks was chosen by King as the face for his 帕克斯之所以被金选为竞选代言人，是因为帕克斯在社

campaign because of Parks’ good standing with the
区中的良好声誉、她的工作和婚姻状况。
community, her employment and her marital status.
Earlier in 1955, Claudette Colvin, a 15-year old 1955 年早些时候，15 岁的非洲裔美国女孩克劳德特·科

African American girl, had been arrested for the
尔文(Claudette Colvin)也因同样的罪名被捕。然而，马
5
same crime, however, King and his civil rights 丁·路德·金和他的民权同胞并不认为她会成为民权运动

compatriots did not feel that she would serve as an
的有效代言人。
effective face for the civil rights campaign.
100112.Voice higher than 5herz 声音高于 5 赫兹
A study showed man cannot hear voice higher than 5 一项研究表明，人类听不到高于 5 赫兹的声音。
hertz …
To test this theory, xxx from xxx university gathered 为了验证这一理论，xxx 大学的 xxx 召集了 6 名学生……
6 students …
As in the previous study, the volunteers cannot hear 和之前的研究一样，志愿者听不到任何高于 5 赫兹的声

any sound higher than 5 hertz
音
In thought of … as this frequency is too high that … 由于这个频率太高，所以……
100001.Foreign Aid 对外援助
At beginning in the 1990s, foreign aid had begun to 从上世纪 90 年代开始，外国援助开始缓慢改善。

improve slowly.
Scrutiny by the news media shamed many developed 新闻媒体的密切关注使许多发达国家感到羞愧，迫使它

countries into curbing their bad practices.
们遏制不良行为。
Today, the projects of organizations like the World 如今，像世界银行这样的组织的项目都受到监督团体的

Bank are meticulously inspected by watchdog
严格检查。
groups.
Although the system is far from perfect, it is certainly 尽管这一体系远非完美，但它肯定比外国援助通常帮助
more transparent than it was when foreign aid
残暴的独裁者掌权时更加透明。
6
routinely helped ruthless dictators stay in power.
100104.A requirement of Humanities 人文学科的要求
A requirement of Humanities 104 is to write a 人文学科 104 的一项要求是就你选择的主题写一篇有说

persuasive paper on a topic of your choice.
服力的论文。
The topic you choose should be supported by a range 您选择的主题应该得到一系列资源的支持。

of sources.
The source should be cited under APA guidelines, 根据《行政程序法》的指导方针，应引用资料来源，最

and the final draft should be written in APA styles.
终草案应采用《行政程序法》的文体。
The final draft is due one week before the final 期末考试前一周交期终稿。
exam.
100066.Mario de Andrade 马里奥·德·安德拉德
Early in 1938, Mario de Andrade, the municipal 1938 年初，这里的文化部长马里奥·德·安德拉德(Mario

secretary of culture here, dispatched a four-member
de Andrade)派遣了一个由四人组成的民俗研究团到巴西
Folklore Research Mission to the northeastern
东北部腹地执行类似的任务。
hinterlands of Brazil on a similar mission.
His intention was to record as much music as 其目的是在广播和电影等逐渐渗透的影响开始改变该地

possible as quickly as possible, before encroaching
区独特的文化之前，尽可能快地录制尽可能多的音乐。
influences like radio and cinema began transforming
the region's distinctive culture.
They recorded whoever and whatever seemed to be 他们记录下任何看起来有趣的人和事:钢琴搬运工、牛

interesting: piano carriers, cowboys, beggars,
仔、乞丐、伏都教牧师、采石场工人、渔民、舞蹈团，
voodoo priests, quarry workers, fishermen, dance
甚至是玩耍的孩子。
troupes and even children at play.
7
But the Brazilian mission's collection ended up 但巴西任务的藏品最终在这里的保险库里消失了。

languishing in vaults here.
100092.Bankruptcy 破产
In Montana as elsewhere, companies that have 在蒙大拿州和其他地方一样，收购老矿的公司对支付清

acquired older mines respond to demands to pay for
理费用的要求有两种反应。
cleanup in either of two ways.
Especially if the company is small, its owners may 特别是在公司规模较小的情况下，其所有者可能会宣布

declare the company bankrupt, in some cases
公司破产，在某些情况下还会隐瞒公司的资产，并将其
conceal its assets, and transfer their business efforts
业务转移给其他公司或不承担清理旧煤矿责任的新公
to other companies or to new companies that do not
bear responsibility for cleanup at the old mine. 司。
If the company is so large that it cannot claim that it 如果该公司规模如此之大，以至于无法宣称自己将因清

would be bankrupted by cleanup costs, the company
理成本而破产，那么该公司要么否认自己的责任，要么
instead denies its responsibility or else seeks to
寻求将成本降至最低。
minimize the costs.
In either case, either the mine site and areas 无论哪种情况，要么矿场及其下游地区仍然有毒，从而

downstream of it remain toxic, thereby endangering
危及人类，要么美国联邦政府和蒙大拿州政府通过联邦
people, or else the U.S. federal government and the
Montana state government pay for the cleanup 超级基金和相应的蒙大拿州基金为清理工作买单。
through the federal Superfund and a corresponding
Montana state fund.
100048.Competence and performance 能力与表现
In language learning there is a distinction between 在语言学习中，能力和表现是有区别的。能力是说话者

competence and performance. Competence is a state
的一种心理状态。他或她知道什么?
8
of the speaker’s mind. What he or she knows?
Separate from actual performance – what he or she 与实际表现分开——他或她在创造或理解语言时所做的

does while producing or comprehending language. In
事情。换句话说，能力是通过表现来使用的。
other words, competence is put to use through
performance.
An analogy can be made to the Highway Code for 我们可以用《公路驾驶规范》来作一个类比。司机们知

driving. Drivers know the code and have indeed been
道代码，并且确实通过测试获得了驾照。
tested on it to obtain a driving license.
In actual driving, however, the driver has to relate 然而，在实际驾驶中，驾驶员必须将代码与不断变化的

the code to a continuous flow of changing
环境联系起来，甚至可能不时地破坏代码。
circumstances, and may even break it from time to
time.
Knowing the Highway Code is not the same as 知道公路法规和开车是不一样的。

driving.
100028.Hypothesis 假设
Another common mistake is to ignore or rule out 另一个常见的错误是忽略或排除不支持该假设的数据。

data which do not support the hypothesis.
Ideally, the experimenter is open to the possibility 理想情况下，实验者对假设正确与否的可能性持开放态

that the hypothesis is correct or incorrect.
度。
Sometimes, however, a scientist may have a strong 然而，有时，科学家可能有一个强烈的信念，认为假设

belief that the hypothesis is true (or false), or feels
是正确的(或错误的)，或感到内部或外部的压力，以获
internal or external pressure to get a specific result.
得特定的结果。
In that case, there may be a psychological tendency 在这种情况下，可能会有一种心理倾向，用不支持科学

to find something wrong , such as systematic
9
effects, with data which do not support the scientist's 家预期的数据来发现错误的东西，例如系统效应，而那

expectations, while data which do agree with those
些与这些预期一致的数据可能不会被仔细检查。
expectations may not be checked as carefully.
The lesson is that all data must be handled in the 教训是所有数据都必须以相同的方式处理。

same way.
100099.Vegetarian 素食主义者
Vegetarians do not eat meat or fish in their diet. 素食者的饮食中不吃肉或鱼。
This diet is not only unattractive, but also may cause 这种饮食不仅没有吸引力，而且如果管理不善还可能导
nutritional imbalance if not managed well.
致营养失衡。
Restaurants and school cafeteria adjust and amend 餐馆和学校食堂调整和修改他们的菜单，以适应这种特

their menus to adapt to this special diet.
殊的饮食。
Menus in all of these places have become more 所有这些地方的菜单在营养方面变得更加均衡，也吸引

balance in nutrients, and also attract those who are
了那些不吃素的人。
not vegetarians.
These developments/improvements won’t succeed 没有素食者的努力，这些发展/改善是不会成功的。

without the effort of vegetarians.
100192.Native plants and animals 当地的动植物
Australia's native plants and animals adapted to life 澳大利亚本土的动植物在数百万年的时间里适应了这个

on an isolated continent over millions of years
与世隔绝的大陆上的生活
10
Since European settlement they have had to 自从欧洲人定居以来，他们不得不与一系列引进的动物

compete with a range of introduced animals for
竞争栖息地、食物和住所
habitat, food and shelter
Some have also had to face new predators 一些动物还不得不面对新的捕食者
These new pressures have also caused a major 这些新的压力也对我国的土壤和水道以及当地的动植物

impact on our country's soil and waterways and on
造成了重大影响
its native plants and animals
100003.An underperforming company 一家经营不善的公司
Take an underperforming company. 以一家表现不佳的公司为例。
Add some generous helpings of debt, a few spoonful 添加一些慷慨的债务援助，一些管理激励措施和削减所

of management incentives and trim all the fat.
有的开支。
Leave to cook for five years and you have a feast of 5 年之后，你就会有一场利润盛宴。
profits.
That has been the recipe for private-equity groups 过去 200 年来，这一直是私募股权集团的秘诀。
during the past 200 years.
100145.Scientific Dishonesty 科学不端
I think, we should be wary of the reporting of 我认为，我们应该警惕对科学的报道——为了吸引观

science-it is often over-dramatized in order to secure
众，这种报道往往过于戏剧化——而不是科学本身。
an audience- but not of science itself.
Of course, there are rare extremely scientific 当然，也有一些极其罕见的科学不端行为，会被新闻机

dishonesties, which will be seized upon by the news
11
organizations. 构加以利用。
The role of science in modern society remains 科学在现代社会中的作用仍然很有价值。

valuable.
Mobile phones, for example, can cause incidents if 例如，如果司机坚持打电话而不是看路，手机可能会引

drivers insist on talking on the phone instead of
发事故。
looking at roads.
But no one would argue that mobile phones cannot 但是，没有人会争辩说，手机不能帮助我们在危机中打

help to make a phone call when we are in a crisis.
电话。
100088.Opinion Compromise 舆论妥协
In general, there is a tendency to underestimate how 一般来说，人们倾向于低估讨论和解决一个两个人最初

long it takes to discuss and resolve an issue on which
持有不同观点的问题所需的时间。
two people initially have different views.
The reason is that achieving agreement requires 原因是达成协议需要人们接受与自己观点不同的现实，

people to accept the reality of views different from
接受改变或妥协。
their own and to accept change or compromise.
It is not just a matter of putting forward a set of facts 这不仅仅是提出一套事实，并期待对方立即接受论述的

and expecting the other person immediately to accept
逻辑。
the logic of the exposition.
They (and probably you) have to be persuaded and 他们(可能还有你)必须被说服，帮助你对最终达成的结

helped to feel comfortable about the outcome that is
果感到放心。
eventually agreed.
People need time to make this adjustment in attitude 人们需要时间来调整态度，并对任何催促他们达成协议

and react badly to any attempt to rush them into an
的企图做出糟糕的反应。
agreement.
12
100057.International Economics : Theory and Policy 互联网经济:理论与政策
International Economics: Theory and Policy is a 《国际经济学:理论与政策》是一种经过验证的方法，书

proven approach in which each half of the book
的每半部分都以对理论的直观介绍作为开头，然后用独
leads with an intuitive introduction to theory and
立的章节介绍主要的政策应用。
follows with self-contained chapters to cover key
policy application.
The Eighth Edition integrates the latest research, 第八版整合了外包、经济地理、贸易与环境、金融衍生

data, and policy in hot topics such as outsourcing,
品、次贷危机、中国汇率政策等热点话题的最新研究、
economic geography, trade and environment,
financial derivatives, the subprime crisis, and China's 数据和政策。
exchange rate policies.
New for the Eighth Edition, all end-of-chapter 新的第 8 版，所有的章末问题都集成到 MyEconLab，在
problems are integrated into MyEconLab, the online
线评估和教程系统的文本。
assessment and tutorial system that accompanies the
text.
Students get instant, targeted feedback, and 学生可以得到即时的、有针对性的反馈，老师可以鼓励

instructors can encourage practice without needing
学生练习，而不需要手工评分。更多信息请访问
to grade work by hand. For more information visit
MyEconLab。
MyEconLab.
100121.Desert Festival 沙漠的节日
The “Festival in The Desert” is a celebration of the “沙漠中的节日”是对图阿雷格人音乐遗产的庆祝，图

musical heritage of the Touareg, a fiercely
阿雷格人是一个非常独立的游牧民族。
independent nomadic people.
It is held annually near Essakane, an oasis some 40 它每年都在 Essakane 附近举行，Essakane 是尼日尔河上
miles north-west of Timbuktu, the ancient city on the
的古城廷巴克图西北约 40 英里处的一片绿洲。
13
Niger River.
Reaching it tests endurance, with miles of 到达那里是对耐力的考验，要经过数英里不固定的沙道

impermanent sand tracks to negotiate.
才能到达。
The reward of navigating this rough terrain comes in 在这片崎岖的土地上航行的回报是三天的音乐和舞蹈盛

the form of a three-day feast of music and dance.
宴。
100002.Mail Delivery: Lindbergh 邮件传递：林德伯格
After finishing first in his pilot training class, 林德伯格以飞行员培训班第一名的成绩毕业后，他的第

Lindbergh took his first job as the chief pilot of an
一份工作是担任密苏里州圣路易斯兰伯特菲尔德罗伯逊
airmail route operated by Robertson Aircraft Co. of
飞机公司(Robertson Aircraft Co.)运营的一条航空邮件航
Lambert Field in St. Louis, Missouri.
线的首席飞行员。
He flew the mail in a de Havilland DH-4 biplane to 他乘坐德哈维兰德 DH-4 双翼飞机将邮件送往伊利诺斯

Springfield, Illinois, Peoria and Chicago.
州的斯普林菲尔德、皮奥里亚和芝加哥。
During his tenure on the mail route, he was 在他担任邮差期间，他以在任何情况下投递邮件而闻

renowned for delivering the mail under any
名。
circumstances.
After a crash, he even salvaged bags of mail from his 坠机后，他甚至从着火的飞机上抢救出几袋邮件，并立
burning aircraft and immediately phoned Alexander
即打电话给皮奥里亚机场经理亚历山大•瓦尼(Alexander
Varney, Peoria's airport manager, to advise him to
Varney)，建议他派一辆卡车过来。
send a truck.
100071.Study Overseas 海外学习
14
All over the world students are changing countries 全世界的学生都在为他们的大学学习而改变国家。

for their university studies.
They don't all have the same reasons for going or for 他们并不都有相同的理由去或选择一个特定的地方学
choosing a particular place to study.
习。
They may choose a university because of its 他们选择大学可能是因为它有趣的课程，也可能是因为

interesting courses or perhaps because they like the
他们喜欢这个国家和它的语言。
country and its language.
Some students go overseas because they love travel. 有些学生出国是因为他们喜欢旅游。
Whatever the reason, thousands of students each 不管什么原因，每年都有成千上万的学生实现他们的大

year make their dreams of a university education
学教育梦想。
come true.
100191.A Challenging Job 有挑战性的工作。
Numbers of staff who wish to turn up and do a 如果他们相信自己的工作是有保障的，那么愿意去上

simple job and go home is relatively happy if they
班、做简单工作、然后回家的员工数量相对较多
believe their work is secured
However, any employee who wants to acquire more 然而，任何想要获得更多多样和负责任的职责的员工都

varied and responsible duties will not feel satisfied
不会满足于长期呆在同一份枯燥的工作上。
for long staying with the same and boring job.
People want to keep working hard only if there are 只有当有机会晋升到更具挑战性的工作时，人们才会继

opportunities for promotion to a more challenging
续努力工作
job.
If this opportunity does not exist, they are most 如果没有这样的机会，他们很可能会失去动力
15
likely to be demotivated.
100103.Electronic device disposal Version 2 电子设备处理版本二
The invention of electronics has become a challenge. 电子产品的发明已成为一项挑战。
An Indian university persuaded IT service 印度一所大学说服 IT 服务部设立电子回收日。

department to have an Electronic Recycling
Collection Day.
During these days, …people are encouraged to 在这些日子里，人们被鼓励回收他们的电子垃圾，而不

recycle their e-waste instead of throwing them into
是把它们扔进垃圾箱。
the bin.
On certain days throughout the year, many electronic 在一年中的某些日子里，许多电子设备像……从家庭和

devices like …. from families and households …
家庭…
200,000 electronic products had been recycled in 2010 年回收电子产品 20 万件。

2010.
100142.European Union 欧盟
The European Union has two big fish problems. 欧盟有两大渔业问题。
One is that, partly as a result of its failure to manage 其一是，部分由于其未能妥善管理渔业，其自身的渔业

them properly, its own fisheries can no longer meet
已无法满足欧洲的需求。
European demand.
More importantly, its governments won’t confront 更重要的是，中国政府不会与渔业游说团体对抗，也不

their fishing lobbies and decommission all the
会让所有过剩的渔船退役。
surplus boats.
16
The EU has tried to solve both problems by sending 欧盟试图通过向西非派遣渔民来解决这两个问题。自

its fishermen to West Africa. Since 1979 it has struck
1979 年以来，它与塞内加尔的政府达成协议，允许我国
agreements with the government of Senegal,
舰队进入其水域。
granting our fleets access to its waters.
As a result, Senegal’s marine ecosystem has started 因此，塞内加尔的海洋生态系统已开始走上与我们相同

to go the same way as ours.
的道路。
100108.Silent Students in Tutorials 课堂中的安静学生
Many students sit in a tutorial week after week 许多学生一周又一周地坐在辅导课上什么也不说。

without saying anything.
Why is that? 这是为什么呢?
Maybe they do not know the purpose of a tutorial. 也许他们不知道教程的目的。
They think it is like a small lecture where the tutor 他们认为这就像一个小讲座，导师给他们提供信息。

gives them information.
Even if students do know what a tutorial is for, there 即使学生们知道辅导课的目的，他们保持沉默也可能有

can be other reasons why they keep quiet.
其他原因。
100008.Railway Profile 铁路概况
Early rails were used on horse drawn wagon way, 早期的铁轨用于马车道，最初是木制铁轨，但从 18 世

originally with wooden rails, but from the 1760s
纪 60 年代开始使用捆绑式铁铁轨，由固定在木制铁轨
using strap-iron rails, which consisted of thin strips
上的薄铸铁条组成。
of cast iron fixed onto wooden rails.
17
These rails were too fragile to carry heavy loads, but 这些铁轨太脆弱，无法承载重负荷，但由于最初的建设
because the initial construction cost was less, this
成本较低，这种方法有时被用来快速建造一条廉价的铁
method was sometimes used to quickly build an
路线。
inexpensive rail line.
However, the long-term expense involved in 然而，经常维护所涉及的长期费用超过了任何节省。

frequent maintenance outweighed any savings.
These were superseded by cast iron rails that were 取而代之的是带法兰的铸铁轨道，车轮是平的。

flanged and with the wagon wheels flat.
An early proponent of this design was Benjamin 这个设计的早期支持者是 Benjamin outam。1789 年，他
Outram. His partner William Jessop preferred the use
的合作伙伴威廉·杰索普(William Jessop)更喜欢使用边缘
of edge rails in 1789 where the wheels were flanged
轨道，在那里，车轮是翻边的，随着时间的推移，人们
and, over time, it was realised that this combination
worked better. 意识到这种组合效果更好。
The first steel rails were made in 1857 by Robert 1857 年，Robert Forester Mushet 在英国德比车站制造了
Forester Mushet, who laid them at Derby station in
第一条钢轨。钢是一种更坚固的材料，它可以稳定地取
England. Steel is a much stronger material, which
代铁用于铁路，并允许更长的铁轨被轧制。
steadily replaced iron for use on railway rail and
allowed much longer lengths of rails to be rolled.
100074.Arcelor-Mittal Takeover Version 1 阿赛洛·米塔尔收购版本一
Arcelor, established in Dutch, had been the largest 成立于荷兰的阿塞洛，到 2006 年已成为欧洲最大的钢
European steel maker by 2006.
铁制造商。
It was taken over by Mittal, a Dutch-registered 它被米塔尔公司收购，这是一家在荷兰注册的公司，由

company run from London by its biggest single
其最大的单一股东拉克希米•米塔尔在伦敦经营，拉克
shareholder, Lakshmi Mittal, an Indian who started
18
his first business in Indonesia. 希米·米塔尔是印度人，他在印尼开创了自己的第一家企
业。
The takeover battle raged for six months before 这场收购战持续了 6 个月，直到阿塞洛的老板们最终听
Arcelor's bosses finally listened to shareholders who
取了股东们的意见，他们希望董事会接受米塔尔的第三
wanted the board to accept Mittal's third offer.
次出价。
The Arcelor-Mittal deal demonstrates Europe's 阿塞洛-米塔尔的交易表明，欧洲正日益融入全球经济。

deepening integration into the global economy.
100089.Artificial Intelligence 人工智能
Researchers in the field of artificial intelligence have 长期以来，人工智能领域的研究人员一直对游戏感兴

long been intrigued by games, and not just as a way
趣，而不仅仅是为了逃避工作。
of avoiding work.
Games provide an ideal setting to explore important 游戏提供了一个理想的环境来探索更智能机器设计的重

elements of the design of cleverer machines, such as
要元素，如模式识别、学习和规划。
pattern recognition, learning and planning.
Ever since the stunning victory of Deep Blue, a 自从 1997 年在 IBM 超级计算机上运行的程序“深蓝”
program running on an IBM supercomputer, over
(Deep Blue)击败当时的国际象棋世界冠军加里•卡斯帕罗
Gary Kasparov, then world chess champion, in 1997,
夫(Gary Kasparov)取得令人震惊的胜利以来，人们就清
it has been clear that computers would dominate that
particular game. 楚地看到，计算机将主宰这一特殊的游戏。
Today, though, they are pressing the attack on every 然而，今天，他们在各个方面都在加紧进攻。

front.
19
100165.Puzzles experiment 解谜实验
When I was a young scholar, I do a ….research that 当我是一个年轻的学者，我做一个…改变我看法的研

change my perception… 究……
I invited one student from their school each time, set 我每次都邀请他们学校的一个学生，让他们放松，然后
them comfort and then give them a puzzle.
给他们出一个难题。
One is very easily, another is very hard. 一个很容易，另一个很难。
The students do the question with confuse and…. 学生们迷惑不解地做了这道题。
I observe their behavior and record their strategies 我观察他们的行为并记录他们的策略。
100032.LADS 识字与爸爸（订正原文本）
A University of Canberra student has launched the 堪培拉大学的一名学生发起了该国第一个由父亲主导的

nation’s first father-led literacy project, to encourage
识字项目，以鼓励父亲更多地参与孩子的识字活动。
fathers to become more involved in their children’s
literacy.
Julia Bocking’s Literacy and Dads (LADS) project Julia Bocking 's Literacy and Dads (LADS)项目旨在增加
aims to increase the number of fathers participating
昆北小学 K-2 学校阅读项目中担任识字助手的父亲人
as literacy helpers in K-2 school reading programs at
数。
Queanbeyan Primary Schools.
“ There’s no program like this in Australia, ” Ms. Bocking “在澳大利亚没有这样的计划，”Bocking 女士说，她设计
said, who devised the project as the final component of her 了作为大学社区教育学位的最后一个项目。
20
community education degree at the University.
Having worked as a literacy tutor with teenagers, Ms 作为一名辅导青少年读写能力的教师，博克金认为，在

Bocking saw the need for good attitudes towards
更多男性榜样的帮助下，有必要在早期形成良好的阅读
reading to be formed early on – with the help of
态度。
more male role models.
Teachers depend on parent helpers in the earlier school years, though

她说“一个重视阅读的男性会树立一个强有力的榜样，
research shows that nationally only five percent of these helpers are
male, She said, “A male that values reading sets a 尤其是对于年轻的男孩，统计数据显示，他们更有可能

powerful role model, particularly for young boys, 参加补习班。”
who are statistically more likely to end up in the
remedial literacy program.”
100186.Art history 艺术史
Art history is the history of different groups of 艺术史是不同群体的历史，他们的文化贯穿于他们的艺

people and their culture represented throughout their
术作品中。
artwork.
Art history is the study of objects of art in their 艺术史是对艺术对象在其历史发展和文体语境中的研

historical development and stylistic contexts.
究。
Art historians compare different time periods in art 艺术史学家比较艺术史上不同的时期。

history.
As a term, art history (its product being history of 作为一个术语，艺术史(它的产物是艺术史)包含了研究

art) encompasses several methods of studying the
视觉艺术的几种方法;通常指艺术品和建筑作品。
visual arts; in common usage referring to works of
art and architecture.
21
The study includes painting, sculpture, architecture, 研究内容包括绘画、雕塑、建筑、陶瓷、家具等装饰对

ceramics, furniture, and other decorative objects.
象。
100041.SEPAHUA 塞帕华小镇
SEPAHUA, a ramshackle town on the edge of Peru's 塞帕瓦，秘鲁亚马逊丛林边缘的一个摇摇欲坠的小镇，

Amazon jungle, nestles in a pocket on the map
依偎在地图上的一个口袋里，一条同名的河流流入乌鲁
where a river of the same name flows into the
班巴。
Urubamba.
That pocket denotes a tiny patch of legally logging 这个口袋表示，在四个自然保护区之间夹着一小块合法

land sandwiched between four natural reserves, all
伐木的土地，都富含红木，可以从该镇进入。一位当地
rich in mahogany and accessible from the town.
的伐木工人说，边界在地图上，地图只在首都利马。
Boundaries are on maps, says a local logger, maps
are only in Lima, the capital.
In 2001 the government, egged on by WWF, a green 2001 年，在环保组织世界自然基金会(WWF)的怂恿下，

group, tried to regulate logging in the relatively
政府试图对秘鲁亚马逊相对较小的允许伐木区域进行监
small part of the Peruvian Amazon where this is
管。
allowed.
It abolished the previous system of annual contracts. 它废除了以前的年度合同制度。
Instead, it auctioned 40-year concessions to areas 相反，它拍卖了对地图上被划去的地区 40 年的租赁

ruled off on a map, with the right to log 5% of the
权，每年有权砍伐该地区 5%的土地。其目的是鼓励严
area each year. The aim was to encourage strict
格的管理计划和可持续开采。
management plans and sustainable extraction.
22
100129.Teach us, Mr. Mayor Ver. 2 教教我们，市长先生-版本二
Education scholars generally agree that mayors can 教育学者普遍认为市长可以帮助失败的地区。

help failing districts.
But they are starting to utter warnings. 但他们开始发出警告。
Last summer the editors of the Harvard Educational 去年夏天，《哈佛教育评论》 (Harvard Educational

Review warned that mayoral control could reduce
Review)的编辑警告称，市长控制可能会减少家长对学校
parents' influence on schools.
的影响。
One pointed to Mr. Bloomberg's aggressive style as 有人指出，布隆伯格咄咄逼人的风格是不应该做什么的

an example of what not to do.
一个例子。
100097.Games affect brains 游戏影响大脑
Palaus and his colleagues wanted to see if any trends 帕劳斯和他的同事们想看看迄今为止关于电子游戏如何

had emerged from the research to date concerning
影响我们大脑结构和活动的研究是否出现了什么趋势。
how video games affect the structure and activity of
our brains.
They collected the results from 116 scientific studies, 他们收集了 116 项科学研究的结果，其中 22 项着眼于大
22 of which looked at structural changes in the brain
脑的结构变化，100 项着眼于大脑功能和/或行为的变
and 100 of which looked at changes in brain
化。
functionality and/or behavior.
The studies show that playing video games can 研究表明，玩电子游戏可以改变我们的大脑功能，甚至

change how our brains perform, and even their
改变它们的结构。
structure.
For example, playing video games affects our 例如，玩电子游戏会影响我们的注意力，一些研究发
23
attention, and some studies found that gamers show 现，游戏玩家在几种类型的注意力上都有改善，比如持

improvements in several types of attention, such as
续注意力或选择性注意力。
sustained attention or selective attention.
100078.Sherbet powder 冰冻果子露粉
A reaction that needs some type of energy to make it 一个需要某种能量才能进行的反应叫做吸热反应。它吸

go is said to be endothermic. It takes in energy.
收能量。
For example, the sherbet you used for the chapter 例如，你在第 25 页的章节题目中使用的果子露是小苏
problem on page 25 is a mixture of baking soda and
打和柠檬酸的混合物。
citric acid.
When it is mixed with water in your mouth an 当它与你嘴里的水混合时，就会发生吸热反应，从你嘴

endothermic reaction occurs, taking heat energy
里吸收热量，让你感觉更凉爽。
from your mouth and making it feel cooler.
Another example of an endothermic reaction is seen 另一个吸热反应的例子是运动员用来治疗受伤的冷敷

with the cold packs used by athletes to treat injuries.
包。这些包装通常由一个塑料袋组成，其中含有溶于水
These packs usually consist of a plastic bag
的硝酸铵。
containing ammonium nitrate dissolves in the water.
This process is endothermic-taking heat energy from 这个过程是吸热的——从周围环境中吸收热能，冷却身

the surroundings and cooling the injured part of your
体受伤的部分。在这种情况下，冷包就像一个冰契约。
body. In this way the cold pack acts like an ice pact.
100044.The topography of the ocean floors 海底地形
The topography of the ocean floors is none too well 海底的地形并不为人所知，因为在很大的区域，可用的

known, since in great areas the available soundings
探测距离是数百甚至数千英里。
are hundreds or even thousands of miles apart.
24
However, the floor at the Atlantic is becoming fairly 然而，自 1920 年以来，由于特殊调查的结果，大西洋
well known as a result of special surveys since 1920.
海底正变得相当有名。
A broad, well-defined ridge- the Mid-Atlantic ridge- 一条宽阔、轮廓分明的山脊——大西洋中部山脊——在

runs north and south between Africa and the two
非洲和两个美洲之间南北延伸。还有许多其他的不规则
Americas. Numerous other major irregularities
现象使大西洋地区多样化
diversify the Atlantic floor.
Closely spaced soundings show that many parts of 紧密间隔的探测表明，海底的许多部分与大陆的山区一

the oceanic floors are as rugged as mountainous
样崎岖不平。
regions of the continents.
Use of the recently perfected method of echo 利用最近改进的回声测深方法正在迅速扩大我们对海底

sounding is rapidly enlarging our knowledge of
地形的知识。
submarine topography.
During World War II great strides were made in 在第二次世界大战期间，绘制潜艇表面地图取得了巨大

mapping submarine surfaces, particularly in many
的进步，特别是在广阔的太平洋盆地的许多地区。
parts of the vast pacific basin.
100051.Human worship gods 人们崇拜的神灵
My study of the history of religion has revealed that 我对宗教史的研究表明，人类是精神动物。的确，有理

human beings are spiritual animals. Indeed, there is a
由认为智人也是信奉宗教的人。
case for arguing that Homo sapiens is also Homo
religious.
Men and women started to worship gods as soon as 男人和女人开始崇拜上帝，当他们成为人类的时候，他

they became recognizably human they created
们创造了宗教，同时也创造了艺术作品。
religions at the same time as they created works of
art.
This was not simply because they wanted to 这不仅仅是因为他们想安抚强大的势力。
25
propitiate powerful forces.
These early faiths expressed the wonder and mystery 这些早期的信仰表达了人类对这个美丽世界体验的一个

that seems always to have been an essential
基本组成部分——奇迹和神秘。
component of the human experience of this beautiful
world.
100070.The Development of Aviation 航空业的发展
After World War II, especially in North America, 第二次世界大战后，特别是在北美，由于成千上万的飞

there was a boom in general aviation, both private
行员从军队退役，许多廉价的战时剩余运输和训练飞机
and commercial, as thousands of pilots were released
得以使用，私人和商业通用航空出现了繁荣。
from military service and many inexpensive war-
surplus transport and training aircraft became
available.
Manufacturers such as Cessna, Piper, and 塞斯纳(Cessna)、Piper 和 Beechcraft 等制造商扩大了生

Beechcraft expanded production to provide light
产，为新兴中产阶级市场提供轻型飞机。
aircraft for the new middle-class market.
By the 1950s, the development of civil jets grew, 到 20 世纪 50 年代，民用飞机的发展开始增长，从德哈

beginning with the de Havilland Comet, though the
维兰彗星(de Havilland Comet)开始，尽管第一架广泛使
first widely used passenger jet was the Boeing 707,
用的客机是波音 707，因为它比当时的其他飞机经济得
because it was much more economical than other
aircraft at that time. 多。
At the same time, turboprop propulsion began to 与此同时，涡轮螺旋桨推进开始出现在较小的通勤飞机

appear for smaller commuter planes, making it
上，使其有可能在更大范围的天气条件下为小容量航线
possible to serve small-volume routes in a much
提供服务。
wider range of weather conditions.
26
100084.Botanical Gardens Conservation International 国际植物园保护组织
The organization, which has revealed that more than 该组织发现，全球有超过 6 万种树木。BCGI 是一个慈
60,000 species of trees are available globally. The
善组织，它根据从 500 个成员的组织网络中收集的数据
BCGI, a charity group, has compiled the list of trees
编制了树木清单。
on the basis of data gathered from its network of
500-member organizations.
The researchers claim to have collected information 研究人员声称，在两年多的时间里，他们从 BCGI 的网

over a period of two years from sources including
络中收集了超过 500 篇已发表内容和 80 名专家的信息。
over 500 published contents and 80 experts in the
BCGI’s network.
BGCI in collaboration with the International Union BGCI 与国际自然保护联盟合作，确定了目前生活在地

for Conservation of nature identified 60,065 tree
球上的 60,065 种树种。
species currently living on earth.
Of that number, more than half were found to only 该数据库的作者说，在这个数字中，超过一半被发现只

occur in a single country, which could suggest an
发生在一个国家，这可能表明威胁的可能性增加。
increased vulnerability to threats, said the authors of
the database.
100072.Carbon Pricing in Canada 加拿大的碳价格
There is a growing consensus that, if serious action 越来越多的人一致认为，如果要在加拿大采取认真行动

is to be taken to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG)
减少温室气体(GHG)排放，就必须对这些排放进行定
emissions in Canada, a price must be applied to
价。
those emissions.
There are, however, challenges associated with the 然而，碳定价在政治上的可接受性存在挑战。

political acceptability of carbon pricing.
If Canada implements a carbon price on its own, 如果加拿大自己实施碳排放价格，人们担心加拿大的工
27
there are worries that Canadian factories will 厂将迁往其他国家以逃避监管。

relocate to other countries to avoid the regulation.
Even if other countries act in concert with Canada to 即使其他国家与加拿大联手为碳定价，其影响也将因行

price carbon, the effects will be uneven across
业而异，受影响相对较大的行业的游说努力可能会威胁
sectors, and lobbying efforts by relatively more-
到该政策的政治可行性。
affected sectors might threaten the political viability
of the policy.
100010.A retired engineer 一个退休的工程师
In 1992 a retired engineer in San Diego contracted a 1992 年，圣地亚哥的一名退休工程师患上了一种罕见的

rare brain disease that wiped out his memory.
脑病，彻底丧失了记忆。
Every day he was asked where the kitchen was in his 每天都有人问他，厨房在他家的什么地方，他每天一点
house, and every day he didn’t have the foggiest
概念也没有。
idea.
Yet whenever he was hungry he got up and propelled 然而，每当他饿了，他就站起来，径直走到厨房去拿东

himself straight to the kitchen to get something to
西吃。
eat.
Studies of this man led scientists to a breakthrough: 对这个人的研究使科学家们取得了突破:我们大脑中习惯

the part of our brains where habits are stored has
储存的部分与记忆或理性无关。
nothing to do with memory or reason.
It offered proof of what the US psychologist William 这证明了一个多世纪前美国心理学家威廉•詹姆斯所注

James noticed more than a century ago- humans are
意到的——人类只不过是行走习惯的捆绑物。
mere walking bundles of habits .
100073.Electronic device disposal Version 1 电子设备处理版本一
28
The invention of electronic devices is a huge step 电子设备的发明是人类的一大进步。

and advancement of humans.
Such as washing machine, video game players, etc. 如洗衣机、游戏机等。
But how to deal with these e-waste has become a 但是如何处理这些电子垃圾已经成为一个问题。

problem.
The amount of e-waste has been growing by 3% to 电子垃圾的数量以每年 3%到 5%的速度增长。

5% every year.
100012.Jet stream 喷流
Jet stream, narrow, swift currents or tubes of air fond 急流，狭窄、快速的气流或气流管，喜欢在离地球表面

at heights ranging from 7 to 8 miles above the
7 至 8 英里的高度飞行。
surface of the earth.
They are caused by great temperature differences 它们是由相邻气团之间的温差引起的。

between adjacent air masses.
Instead of moving along a straight line, the jet stream 急流不是沿直线运动，而是以波状流动;波浪向东传播

flows in a wavelike fashion; the waves propagate
(在北半球)的速度比风速本身要慢得多。
eastward (in the Northern Hemisphere) at speeds
considerably slower than the wind speed itself.
Since the progress of an airplane is aided or impeded 因为飞机的前进取决于遇到的是顺风还是逆风。

depending on whether tail winds or head winds are
encountered.
In the Northern Hemisphere the jet stream is sought 在北半球，向东飞行的飞机为了提高速度和节省燃料而

by eastbound aircraft, in order to gain speed and save
寻求急流，而向西飞行的飞机则避开急流。
fuel, and avoided by westbound aircraft.
29
100006.International Date Line 国际日期变更线
International Date Line, imaginary line on the earth's 国际日期变更线，地球表面假想的线，通常沿着经度

surface, generally following the 180° meridian of
180°子午线走，在那里，根据国际协议，旅行者改变日
longitude, where, by international agreement,
期。
travellers change dates.
The date line is necessary to avoid a confusion that 为了避免造成混淆，日期行是必要的。

would otherwise result.
For example, if an airplane were to travel westward 例如，如果一架飞机随太阳向西飞行，当它环绕地球一

with the sun, 24 hours would elapse as it circled the
周时，24 小时就过去了，但是对于飞机上的人来说，这
globe, but it would still be the same day for those in
仍然是同一天，而对于地面上的人来说，这将是晚一
the airplane while it would be one day later for those
on the ground below them. 天。
The same problem would arise if two travellers 如果两个旅行者从相反的方向旅行到地球另一边的一个

journeyed in opposite directions to a point on the
点，即 180°经度的距离，也会出现同样的问题。
opposite side of the earth, 180° of longitude distant.
The apparent paradox is resolved by requiring that 通过要求穿越日期变更线的旅行者更改日期，从而使旅

the traveller crossing the dateline change his date,
行者在见面时达成一致，解决了这一明显的矛盾。
thus bringing the travellers into agreement when they
meet.
100138.New Ventures 新型风险投资
New Ventures is a program that helps entrepreneurs New Ventures 是一个帮助巴西、中国、哥伦比亚、印
in some of the world’s most dynamic, emerging
度、印度尼西亚和墨西哥等全球最具活力的新兴经济体
economies-- Brazil, China, Colombia, India,
企业家的项目。
Indonesia and Mexico.
We have facilitated more than $203 million in 我们已经为超过 2.03 亿美元的投资提供了便利，并与
30
investment, and worked with 250 innovative 250 家创新企业合作，这些企业的产品和服务产生了清

businesses whose goods and services produce clear,
晰、可衡量的环境效益，如清洁能源、高效用水和可持
measurable environmental benefits, such as clean
energy, efficient water use, and sustainable 续农业。
agriculture.
Often they also address the challenges experienced 它们往往也处理世界穷人所面临的挑战。

by the world’s poor.
For example, one of the companies we work with in 例如，我们在中国合作的一家名为 Ecostar 的公司从美
China, called Ecostar, refurbishes copy machines
国翻新复印机，然后以比品牌复印机低 20%的价格转售
from the United States and re-sells or leases them for
或租赁。
20 percent less than a branded photocopier.
100050.The glow worms 萤火虫
The Newness railroad was closed in 1932 after 25 纽斯铁路在运送油页岩 25 年后，于 1932 年关闭。
years of shipping oil shale.
The rails were pulled out of the 600-meter tunnel, 这条 600 米长的隧道是在沃尔莱米国家公园的砂岩中钻
which had been bored through the sandstone in the
出来的，铁轨被拉出了隧道，让隧道自行运转。
Wollemi National Park, and the tunnel was left to its
own devices.
For Newness, that meant becoming home to 对纽斯来说，这意味着要成为成千上万萤火虫的家园。

thousands and thousands of glow worms.
The glow worm is a catch-all name for the 发光虫是各种生物发光幼虫的总称，在这个例子中，是

bioluminescent larvae of various species, in this
一种名为 Arachnocampa richardsae 的真菌蚊。在洞穴中
case, the Arachnocampa richardsae, a type of fungus
gnat. Found in massive numbers in caves, the fungus 大量发现的这种真菌蚊幼虫依附在废弃隧道的石壁上，
gnat larvae cling to the rocky walls of the abandoned 用长长的、发光的黏液串捕食。
tunnel and hunt with long, glowing strings of sticky
31
mucus.
100004.Unprecedented opportunity 前所未有的机遇
We live in an age of unprecedented opportunity: with 我们生活在一个充满前所未有的机遇的时代:有了雄心、

ambition, drive, and talent, you can rise to the top of
动力和天赋，无论你从哪里起步，你都可以在你选择的
your chosen profession regardless of where you
职业中达到顶峰。
started out.
But with opportunity comes responsibility. 但机遇带来责任。
Companies today aren’t managing their knowledge 如今的公司没有管理好他们对员工职业生涯的知识。

of workers’ careers.
Instead, you must be your own Chief Executive 相反，你必须成为自己的首席执行官。

Officer.
That means it’s up to you to carve out your place in 这意味着你要在这个世界上开辟自己的位置，知道什么

the world and know when to change course.
时候改变路线。
100005.Chimpanzees 黑猩猩
A simple way to disprove this hypothesis (the 反驳这一假设(先天假设)的一个简单方法是证明其他物

Innateness Hypothesis) is to demonstrate that other
种有说话的能力，但由于某种原因，它们根本就没有语
species have the capacity to speak but for some
言能力。
reason simply have not developed speech.
A logical candidate for such a species is the 一个合乎逻辑的候选物种是黑猩猩，它与人类有 98.4%

chimpanzee, which shares 98.4% of the human
的遗传密码相同。
genetic code.
32
Chimpanzees cannot speak because, unlike Homo 黑猩猩不能说话，因为与智人不同，它们的声带位于喉

sapiens, their vocal cords are located higher in their
咙的高处，无法像人类的声带那样受到精细的控制。
throats and cannot be controlled as delicately as
human vocal cords.
It does not follow from their lack of speech, 然而，由于缺乏语言，黑猩猩无法使用语言。

however, that chimpanzees are incapable of
language.
Perhaps they can acquire grammar like humans if 也许他们能像人类一样学习语法，如果他们能用其他方

they could only express it some other way.
式表达的话。
100007.Persuaded by information 说服的信息
In his fascinating book Carbon Detox, George 乔治•马歇尔在其引人入胜的著作《碳排毒》中指出，

Marshall argues that people are not persuaded by
人们不会被信息所说服。
information.
Our views are formed by the views of the people 我们的观点是由与我们交往的人的观点所形成的。

with whom we mix.
Of the narratives that might penetrate these circles, 在可能穿透这些圈子的叙述中，我们更有可能倾听那些

we are more likely to listen to those which offer us
给我们带来某种回报的叙述。
some reward.
He proposes that instead of arguing for sacrifice, 他建议，环保主义者不应该为牺牲而争论，而应该指出

environmentalists should show where the rewards
回报可能在哪里。
might lie.
We should emphasize the old-fashioned virtues of 我们应该强调在危机面前团结一致、足智多谋和共同行

uniting in the face of a crisis, of resourcefulness and
动的传统美德。
community action.
33
100011.Aviation 航空
During the 1920s and 1930s great progress was 在 20 世纪 20 年代和 30 年代，航空领域取得了巨大的进
made in the field of aviation, including the first
步，包括阿尔科克和布朗在 1919 年的第一次跨大西洋
transatlantic flight of Alcock and Brown in 1919,
飞行，查尔斯 · 林德伯格的单人跨大西洋飞行。 1927
Charles Lindbergh's solo transatlantic flight.In 1927,
and Charles Kingsford Smith's transpacific flight the 年，查尔斯·金斯福德·史密斯(Charles Kingsford Smith)进
following year.
行了跨太平洋飞行。
One of the most successful designs of this period 这一时期最成功的设计之一是道格拉斯 DC-3，它成为

was the Douglas DC-3, which became the first
第一架完全搭载乘客的盈利客机，开启了客运航空服务
airliner to be profitable carrying passengers
的现代时代。
exclusively, starting the modern era of passenger
airline service.
By the beginning of World War II, many towns and 到第二次世界大战开始时，许多城镇都建立了机场，有

cities had built airports, and there were numerous
许多合格的飞行员。
qualified pilots available.
The war brought many innovations to aviation, 战争给航空带来了许多创新，包括第一架喷气式飞机和

including the first jet aircraft and the first liquid-
第一枚液体燃料火箭。
fueled rockets.
100014.New energy 新能源
Many countries suffering a shortage of scholars of 许多国家都缺乏研究新能源的学者。

new energy.
Especially engineers about new energy. 尤其是新能源方面的工程师。
With the climate change, the money distributed in 随着气候变化，用于能源研究的资金将增加一倍。

energy research will double.
34
Become an engineer not only means more 成为一名工程师不仅意味着在他们的职业生涯中有更多

opportunities in their career but will gain more
的机会，而且会在他们的研究中获得更多的钱。
money in their research.
100019.Battle with enemy 与敌人斗争
With regard to defence, the purpose of the military is 在国防方面，军队的目的是保卫国家，准备同敌人作

to defend the nation and be prepared to do battle
战。
with its enemy.
How do you do battle with your enemy? 你如何与你的敌人作战?
The idea is to destroy the enemy’s productive 其目的是消灭敌人的生产能力，根据经济基础的不同，

capacity, and depending upon the economic
生产能力也各不相同。
foundation, that productive capacity is different in
each case.
So in the agrarian era, if you need to destroy the 所以在农耕时代，如果你想摧毁敌人的生产能力，你想

enemy’s productive capacity, what you want to do is
做的就是烧掉他的土地，如果你真的很邪恶，就把它们
bum his fields, or if you’re really vicious, salt them.
撒盐。
But in the industrial era destroying the enemy’s 但是在工业时代，摧毁敌人的生产能力就意味着轰炸城

productive capacity means bombing the factories
市里的工厂。
which are located in the cities.
Now in the information era, destroying the enemy’s 在信息时代，摧毁敌人的生产能力就意味着摧毁信息基

productive capacity means destroying the
础设施。
information infrastructure.
35
100021.Electronic transactions 电子交易
Cash transactions offer both privacy and anonymity 现金交易提供了隐私和匿名性，因为它不包含可以用来

as it does not contain information that can be used to
识别交易双方或交易历史的信息。
identify the parties nor the transaction history.
Moreover, money is worth what it is because we 此外，钱是有价值的，因为我们已经接受了它。

have come to accept it.
The whole structure of traditional money is built on 传统货币的整个结构都建立在信仰的基础上，电子货币

faith and so will electronic money have to be.
也必须如此。
Electronic transactions are happening in closed 电子交易是在封闭的群体网络和互联网上进行的。电子

group networks and Internet. Electronic commerce is
商务是互联网出现的最重要的方面之一。
one of the most important aspects of Internet to
emerge.
To support e-commerce, we need effective payment 为了支持电子商务，我们需要有效的支付系统、安全的

systems and secure communication channels and
通信渠道和数据完整性。
data integrity.
100030.IT Innovation in India 印度信息技术创新
Innovation in India is as much due to 波士顿咨询集团(Boston Consulting Group)驻印度董事长

entrepreneurialism as it is to IT skills, says Arun
阿伦•玛丽亚(Arun Maria)表示，印度的创新既归功于 it
Maria, chairman of Boston Consulting Group in
技能，也得益于企业家精神。
India.
Indian businessmen have used IT to create new 印度商人利用信息技术创造了新的商业模式，使他们能

business models that enable them to provide services
够以更划算的方式提供服务。
in a more cost-effective way.
36
This is not something that necessarily requires 这并不一定需要昂贵的技术研究。

expensive technical research.
He suggests the country’s computer services industry 他建议，如果中国的计算机服务行业无法在当地获得这

can simply outsource research to foreign universities
种能力，那么它可以简单地将研究外包给外国大学。
if the capability is not available locally.
This way, I will have access to the best scientists in 这样，我就可以接触到世界上最优秀的科学家，而不必

the world without having to produce them myself,
亲自培养他们，玛丽亚表示。
says Mr. Maria.
100036.Meeting 会议
People always think it's easy to organize a meeting; 人们总是认为组织一次会议很容易;然而，有许多可能会

however, there are many potentials can hinder the
阻碍启动时间。
starting time.
This is especially true when employees are working 当员工与大量的合作伙伴一起工作时尤其如此。

with a large number of partners.
Employees may meet troubles such as contacting and 员工可能会遇到一些麻烦，如联系和安排一个日期和时

organizing a date and time, arranging
间，安排住宿等。
accommodation, etc.
In addition, sometimes you have to find children 此外，有时你必须为与会者寻找儿童设施或其他医疗保

facility or other health care for the meeting
健。
participants.
100046.Weather in Delhi 德里的天气
Normally in Delhi, September is a month of almost 通常在德里，9 月几乎是赤道肥沃的月份，土地看起来

equatorial fertility and the land seems refreshed and
焕然一新。
newly-washed.
37
But in the year of our arrival, after a parching 但是在我们到达的那年，在一个炎热的夏天之后，雨只

summer, the rains had lasted for only three weeks.
下了三个星期。
As a result dust was everywhere and the city’s trees 结果到处都是灰尘，城市里的树木和花朵看起来都像是

and flowers all looked as if they had been lightly
被轻轻地撒上了滑石粉。
sprinkled with talcum powder.
Nevertheless the air was still sticky with damp-heat, 尽管如此，湿热的空气仍然黏糊糊的，我们是在汗云中

and it was in a cloud of perspiration that we began to
开始打开行李的。
unpack.
100049.Journalists Version1 记者版本一
Experts especially journalists, inevitably find 专家，尤其是记者，由于他们的文化背景，不可避免地

difficult to be objective because of their culture
发现很难做到客观。
background.
Journalists tried their best not to be biased. 记者们尽量不带偏见。
However, including every aspects of an issue is as 然而，把一个问题的方方面面都考虑进去，就像呼吁每

easy as calling for every candidate to participate in
位候选人都参加总统辩论一样简单。
presidential debate.
Some aspects are not included in the reporting. 报告中没有包括一些方面。
100052.Animal Exploratory urge 动物探索性冲动
All animals have a strong exploratory urge, but for 所有的动物都有强烈的探索欲望，但对某些动物来说，

some it is more crucial than others.
探索比其他动物更重要。
It depends on how specialized they have become 这取决于它们在进化过程中变得多么专业化。
38
during the course of evolution.
If they have put all their effort into the perfection of 如果他们把所有的精力都放在一个完美的生存技巧上，
one survival trick, they do not bother so much with
他们就不会为周围复杂的世界而烦恼。
the general complexities of the world around them.
So long as the ant eater has its ants and the koala 只要吃蚂蚁的人有自己的蚂蚁，考拉熊是树胶叶子，那
bear is gum leaves, then they are satisfied and the
么他们就满足了，生活很容易。
living is easy.
The non-specialists, however, the opportunities of 然而，非专业人士，动物世界的机遇，永远不能放松。

the animal world, can never afford to relax.
100059.Time management of Employees 员工的时间管理
Due to increasing demands, people in every 面对日益增长的需求，每个组织的人都在把自己逼到极

organization are pushing themselves to their limits.
限。
Individuals arrive early to get work done before the 每个人都要在电话铃声和会议开始前早早地赶到办公室

phone starts ringing and the meetings begin.
完成工作。
Then, they stay late to get more work done. 然后，他们熬夜完成更多的工作。
These are signs for management to stop raising the 这些迹象表明，管理层应停止每年提高绩效标准，以免

performance bar every year, lest their staff become
员工破产。
time-bankrupt.
Clearly, they need to avoid this situation, because 显然，他们需要避免这种情况，因为最终筋疲力尽的员

eventually burnt-out employees can only have a
工只会对生产力产生负面影响。
negative impact on productivity.
39
100062.Fruit intake 水果的摄入量
Fruit and vegetable intake is important for the 水果和蔬菜的摄入对预防未来的慢性病很重要。因此，

prevention of future chronic disease. So it's
了解青少年的水果和蔬菜摄入量是否接近国家目标是很
important to know whether intakes of teens are
重要的。
approaching national objectives for fruit and
vegetable consumption.
Larson and colleagues from the University of 拉尔森和明尼苏达大学的同事进行了这项研究，以调查

Minnesota undertook the study to examine whether
该州的青少年是否增加了水果和蔬菜的摄入量。
or not teens in the state were increasing their intake
of fruits and vegetables.
The study gathered information about fruit and 该研究分别在 1999 年和 2004 年收集了 944 名男孩和
vegetable intake among 944 boys and 1.161 girls in
1.161 名女孩的水果和蔬菜摄入量信息。
1999 and again in 2004.
Teens in middle adolescence are eating fewer fruits 青春期中期的青少年比 1999 年少吃水果和蔬菜。拉森
and vegetables than in 1999. Larson and colleagues
和他的同事发现。
found.
This is giving us the message that we need new and 这给我们的信息是，我们需要新的和加强的努力来增加

enhanced efforts to increase fruit and vegetable
水果和蔬菜的摄入量，这是我们过去从未做过的。
intake that we haven't been doing in the past.
100065.University of Otago Center 奥塔哥中心大学
University of Otago Center of International Health 奥塔哥大学国际卫生中心联合主任菲利普·希尔教授和约

co-directors Professor Philip Hill and Professor John
翰·克伦普教授认为，全球卫生是一项多学科活动。
Crump share a view that global health is a
multidisciplinary activity.
In their work - from Tanzania to the Gambia, from 在他们的工作中——从坦桑尼亚到冈比亚，从缅甸到印
40
Myanmar to Indonesia and beyond -they tap into a 度尼西亚以及其他地方——他们利用了来自大学的广泛

wide range of expertise from across the University,
专业知识，包括临床医生、微生物学家和分子微生物学
including clinicians, microbiologists and molecular
microbiologists, public health experts, economists 家、公共卫生专家、经济学家和数学家。
and mathematicians.
They have also forged relationships and 他们还与世界各地的研究和援助机构建立了关系和合

collaborations with research and aid agencies around
作。
the world.
For the past seven years Professor Philip Hill has 过去七年里，Philip Hill 教授一直是印度尼西亚结核病研
been part of a collaborative tuberculosis research
究合作项目的一部分，该项目与西爪哇万隆的
project in Indonesia, with the University of
Padjadjaran 大学合作，由欧盟委员会资助，研究传染性
Padjadjaran in Bandung, West Java, undertaking
European Commission-funded research into the 疾病和非传染性疾病之间的因果关系。
causative links between infectious and non-
communicable diseases in this case tuberculosis
(TB) and diabetes mellitus.
100067.Experiment on calves 针对小牛犊的实验
To gauge optimism and pessimism, the researchers 为了衡量乐观和悲观，研究人员对 22 头小牛进行了一

set up an experiment involving 22 calves.
项实验。
Before they started the experiment, they trained the 在他们开始实验之前，他们训练小牛去理解他们的选择

calves to understand which of their choices would
中哪一个会带来回报。
lead to a reward.
In the training, each calf entered a small pen and 在训练中，每头小牛进入一个小围栏，发现一堵墙上有

found a wall with five holes arranged in a horizontal
五个洞，它们排成一条水平线，间隔 2.5 英尺。
line, two-and-a-half feet apart.
41
The hole at one end contained milk from a bottle, 一头的洞里装的是奶瓶里的牛奶，而另一头的洞里只有

while the hole at the opposite end contained only an
一个空瓶子，里面的空气会吹到小牛的脸上。
empty bottle and delivered a puff of air in calves'
faces.
The calves learned quickly which side of the pen 小牛们很快就学会了用围栏的哪一边来盛奶。

held the milk reward.
100083.Reading 阅读
Humans appear to be the only species which is able 人类似乎是唯一能够将他们的交流转化为另一种媒介的

to translate their communication into another
物种，在这种情况下，媒介提供了对交流元素的半持续
medium, and in this case the medium provides a
semi-durable record of the elements of the 性记录。
communication.
So reading is a very special ability that we have. 所以阅读是我们拥有的一种非常特殊的能力。
Reading also is special because, unlike language, 阅读也很特别，因为与语言不同，大多数孩子必须被教

most children have to be taught to read, write and
读、写和拼写。
spell.
So though we may be predisposed to being able to 因此，尽管我们可能倾向于能够阅读，并且通常具有掌

read and usually have the abilities necessary to
握阅读的必要能力，但这是我们大多数人只有通过他人
master reading, it is something that most of us only
的直接帮助才能完成的事情。
accomplish through the direct help of others.
100086.Wal-Mart 沃尔玛
Wal-Mart's core shoppers are running out of money 沃尔玛首席执行官迈克•杜克周三表示，由于汽油价格

much faster than a year ago due to rising gasoline
上涨，沃尔玛核心顾客的资金消耗速度比一年前快得
prices, and the retail giant is worried, CEO Mike
42
Duke said Wednesday. 多，这家零售巨头对此感到担忧。
We're seeing core consumers under a lot of pressure, 杜克大学在纽约的一次活动中表示:“我们看到核心消费

Duke said at an event in New York. There's no doubt
者承受着巨大压力。毫无疑问，不断上涨的燃油价格正
that rising fuel prices are having an impact.
在产生影响。
Wal-Mart shoppers, many of whom live paycheck to 沃尔玛(Wal-Mart)的购物者中，很多人都是靠工资生活

paycheck, typically shop in bulk at the beginning of
的，他们通常会在每月初拿到工资时大量购物。
the month when their paychecks come in.
Lately, they're running out of money at a faster clip, 最近，他们的钱用得越来越快，他说。

he said.
Purchases are really dropping off by the end of the 杜克表示，到本月底，购买量确实在下降，降幅甚至超

month even more than last year, Duke said. This
过了去年。这个月底的(购买)周期越来越令人担忧。
end-of-month [purchases] cycle is growing to be a
concern.
100096..Accounting System 会计系统
Are there any systems that can measure the 有什么系统可以衡量会计制度吗?

accounting system?
Well, there is accounting software describes a type of 嗯，会计软件描述了一种应用软件，它记录和处理诸如

application software that records and processes
应付账款、应收账款、工资和试算表等功能模块中的会
accounting transactions within functional modules
such as accounts payable, accounts receivable, 计交易。
payroll, and trial balance.
It is a system in which functions as a accounting 它是一个会计信息系统。

information system.
This enables the access anywhere at any time with 这可以在任何时间、任何地点访问任何支持 Internet 的
43
any device which is Internet enabled, or may be 设备，或者基于桌面的设备。它的复杂性和成本差别很

desktop based. It varies greatly in its complexity and
大。
cost.
These tools combine together to provide quality 这些工具结合在一起可以提供高质量的客户服务，并创

customer service and create a climate of confidence,
造一种自信的氛围，一种有助于满足特定需求的客户服
a customer service strategy that helps meet the
务策略。
specific needs.
100123.Car Accidents Ver.2 车祸-版本二
Road safety analyses of driver behavior have 传统上，对驾驶员行为的道路安全分析主要集中在男性

traditionally concentrated on the role of the male
驾驶员的角色上。
driver.
While this is in keeping with the fact that the 虽然这符合大多数涉及致命车祸的司机是男性这一事

majority of drivers involved in fatal crashes are
实，但几十年来涉及女性司机的致命车祸的相对比例一
male, the relative proportion of fatal crashes
involving female drivers has been steadily increasing 直在稳步上升。
over many decades.
Thus, while virtually all drivers killed 45 years ago 尽管在 45 年前，几乎所有的司机死亡都是男性，但在
were male, the percentage of female driver fatalities
1970 年，女性司机死亡的比例上升到 13%，近年来，女
had risen to 13% in 1970 and in recent years females
have accounted for between 22% and 27% of all 性在所有司机死亡中所占的比例在
22%至 27%之间。
driver deaths.
In view of this situation, this report examines 鉴于这种情况，本报告调查了男性和女性司机在旅行特

differences between male and female drivers in
征、致命碰撞风险、致命碰撞特征和影响伤害结果的因
terms of travel characteristics, fatal crash risk, fatal
素方面的差异。
crash characteristics and factors affecting injury
outcome.
44
100125.Arcelor-Mittal Takeover Version 2 阿赛洛·米塔尔收购版本二
It was taken over by Mittal, a Dutch-registered 它被米塔尔公司收购，这是一家在荷兰注册的公司，由

company run from London by its biggest single
其最大的单一股东拉克希米•米塔尔在伦敦经营，拉克
shareholder, Lakshmi Mittal, an Indian who started
希米•米塔尔是印度人，他在印尼开创了自己的第一家
his first business in Indonesia.
企业。
The takeover battle raged for six months before 这场收购战持续了 6 个月，直到阿塞洛的老板们最终听
Arcelor's bosses finally listened to shareholders who
取了股东们的意见，他们希望董事会接受米塔尔的第三
wanted the board to accept Mittal's third offer.
次出价。
The story tells us two things about European 这个故事告诉我们关于欧洲商业的两件事，都是积极

business, both positive.
的。
First, shareholder activism is increasing in a 首先，股东维权行为在非洲大陆日益增多，而直到最

continent where until recently it was depressingly
近，这一现象还极为罕见，令人沮丧。
rare.
Second, and more important, the Arcelor Mittal deal

第二，也是更重要的一点，阿塞洛-米塔尔的交易表明，
demonstrates Europe's deepening integration into the
global economy. 欧洲正日益融入全球经济。
100136.Technology Revolution 科技革命
Sometime about a million and a half years ago, some 大约 150 万年前，一些被遗忘的原始人世界的天才做了
forgotten genius of the hominid world did an
一件意想不到的事。他(很可能是她)拿起一块石头，小
unexpected thing. He (or very possibly she) took one
心翼翼地用它来塑造另一块。
stone and carefully used it to shape another.
45
The result was a simple teardrop-shaped hand-axe, 结果是一个简单的泪滴形手斧，但它是世界上第一个先

but it was the world's first piece of advanced
进的技术。
technology.
It was so superior to existing tools that soon others 它比现有的工具更优越，很快其他人就跟随发明者的领

were following the inventor's lead and making hand-
导并制造了自己的手斧。
axes of their own.
Eventually whole societies existed that seemed to do 最终整个社会的存在似乎没有什么别的作用。

little else.
100141.Hip hop 嘻哈
Hip hop emerged as a reaction to the gang culture 嘻哈是对 20 世纪 70 年代南布朗克斯区帮派文化和暴力

and violence of the South Bronx in the 1970s, and
的一种反应，以及贫困、种族主义、排斥、犯罪、暴力
daily experiences of poverty, racism, exclusion,
和忽视的日常经历。
crime, violence, and neglect.
It necessarily embodies and values resilience, 它必然体现和重视复原力、理解、社区和社会正义。

understanding, community and social justice.
Without these, Hip Hop culture would never have 没有这些，嘻哈文化就不会存在，正是因为这些价值观

been, and it is because these values remain at its core
仍然是核心，嘻哈才成为推动世界各地积极社会变革的
that Hip Hop is such a powerful agent of positive
强大力量。
social change around the world.
Yet, the hip hop project is not yet free from these 然而，嘻哈项目还没有摆脱这些困难的环境。
difficult circumstances.
100143.Neutron Scattering Summer School 中子散射暑期学校
The Canadian Institute for Neutron Scattering will be 加拿大中子散射研究所将于 2011 年 5 月 8 日至 13 日在

holding the eleventh neutron summer school at
46
Chalk River on May 8 – 13, 2011. 白垩河举办第 11 届中子暑期学校。
The aim of the school is to cover a wide range of 该学院的目标是涵盖与热中子散射有关的广泛主题，包

topics associated with thermal neutron scattering,
括粉末衍射、应力分析、结构、反射测量、小角度中子
including powder diffraction, stress analysis, texture,
reflectometry, and small-angle neutron scattering 散射以及与中子散射有关的基本理论。
together with the underlying theory associated with
neutron scattering.
The theory will be presented in a way that should be 该理论将以这些领域的人们都应该理解的方式提出。

understood by people in any of these fields.
For more information, see the Canadian Institute for 有关更多信息，请参见加拿大中子散射研究所的中子暑

Neutron Scattering's Neutron Summer School.
期学校。
47
Fill in the blanks－拖拽

 本周新增：
110002.Plainness 平铺直叙
Now that doesn't mean that plainness is the only good style, or that you should become a slave to spare,
unadorned writing. Formality and ornateness have their place, and in competent hands complexity can carry
us on a dizzying, breathtaking journey. But most students, most of the time, should strive to be sensibly
simple, to develop a baseline style of short words, active verbs, and relatively simple sentences conveying
clear actions or identities. It's faster. It makes arguments easier to follow. It increases the chances a busy
reader will bother to pay attention, and it lets you focus more attention on your moments of rhetorical
flourish, which I do not advise deserting altogether.
这并不意味着平铺直叙是唯一的好风格，也不意味着你应该成为朴实写作的奴隶。正式和华丽有它们的位置，在有能力的手中，复杂
可以带我们进行一个令人眼花缭乱，惊人的旅程。但大多数学生，在大多数情况下，都应该努力做到简单易懂，形成一种基本的风
格，用简短的单词、主动动词和相对简单的句子来表达清楚的行为或身份。它更快，更容易理解论点，增加了忙碌的读者集中注意力
的机会，让你把更多的注意力集中在华丽的修辞上，我不建议完全放弃。
选项：
slave expert competent strive baseline
pay available conveying focus abandoning
developing saying combining deserting
110038.Australia and New Zealand 澳大利亚与新西兰
Australia and New Zealand have many common links. Both countries were recently settled by Europeans,
are predominantly English speaking and in that sense, share a common cultural heritage. Although in close
proximity to one another, both countries are geographically isolated and have small populations by world
standards. They have similar histories and enjoy close relations on many fronts.
48
In terms of population characteristics, Australia and New Zealand have much in common. Both countries
have minority indigenous populations, and during the latter half of the 20th century have seen a steady
stream of migrants from a variety of regions throughout the world. Both countries have experienced similar
declines in fertility since the high levels recorded during the baby boom, and alongside this have enjoyed the
benefits of continually improving life expectancy. One consequence of these trends is that both countries are
faced with an ageing population, and the associated challenge of providing appropriate care and support for
this growing group within the community.
澳大利亚和新西兰有许多共同的联系。这两个国家最近都是由欧洲人定居的，他们主要讲英语，从这个意义上说，拥有共同的文化遗
产。虽然两国相距很近，但两国在地理上是孤立的，以世界标准衡量，两国人口很少。他们有着相似的历史，在许多方面有着密切的
关系。
就人口特征而言，澳大利亚和新西兰有很多共同之处。这两个国家都有少数民族原住民，在 20 世纪后半叶，来自世界各地不同地区
的移民源源不断。自婴儿潮时期的高水平以来，这两个国家的生育率都经历了类似的下降，与此同时，它们还享受到了预期寿命不断
提高的好处。这些趋势的一个后果是，这两个国家都面临人口老龄化问题，以及向社区内这一日益增长的群体提供适当照顾和支助的
相关挑战。
选项：
heritage associated witness limitation characteristics
history experienced standards tradition shared
110151.Business 商业
feature of business is its economic character. In the world of business, we interact with each other not as
family members, friends, or neighbors, but as buyers and sellers, employers and employees, and the like.
Trading, for example, is often accompanied by hard bargaining, in which both sides conceal their full hand
and perhaps engage in some bluffing. And a skilled salesperson is well-versed in the art of arousing a
customer’s attention (sometimes by a bit of puffery) to clinch the sale. Still, there is an “ethics of trading”
that prohibits the use of false or deceptive claims and tricks such as “bait-and-switch” advertising. Buyers
buys hard soft well-versed well viewed clinch clench
49
商业的一个显著特征是它的经济性。在商业世界中，我们不是以家庭成员、朋友或邻居的身份相互交往，而是以买家和卖家、雇主和
雇员等身份相互交往。例如，交易往往伴随着艰难的讨价还价，双方都隐藏自己的底牌，或许还有些虚张声势。一个有经验的销售人
员非常擅长于引起顾客的注意(有时是通过一些吹嘘)来完成销售。尽管如此，仍有一种“交易道德”，禁止使用虚假或欺骗性的声明
和伎俩，如“诱饵和开关”广告。买家买硬的，软的，熟练的，看得清楚的，握紧拳头
bluff n. 吓唬；绝壁；断崖 vt. 吓唬；愚弄 vi. 吓唬 adj. 直率的；陡峭的
puffery n. 夸大广告；吹捧；极力称赞
clinch v. 扭住；敲弯；最终确定或解决 n. 拥吻；钉牢 n. (Clinch)人名；(英)克林奇
选项：
buyers hard difficult engage employ
110203.Coral reef 珊瑚礁（挖空修改）
Coral reefs support more marine life than any other ocean ecosystem and are, not surprisingly, a favorite
pursuit for many divers. But as well as being physically and biologically spectacular, coral reefs also support
the livelihoods of over half a billion people. What is more, this number is expected to double in coming
decades while the area of high-quality reef is expected to halve. In combination with the very real threat of
climate change, which could lead to increased seawater temperatures and ocean acidification, we start to
arrive at some quite frightening scenarios.
选项：
support decreasing double oppose surprisingly

occasionally
110026.Shark’s Personalities 鲨鱼的性格
Down the road, the study authors write, a better understanding of sharks’ personalities may help scientists
learn more about what drives their choice of things like prey and habitat. Some sharks are shy, and some are
outgoing; some are adventurous, and some prefer to stick close to what they know, information that could
prove useful in making sense of larger species-wide behaviour patterns. But unfortunately for misadventure-
50
prone clown fish everywhere, all of them, save for a handful of animated Disney exceptions, still see fish as
food, not friends.
选项：
personalities habits dangerous habitat patterns
habitant inhabitants traits extrovert adventurous
110008.Kashmiri 克什米尔
Two decades ago, Kashmiri houseboat-owners rubbed their hands every spring at the prospect of the annual
influx of tourists. From May to October, the hyacinth-choked waters of Dal Lake saw flotillas of vividly
painted Shikaras carrying Indian families, boho westerners, young travelers and wide-eyed Japanese. Carpet-
sellers honed their skills, as did purveyors of anything remotely embroidered while the house boats initiated
by the British Raj provided unusual accommodation. Then, in 1989, separatist and Islamist militancy
attacked and everything changed. Hindus and countless Kashmiri business people bolted, at least 35,000
people were killed in a decade, the lake stagnated, and the houseboats rotted. Any foreigners venturing there
risked their lives, proved in 1995 when five young Europeans were kidnapped and murdered.
选项：
lives prediction accommodation income bolted
attacked competed honed land sharp
life money waters tourists prospect
situation
110226.Good looks win votes 美貌赢得选票（拖拽）
It is tempting to try to prove that good looks win votes, and many academics have tried. The difficulty is that
beauty is in the eye of the beholder, and you cannot behold a politician’s face without a veil of extraneous
51
prejudice getting in the way. Does George Bush possess a disarming grin, or a facetious smirk? It’s hard to
find anyone who can look at the president without assessing him politically as well as physically.
试图证明美貌能赢得选票是很诱人的，许多学者也曾尝试过。困难之处在于，情人眼里出西施，你不可能不带着一层外来偏见的面纱
去看一个政客的脸。乔治·布什是带着让人放松的笑容，还是滑稽的傻笑?很难找到一个人，在不评估他的政治和身体的情况下，就能
看到总统。
grin n. 露齿笑 v. 露齿而笑，咧着嘴笑 n. (Grin)人名；(法)格兰；(俄、罗、英)格林
facetious adj. 诙谐的；爱开玩笑的；滑稽的；(尤指在不合适的时候)开玩笑的
smirk n. 傻笑；假笑；得意的笑 vt. 以假笑表示；以傻笑表示 vi. 傻笑；假笑
选项：
difficulty beholder audience truth physically
mentally wink smirk
120263.Bones 骨头的作用
Not complete, based on memory. 根据回忆整理，欢迎补充
提到了 Bones protect the body organs such as skull protects the brain，ribs protect the（heart）and lungs
还提到了 muscles，joints have（three）types 后面给了 3 个 joint 的种类 immovable joint，partially
movable joint 和 freely movable joint 一共 3～4 个空
110050.Steven Pinker 史蒂文·平克
Steven Pinker, a cognitive psychologist best known for his book “The Language Instinct”, has called music
“auditory cheesecake, an exquisite confection crafted to tickle the sensitive spots of at least six of our mental
faculties.” If it vanished from our species, he said, “The rest of our lifestyle would be virtually unchanged.”
Others have argued that, on the contrary, music, along with art and literature, is part of what makes people
human; its absence would have a brutalizing effect. Philip Ball, a British science writer and an avid music
52
enthusiast, comes down somewhere in the middle. He says that music is ingrained in our auditory, cognitive
and motor functions. We have a music instinct as much as a language instinct, and could not rid ourselves of
it if we tried.
选项：
sense virtually vanished contrast remained
instinct contrary
110097.Sociology 社会学（挖空修改）
Sociology is, in very basic terms, the study of human societies. In this respect, it is usually classed as one of
the social sciences (along with subjects like psychology) and was established as a subject in the late 18th
century (through the work of people like the French writer Augusta Comte). However, the subject has only
really gained acceptance as an academic subject in the 20th century through the work of writers such as
Emile Durkheim, Max Weber and Talcott Parsons (names that will be visited throughout this course). One
name that you may have heard of-Karl Marx (the founder of modern Communism)-has probably done more
to stimulate people’s interest in the subject than anyone else, even though he lived and wrote (1818-1884) in
a period before sociology became fully established as an academic discipline. Sociology therefore, has a
reasonably long history of development, (150-200 years) although in Britain it has only been in the last 30-
40 years that sociology as an examined subject in the education system has achieved a level of importance
equivalent to, or above, most of the other subjects it impossible to study.
选项：
classes classed designed subjects projects
established set subject course acceptance
tolerance although but
53
110259. Wind Moving 风的运动（拖拽）
Wind is air moving around. Some winds can move as fast as a racing car, over 100 miles an hour Winds can
travel around the world. Wind can make you feel cold because you lose heat from your body faster when it
is windy Weather forecasters need to know the speed and direction of the wind. the strength of wind is
measured using the Beaufort scale from wind force when there is no wind, to wind force 12 which can
damage houses and buildings and is called hurricane force.
选项：
steady hour second as think
faster know along
110278.Dog Emotion 狗的情绪
Can dogs tell when we are happy, sad or angry? As a dog owner, I feel confident not only that I can tell what
kind of emotional state my pets are in, but also that they respond to my emotions. Yet as a hard-headed
scientist, I try to take a more rational and pragmatic view. These personal observations seem more likely to
result from my desire for a good relationship with my dogs.
狗能分辨出我们是高兴、悲伤还是生气?作为一个养狗的人，我有信心不仅能知道我的宠物处于什么样的情绪状态，而且它们会对我
的情绪做出反应。然而，作为一个头脑冷静的科学家，我试图采取更理性和务实的观点。这些个人的观察似乎更有可能源于我对与我
的狗建立良好关系的渴望。
选项：
emotional desire for confident moody passive
inferior of observations devour detections rational
54
110112.Fingermarks 指纹
Fingerprints, referred to as “fingermarks” in forensics, are formed when residue from the ridged skin of the
fingers or palms is transferred onto a surface, leaving behind an impression. Fingermarks are often made of
sweat and colorless contaminating materials such as soap, moisturizer and grease. These fingermarks are
described as “latent” as they are generally invisible to the naked eye, which means that locating them at a
crime scene can be challenging.
指纹，在法医学中被称为“手印”，是指手指或手掌脊状皮肤上的残留物被转移到一个表面，留下一个印记时形成的。手印通常由汗液
和无色的污染物质如肥皂、保湿霜和油脂构成。这些指纹被描述为“潜伏的”，因为它们通常是肉眼看不见的，这意味着在犯罪现场定
位它们是有挑战性的。
选项：
transferred clarifying contaminating stored locating
meaning
110160.Primary Means of Advertising Clothing 广告服装的主要手段
Daniel Harris, a scholar of consumption and style, has observed that until photography finally supplanted
illustration as the “primary means of advertising clothing” in the 1950s, glamour inhered less in the face of
the drawing, which was by necessity schematic and generalized, than in the sketch’s attitude, posture, and
gestures, especially in the strangely dainty positions of the hands. Glamour once resided so emphatically in
the stance of the model that the faces in the illustrations cannot really be said to have expressions at all, but
angles or tilts. The chin raised upwards in a haughty look; the eyes lowered in an attitude of introspection;
the head cocked at an inquisitive or coquettish angle: or the profile presented in sharp outline, emanating
power the severity like an emperor's bust embossed on a Roman coin.
学者丹尼尔·哈里斯的消费和风格,已经观察到,直到摄影最终取代插图作为“广告服装主要手段”在 1950 年代,魅力所具有面对这幅图,
这是由必要性示意图和广义比素描的态度,姿势,手势,尤其是在奇怪的位置。魅力一度是如此强调模特的姿态，以至于插图中的脸根本
不能说有表情，只能说是角度或倾斜。他傲慢地扬起下巴;目光低垂，像是在反省;脑袋以一种好奇的或卖弄风情的角度翘起:或轮廓鲜
明的侧面轮廓，散发出威严的力量，就像皇帝对罗马人的半身像。
55
dainty adj. 美味的；讲究的；秀丽的；挑剔的 n. 美味
选项：
supplanted inhered adhered expressions statements
encaved embossed memories coin less
notification frequently adhered illustrations
110228.Alaska Island 阿拉斯加岛（拖拽）
The few people who live in Alaska's Aleutian Islands have long been accustomed to shipwrecks. They have
been part of local consciousness since a Japanese whaling ship ran aground near the western end of the
1,100-mile (1,800-km) volcanic archipelago in 1780, inadvertently naming what is now Rat Island when the
ship's infestation scurried ashore and made itself at home. Since then, there have been at least 190
shipwrecks in the islands.
居住在阿拉斯加阿留申群岛上的少数人早已习惯了沉船。1780 年，一艘日本捕鲸船在 1100 英里(1800 公里)的火山群岛的西端搁浅，
当这艘捕鲸船的侵扰迅速上岸并在岛上安家时，无意中把现在的鼠岛命名为鼠岛。自那以来，该群岛至少发生了 190 起沉船事件。
shipwreck n. 灭亡，毁灭，失败，挫败；船只失事，（海滩上的）失事船残骸
vt. 使失事，使毁灭，使失败
archipelago n. 群岛，列岛；多岛屿的海
infestation n. （害虫，盗贼等）群袭，出没，横行
选项：
areas archipelago aground ashore scurried
accidents hurried shipwrecks
56
110073.Milky Way System 银河系
Stars and the material between them are almost always found in gigantic stellar systems called galaxies. Our
own galaxy, the Milky Way System, happens to be one of the two largest systems in the Local Group of two
dozen or so galaxies. The other is the Andromeda galaxy; it stretches more than one hundred thousand light-
years from one end to the other, and it is located about two million light-years distant from us.
恒星和它们之间的物质几乎总是存在于被称为星系的巨大恒星系统中。我们自己的星系，银河系，恰好是当地二十多个星系中最大的
两个星系之一。另一个是仙女座星系;它从一端到另一端绵延超过 10 万光年，距离我们大约 200 万光年。
gigantic adj. 巨大的，庞大的
选项：
huge stretches located route solar
distant sketches concerning largest stellar
distance
110201.Linguistic effects 语言效果（挖空修改）
（两个 linguistic 均在真题中出现过，但并未同时出现）
An important corollary of this focus on language as the window to legal epistemology is the central role of
discourse to law and other sociocultural processes. In particular, the ideas that people hold about how
language works (linguistic ideologies) combine with linguistic structuring to create powerful, often
unconscious effects. In recent years, linguistic anthropologists have made much progress in developing more
precisely analytic tools for tracking those effects.
这种把语言作为法律认识论的窗口的观点的一个重要推论是，话语在法律和其他社会文化过程中的中心作用。特别是，人们对语言如
何运作的观点(语言意识形态)与语言结构相结合，产生了强大的、往往是无意识的效果。近年来，语言人类学家在开发更精确的分析
工具来跟踪这些影响方面取得了很大进展。
选项：
57
ideas facts discourse disclosure linguistic
implements tools speech linguistic
110149.What Is Music? 什么是音乐（挖空新增）
What is music? In one sense, this is an easy question. Even the least musical among us can recognize pieces
of music when we hear them and name a few canonical examples. We know there are different kinds of
music and, even if our knowledge of music is restricted, we know which kinds we like and which kinds we
do not.
音乐是什么?从某种意义上说，这是一个简单的问题。即使是我们当中最不懂音乐的人，听到音乐时也能认出来，并举出几个典型的
例子。我们知道有不同种类的音乐，即使我们对音乐的知识受到限制，我们也知道自己喜欢哪种，不喜欢哪种。
canonical adj. 依教规的；权威的；牧师的 n. 牧师礼服
选项：
question confusion examples knowledge information
pieces piece
110279.Two 'Norths'两个“北方”
Mapping software works with your phone's GPS for the location and then the in-built compass finds north,
adjusting to the direction you're facing and pointing the way. But that’s not easy because there are two
'norths'. There's true north - which is the direction of the North Pole and which reliably stays put - and
there's magnetic north which, thanks to the flowing layer of molten iron in the Earth's outer core, has a habit
of moving around.
地图软件可以与你手机的 GPS 一起定位，然后内置的指南针就会根据你所面对的方向找到方向。但这并不容易，因为有两个“n”。有
真正的北极——这是北极的方向，而且可靠地保持不变——还有磁北极，由于地核外流动的铁水层，它有四处移动的习惯。
选项：
58
Compass campus pointing wrong true sticking

spherical magnetic core pole
110191.National Gallery of Canada 加拿大国家美术馆（拖拽）
An exhibit that brings together for the first time landscapes painted by French impressionist Pierre-Auguste
Renoir comes to the National Gallery of Canada this June. The gallery in Ottawa worked with the National
Gallery of London and the Philadelphia Museum of Art to pull together the collection of 60 Renoir paintings
from 45 public and private collections
今年 6 月，由法国印象派画家皮埃尔-奥古斯特·雷诺阿(Pierre-Auguste Renoir)首次创作的风景画将在加拿大国家美术馆(National
Gallery of Canada)展出。渥太华的画廊与伦敦国家美术馆(National gallery of London)和费城艺术博物馆(Philadelphia Museum of Art)合
作，从 45 件公共和私人藏品中收集了 60 幅雷诺阿的画作
选项：
paintings pull gather time period
art gets masterpiece comes gallery
110112.Fingermarks 指纹
Fingerprints, referred to as “fingermarks” in forensics, are formed when residue from the ridged skin of the
fingers or palms is transferred onto a surface, leaving behind an impression. Fingermarks are often made of
sweat and colorless contaminating materials such as soap, moisturizer and grease. These fingermarks are
described as “latent” as they are generally invisible to the naked eye, which means that locating them at a
crime scene can be challenging.
指纹，在法医学中被称为“手印”，是指手指或手掌脊状皮肤上的残留物被转移到一个表面，留下一个印记时形成的。手印通常由汗液
和无色的污染物质如肥皂、保湿霜和油脂构成。这些指纹被描述为“潜伏的”，因为它们通常是肉眼看不见的，这意味着在犯罪现场定
位它们是有挑战性的。
选项：
59
transferred clarifying contaminating stored locating
meaning
110267.DNA on a Crime Scene 犯罪现场的 DNA（拖拽）
Fingerprints can prove that a suspect was actually at the scene of a crime. As long as a human entered a
crime scene, there will be traces of DNA. DNA can help the police to identify an individual to crack a case.
An institute in London can help reserve DNA and be used to match with the samples taken from the crime
scenes.
指纹能证明嫌疑犯确实在犯罪现场。只要有人进入犯罪现场，就会有 DNA 的痕迹。DNA 可以帮助警察识别破案的个人。伦敦的一个
研究所可以帮助保存 DNA，并用于与从犯罪现场采集的样本匹配。
选项：
retain demonstrate identify prove reserve
samples evidence determine
110241.Charles Darwin 查尔斯·达尔文（拖拽）
Charles Darwin knew intuitively that tropical forests were places of tremendous intricacy and energy. He
and his cohort of scientific naturalists were awed by the beauty of the Neotropics, where they collected tens
of thousands of species new to science. But they couldn't have guessed at the complete contents of the
rainforest, and they had no idea of its value to humankind.
查尔斯·达尔文凭直觉知道热带森林是极其复杂和充满活力的地方。他和他的科学博物学家团队对新热带地区的美丽感到敬畏，他们
在那里收集了成千上万种科学上的新物种。但他们无法猜测雨林的全部内容，也不知道它对人类的价值。
intuitively adv. 直观地；直觉地
intricacy n. 错综，复杂；难以理解
cohort n. 一群；步兵大队；支持者；同生群
60
awe n. 敬畏 vt. 使敬畏；使畏怯 n. (Awe)人名；(德)阿韦
选项：
benefits value material magnificent awed
owned tremendous species
110234.Music in ancient Egypt 古埃及音乐（拖拽）
Music was as important to the ancient Egyptians as it is in our modern society Although it is thought that
music played a role throughout the history of Egypt, those that study the Egyptian writings have discovered
that music seemed to become more important in what is called the ‘pharaonic’ period of their history. This
was the time when the Egyptian dynasties of the pharaohs were established (around 3100 BCE) and music
was found in many parts of every day Egyptian life.
音乐是一样重要的古埃及人在现代社会虽然认为音乐扮演了一个角色在埃及的历史,那些研究埃及作品发现,音乐似乎变得越来越重要
在所谓的“法老”的历史时期。这是埃及法老王朝建立的时期(大约公元前 3100 年)，音乐在埃及人的日常生活中随处可见。
选项：
need place seemed role rank
showed period established
110240.Women’s participation in labor force 妇女参与劳动（挖空）（拖
拽）
With the increase in women’s participation in the labor force, many mothers have less time available to
undertake domestic activities. At the same time, there has been increasing recognition that the father’s role
and relationship with a child is important. A father can have many roles in the family, ranging from income
provider to teacher, career, playmate and role model. Therefore, balancing paid work and family
responsibilities can be an important issue for both fathers and mothers in families.
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随着妇女参与劳动力的增加，许多母亲有更少的时间从事家务活动。与此同时，人们越来越认识到父亲的角色和与孩子的关系是重要
的。父亲在家庭中可以扮演多种角色，从提供收入的人到老师、看护人、玩伴和榜样。因此，平衡带薪工作和家庭责任对家庭中的父
母来说都是一个重要的问题。
选项：
relationship precipitation partnership available affordable
recognition recession participation
110223.The Ministerial Staffing System 部级人员配置体系（拖拽）
The contemporary ministerial staffing system is large, active and partisan - far larger and further evolved
than any Westminster equivalent. Ministers' demands for help to cope with the pressures of an increasingly
competitive and professionalized political environment have been key drivers of the staffing system's
development. But there has not been commensurate growth in arrangements to support and control it. The
operating framework for ministerial staff is fragmented and ad hoc.
当代的部级人员配置体系规模庞大、积极主动、党派分明——比英国议会的任何同类机构都要大得多，而且还在进一步发展。部长们
要求帮助应对日益竞争和专业化的政治环境带来的压力，这是人事制度发展的关键驱动力。但是，支持和控制它的安排没有相应的增
长。部长级工作人员的业务框架是支离破碎和特别的。
partisan adj. 党派性的；偏袒的；游击队的 n. 党羽，强硬支持者；游击队员；戟的一种
ad hoc adj. 特别的；临时的；特设的 adv. 特别的
选项：
operations operating current arrangements manufacturing fragmented
110156.Computational thinking 计算思维（拖拽）
Developing computational thinking helps students to better understand the world around them, many of us
happily drive a car without understanding what goes on under the bonnet. So is it necessary for children to
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learn how to program computers? After all, some experts say coding is one of the human skills that will
become obsolete as artificial intelligence grows. Nevertheless, governments believe coding is an essential
skill. Since 2014, the principles of computer programming have featured on England's curriculum for
children from the age of five or six, when they start primary school. While not all children will become
programmers, Mark Martin, a computing teacher at Sydenham High School, London, argues that they
should learn to understand what makes computers work and try to solve problems as a computer might.
发展计算思维有助于学生更好地理解他们周围的世界，我们中的许多人开着车很开心，却不知道引擎盖下发生了什么。那么，孩子们
有必要学习如何编写计算机程序吗?毕竟，一些专家表示，随着人工智能的发展，编码是一种人类技能，将会过时。然而，政府认为
编码是一项基本技能。自 2014 年以来，计算机编程原理一直是英国小学五、六岁儿童课程的特色。虽然不是所有的孩子都能成为程
序员，但伦敦西德纳姆高中(Sydenham High School)的计算机教师马克·马丁(Mark Martin)认为，他们应该学习理解计算机的工作原
理，并像计算机那样尝试解决问题。
选项：
understanding dumped learn thinking obsolete
introduced featured drives makes watch
110272.Active Reading 主动的阅读（拖拽）
Reading is an active process, not a passive one. We always read within a specific context and this affects
what we notice and what seems to matter. We always have a purpose in reading a text, and this will shape
how we approach it. Our purpose and background knowledge will also determine the strategies we use to
read the text.
阅读是一个主动的过程，而不是被动的。我们总是在特定的背景下阅读，这会影响我们注意到什么，以及什么是重要的。我们在阅读
一篇文章时总是有一个目的，而这将决定我们如何对待它。我们的目的和背景知识也将决定我们阅读课文的策略。
gist n. 主旨，要点；依据 n. (Gist)人名；(英)吉斯特
选项：
specific volume digital passive approach
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predominate ingrained determine
110239.Wrinkle Cure 皱纹治疗（文本修改+挖空新增）（拖拽）
Barrie Finning's, a professor at Monash University’s college of pharmacy in Melbourne, and PhD student
Anita Schneider, recently tested a new wrinkle cure. Twice daily, 20 male and female volunteers applied a
liquid containing Myoxinol, a patented extract of okra (Hibiscus esculentus) seed, to one side of their faces.
On the other side they applied a similar liquid without Myoxinol. Every week for a month their wrinkles
were tested by self-assessment, photography and the size of depressions made in silicon moulds. The results
were impressive. After a month the depth and number of wrinkles on the Myoxinol-treated side were
reduced by approximately 27 per cent. But Finnin’s research, commissioned by a cosmetics company, is
unlikely to be published in a scientific publication. It’s hard to even find studies that show the active
ingredients in cosmetics penetrate the skin, let alone more comprehensive research on their effects. Even
when rigorous studies are commissioned, companies usually control whether the work is published in the
traditional scientific literature.
选项：
area body rigorous tract extract
publication solid depth
110244.Conservancy 保护协会
To qualify as a conservancy, a committee must define the conservancy’s boundary elect a representative
conservancy committee negotiate a legal constitution, prove the committee’s ability to manage funds, and
produce an acceptable plan for equitable distribution of wildlife-related benefits. Once approved, registered
conservancies acquire the rights to a sustainable wildlife quota, set by the ministry. The animals can either
be sold to trophy hunting companies or hunted and consumed by the community. As legal entities,
conservancies can also enter into contracts with private-sector tourism operators.
为了符合保护动物的资格，委员会必须确定保护动物的边界，选举具有代表性的保护动物委员会，协商制定法律章程，证明保护动物
委员会管理资金的能力，并制定一个合理分配与野生动物有关的利益的计划。一旦获得批准，注册的自然保护区就获得了由农业部设
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定的可持续野生动物配额的权利。这些动物既可以卖给狩猎公司，也可以被社区猎杀和消费。作为法人实体，保护协会也可以与私营
旅游运营商签订合同。
ministry n. （政府的）部门
trophy n. 奖品；战利品；纪念品 vt. 用战利品装饰 adj. 显示身份的；有威望的
选项：
eligible representative picked manage equitable
succeed ability repetitive rights quotation
quota registered
110246. Seminars 研讨会(新加)（拖拽）
Seminars are not designed to be mini-lectures. Their educational role is to provide an opportunity for you to
discuss interesting and/or difficult aspects of the course. This is founded on the assumption that it is only by
actively trying to use the knowledge that you have acquired from lectures and texts that you can achieve an
adequate understanding of the subject. If you do not understand a point it is highly unlikely that you will be
the only person in the group in that position; you will invariably be undertaking a service for the entire
group if you come to the seminar equipped with questions on matters which you feel you did not fully
understand. The seminar is to introduce and provoke discussion.
研讨会不是为小型讲座而设计的。他们的教育作用是为你提供一个讨论课程有趣和/或困难方面的机会。这是建立在这样一种假设之
上的:只有积极地尝试使用你从讲座和课文中获得的知识，你才能对这个主题有一个充分的理解。如果你不理解某一点，你就不太可
能是团队中唯一一个处于这种位置的人;如果你来参加研讨会时，提出了一些你认为自己没有完全理解的问题，那么你一定是在为整
个团队提供服务。这个研讨会是为了引起讨论。
选项：
impossible assumptions provoke service part
job role stir theory unlikely
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110214.Enigma 谜题（拖拽）（挖空增加）
Nature is no longer an alien enigma but something immediately beautiful, an exuberant opus with space for
us to join in. Bird melodies have always been called songs for a reason. As long as we have been listening,
people have presumed there is music coming out of those scissoring beaks.
大自然不再是一个神秘的外星生物，而是一个美丽的、充满活力的作品，它为我们提供了参与其中的空间。鸟的旋律一直被称为歌曲
是有原因的。只要我们一直在听，人们就认为这些剪短的嘴中会传出音乐。
选项：
wander enigma opus mystery exuberant
accuse reason
110215.McLuhan 麦克卢汉
McLuhan's preeminent theory was his idea that human history could be divided into four eras: the acoustic
age, the literary age, the print age and the electronic age. He outlined the concept in a 1962 book called The
Gutenberg Galaxy, which was released just as the television was starting to become popular.
He predicted the world was entering the fourth, electronic age, which would be characterized by a
community of people brought together by technology. He called it the "global village", and said it would be
an age when everyone had access to the same information through technology. The "global village" could be
understood to be the internet.
麦克卢汉的杰出理论是他认为人类历史可以分为四个时代:音响时代、文学时代、印刷时代和电子时代。他在 1962 年出版的一本名为
《古腾堡星系》(Gutenberg Galaxy)的书中概述了这一概念。他预测世界将进入第四个时代，电子时代的特征是人们通过技术聚集在一
起。他将其称为“地球村”，并表示，这将是一个人人都可以通过技术获取相同信息的时代。“地球村”可以理解为互联网。
选项：
access released closed predicted submerged
outlined divided described highlighted
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110216.Tidal energy 潮汐能
The Australian Renewable Energy Agency (ARENA) has awarded $2.49 million to cover a portion of the
cost of a collaborative project led by the Australian Maritime College at the University of Tasmania,
in partnership with The University of Queensland and CSIRO. The $5.85 million ‘Tidal Energy in Australia
– Assessing Resource and Feasibility to Australia’s Future Energy Mix’ project will map the country’s tidal
energy in unprecedented detail before assessing its ability to contribute to Australia’s energy needs.
澳大利亚可再生能源署(ARENA)已拨款 249 万美元，用于支付塔斯马尼亚大学澳大利亚海事学院与昆士兰大学和 CSIRO 合作开展的
一个合作项目的部分费用。耗资 585 万美元的“澳大利亚潮汐能源——评估澳大利亚未来能源结构的资源和可行性”项目，将在评估
其为澳大利亚能源需求做出贡献的能力之前，对澳大利亚的潮汐能源进行前所未有的详细测绘。
选项：
generated awarded partnership part
110217. Pewter 白蜡
Pewter is an attractive metal which has been used for the production of household and other items in Britain
since Roman times. It is an alloy consisting mostly of tin which has been mixed with small amounts of other
metals such as copper, lead or antimony to harden it and make it more durable.
选项：
creativity production harden mixed enforcement
consisting distribution prompted soften challenge
containing dried
110218.Arabic Student 阿拉伯的学生（拖拽）
Heriot-Watt University in Edinburgh has become the first in Europe to offer an MBA in Arabic. Arab
students will be able to sign up to study at a distance for the business courses in their own language. The
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Edinburgh Business School announced the project at a reception in Cairo on Saturday. It is hoped the course
will improve links between the university and the Arab business world. A university spokeswoman said:
"The Arabic MBA will raise the profile of Heriot-Watt University and the Edinburgh Business School
among businesses in the Arabic speaking world and will create a strong network of graduates in the region."
The first intake of students is expected later this year. Professor Keith Lumsden, director of Edinburgh
Business School, said: "Arabic is a major global language and the Arab world is a center for business and
industrial development. We are proud to work with Arab International Education to meet the demands of the
region."
爱丁堡赫瑞瓦特大学成为欧洲首家提供阿拉伯语 MBA 课程的大学。阿拉伯学生将能够报名参加远程商务课程，学习他们自己的语
言。爱丁堡商学院(Edinburgh Business School)上周六在开罗的一个招待会上宣布了这一计划。人们希望这门课程将改善牛津大学与阿
拉伯商界之间的联系。该校一位女发言人表示:“阿拉伯语 MBA 课程将提高赫利瓦特大学(Heriot-Watt university)和爱丁堡商学院
(Edinburgh Business School)在阿拉伯语世界企业中的知名度，并将在该地区打造一个强大的毕业生网络。”首批学生预计将于今年晚些
时候入学。爱丁堡商学院院长基思•拉姆斯登教授说:“阿拉伯语是一种主要的全球语言，阿拉伯世界是商业和工业发展的中心。我们很
自豪能与阿拉伯国际教育合作，满足该地区的需求。”
选项：
distract distance convinced declared announced
raise rise region place enroll
intake improve the economy meet the demands
110219.DNA Barcoding DNA 条形码（拖拽）
DNA barcoding was invented by Paul Hebert of the University of Guelph, in Ontario, Canada, in 2003. His
idea was to generate a unique identification tag for each species based on a short stretch of DNA. Separating
species would then be a simple task of sequencing this tiny bit of DNA. Dr Hebert proposed part of a gene
called cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) as suitable to the task. All animals have it. It seems to vary enough, but
not too much, to act as a reliable marker. And it is easily extracted, because it is one of a handful of genes
found outside the cell nucleus, in structures called mitochondria. Barcoding has taken off rapidly since Dr
Hebert invented it. When the idea was proposed, it was expected to be a boon to taxonomists trying to name
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the world's millions of species. It has, however, proved to have a far wider range of uses than the merely
academic—most promisingly in the realm of public health.
One health-related project is the Mosquito Barcoding Initiative being run by Yvonne-Marie Linton of the
Natural History Museum in London. This aims to barcode 80% of the world's mosquitoes within the next
two years, to help control mosquito-borne diseases. Mosquitoes are responsible for half a billion malarial
infections and 1m deaths every year. They also transmit devastating diseases such as yellow fever, West
Nile fever and dengue. However, efforts to control them are consistently undermined by the difficulty and
expense of identifying mosquitoes—of which there are at least 3,500 species, many of them hard to tell apart.
选项：
boon transfer vital operate undermined
transmit injected generate responsible boost
extracted undefined
110220.Gas Drilling 气体钻井（拖拽）
Gas drilling on the Indonesian of java has triggered a “mud volcano” that has killed 13 people and may
render four square miles (ten square kilometers) of countryside uninhabitable for years. In a report released
on January 23, a team of British researchers says the deadly upwelling began when an exploratory gas well
punched through a layer of rock 9300 feet (2800 meters) below the surface, allowing hot, high pressure
water to escape. The water carried mud to the surface, where it has spread across a region 2.5 miles (4
kilometers) in diameter in the eight months since the eruption began. The mud volcano is similar to a gusher
or blowout, which occur in oil drilling when oil or gas squirt to the surface, team says. This upwelling,
however, spews out a volume of mud equivalent to a dozen Olympic swimming pools each day. Although
the eruption isn't as violent as a conventional volcano, more than a dozen people died when a natural gas
pipeline ruptured. The research team, who published their findings in the February issue of GSA Today, also
estimates that the volcano, called Luis, will leave more than 11,000 people permanently displaced.
选项：
professional range disperse rinsed runoff
69
happened allowing carried provide triggered
conventional escape upwelling transforming diameter
spread
110221.Lure New Students 吸引新学生（拖拽）
In an attempt to lure new students, leading business schools - including Harvard, Stanford, the University of
Chicago and Wharton – have moved away from the unofficial admissions and prerequisite of four years’
work experience and instead have set their sights on recent college graduates and so-called ‘early career’
professionals with only a couple years of work under the belt.
prerequisite n. 先决条件 adj. 首要必备的
选项：instead, lure, introduce, professionals, prerequisite, coursework, further, officer, belt, condition
110212.Low fertility 低生育率
Low fertility is a concern for many OECD countries as they face the prospect of population aging. This
article makes comparisons between Australia and seven other OECD countries in fertility rates between
1970 and 2004. Changing age patterns of fertility are also compared and show that for most of the countries,
women are postponing childbirth and having fewer babies. The associations of women's education levels
and rates of employment with fertility are also explored.
选项：
instead lure introduce professionals prerequisite
coursework further officer belt condition
110213.The American People 美国人
The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society examines U.S. history as revealed through the
experiences of all Americans, both ordinary and extraordinary. With a thought-provoking and rich
70
presentation, the authors explore the complex lives of Americans of all national origins and cultural
backgrounds, at all levels of society, and in all regions of the country.
选项：
events beliefs experiences materials origins regions
110085.The resultant force 合力（新挖空）
The overall result of two or more forces acting on an object is called the resultant force the resultant of two
forces is a single force, which has the same effect as the two forces combined. If two forces pull an object in
opposite directions, the size of the resultant can be found by subtracting one force from the other. If the
forces are equal, they balance each other.
两个或两个以上的力作用在一个物体上的总的结果叫做合力。两个力的合力是一个力，这个力和两个力的合力的作用是一样的。如果
两个力把一个物体往相反的方向拉，那么合力的大小可以用一个力减去另一个力来计算。如果力相等，它们就相互平衡。
选项：
more subtracting distracting opposite same
equal equally compatible adding balance
counter other
110162.Iceland 冰岛
On average, Iceland experiences a major volcanic event once every 5 years. Since the Middle Ages, a third
of all the lava that has covered the earth's surface has erupted in Iceland. However, according to a recent
geological hypothesis, this estimate does not include submarine eruptions, which are much more extensive
than those on the land surface.
选项：
explodes experiences spread covered interior
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submarine
110209.Nutrition scientists 营养学家
Since nutrition scientists are constantly making new discoveries, we need to revise our recommendations for
healthy eating from time to time. However,nutrition is an art as well as a science. It's an art because it
requires creativity to develop a healthy eating plan for people who differ in their food preferences, beliefs
and culture, let alone in their nutritional needs according to their genes and life stage. As we discover more
about how our genes and our environment interact, it's becoming increasingly difficult to provide a single set
of dietary recommendations that will be suitable for everyone.
选项：
helpful recommendations suitable suggestions science
associate interact subject
110210.Complementary Therapies 辅助性疗法
Complementary therapies - such as those practiced by naturopaths, chiropractors and acupuncturists - have
become increasingly popular in Australia over the last few decades. Interest initially coincided with
enthusiasm for alternative lifestyles, while immigration and increased contact and trade with China have also
had an influence. The status of complementary therapies is being re-visited in a number of areas: legal
regulation; the stances of doctors' associations; their inclusion in medical education; and scientific research
into their efficacy.
选项：
efficacy theorized times enthusiasm field
ambition influence increase decades practiced
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110028.Study space 学习环境
You can study anywhere. Obviously, some places are better than others. Libraries, study lounges or private
rooms are best. Above all, the place you choose to study should not be distracting. Distractions can build up,
and the first thing you know, you're out of time and out of luck. Make choosing a good physical
environment a part of your study habits.
选项：
establish attracting part better show
member habits traditions distracting build up
110208.Leading scientists 顶级科学家
The Life Science Institute at the University of Michigan achieves excellence in biomedical research by
bringing together the world's leading scientists from a variety of life science disciplines to accelerate
breakthroughs and discoveries that will improve human health. With close to 400 scientific staff members,
the LSI is exploiting the power of a collaborative and interdisciplinary approach to biomedical research in an
open-laboratory facility.
选项：
collaborate generate accelerate excellence excellent
accumulate collaborative
110009.Classical music in Shanghai 上海古典音乐
Away from the rumble of Shanghai's highways and the cacophony of the shopping districts, stroll down side
streets filled with rows of tall brick houses. In the early evening or on a weekend morning, you'll hear the
sound of classical music drifting from a piano, played by a 10-year old or a grandmother in her seventies.
Wander down another alley toward drab skyscrapers and you'll hear Beethoven or Mozart flowing from a
violin, or perhaps a cello, accordion or flute. In China, classical music is booming as mightily as the 1812
Overture. It's fortissimo in Shanghai, home to China's oldest orchestra, forte in Beijing and other lively cities,
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and on a crescendo in farther-flung areas. Commanding Y100-200 ($12.50-$25) per hour, private music
teachers in Shanghai can readily earn more than five times the average per capita monthly income.
选项：
brick skyscrapers drifting Wander sound
voice booming plummeting climb playing
tempo
110006.Reality (Camus’ test) 现实(加缪测验)
Surely, reality is what we think it is; reality is revealed to us by our experiences. To one extent or another,
this view of reality is one many of us hold, if only implicitly. I certainly find myself thinking this way in
day-to-day life; it’s easy to be seduced by the face nature reveals directly to our senses. Yet, in the decades
since first encountering Camus’ test, I’ve learned that modern science tells a very different story.
选项：
seduced tells implicitly explicitly revealed
discovered extent level thinking thought
remembering reveals imposes introducing encountering
110182.Well-being 英国当今幸福（挖空修改）
Life in the UK 2012 provides a unique overview of well-being in the UK today. The report is the first
snapshot of life in the UK to be delivered by the Measuring National Well-being programme and will be
updated and published annually. Well-being is discussed in terms of the economy, people and the
environment. Information such as the unemployment rate or number of crimes against the person are
presented alongside data on people’s thoughts and feelings, for example, satisfaction with our jobs or
leisure time and fear of crime. Together, a richer picture on ‘how society is doing’ is provided.
选项：
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life range set goal busy
number updated data leisure
110200.Stock of Australian housing 澳洲住房存量（挖空修改）
The stock of Australia's dwellings is evolving, with current homes having more bedrooms on average than
homes ten years ago. At the same time, households are getting smaller on average with decreasing
proportions of couple families with children and increasing couple only and lone person households. This
article examines the changes in household size and number of bedrooms from 1994–95 to 2003–04.
选项：
evolving stagnating tells proportions downsizing
increasing leaping article statistics
110105.The morality of the welfare state 福利国家的道德（文本修改+挖空修改）
The morality of the welfare state depends on contribution and responsibility. Since some people don't
contribute and many are irresponsible, the choices of those who do contribute and are responsible is either to
tolerate the free riders, refuse to pay for the effects of their irresponsibility or trust the state to educate them.
福利国家的道德取决于贡献和责任。由于有些人不捐款，而且许多人是不负责任的，那些捐款和负责任的人的选择要么是容忍搭便车
者，拒绝为他们不负责任的后果买单，要么是相信国家会教育他们。
选项：
forgive tolerate affects train effects
educate know
110204.Walt Disney World 华特迪士尼世界
Walt Disney World has become a pilgrimage site partly because of the luminosity of its cross-cultural and
marketing and partly because it’s utopian aspects appeal powerfully to real needs in the capitalist society.
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Disney’s marketing is unique because it captured the symbolic essence of childhood but the company has
gained access to all public shows, comic books, dolls, apparels, and educational film strips all point to the
parks and each other.
选项：
utopian field conventional society adults childhood

word educational moving
110051.Higher Education Qualifications 高等教育学历
Higher education qualifications provide a substantial advantage in the labor market. Higher education
graduates are less likely to be unemployed and tend to have higher incomes than those without such
qualifications. Having a highly educated workforce can also lead to increased productivity and innovation
and make Australia more competitive in the global market.
选项：
aggressive higher weakness lower competitive
unemployed advantage recruited employed plan
adults
110190.Psychoanalytic and behaviors 精神分析和行为主义
Elements of both the psychoanalytic and behaviorist theories arrange in modern approaches to personality
Advances in neuroscience have begun to bridge the gap between biochemistry and behavior, but there is still
a great deal that needs to be explained. Without a consistent understanding of personality, how can we begin
to categorize risk takers? If we cannot, we will be unable to compare their genes with those of others.
选项：
arrange set confront media sort
bridge categorize compare
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110180.Durkheim 涂尔干（挖空修改）
Durkheim found humanistic studies uninteresting, turning his attention from psychology and philosophy to
ethics and eventually, sociology. He graduated with a degree in philosophy in 1882. Durkheim's views could
not get him a major academic appointment in Paris, so from 1882 to 1887 he taught philosophy at several
provincial schools. In 1885 he left for Germany, where he studied sociology for two years. Durkheim’s
period in Germany resulted in the publication of numerous articles on German social science and philosophy,
which gained recognition in France, earning him a teaching appointment at the University of Bordeaux in
1887.
迪尔凯姆发现人文主义研究无趣，他将注意力从心理学和哲学转向伦理学，最终转向社会学。1882 年，他获得了哲学学位。迪尔凯
姆的观点没能让他在巴黎获得一个重要的学术任命，所以从 1882 年到 1887 年，他在几所地方学校教授哲学。1885 年，他去了德国，
在那里他学了两年社会学。迪尔凯姆在德国期间发表了许多关于德国社会科学和哲学的文章，在法国获得了认可，并于 1887 年被任
命为波尔多大学的教师。
选项：
paying his attention leave left for result in resulted in
gained recognition gain reputation turning his attention
110181. Octopus 章鱼
If consciousness comes in degrees, then how far along on the spectrum is the octopus? Octopuses almost
certainly feel pain. They nurse and protect injured body parts, and slow a preference not to be touched near
wounds. In addition to feeling pain, octopuses also have sophisticated sensory capacities: excellent eyesight,
and acute sensitivity to taste and smell. This, together with their large nervous systems and complex
behavior makes it all but certain. The question of what subjective experience might be like for an octopus is
complicated by the odd relationship between its brain and body.
选项：
exquisite made injured complicated hurting
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simple sophisticated complex
110183.Pullman historic district 普尔曼历史街区
Built in 1880 on 4,000 acres of land outside of the Chicago city limits, Pullman, Illinois, was the first
industrial planned community in the United States. George Pullman, of the Pullman railroad Car Company,
built the south residential portion of the company town first, which contained 531 houses, some of which
stand today more or less as they did originally.
选项：
land community houses soil factories
110186.Gauss 天才高斯（挖空修改）
Gauss was a child prodigy. There are many anecdotes concerning his precocity as a child, and he made his
first ground-breaking mathematical discoveries while still a teenager. At just three years old, he corrected an
error in his father payroll calculations, and he was looking after his father’s accounts on a regular basis by
the age of 5. At the age of 7, he is reported to have amazed his teachers by summing the integers from 1 to
100 almost instantly (having quickly spotted that the sum was actually 50 pairs of numbers, with each pair
summing to 101, total 5,050). By the age of 12, he was already attending gymnasium and criticizing
Euclid’s geometry.
复习的时机很重要。你有没有注意到，在上学的日子里，你会有一些时候，你不再在乎了?我不是指你不喜欢的课程，而是你发现的
那些课程通常都很好，但有时你就是不喜欢。你可能有其他的事情在你的脑海中，累了，不安，或期待接下来会发生什么。不管原因
是什么，这门课并不是你百分之百的努力。复习也是如此。你的精神和身体态度很重要。当你累了或者完全被其他事情占据的时候，
如果你试着复习，你的复习将是低效的，几乎毫无价值。如果你接近它时感到新鲜、警觉和快乐，它会变得容易得多，你会学得更
多、更快。然而，如果你没有计划，只是在你想复习的时候偷偷地复习一下，你可能就不会复习了!你需要一个复习时间表，这样你
就不会一直拖延下去。
选项：
anecdotes discoveries basic corrected researchers
78
reputation reviewed basis
110140.Biological Systems 生物系统
Since biological systems with signs of complex engineering are unlikely to have arisen from accidents or
coincidences, their organization must come from natural selection, and hence should have functions useful
for survival and reproduction in the environments in which humans evolved.
选项：
complex sophisticated organization functions obligations
110098.Work-ready international students 准备工作的国际学生
Work-ready international students are providing greater options for local employers who are having
difficulties finding local staff due to high employment rates and ongoing labor shortages. International
students in accounting and information technology take part in a yearlong program consisting of classroom
work and practical experience, which provides them with valuable skills, industry contacts and a working
knowledge of Australian workplaces.
选项：
finding founding managing high low
consisting consists valuable precious knowledge
experience
110093.The gray wolf 灰狼
After an absence of more than 50 years, the gray wolf (Canis lupus) once again runs beneath the night skies
of Yellowstone National Park. At 3: 45 pm on March 21st 1995, the first of three groups of gray wolves
(also known as the timber wolf) were released from fenced acclimation pens at Crystal Creek within
Yellowstone National Park The wolf release plan, involved in an environmental impact statement (EIS) in
1992-1994, is to restore wolves to Yellowstone and central Idaho by establishing experimental populations
79
of gray wolves in both areas. The goal for Yellowstone is to establish 10 packs wolves reproducing in the
area for three consecutive years by the year 2002. Restoring wolves to Yellowstone is in keeping with
national park goals to perpetuate all native species and their natural interactions with their environment. As
with other park wildlife programs, management emphasizes minimizing human impact on natural animal
population dynamics. Yellowstone National Park is a wilderness and wildlife refuge in the United States.
选项：
fenced separate involved resulted consecutive
minimizing forced cutting following
110001.Teenage brain 青少年的大脑
Your teenage daughter gets top marks in school, captains the debate team, and volunteers at a shelter for
homeless people. But while driving the family car, she text-messages her best friend and rear-ends another
vehicle.
How can teens be so clever, accomplished, and responsible—and reckless at the same time? Easily,
according to two physicians at Children’s Hospital Boston and Harvard Medical School (HMS) who have
been exploring the unique structure and chemistry of the adolescent brain. “The teenage brain is not just an
adult brain with fewer miles on it,” says Frances E. Jensen, a professor of neurology. “It’s a paradoxical time
of development. These are people with very sharp brains, but they’re not quite sure what to do with them.”
In animals, movement is coordinated by a cluster of neurons in the spinal cord called the Central Pattern
Generator (CPG). This produces signals that drive muscles to contract rhythmically in a way that produces
running or walking, depending on the pattern of pulses. A simple signal from the brain instructs the CPG to
switch between different modes, such as going from a standstill to walking.
选项：
Development developing contraction explored chemical
running adult respectively modes pattern
80
contract sharp contact exploring unique
adolescent at the same time
110022.Omniscience 无所不知
Omniscience may be a foible of men, but it is not so of books. Knowledge, as Johnson said, is of two kinds,
you may know a thing yourself, and you may know where to find it. Now the amount which you may
actually know yourself must, at its best, be limited, but what you may know of the sources of information
may, with proper training, become almost boundless. And here come the value and use of reference books—
the working of one book in connection with another—and applying your own intelligence to both. By this
means we get as near to that omniscient volume which tells everything as ever we shall get, and although the
single volume or work which tells everything does not exist, there is a vast number of reference books in
existence, knowledge and proper use of which is essential to every intelligent person. Necessary as I believe
reference books to be, they can easily be made to be contributory to idleness, and too mechanical a use
should not be made of them.
选项：
sorts sources importance value origins
intellectual intelligence expense originalities kinds
smartness contributed price devoted contributory
110055.Colorful Poison Frogs 彩色毒蛙
Colorful poison frogs in the Amazon owe their great diversity to ancestors that leapt into the region from the
Andes Mountains several times during the last 10 million years, a new study from The University of Texas
at Austin suggests. This is the first study to show that the Andes have been a major source of diversity for
the Amazon basin, one of the largest reservoirs of biological diversity on Earth. The finding runs counter to
the idea that Amazonian diversity is the result of evolution only within the tropical forest itself. “Basically,
the Amazon basin is a melting pot for South American frogs,” says graduate student Juan Santos, lead
author of the study. “Poison frogs there have come from multiple places of origin, notably the Andes
81
Mountains, over many millions of years. We have shown that you cannot understand Amazonian
biodiversity by looking only in the basin. Adjacent regions have played a major role.”
选项：
reservoirs essential major diversity accordant
basin tropical counter territories rain
110084.Neuroscientists 神经学家（挖空+选项修改）
We now know through the work of neuroscientists that the human brain is wired to mimic other people, and
this mimicry involves actual involuntary physiological experience in the observer.
Human beings tend to imitate actions that they see. Physiologically, our brains include mirror neurons,
which react to actions that are seen as if we are doing the action ourselves. It is largely an unconscious and
automatic experience. When we hear people speak, observe their vocal nuances( 细微差别 ), watch their
posture, gestures, and facial expressions, etc, neural networks in our brains are stimulated by the ‘shared
representations’ generating feelings within us that reflect the experience of those we are observing.
我们现在通过神经科学家的工作知道，人类的大脑天生就会模仿他人，而这种模仿涉及到观察者的实际无意识的生理体验。
人类倾向于模仿他们看到的行为。从生理学上讲，我们的大脑包括镜像神经元，它对我们自己做的动作做出反应。这在很大程度上是
一种无意识和自动的体验。当我们听到人们说话,观察它们的声音细微差别(细微差别),观察他们的姿势、手势,和面部表情,神经网络等,
刺激我们的大脑是“共享表征”产生的感情在我们反映这些我们正在观察的经验。
选项：
nonsense display aim imitate react
nuances chords moderate reflect
82
110092.Jupiter’s moon Europa 木星木卫二
Scientists preparing for NASA's proposed Jupiter icy Moons Orbiter believe that Jupiter's moons Europa
may be a corrosive mixture of acid and peroxide. Thus, it may not be the ideal place for life to exist as was
thought possibly to be the case. Virtually, all the information we have about Europa comes from the
spacecraft Galileo, which completed its mission to study. Although the general perception of Europa is of a
frozen crust of water ice harboring a salty subterranean ocean kilometre below, researchers studying the
most recent measurements say light reflected from the moons icy surface bears the spectral fingerprints of
hydrogen peroxide and strong acids, however, they accept that it could just be a thin surface dusting and
might not come from the ocean below.
选项：
ideal recent ideally virtually actually
although whereas however thus
110067.Health professionals 健康专家
People who visit health professionals tend to be older than the general population, because illness increases
with age. However, the proportion of the population who visited complementary health therapists was
highest between the ages 25 and 64 years. The lower rates for people aged 65 years and over contrasted with
the rate of visits to other health professionals which increased steadily with increasing age. The reasons for
this difference might include lower levels of acceptance of complementary therapies by older people.
Alternatively, older people may have different treatment priorities than do younger people because their
health on average is worse while their incomes are generally lower.
选项：
acceptance ordinary proportion independence contrasted
majority elder health therapists doctors
controlled general
83
110057.Children skip school 逃学儿童
Children who skip school are increasingly on family holidays, government figures revealed today. Fewer
children played truant this spring term compared with the spring term last year. Children missed 3m
unauthorized days of school last term, compared with 3.7m days of school in the same period last year.
But a hardcore group of truants - 6% of the school population - who account for more than three-quarters of
all those on unauthorized absence, are more likely to be on a family holiday than they were in the same
period last year.
Some 1.2% of all absence was for family holidays not agreed by their school last term, compared with 0.9%
for the same term last year. More than 60% of all absences were for illness, the same figure as last year.
选项：
hardcore discussed fewer agreed way
period most
110039.Volcanoes 火山
Volcanoes blast more than 100 million tons of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere every year but the gas is
usually harmless. When a volcano erupts, carbon dioxide spreads out into the atmosphere and isn't
concentrated in one spot. But sometimes the gas gets trapped underground under enormous pressure. If it
escapes to the surface in a dense cloud, it can push out oxygen-rich air and become deadly.
选项：
cloud focused concentrated dangerous harmless
underground aimed air harmful atmosphere
underwater
84
110048.Science Warn Global Warming 科学警告我们全球变暖
You may well ask why science did not warn us of global warming sooner; I think that there are several
reasons. We were from the 1970s until the end of the century distracted by the important global problem of
stratospheric ozone depletion, which we knew was manageable. We threw all our efforts into it and
succeeded but had little time to spend on climate change. Climate science was also neglected because
twentieth-century science failed to recognize the true nature of Earth as a responsive self-regulating entity.
Biologists were so carried away by Darwin’s great vision that they failed to see that living things were
tightly coupled to their material environment and that evolution concerns the whole Earth system with living
organisms an integral part of it. Earth is not the Goldilocks planet of the solar system sitting at the right
place for life. It was in this favourable state some two billion years ago but now our planet has to work hard,
against ever increasing heat from the Sun, to keep itself habitable. We have chosen the worst of times to add
to its difficulties.
选项：
focusing on ozone integral responsive recognize
alive distracted by habitable decide
110076.Civil society and the market 民间社会与市场
For too long we have held preconceived notions of ‘the’ market and ‘the’ state that were seemingly
independent of local societies and cultures. The debate about civil society ultimately is about how culture,
market and state relate to each other. Concern about civil society, however, is not only relevant to central
and eastern Europe and the developing world. It is very much of interest to the European Union as well. The
Civil Dialogue Initiated by the Commission in the 1990s was a first attempt by the EU to give the
institutions of society - and not only governments and businesses-a voice at the policy-making tables in
Brussels. The EU, like other international institutions, has a long way to go in trying to accommodate the
frequently divergent interests of non-governmental organizations and citizen groups. There is increasing
recognition that international and national governments have to open up to civil society institutions.
选项：
85
accommodate adjust adapt definition recognition
fun relate attach interest to
110089.Tokyo’s Skytree 东京晴空塔
Team Lab's digital mural at the entrance to Tokyo’s Skytree, one of the world’s monster skyscrapers, is 40
meters long and immensely detailed. But however massive this form of digital art becomes-and it's a form
subject to rampant inflation-Inoko’s theories about seeing is based on more modest and often pre-digital
sources. An early devotee of comic books and cartoons (no surprises there), then computer games, he
recognized when he started to look at traditional Japanese art that all those forms had something in common:
something about the way they captured space. In his discipline of physics, Inoko had been taught that
photographic lenses, along with the conventions of western art were the logical way of transforming three
dimensions into two, conveying the real world on to a flat surface. But Japanese traditions employed “a
different spatial logic”, as he said in an interview last year with j-collabo.org, which is “uniquely Japanese”.
选项：
however therefore different in common similar
along with but so
110049.Fiction and Life 小说与生活（挖空修改）
The precise relationship between fiction and life has been debated extensively. Most modern critics agree
that, whatever its apparent factual content or verisimilitude, fiction is finally to be regarded as a structured
Imitation of life and should not be confused with a literal transcription of life itself. While fiction is a work
of the imagination rather than reality, it can also be based closely on real events, sometimes experienced by
the author. In a work of fiction, the author is not the same as the narrator, the voice that tells the story.
Authors maintain a distance from their characters. Sometimes that distance is obvious for instance, if a male
writer tells a story from the point of view of a female character. Other times it is not so obvious, especially if
we know something of the author’s life and there are clear connections between the story and the author’s
life. The writer of fiction is free to choose his or her subject matter and is free to invent, select, and arrange
fictional elements to achieve his or her purpose. The elements of fiction are the different components that
86
make up a work of fiction. All literature explores a theme or significant truth expressed in various elements
such as character, plot, setting, point of view, style, and tone that are essential and specific to each work of
fiction. All of these elements bind a literary work into a consistent whole and give it unity. Understanding
these elements can help the reader gain insight about life, human motives, and experience. Such insight is
one of the principal aims of an effective work of fiction; when readers are able to perceive it, they develop a
sense of literary judgment that is capable of enriching their lives. The following sections describe elements
that should be considered in the analysis of fiction.
选项：
move reality arrange transcription achieve
rationality complete able analysis
110041.The sun and the moon 太阳和月亮
From the time of the very earliFrom the time of the very earliest civilizations manld he lives in, about how it
was created and about how it will end. In these distant times the sun was seen to make its daily journey
across the sky. At night the moon appeared. Every new night the moon waxed or waned a little and on a few
nights it did not appear at all. At night the great dome of the heavens was dotted with tiny specks of light.
They became known as the stars. It was thought that every star in the heavens had its own purpose and that
the secrets of the universe could be discovered by making a study of them. It was well known that there
were wandering stars, they appeared in different nightly positions against their neighbors and they became
known as planets. It took centuries; in fact it took millennia, for man to determine the true nature of these
wandering stars and to evolve a model of the world to accommodate them and to predict their positions in
the sky.
选项：
secret determine assume predict secrets
seemed became journey
87
110095.Most Respected Companies 最受尊敬的企业（挖空）
Look at the recent Most Respected Companies survey by the Financial Times. Who are the most respected
companies and business leaders at the current time? Rather predictably they are Jack Weich and General
Electric, and Bill Gates, and Microsoft. Neither has achieved their world class status through playing nice.
Weich is still remembered for the brutal downsizing he led his business through and for the environmental
pollution incidents and prosecutions Microsoft has had one of the highest profile cases of bullying market
dominance of recent times- and Gates has been able to achieve the financial status where he can choose to
give lots of money away by being ruthless in business.
选项：
current past neither either both
through by highest biggest achieve
finish
110069.Concept of Culture 文化的概念
Many people today think of culture in the way that it was thought of in Europe during the 18th and early 19th
centuries. This concept of culture reflected inequalities within European societies and their colonies around
the world. This understanding of culture equates culture with civilization and contrasts both with nature or
non-civilization. According to this understanding of culture, some countries are more civilized than others,
and some people are more cultured than others. Anything that doesn’t FIT into this category is labeled as
chaos or anarchy. From this perspective, culture is closely tied to cultivation, which is the progressive
refinement of human behavior.
In practice, culture referred to elite goods and activities such as haute cuisine, high fashion or haute couture,
museum-caliber art and classical music. The word cultured referred to people who knew about and took part
in these activities. For example, someone who used culture in this sense might argue that classical music is
more refined than music by working-class people, such as jazz or the indigenous music traditions of
aboriginal peoples.
88
选项：
behavior idea argue concept results
state thought insist
110024.Sea turtle hatch light pollution 光污染对海龟的影响
The widespread use of artificial light in modern societies means that light pollution is an increasingly
common feature of the environments humans inhabit. This type of pollution is exceptionally high in coastal
regions of tropic and temperate zones, as these are areas of high rates of human population growth and
settlement. Light pollution is a threat for many species that inhabit these locations, particularly those whose
ecology or behaviour depends, in some way, on natural cycles of light and dark. Artificial light is known to
have detrimental effects on the ecology of sea turtles, particularly at the hatchling stage when they emerge
from nests on natal beaches and head towards the sea. Under natural conditions, turtles hatch predominantly
at night (although some early morning and late afternoon emergences occur) and show an innate and well-
directed orientation to the water, relying mostly on light cues that attract them toward the brighter horizon
above the sea surface. Artificial lighting on beaches is strongly attractive to hatchlings and can cause them to
move away from the sea and interfere with their ability to orient in a constant direction. Ultimately, this
disorientation due to light pollution can lead to death of hatchlings from exhaustion, dehydration and
predation.
选项：
Depending by the way exceptionally to move away from disturb
to stay away from interfere in some way specifically relying
110007.Ikebana – Version 1 插花-版本 1
More than simply putting flowers in a container, ikebana is a disciplined art form in which nature and
humanity are brought together. Contrary to the idea of a particolored or multicolored arrangement of
blossoms, ikebana often emphasizes other areas of the plant, such as its stems and leaves, and puts emphasis
on shape, line, and form.
89
Though ikebana is an expression of creativity, certain rules govern its form. The artist's intention behind
each arrangement is shown through a piece's color combinations, natural shapes, graceful lines, and the
implied meaning of the arrangement.
选项：
vase container flowers disposition expertise
humanity idea belief blossoms arrangement
plant expression complications combinations
110040.Microorganism 微生物
Although for centuries preparations derived from living matter were applied to wounds to destroy infection,
the fact that a microorganism is capable of destroying one of another species was not established until the
latter half of the 19th century. When Pasteur noted the antagonistic effect of other bacteria on the anthrax
organism and pointed out that this action might be put to therapeutic use.
选项：
matter built injection concern therapeutic
able established infection capable entertainment
lives
110025.The Origins of Music 音乐的起源
Music is an important part of our lives. We connect and interact with it daily and use it as a way of
protecting our self-identities to the people around us. The music we enjoy – whether it’s country or classical,
rock n’ roll or rap – reflects who we are.
But where did music, at its core, first come from? It’s a puzzling question that may not have a definitive
answer. One leading researcher, however, has proposed that the key to understanding the origin of music is
nestled snugly in the loving bond between mother and child. In a lecture at the University of Melbourne,
90
Richard Parncutt, an Australian-born professor of systematic musicology, endorsed the idea that music
originally spawned from ‘motherese’ – the playful voices mothers adopt when speaking to infants and
toddlers.
As the theory goes, an increased human brain size caused by evolutionary changes occurring between one
and 2,000,000 years ago resulted in earlier births, more fragile infants and a critical need for stronger
relationships between mothers and their newborn babies. According to Parncutt, who is based at the
University of Graz in Austria, ‘motherese’ arose as a way to strengthen this maternal bond and to help
ensure an infant’s survival.
选项：
shows adopt children ensure individuals
necessary convey people infants critical
leading means protect reflects
110169.E-learning 电子学习
E-learning is the new way forward. We believe passionately in e-learning. Our innovative approach open up
new opportunities for busy professionals that simply did not previously exist the chance to combine a
prestigious Master’s program with a demanding professional and personal life. Our small virtual classrooms
facilitate intensive interaction and collaboration among professionals from all over the world.
选项：
passionately opportunities chance occasion life
existence interaction
110003.University Science 大学科学
University science is now in real crisis - particularly the non-telegenic, non-ology bits of it such as chemistry.
Since 1996, 28 universities have stopped offering chemistry degrees, according to the Royal Society of
Chemistry.
91
The society predicts that as few as six departments (those at Durham, Cambridge, Imperial, UCL, Bristol
and Oxford) could remain open by 2014. Most recently, exeter University closed down its chemistry
department, blaming it on "market forces", and Bristol took in some of the refugees.
The closures have been blamed on a fall in student applications, but money is a factor: chemistry degrees are
expensive to provide - compared with English, for example - and some scientists say that the way the
government concentrates research funding on a small number of top departments, such as Bristol,
exacerbates the problem.
选项：
predicts focusing concluded question motive
blaming projects prosperous fall factor
rise say funding problem open
110004.Sportswomen’s records 女运动员记录
Sportswomen' records are important and need to be preserved. And if the paper records don't exist, we need
to get out and start interviewing people, not to put too fine a point on it, while we still have a chance. After
all, if the records aren't kept in some form or another, then the stories are lost too.
选项：
appear focus admit exist opportunity
point chance lost disappear
110042.Symbiosis 共生
Symbiosis is a general term for inter specific interactions in which two species live together in a long-term,
intimate association. In everyday life, we sometimes use the term symbiosis to mean a relationship that
benefits both parties. However, in ecologist-speak, symbiosis is a broader concept and can include close,
lasting relationships with a variety of positive or negative effects on the participants.
92
选项：
connection both variety either distant
close relationship
110044.Environmentalists 环保人士
Although environmentalists have been warning about this situation for decades, many other people are
finally beginning to realize that if we don't act soon it will be too late. The good news is that more and more
businesses and governments are beginning to understand that without a healthy environment the global
economy and everything that depends on it will be seriously endangered. And they are beginning to take
positive action.
选项：
positive explain useful neutral warning
understand caution
110052.Just-in-time 准时制
‘Just-in-time’ is a management philosophy and not a technique. It originally referred to the production of
goods to meet customer demand exactly, in time, quality and quantity, whether the ‘customer’ is the final
purchaser of the product or another process further along the production line. It has now come to mean
producing with minimum waste. ‘Waste’ is taken in its most general sense and includes time and resources
as well as materials.
选项：
where claim demand maximum whether
further minimum
93
110090.Anthropologists 人类学家
It is commonly said by anthropologists that primitive man is less individual and more completely moulded
by his society than civilized man. This contains an element of truth. Simpler societies are more uniform, in
the sense that they call for, and provide opportunities for, a far smaller diversity of individual skills and
occupations than the more complex and advanced societies. Increasing individualization in this sense is a
necessary product of modern advanced society, and as a result those who live in those societies are less
individual. In this sense, individualism is a necessary product of modern advanced society, and runs through
all its activities from top to bottom. But it would be a serious error to set up an antithesis between this
process of individualization and the growing strength and cohesion of society.
选项：
less larger individual objective society
element uniform advent smaller factor
individual advanced latest
110010.Planes 飞机
By 2025, government experts' say, America's skies will swarm with three times as many planes, and not just
the kind of traffic flying today. There will be thousands of tiny jets, seating six or fewer, at airliner altitudes,
competing for space with remotely operated drones that need help avoiding mid air collisions, and with
commercially operated rockets carrying satellites and tourists into space.
选项：
thousands satellites collisions much altitudes
many times time least piles
traffic passengers
94
110083.Climate 气候
Climate is the word we use for weather over a long period of time. The desert has a dry climate, because
there is very little rain, The UK has a temperate climate, which means winters are, overall, mild and
summers, generally don't get too hot.
选项：
is are describe use dry
damp little but and have has
110079.Plagiarism 剽窃
How is plagiarism detected? It is usually easy for lecturers to identify plagiarism within students work. The
University also actively investigates plagiarism in students’ assessed work through electronic detection
software called Turnitin. This software compares students work against text on the Internet, in journal
articles and within previously submitted work (from LSBU and other institutions) and highlights any
matches it finds.
选项：
to finds realizes based on against
distinguish compares through submitted given
110021.Sustainable Job Growth 可持续就业增长
“Sustainable Job Growth” is a motto for many governments, especially in the aftermath of a recession. The
problem of ‘job quality’ is less often addressed and may be seen as hindering job growth. The sentiment
‘any job is better than no job’ may resonate with governments as well as people, especially in the context of
high unemployment. However, if the balance between improving the quality of existing jobs and creating
new jobs becomes greatly imbalanced towards the latter, this could increase work stress among current and
future workers, which in turn has health, economic and social costs. A recent British Academy Policy Centre
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Report on Stress at Work highlights these concerns, and describes the context, determinants and
consequences of work-related stress in Britain.
选项：
impeding hindering balance problems existing
equality current matters concerns recent
obstruct consisting ongoing
110078.UW course description 大学课程描述
The UW course descriptions are updated regularly during the academic year. All announcements in the
General Catalog and Course Catalog are subject to change without notice and do not constitute an agreement
between the University of Washington and the student. Students should assume the responsibility of
consulting the appropriate academic unit or adviser for more current or specific information.
选项：
updated new consulting agreement notice
alarm contract enquiring
110019.Kids Distinguish Commercial Ads 孩子如何辨别商业广告
From a child's point of view, what is the purpose of TV advertising? Is advertising on TV done to give
actors the opportunity to take a rest or practice their lines? Or is it done to make people buy things?
Furthermore, is the main difference between programs and commercials that commercials are for real,
whereas programs are not, or that programs are for kids and commercials for adults? As has been shown
several times in the literature, some children are able to distinguish between programs and commercials and
are aware of the intent of TV advertising, whereas others are not.
选项：
known distinguish difference exercise disparity
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lines conflict practice tell aware
110075.The amount of sleep 你需要睡多久（挖空修改）
The amount of sleep you need depends on many factors, especially your age. Newborns sleep between 16
and 18 hours a day and preschool children should sleep between 10 and 12 hours. Older children and teens
need at least nine hours to be well rested. For most adults, seven to eight hours a night appears to the best
amount of sleep. However, for some people" enough sleep" may be as few as five hours or as many as 10
hours of sleep.
As you get older, your sleeping patterns change. Older adults tend to sleep more lightly and awaken more
frequently in the night than younger adults. This can have many causes including medical conditions and
medications used to treat them. But there’s no evidence that older adults need less sleep than younger adults.
Getting enough sleep is important to your health because it boosts your immune system, which makes your
body better able to fight disease. Sleep is necessary for your nervous system to work properly. Too little
sleep makes you drowsy and unable to concentrate. It also impairs memory and physical performance.
So how many hours of sleep are enough for you? Experts say that if you feel drowsy during the day — even
during boring activities - you are not getting enough sleep. Also, quality of sleep is just as important as
quantity. People whose sleep is frequently interrupted or cut short are not getting quality sleep.
If you experience frequent daytime sleepiness, even after increasing the amount of quality sleep you get, talk
to your doctor. He or she may be able to identify the cause of sleep problems and offer advice on how to get
a better night’s sleep.
选项：
factors elements recognize immune reproductive
important beneficial processes reasons respiration
patterns identify
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Fill in the blanks－下拉

 本周新增：
120205.History Books 历史书（挖空）（文本）
What history books tell us about the past is not everything that happened, but what historians have selected.
They cannot put in everything: choices have to be made. Choices must similarly be made about which
aspects of the past should be formally taught to the next generation in the shape of school history lessons. So,
for example, when a national school curriculum for England and Wales was first discussed at the end of the
1980s, the history curriculum was the subject of considerable public and media interest. Politicians argued
about it; people wrote letters to the press about it; the Prime Minister of the time, Margaret Thatcher,
intervened in the debate. Let us think first about the question of content. There were two main camps on this
issue – those who thought the history of Britain should take pride of place, and those who favored what was
referred to as 'world history'.
选项：
1. have selected were selected have been selected selected
2. should been had have has
2. for example such as so that in addition
3. curiosity interest notice concern
4. mediated promoted broken intervened
5. pride satisfaction dignity gem
120030.Emerald 翡翠
Emerald is defined by its green color. To be an emerald, a specimen must have a distinctly green color that
falls in the range from bluish green to green to slightly yellowish green. To be an emerald, the specimen
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must also have a rich color. Stones with weak saturation or light tone should be called “green beryl.” If the
beryl‘s color is greenish blue then it is an “aquamarine.” If it is greenish yellow it is “heliodor”.
This color definition is a source of confusion. Which hue, tone, and saturation combinations are the dividing
lines between "green beryl" and "emerald"? Professionals in the gem and jewellery trade can disagree on
where the lines should be drawn. Some believe that the name "emerald" should be used when chromium is
the cause of the green color, and that stones colored by vanadium should be called "green beryl."
Calling a gem an "emerald" instead of a "green beryl" can have a significant impact upon its price and
marketability. This "color confusion" exists within the United States. In some other countries, any beryl with
a green color - no matter how faint - is called an "emerald."
翡翠是由它的绿色来定义的。要成为祖母绿，标本必须有明显的绿色，颜色范围为蓝绿色、绿色到微黄绿色。要成为祖母绿，标本必
须有丰富的颜色。饱和度较低或色调较浅的石头应称为“绿柱石”。如果绿柱石的颜色是蓝绿色，那么它就是“海蓝宝石”。如果它是黄
绿色的，它就是“heliodor”。
这种颜色定义是混淆的根源。哪一种色调、色调和饱和度的组合是绿柱石和绿宝石的分界线?宝石和珠宝行业的专业人士可能会对界
限应该划在哪里产生分歧。有些人认为，当铬是绿色的原因时，就应该用“祖母绿”这个名字，而用钒着色的石头就应该叫“绿柱石”。
称宝石为“祖母绿”而不是“绿色绿柱石”会对其价格和市场性产生重大影响。这种“颜色混淆”存在于美国。在其他一些国家，任何带有
绿色的绿柱石——无论多么暗淡——都被称为“祖母绿”。
1. ambiguously necessarily distinctly instinctively

2. definition inspiration clarification specification
3. seen drawn pick choose
4. pressure affect impact stress
5. confusion definition clarification specification
120010.Seatbelt 安全带
I am a cyclist and a motorist. I fasten my seatbelt when I drive and wear a helmet on my bike to reduce the
risk of injury. I am convinced that these are prudent safety measures. I have persuaded many friends to wear
helmets on the grounds that transplant surgeons call those without helmets, "donors on wheels”. But a book
on 'Risk’ by my colleague John Adams has made me re-examine my convictions . Adams has completely
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undermined my confidence in these apparently sensible precautions. What he has persuasively argued,
particularly in relation to seat belts, is that the evidence that they do what they are supposed to do is very
suspect. This is in spite of numerous claims that seat belts save many thousands of lives every year.
There is remarkable data on the years 1970 and 1978 countries in which the wearing of seat bells is
compulsory have had on average about 5 per cent more road accident deaths following the introduction of
the law. In the UK, road deaths have decreased steadily from about 7,000 a year in 1972 to just over 4,000 in
1989. There is no evidence in the trend for any effect of the seat belt law that was introduced in 1983.
Moreover, there is evidence that the number of cyclists and pedestrians killed actually increased by about 10
per cent.
选项：
1. decisions convictions prejudices conviction
2. damaged undermined revoked supported
3. in spite of regardless proves supported
4. approved introduced compulsory accepted
120104.Treat students 如何对待学生（文本+挖空）
In reality, however, the causes of truancy and non-attendance are diverse and multifaceted. There are as
many triggers of non-attendance as there are non-attenders. Each child has her own unique story, and whilst
there may often be certain identifiable factors in common, each non-attending child demands and deserves
an individual response, tailored to meet her individual needs. This applies equally to the 14-year-old who
fails to attend school because a parent is terminally ill, the overweight 11 -year-old who fails to attend
because he is reticent about changing for PE in front of peers, the 15-year-old who is 'bored' by lessons, and
to the seven-year-old who is teased in the playground because she does not wear the latest designer-label
clothes.
选项：
1. notes triggers causes initiations
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2. famous all unique crucial
3. deserves deserving deserved decreased
4. totally specifically equally normally
5. embarrassing restrained reticent taciturn
120208. kiwi 几维鸟(新挖空)
A Massey ecologist has teamed up with a leading wildlife photographer to produce the definitive book on
New Zealand’s national bird, the kiwi. Kiwi: A Natural History was written by Dr Isabel Castro and features
photographs by Rod Morris. Dr Castro has been working with kiwi since 1999, with a focus on their
behavior. “I’ve specifically been looking at the sense of smell that kiwi uses when foraging, but also in their
interactions with their environment and other kiwi,” she says. The book covers all aspects of kiwi, from their
evolution, prehistory and closest relatives to their feeding and breeding behavior and current conservation
issues, making this the perfect introduction for anyone with an interest in these fascinating birds. The book
is the second title in a new series on New Zealand’s wildlife, targeted at a family readership.
选项：
1. has featured features featured was featured
2. never before since after
3. none also usually neither
4. neither makes making has made
5. series book set start
120122.Atmosphere on the move = Wind 移动的大气层=风
The world’s atmosphere is forever on the move. Wind is air in motion. Sometimes air moves slowly, giving
a gentle breeze. At other times it moves rapidly, creating gales and hurricanes. gentle or fierce, wind always
starts in the same way. As the sun moves through the sky, it heats up some parts of the sea and lands more
than others. The air above these hot spots is warmed, becomes lighter than the surrounding air, and begins to
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rise. Elsewhere, cool air sinks, because it is heavier. Winds blow because air squeezed out by sinking, cold
air is sucked in under rising, warm air. Winds will blow wherever there is a difference in air temperature and
pressure, always flowing from high to low pressure. Some winds blow in one place, and have a local name -
North America’s Chinook and Frances mistral. Others are part of a huge circulation pattern that sends winds
over the entire globe.
选项：
1. gentle mild kind calm
2. cool hot large small
3. larger colder heavier deeper
4. divergence diversity discrepancy difference
5. whole entire all tota
120020.Kimbell 金尔贝（新挖空）
The first section of the book covers new modes of assessment. In Chapter 1, Kimbell (Goldsmith College,
London) responds to criticisms of design programs as formalistic and conventional, stating that a focus on
risk-taking rather than hard work in design innovation is equally problematic. His research contains three
parts that include preliminary exploration of design innovation qualities, investigation of resulting classroom
practices, and development of evidence-based assessment. The assessment he describes is presented in the
form of a structured worksheet, which includes a collaborative element and digital photographs, in story
format. Such a device encourages stimulating ideas, but does not recognize students as design innovators.
The assessment sheet includes holistic impressions as well as details about “having, growing, and proving”
ideas. Colloquial judgments are evident in terms such as “wow” and “yawn” and reward the quality and
quantity of ideas with the term, “sparkiness”, which fittingly is a pun as the model project was to design
light bulb packaging. In addition, the assessment focuses on the process of optimizing or complexity control
as well as proving ideas with thoughtful criticism and not just generation of novel ideas. The definitions for
qualities such as “technical” and “aesthetic” pertaining to users are too narrow and ill-defined. The author
provides examples of the project, its features and structures, students’ notes and judgments, and their
sketches and photographs of finished light bulb packages, in the Appendix.
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选项：
1. praise results criticisms compliments
2. collaborative cooperative complete important
3. line element factor figure
4. makers leaders students innovators
5. Colloquial Formal Traditional Subjective
6. results examples ideas themes
120248.Fresh water 淡水（下拉）
Everybody needs fresh water. Without water people, animals & plants cannot live. Although a few plants
and animals can make do with saltwater, all humans need a constant supply of fresh water to stay fit &
healthy. Of the total supply of water on the Earth, only about 3% of it is fresh, most of that is stored as ice
snow at the poles, or is so deep under the surface of the Earth that we cannot get to it. Despite so much of
the water being out of reach, we still have a million cubic miles of it that we can use. That's about 4, 300,000
cubic kilometers of freshwater to share out between most of the plants, animals’ people on the planet.
选项：
1. With Using Lacking Without
2. hit fit take well
3. deep dark shallow creepy
4. should could can must
120250.Bachelor of Commerce 商学学士（文本修改+挖空修改）（下拉）
This course provides students with an in-depth understanding of the exciting disciplines of politics and
international relations and commerce. Students will learn about the workings of political institutions in
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countries around the world and explore the complex field of relations between nations. Topics in governance,
public policy, public administration, national security, border control and commerce ensure that students
receive a broad and current education in the range of issues which are covered under the label of politics and
international relations and commerce.
Students will undertake four compulsory units and two majors, one in politics and international relations and
the other in governance and policy. They will also choose an elective major from a wide choice of options
including political communication, international studies, international business and national security studies.
In addition to acquiring specialist knowledge and competencies in Politics and International Relations and
Commerce, students will graduate with a range of generic skills such as critical thinking, enhanced
communication abilities, problem solving and strong capacities to work with others. They will also develop
ethically based and socially responsible attitudes and behaviors.
选项：
1. operating workings environments procedures
2. wide whole broad comprehensive
3. select pick elect choose
4. knowledge background intelligence wisdom
5. perfect sound wise strong
6. responsible accountable recognized separate
120146.How to make cloth? 如何织布
About 10,000 years ago, people learned how to make cloth. Wool, cotton, flax, or hemp was first spun into a
thin thread, using a spindle. The thread was then woven into a fabric. The earliest weaving machines
probably consisted of little more than a pair of sticks that held a set of parallel threads, called the wrap,
while the cross-thread, called the weft was inserted Later machines called looms had roads that separated the
threads to allow the weft to be inserted more easily. a piece of wood, called the shuttle, holding a spool of
thread, was passed between the separated threads. The basic principles of spinning and weaving have stayed
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the same until the present day though during the industrial revolution of the 18th century many ways were
found of automating the processes. With new machines such as the spinning mule, many threads could be
spun at the same time, and, with the help of devices like the flying shuttle, broad pieces of cloth could be
woven at great speed.
选项：
1. probably stably sustainably previously
2. hardly easily shortly highly
3. definition substantiation principles evidence
4. automating automate automatic automation
120096.Gender Equality Campaign 性别平等运动
With the development of gender equality campaign and cultural change, The traditional role that men must
be the earner, and women should stay at home, is challenged today.
选项：
1. traditional original regular normal
2. master authority earner worker
3. protested challenged appreciated protected
120029.The horned desert viper 有角的沙漠蝰蛇
The horned desert viper’s ability to hunt at night has always puzzled biologists. Though it lies with its head
buried in the sand, it can strike with great precision as soon as prey appears. Now, Young and physicists Leo
van Hemmen and Paul Friedel at the Technical University of Munich in Germany have developed a
computer model of the snake’s auditory system to explain how the snake “hears” its prey without really
105
having the ears for it. Although the vipers have internal ears that can hear frequencies between 200 and 1000
hertz, it is not the sound of the mouse scurrying about that they are detecting. “The snakes don’t have
external eardrums,” says van Hemmen. “So unless the mouse wears boots and starts stamping, the snake
won’t hear it.”
选项：
1. hand head chest feet
2. model type module style
3. system appliance tools applications
4. voice song prey shout
5. internal external viral outer
6. sounds frequencies voices quantity
7. ears eardrums eyes eyeballs
120080.Dark Energy 暗能量
Arguably the greatest mystery facing humanity today is the prospect that 75% of the universe is made up of
a substance known as “dark energy”, about which we have almost no knowledge at all. Since a further 21%
of the universe is made from invisible “dark matter” that can only be detected through its gravitational
effects, the ordinary matter and energy making up the Earth, planets and stars is apparently only a tiny part
of what exists. These discoveries require a shift in our perception as great as that made after Copernicus’s
revelation that the Earth moves around the Sun. (The last paragraph hasn’t been found yet, but contains a
blank: summarize.)
选项：
1. earth space time universe
2. substance essence asset matter
3. detected founded invented explored
106
4. inventions discoveries findings creations
5. information exposure revelation message
120214.Arbitration 仲裁（拖拽+下拉）
Arbitration is a method of conflict resolution which, with more or less formalized mechanisms, occurs in
many political and legal spheres. There are two main characteristics to arbitration. The first is that it is a
voluntary process under which two parties in conflict agree between themselves to be bound by the
judgment of a third party which has no other authority over them; the judgment, however, is not legally
binding. The second is that there is usually no clear body of law or set of rules that must apply; the arbitrator
is free, subject to any prior agreement with the conflicting parties, to decide on whatever basis of justice is
deemed suitable.
选项：
1. benefits statistics characteristics characters
2. bound bond punished rewarded
3. but while therefore however
4. fine government lawyer law
5. object subject submarine lead
6. suitable capable predictable remarkable
120038. Vice-chancellor 副校长
This is a challenging time for UK students, and we should be making their transition from university to the
globalized world easier, not harder. The British Academy has voiced its concern over the growing language
deficit for some years, and the gloomy statistics speak for themselves. We need decisive action if we are
remedying this worsening situation. The roots of the problem lie within schools, but Vice-Chancellors have
the power to drive change and help their students recognize the importance of learning languages, and about
107
the countries where they are spoken and the cultures they sustain. We urge them to act and protect this
country's long term economic, social and cultural standing.
选项：
1. concern conclusion commitment feelings

2. illusive inclusive conclusive decisive
3. configuration roots problem answer
4. urge lead command altered
6. made bought traded exchanged
120149.Hard work 努力学习
It is important to emphasize the need for hard work as an essential part of studying law, because far too
many students are tempted to think that they can succeed by relying on what they imagine to be their natural
ability, without bothering to add the expenditure of effort. To take an analogy some people prefer the more
or less instant gratification which comes from watching television adaptation of a classic novel to the rather
more laborious process of reading the novel itself. Those who prefer watching television to reading the book
are less likely to study law successfully, unless they rapidly acquire a taste for text-based materials.
选项：
1. appoint emphasize know list
2. gratification graduation specification expectation
3. labor laborious laboriously liberal
4. prefer like intend wish
5. thinking production topic taste
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120240.Linda Finch 琳达芬奇（新增机经）
Over sixty years after Amelia Earhart vanished mysteriously in the Pacific during her attempt to become the
first person to circumnavigate the world along the equator, Linda Finch, a San Antonio businesswoman,
accomplished pilot, and aviation historian, recreated and completed her idol's last flight as a tribute to the
aviation pioneer's spirit and vision. On March 17, 1997, Ms. Finch and a navigator took off from Oakland
International Airport, California, in a restored Lockheed Electra 10E, the same make and model aircraft that
Earhart used on her last journey. The mission to fulfill Amelia Earhart's dream was called “World Flight
1997.” Although Ms. Finch was not the first to attempt Earhart's around-the-world journey, she was the first
to do it in a historic airplane. Linda Finch closely followed the same route that Earhart flew, stopping in 18
countries before finishing the trip two and a half months later when she landed back at the Oakland Airport
on May 28. Over a million school children and others were able to follow the flight daily through an
interactive web site part of a free multimedia educational program called “You Can Soar,” provided by the
project's sponsor.
选项：
1. pleasure agreement tribute delight

2. attempt make try lie
3. swum landed walked took
4. experimental interactive educational traditional
120026.Wine and ale 葡萄酒和啤酒
By the Bronze Age drinking vessels were being made of sheet metal, primarily bronze or gold. However, the
peak of feasting – and in particular, of the “political” type of feast came in the late Hallstatt period (about
600 – 450 BC), soon after the foundation of the Greek colony of Massalia (Marseille) at the mouth of the
Rhine. From that date on, the blood of the grape began to make its way north and east along major river
systems together with imported metal and ceramic drinking vessels from the Greek world.
Wine was thus added to the list of mood-altering beverages – such as and ale available to establish social
networks in Iron Age Europe. Attic pottery fragments found at hillforts such as Heuneburg in Germany and
luxury goods such as the monumental 5th century Greek bronze krater (or wine mixing vessel) found at Vix
109
in Burgundy supply archaeological evidence of this interaction. Organic containers such as leather or
wooden wine barrels may also have travelled north into Europe but have not survived. It is unknown what
goods were traded in return, but they may have included salted meat, hides, timber, amber and slaves.
选项：
2. colony territory place country
3. commercial exchanging cheap luxury
5. food market containers places
4. food milk wine grape
120087.Legal Deposit 法定押金
Legal deposit for printed books and papers has existed in English law since 1662. It helps to ensure that the
nation’s published output (and thereby its intellectual record and future published heritage) is collected
systematically, to preserve the material for the use of future generations and to make it available for readers
within the designated legal deposit libraries. The legal deposit system also has benefits for authors and
publishers: Deposited publications are made available to users of the deposit libraries on their premises, are
preserved for the benefit of future generations, and become part of the nation’s heritage. Publications are
recorded in the online catalogues, and become an essential research resource for generations to come.
选项：
1. intellectual historical understandable considerate
2. people judges readers lawyers
3. meanings usages advantages benefits
4. recorded written spoken presented
5. statutory research data academic
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120235.Writing style 书写风格（下拉）
Learning to write well in college means learning (or re-learning) how to write clearly and plainly. Now that
doesn’t mean that plainness is the only good style, or that you should become a slave to spare, unadorned
writing. Formality and ornateness have their place, and in competent hands complexity can take us on a
dizzying, breathtaking journey. But most students, most of the time should strive to be sensibly simple to
develop a baseline style of short words, active verbs and relatively simple sentence conveying clear actions
or identities. It's faster, it makes arguments easier to follow, it increases the chances a busy reader will
bother to pay attention, and it lets you focus more attention on your moments of rhetorical flourish which I
do not advise abandoning altogether.
选项：
1. person staff slave soldier
2. competent half full empty
3. rinse strive rotate struggle
4. demonstrating conveying making loading
5. pay converge notice focus
120256.Austria 奥地利
Since Austria sits at a high elevation and spends a quarter of the year under snow, it should come as no
surprise that heating is a matter of considerable importance in the country. What may be surprising, however,
is that Vienna—a grand imperial city of music, art, and history—actually boasts a museum dedicated
specifically to heating systems.
选项：
1. rain wind typhoon snow
2. leakage importance memory convenience
111
3. repellent dictated dedicated determined
120253. Exams looming 考试迫在眉睫（文本修改）（下拉）
It's that time again: exams looming, essays or reports outstanding and you wonder where the year's gone
already. You start wondering how you going to cope with it all. Fear and anxiety are insidious things and
they can take hold if you don't do something about them. This amounts to a bad type of stress which is just
what you don't need, especially at this time of year. This is not to say that all anxiety is bad, however. A
limited amount of anxiety can help you to be more motivated and more purposeful. It can help you to plan
your work and to think more clearly and logically about it. In other words, it can help you to stay on top of
things. So how can you limit your stress and stay in control? There are a number of practical things you can
do, even at this late stage before the exams. Don't give up hope, even if you start to feel snowballed when
you think of the all the work you have to do. First of all, it's essential to get yourself organized. Sit down at
your desk and make a start on writing down all the things you have to do to prepare for the exams. If you
feel there's too much to do, then work out priorities for your work. Outstanding assignments should take
priority but make sure to leave time for revision of your lecture notes.
选项：
1. asking wondering telling finding
2. purposeful optical deliberate narrative
3. especially thoroughly thoughtfully logically
4. urgent wise essential compulsory
5. design prepare wait previous
120251.Psychology 心理学（文本修改+挖空修改）（下拉）
Psychology as a subject of study has largely developed in the West since the late nineteenth century. During
this period there has been an emphasis on scientific thinking. Because of this emphasis, there have been
many scientific studies in psychology which explore different aspects of human nature. These include
studies into how biology (physical factors) influence human experience, how people use their senses (touch,
112
taste, smell, sight and hearing) to get to know the world, how people develop, why people behave in certain
ways, how memory works, how people develop language, how people understand and think about the world,
what motivates people, why people have emotions and how personality develops. These scientific
investigations all contribute to an understanding of human nature. This means that people who have
knowledge of psychology can use or apply that knowledge in areas such as the ones listed above.
选项：
1. emphasizing emphasize emphasized emphasis
2. demonstrate explore pursuit include
3. feelings consciousness sensing senses
4. investigations results findings inventions
5. estimation understanding appreciation idea
6. use learn study find
120252.The wholeness of thought 思想的整体性（下拉）
The writer-or, for that matter, the speaker conceives his thought whole, as a unity, but must express it in a
line of words; the reader- or listener-must take this line of symbols and from it reconstruct the original
wholeness of thought. There is little difficulty in conversation, because the listener receives innumerable
cues from the physical expressions of the speaker; there is a dialogue, and the listener can cut in at any time.
The advantage of group discussion is that people can overcome linear sequence of words by converging on
ideas from different directions; which makes for wholeness of thought. But the reader is confronted by line
upon line of printed symbols, without benefits of physical tone and emphasis or the possibility of dialogue or
discussion.
选项：
1. respect reduce recover reconstruct
2. little many few no
113
3. get learn cut intrude
4. converging spending inventing conceiving
5. tile tone tune tomb
120239.Mini helicopter 迷你直升机（下拉）
A mini helicopter modeled on flying tree seeds could soon be flying overhead. Evan Ulrich and colleagues
at the University of Maryland in College Park turned to the biological world for inspiration to build a scaled-
down helicopter that could mimic the properties of full-size aircraft. The complex design of full-size
helicopters gets less efficient when shrunk, meaning that standard mini helicopters expend most of their
power simply fighting to stay stable in the air. The researchers realized that a simpler aircraft designed to
stay stable passively would use much less power and reduce manufacturing costs to boot. It turns out that
nature had beaten them to it. The seeds of trees such as the maple have a single-blade structure that allows
them to fly far away and drift safely to the ground. These seeds, known as samaras, need no engine to spin
through the air, thanks to a process called autorotation. By analyzing the behavior of the samara with high-
speed cameras, Ulrich and his team were able to copy its design. The samara copter is not the first single-
winged helicopter - one was flown in 1952, and others have been attempted since-but it is the first to take
advantage of the samara’s autorotation. This allows Ulrich’s vehicle to perform some neat tricks, such as
falling safely to the ground if its motor fails or using vertical columns of air to stay aloft indefinitely. “We
can turn off the motor and autorotate, which requires no power to sustain,” says Ulrich.
选项：
1. turned off turned on turned to turned out
2. design research experiment study
3. mean meant meaning means
4. out down off to
5. has beaten have beaten has been beating had beaten
6. spin span spun spend
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120045.Andersen 安徒生（拖拽+下拉）
Fans of biographical criticism have a luxurious source in the works of Hans Christian Andersen. Like Lewis
Carroll (and, to a lesser extent, Kenneth Grahame), Andersen was near-pathologically uncomfortable in the
company of adults. Of course, all three had to work and interact with adults, but all three really related well
to children and their simpler worlds. Andersen, for a time, ran a puppet theater and was incredibly popular
with children, and, of course, he wrote an impressive body of fairy tales which have been produced in
thousands of editions since the 19th century.
Most everyone has read or at least knows the titles of many of Andersen’s works: “The Ugly Duckling,”
“The Emperor’s New Clothes,” “The Nightingale,” “The Little Mermaid,” “The Match Girl,” and many
others. Though, as with most folk and fairy tales, they strike adult repeaters much differently than they do
young first-time readers.
Charming tales of ducks who feel awkward because they don’t fit in, only to exult in the discovery that they
are majestic swans, gives child readers clearly-identifiable messages: don’t tease people because they’re
different; don’t fret about your being different because some day you’ll discover what special gifts you have.
A closer, deeper look at many of Andersen’s tales (including “The Ugly Duckling,” which is not on our
reading list), reveals a darker, harder, more painful thread. People are often cruel and unfeeling; love is
torturous–in general, the things of the material world cause suffering. There is often a happy ending, but it’s
not conventionally happy. Characters are rewarded, but only after they manage (often through death) to
transcend the rigors of the mortal world.
选项：
1. play interact influence talk
2. strike stoked stroke strove
3. nervous shamed awkward harmful
4. presents gifts occasions treasures
5. harmful painful colorful thoughtful
115
120046.Olympic medalists 奥运奖牌获得者
In an often-cited study about counterfactuals, Medvec, Madey, and Gilovich (1995) found that bronze
medalists appeared happier than silver medalists in television coverage of the 1992 Summer Olympics.
Medvec et al. argued that bronze medalists compared themselves to 4th place finishers, whereas silver
medalists compared themselves to gold medalists. These counterfactuals were the most salient because they
were either qualitatively different (gold vs. silver) or categorically different (medal vs. no medal) from what
actually occurred. Drawing on archival data and experimental studies, we show that Olympic athletes
(among others) are more likely to make counterfactual comparisons based on their prior expectations,
consistent with decision affect theory. Silver medalists are more likely to be disappointed because their
personal expectations are higher than those of bronze medalists.
选项：
1. thought argued flighted fought
2. whereabouts whereas wherever whatsoever
3. salient advantaged outstanding worried
4. finally totally actually playfully
5. before prior last after
6. that this these those
120241.Library 图书馆（新增机经）
The best way to experience the museum is from the top floor down. One emerges from the elevators into a
spacious hallway. At some hours, museum staff members are giving small hands-on demonstrations of
techniques such as quillwork. These activities take place near wall cases filled with objects. These small
surveys of the museum’s vast holdings are called “Windows on the Collection”. Appearing on every floor in
the halls that overlook the rotunda, these display cases serve as a kind of visible storage, presenting a
panoply of objects and materials. Their arrangements are artistic, and their contents perhaps intentionally
designed to jar the visitor. For example, the largest case on the fourth floor displays animal imagery of all
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sorts. Older sculptures of birds, mammals and sea creatures appear alongside witty contemporary works
such as Larry Beck’s version of a Yup’ik mask made of rubber tire treads and metal tools, and Jim
Schoppert’s “Walrus Loves Baby Clams” mask. Recently-made ivory carvings challenge the common
distinction between so-called “authentic fine art” and commodity (a distinction which may be passe in the
academic world, but which still holds strong among much of the general public).
选项：
1. courses demonstrations lessons subjects
2. oversee insight overlook outlook
3. intentionally accidentally consciously unwillingly
4. sculptures buildings paintings writings
5. appeal append apply appear
120255.Headless Horseman 无头骑士（新增机经）
Not complete, based on memory. 根据回忆整理，欢迎补充
As the world changes into the future, each day bringing new, astonishing technology advances, our society
runs the risk of becoming not only Washington Irving’s headless horseman, but also a heartless horseman...
1. feelings connection
2. ignore dinterrupted available
120236.Teens writing 青少年写作
Teens write for a variety of reasons—as part of a school assignment, to get a good grade, to stay in touch
with friends, to share their artistic creations with others or simply to put their thoughts to paper (whether
virtual or otherwise). In our focus groups, teens said they are motivated to write when they can select topics
that are relevant to their lives and interests, and report greater enjoyment of school writing when they have
the opportunity to write creatively. Having teachers or other adults who challenge them, present them with
117
interesting curricula and give them detailed feedback also serves as a motivator for teens. Teens also report
writing for an audience motivates them to write and write well.
青少年写作有各种各样的原因——作为学校作业的一部分，为了取得好成绩，为了和朋友保持联系，为了和别人分享他们的艺术创
作，或者只是为了把他们的想法写在纸上(不管是虚拟的还是其他的)。在我们的焦点小组中，青少年表示，当他们能够选择与他们的
生活和兴趣相关的主题时，他们就会有写作的动力;当他们有机会进行创造性写作时，他们就会更享受学校写作的乐趣。让老师或其
他成年人向他们提出挑战，向他们提供有趣的课程，并给他们详细的反馈，这对青少年来说也是一种激励。青少年还报告说，为观众
写作能激励他们写作，而且写得很好。
选项：
1. get avoid maintain skip
2. select use debate communicate
3. educate blame present introduce
4. learn report provide regard
120027. Oxford medical school 牛津大学医学院(新挖空)
When I enrolled in my master's course at Oxford last year, I had come straight from medical school with the
decision to leave clinical science for good. Thinking back, I realize that I didn't put very much weight on this
decision at the time. But today, I more clearly understand the consequences of leaving my original
profession. When I meet old friends who are now physicians and surgeons, I sense how our views on
medical problems have diverged. They scrutinize the effects of disease and try to eliminate or alleviate them;
I try to understand how they come about in the first place. I feel happier working on this side of the problem,
although I do occasionally miss clinical work and seeing patients.
However, when I think about the rate at which my medical skills and knowledge have dissipated, the years
spent reading weighty medical textbooks, the hours spent at the bedside; I sometimes wonder if these years
were partly a waste of time now that I am pursuing a research career.
Nonetheless, I know the value of my medical education. It is easy to forget the importance of the biosciences
when working with model organisms in basic research that seem to have nothing to do with a sick child or a
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suffering elderly person. Yet, I still have vivid memories of the cruel kaleidoscope of severe diseases and of
how they can strike a human being. I hope to retain these memories as a guide in my current occupation.
选项：
1. attention focus weight importance
2. lesson benefit consequences effects
3. changed differed fluctuated diverged
4. separated disappeared dissipated developed
5. period waste cherish part
6.encounter hit beat strike
120016.Edible insects 可食用昆虫
Fancy locust for lunch? Probably not, if you live in the west, but elsewhere it’s a different story. Edible
insects – termites, stick insects, dragonflies, grasshoppers and giant water bugs – are on the menu for an
estimated 80 percent of the world’s population.
More than 1000 species of insects are served up around the world. For example, “kungu cakes” – made from
midges – are a delicacy in parts of Africa. Mexico is an insect-eating – or entomophagous – hotspot, where
more than 200 insect species are consumed. Demand is so high that 40 species are now under threat,
including white agave worms. These caterpillars of the tequila giant-skipper butterfly fetch around $250 a
kilogram.
Eating insects makes nutritional sense. Some contain more protein than meat or fish. The female gypsy moth,
for instance, is about 80 percent protein. Insects can be a good source of vitamins and minerals too: a type of
caterpillar (Usta Terpsichore) eaten in Angola is rich in iron, zinc and thiamine.
What do they taste like? Ants have a lemon tang, apparently, whereas giant water bugs taste of mint and fire
ant pupae of watermelon. You have probably, inadvertently, already tasted some of these things, as insects
are often accidental tourists in other types of food. The US Food and Drug Administration even issues
119
guidelines for the number of insect parts allowed in certain foods. For example, it is acceptable for 225
grams of macaroni to contain up to 225 insect fragments.
选项：
1. estimated average amount estimation
2. caught served piled taken
3. delicious food desert delicacy
4. Usage Reputation Supply Demand
5. threat operation stress regulation
6. weigh count catch fetch
7. nutritional no many valuable
8. fat protein vitamins minerals
9. source resource cause reason
10. acceptable believed banned illegal
120162.The narrative of law 法律的叙述（拖拽+下拉）（挖空）
The narrative of law and order is located fundamentally at the level of individual guilt and responsibility.
Criminal acts are seen as individual issues of personal responsibility and culpability, to which the state
responds by way of policing, prosecution, adjudication and punishment.
This is but one level at which crime and criminal justice can be analyzed. The problem is that so often
analysis ends there, at the level of individual action, characterized in terms of responsibility, guilt, evil.
In few other areas of social life does individualism have this hold. To take but one instance, it would be
absurd to restrict analysis of obesity, to individual greed. It should similarly be widely seen as absurd to
restrict analysis of criminal justice issues to the culpability of individuals.
《法律与秩序》的叙事基本上处于个人罪责和责任的层面。犯罪行为被看作是涉及个人责任和罪责的个别问题，国家以治安、起诉、
审判和惩罚的方式对其作出反应。
120
这只是可以分析犯罪和刑事司法的一个层次。问题在于，分析往往以个人行为的层面结束，以责任、罪恶和罪恶为特征。
在社会生活的其他领域，个人主义很少有这样的地位。仅举一个例子，将肥胖的分析局限于个人的贪婪将是荒谬的。同样，将对刑事
司法问题的分析限于个人的罪责也应被广泛认为是荒谬的。
选项：
1. level stage phase pair
2. capability reliability culpability stability
3. course prosecution punishment fin
4. character characterized characteristics characterization
5. instance exemplify reason method
120006.Impressionism 印象派
Impressionism was a nineteenth century art movement that began as a loose association of Paris-based
artists who started publicly exhibiting their art in the 1860s. Characteristics of Impressionist painting include
visible brush strokes, light colors, open composition, emphasis on light in its changing qualities (often
accentuating the effects of the passage of time), ordinary subject matter, and unusual visual angles. The
name of the movement is derived from Claude Monet's Impression, Sunrise (Impression, solely Levant).
Critic Louis Leroy inadvertently coined the term in a satiric review published in Le Charivari.
Radicals in their time, early Impressionists broke the rules of academic painting. They began by giving
colors, freely brushed, primacy over line, drawing inspiration from the work of painters such as Eugene
Delacroix. They also took the act of painting out of the studio and into the world. Previously, not only still-
lives and portraits, but also landscapes had been painted indoors, but the Impressionists found that they
could capture the momentary and transient effects of sunlight by painting air (in plain air).
选项：
1. emphasized emphasis rely depending
2. derived come attribute related
121
3. paintings lines inspiration enlightenment
4. fact act notion thought
5. remember capture memorize notice
120062.Lure New Students 吸引新学生
In an attempt to lure new students, leading business schools - including Harvard, Stanford, the University of
Chicago and Wharton – have moved away from the unofficial admissions and prerequisite of four years’
work experience and instead have set their sights on recent college graduates and so-called ‘early career
‘professionals with only a couple years of work under the belt.
选项：
1. lure teach punish encourage
2. exclusion prerequisite offer prepare
3. hardly no longer instead rather than
4. professionals teachers leaders winners
5. belt bell protect management
120092.Maya descendants 玛雅人后裔
Descendants of the Maya living in Mexico still sometimes refer to themselves as “the corn people.” The
phrase is not intended as metaphor. Rather, it’s meant to acknowledge their abiding dependence on this
miraculous grass, the staple of their diet for almost 9,000 years. Forty percent of the calories a Mexican eats
in a day come directly from corn, most of it in the form of tortillas. So when a Mexican says I am maize or
corn walking, it is simply a statement of fact: The very substance of the Mexicans body is to a considerable
extent a manifestation of this plant.
选项：
1. knowledge acknowledge renown remember
122
2. fix variety staple range
3. manifestation display show exhibition
120003.Australia Higher Education Funding 澳洲高等教育基金（挖空修改+文本修
改）
Australian Government provided regular funding for universities from the late 1950s, in 1974, it assumed
full responsibility for funding higher education - abolishing tuition fees with the intention of making
university accessible to all Australians who had the ability and who wished to participate in higher education.
Since the late 1980s, there has been a move towards greater private contributions, particularly students fees.
In 1989, the Australian Government introduced the Higher Education Contribution Scheme (HECS) which
included a loans scheme to help students finance their contributions. This enabled universities to remain
accessible to students by delaying their payments until they could afford to pay off their loans.
In 2002, the Australian Government introduced a scheme similar to HECS for postgraduate students - the
Postgraduate Education Loan Scheme (PELS). Funding for higher education comes from various sources.
This article examines the three main sources - Australian Government funding, students fees and charges,
and HECS. While the proportion of total revenue raised through HECS is relatively small, HECS payments
are a significant component of students' university costs, with many students carrying a HECS debt for
several years after leaving university. This article also focuses on characteristics of university students based
on their HECS liability status, and the level of accumulated HECS debt.
选项：
1. claimed required paid assumed
2. specially certainly particularly officially
3. accessible access accessing accessed
4. introduced claimed announced experimented
5. profit revenue finances profits
123
120067. How does outer space affect the human body? 外太空对人体有怎样的影响？
Researchers already know that spending long periods of time in a zero-gravity environment ---such as that
inside the International Space Station (ISS) ---result in loss of bone density and damage to the body’s
muscles. That’s partly why stays aboard the ISS are limited six months. And now, a number of NASA
astronauts are reporting that their 20/30 vision faded after spending time in space, with many needing
glasses once they returned to Earth.
选项：
1. environment climate weather planet
2. damage gain recovery enhancement
3. muscles development action flexibility
4. allowed limited exceeded excessive
5. smelling hearing voices vision
6. strengthened faded disappeared fatigued
120095.Opportunity Cost 机会成本
Opportunity cost incorporates the notion of scarcity: No matter what we do, there is always a trade-off. We
must trade off one thing for another because resources are limited and can be used in different ways.
By acquiring something, we use up resources that could have been used to acquire something else. The
notion of opportunity cost allows us to measure this trade-off. Most decisions involve several alternatives.
For example, if you spend an hour studying for an economics exam, you have one fewer hour to pursue
other activities. To determine the opportunity cost of an activity, we look at what you consider the best of
these “other” activities. For example, suppose the alternatives to studying economics are studying for a
history exam or working in a job that pays $10 per hour. If you consider studying for history a better use of
your time than working, then the opportunity cost of studying economics is the four extra points you could
have received on a history exam if you studied history instead of economics. Alternatively, if working is the
best alternative, the opportunity cost of studying economics is the $10 you could have earned instead.
124
选项：
1. Without acquiring something Having acquired something
By acquiring something Contrary with acquiring something
2. notion saying perception assumption
3. involve have involved are involved have been involving
4. exercise pursue study proceed
5. demonstrate affirm eliminate determine
6. option choice alternatives opportunity
7. best worse better worst
120001.Pinker 平克
In a sequence of bestsellers, including The Language Instinct and How the Mind Works, Pinker has argued
the swathes of our mental, social and emotional lives may have originated as evolutionary adaptations, well
suited to the lives our ancestors eked out on the Pleistocene savannah. Sometimes it seems as if nothing is
immune from being explained this way. Road rage, adultery, marriage, altruism, our tendency to reward
senior executives with corner offices on the top floor, and the smaller number of women who become
mechanical engineers—all may have their roots in natural selection, Pinker claims. The controversial
implications are obvious: that men and women might differ in their inborn abilities at performing certain
tasks, for example, or that parenting may have little influence on personality.
选项：
1. origin originating originate originated
2. protected immune convinced prohibited
3. roots values demands needs
4. differ interested complicate indulge
125
5. little many a few few
120181.Progressive enhancement 逐步加强（挖空）
Progressive enhancement is a design practice based on the idea that instead of designing for the least capable
browser, or mangling our code to make a site look the same in every browser, we should provide a core set
of functionality and information to all users, and then progressively enhance the appearance and behavior of
the site for users of more capable browsers. It's very productive development practice. Instead of spending
hours working out how to add drop shadows to the borders of an element in every browser, we simply use
the standards-based approach for browsers that support it and don't even attempt to implement it in browsers
that don’t. After all, the users of older and less capable browsers wont know what they are missing. The
biggest challenge to progressive enhancement is the belief among developers and clients that websites
should look the same in every browser. As a developer, you can simplify your life and dedicate your time to
more interesting challenges if you let go of this outdated notion and embrace progressive enhancement.
选项：
1. designing for creating depending from building
2. gradually decrease progressively enhance moderately increase gently advance
3. instead of spending instead of taking instead of finding instead of wasting
4. the biggest progress the best change the biggest challenge the first battle
120041.Egg-Eating Snakes 食蛋蛇
Egg-eating snakes are a small group of snakes whose diet consists only of eggs. Some eat only small eggs,
which they have to swallow whole, as the snake has no teeth. Instead, some other snakes eat bigger eggs, but
it requires special treatment. These snakes have spines that stick out from the backbone. The spines crack the
egg open as it passes through the throat.
选项：
1. food consists dietitian diet
126
2. all whole fast slow
3. food supplement thinking treatment
4. beat crack break buy
5. close down open up
120202.Shrimp Farm 虾场
However, proper accounting shows that for each hectare government subsidies formed $8,412 of this figure
and there were costs, too: $1,000 for pollution and $12,392 for losses to ecosystem services. These
comprised damage to the supply of foods and medicines that people had taken from the forest, the loss of
habitats for fish, and less buffering against storms. And because a given shrimp farm only stays productive
for three or four years, there was the additional cost of restoring them afterwards.
然而，适当的计算表明，每公顷政府补贴构成这一数字的 8412 美元，而且也有成本:1000 美元用于污染，12392 美元用于生态系统服
务的损失。这些破坏包括人们从森林中获取的食物和药物供应，鱼类栖息地的丧失，以及对风暴的缓冲作用减弱。而且，由于一个特
定的养虾场只能维持三到四年的生产，因此在恢复养虾场之后还需要额外的成本。
选项：
1. research accounting summarizing estimated
2. productive regenerating resourceful generative
120121.Bats 蝙蝠
Of the more than 1,000 bat species worldwide, 22 are native to North America. And while there are no
pollinator bats in our area, gardeners should champion those that do live here, because they’re insectivorous.
These bats consume moths, beetles and mosquitoes, and can eat up to 500 mosquito-sized insects per hour.
They also protect gardens and crops from such pests as cucumber beetles, cutworms and leafhoppers.
选项：
1. local national native residential
127
2. support champion help fight
3. spend consume provide kill
4. species pests objects animals
120074.EE & AVG 能量消耗和活动视频游戏
EE (energy expenditure) and AVG (active video games). The sedentary video games cannot meet the
minimum exercise intensities… Playing AVGs increases energy expenditure, but can’t be a replacement of
exercise….
The study, of 322 overweight 10- to 14-year-olds, found that those whose usual, sedentary video games
were partly replaced with active games gained less weight over six months. For years, experts have worried
that the growing amount of time children are spending in front of TVs and computers is helping to feed an
epidemic of childhood obesity.
选项：
1. mini minimum maximum minima
2. practice employment replacement engagement
3. lost gained achieved retained
120047.David Lynch 大卫·林奇
David Lynch is professor and head of education at Charles Darwin University. Prior to this he was sub dean
in the Faculty of Education and Creative Arts at Central Queensland University and foundation head of the
University’s Noosa campus. David’s career in education began as a primary school teacher in Queensland in
the early 1980’s and progressed to four principal positions before entering higher education. David’s
research interests predominate in teacher education with particular interest in building teacher capability to
meet a changed world.
选项：
128
1. before prior last after
2. college campus camp place
3. processed progressed pronounced projected
4. hiring leaving having entering
120178.New Zealand 新西兰
Twelve hundred miles east of Australia lie the islands of New Zealand. Long before they were discovered by
Europeans, a Polynesian race of warriors, the Maoris, had sailed across the Pacific from the northeast and
established a civilization notable for the brilliance of its art and the strength of its military system. When
Captain Cook visited these islands towards the end of the 18th century, he estimated that the population
numbered about a hundred thousand.
选项：
1. place set lie settle
2. detected discovered revealed recognized
3. unusual outstandingly evident notable
4. system method practice structure
5. estimated calculated evaluate reckoned
120154.When to revise? 什么时候复习？（挖空）（拖拽+下拉）
Timing is important for revision. Have you noticed that during the school day you get times when you just
don't care any longer? I don't mean the lessons you don t like, but the ones you find usually find OK, but on
some occasions, you just can't be bothered with it. You may have other things on your mind, be tired,
restless or looking forward to what comes next. Whatever the reason, that particular lesson doesn't get 100
percent effort from you.
129
The same is true of revision. Your mental and physical attitudes are important. If you try to revise when you
are tired or totally occupied with something else, your revision will be inefficient and just about worthless. If
you approach it feeling fresh, alert and happy, it will be so much easier, and you will learn more, faster.
However, if you make no plans and just slip in a little bit of revision when you feel like it, you probably
won’t do much revision! You need a revision timetable, so you don't keep putting it off.
选项：
1. may can will must
2. effort afford affect effect
3. altitude strength attitudes talent
4. stopping it from putting it off giving it out getting it wrong
120126The Origin of Species 物种起源
In The Origin of Species, Darwin provided abundant evidence that life on Earth has evolved over time, and
he proposed natural selection as the primary mechanism for that change. He observed that individuals differ
in their inherited traits and that selection acts on such differences, leading to evolutionary change. Although
Darwin realized that variation in heritable traits is a prerequisite for evolution, he did not know precisely
how organisms pass heritable traits to their offspring. Just a few years after Darwin published The Origin of
Species, Gregory Mendel wrote a ground breaking paper on inheritance in pea plants in that paper, Mendel
proposed a model of inheritance in which organisms transmit discrete heritable units (now called genes) to
their offspring. Although Darwin did not know about genes, Mendel’s paper set the stage for understanding
the genetic differences on which evolution is based.
选项：
1. differ discriminate differentiate distinguish
2. tremendous evolutionary unrivalled enormous
3. evolution development growth maturity
4. on in for with
130
5. for as in at
120072.UBC expeditions to the Canadian Arctic 不列颠哥伦比亚大学对加拿大北极的
探险
This summer, 41 UBC alumni and friends participated in expeditions to the Canadian Arctic and the
legendary Northwest Passage. Presentations, conversations and learning accompanied their exploration of
the great outdoors aboard the Russian-flagged Akademik Ioffe, designed and built in Finland as a scientific
research vessel in 1989. Her bridge was open to passengers virtually 24 hours a day. Experts on board
presented on topics including climate change, wildlife, Inuit culture and history, and early European
explorers. UBC professor Michael Byers presented on the issue of Arctic sovereignty, a growing cause of
debate as ice melts, new shipping routes open, and natural resources become accessible. Recommended pre-
trip reading was late UBC alumnus Pierre Bertons book, The Arctic Grail.
选项：
1. outdoors indoors outside inside
2. aboard board ship broad
3. tiny slight disappearing growing
4. become becoming became was becoming
120192.Clones 克隆（下拉+拖拽）
Clones of an Eastern cottonwood (Populus deltoides) in the Bronx and other city spots grew to double the
biomass of clones planted outside small towns upstate or on Long Island, says Jillian Gregg, now of the
Environmental Protection Agency's western-ecology division in Corvallis, Ore. The growth gap comes from
ozone damage, she and her New York colleagues report. Ozone chemists have known that concentrations
may spike skyscraper high in city air, but during a full 24 hours, rural trees actually get a higher cumulative
ozone exposure from urban pollution that blows in and lingers. A series of new experiments now shows that
this hang-around ozone is the overwhelming factor in tree growth, the researchers say in the July 10 Nature.
"This study has profound importance in showing us most vividly that rural areas pay the price for urban
131
pollution," says Stephen P. Long of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. "This work should be a
wake-up call," he adds.
选项：
1. placing planting placed planted
3. moves blows bears carries
4. vital overwhelming fundamental essential
5. undertake take pay consume
120090.Water security 水安全
Equally critical is the challenge of water security. The UN Environment Program (UNEP) has pointed out
that about one- third of the world's population lives in countries with moderate to high water stress, with a
disproportionate impact on the poor. With current projected global population growth, the task of providing
water for human sustenance will become increasingly difficult. And increasing competition over this scarce
but vital resource may fuel instability and conflict within states as well as between states. The UN is doing a
great deal in both areas to proactively foster collaboration among Member States. UNEP has long been
actively addressing the water issue together with partner UN agencies and other organizations. Looking
ahead, the UN can do more to build synergies of technology, policy and capacity in this field. In this regard,
events like the annual World Water Week in Stockholm come to the forefront of the public mind when
talking about championing water issues.
选项：
1. disproportionate improper serious equal
2. living sustenance sustainability maintenance
3. collaboration association merging conflict
4. partners companies agencies cooperates
132
120120.Three degrees 三摄氏度
Three degrees does not sound like much but it represents a rise in temperature compatible with the global
heating that occurred between the last ice age, some 15,000 years ago, and the warmth of the eighteenth
century. When Earth was cold giant glaciers sometimes extended from the polar-regions as far south as St
Louis in the US and the Alps in Europe. Later this century when it is three degree hotter glaciers everywhere
will be melting in a climate of often unbearable heat and drought punctuated with storms and floods. The
consequences for humanity could be truly horrific, if we fail to act swiftly, the full impact of global heating
could cull us along with vast populations of the plant and animals with whom we share Earth. In a worst
case scenario, there might- in the 22nd century -be only a remnant of humanity eking out a diminished
existence in the polar-regions and the few remaining oases left on a hot and arid Earth.
选项：
1. shows represents indicates discloses
2. insurable intolerable unbearable understandable
3. results influence consequences impacts
4. disappeared reduced decreased diminished
120139.Good customer service 好的客户服务
Good customer service relates to the service you and your employees provide before, during and after a
purchase. For example, it’s how you interact with your customers. Improving your customer service skills
can lead to great customer satisfaction and a more enjoyable experience for them. No matter the size of your
business good customer service needs to be at the heart of your business model if you wish to be successful.
It is important to provide good customer service; to all types of customers, including potential, new and
existing customers. Although it can take extra resources, time and money, good customer service leads to
customer satisfaction which can generate positive word-of-mouth for your business, keep your customers
happy and encourage them to purchase form your business again. Good customer service can help your
business grow and prosper.
133
选项：
1. engage interact connect talk
2. potential future loyalty old
3. feedback ideas word-of-mouth suggestions
120108.UNEP 联合国环境规划署
Equitable and sustainable management of water resources is a major global challenge. About one third of the
world’s population lives in countries with moderate to high water stress, with disproportionately high
impacts on the poor. With respect to the current projected human population growth, industrial development
and the expansion of irrigated agriculture in the next two decades, water demand is expected to rise to levels
that will make the task of providing water for human sustenance more difficult. Since its establishment, the
United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) has worked to promote sustainable water resources
management practices through collaborative approaches at the national, regional and global levels. After
more than 30 years, water resources management continues to be a strong pillar of UNEP’S work.
UNEP is actively participating in addressing water issues together with partner UN agencies other
organizations and donors. the facilitate and catalyze water resource assessments in various developing
countries; implement projects that assist countries in developing integrated water resource management
plans; create awareness of innovative alternative technologies and assist the development. Implementation
and enforcement of water resource management policies, laws and regulations.
选项：
1. disproportionately significantly largely proportionately
2. new old past current
3. years decades time days
4. drink food nutrition sustenance
5. cooperative connective collaborative relative
134
6. companies agencies firms businesses
120133.Leadership 领导
Leadership is all about being granted permission by others to lead their thinking. It is a bestowed moral
authority that gives the right to organize and direct the efforts of others. But moral authority does not come
from simply managing people effectively or communicating better or being able to motivate. It comes from
many sources, including being authentic and genuine, having integrity, and showing a real and deep
understanding of the business in question. All these factors build confidence.
Leaders lose moral authority for three reasons: they behave unethically; they become plagued by self-doubt
and lose their conviction; or they are blinded by power lose self-awareness and thus lose connection with
those they lead as the context around them changes. Having said all this, it has to be assumed that if
someone becomes a leader, at some point they understood the difference between right and wrong it is up to
them to abide by a moral code and up to us to ensure that the moment we suspect they do not, we fire them
or vote them out.
选项：
1. sources items stamps supports
2. faith answers factors parts
3. usually unethically falsely unexpected
4. connect connected disconnect connection
5. abide in abide by abide to abide from
120088.Serving on a Jury 担任陪审员
Serving on a jury is normally compulsory for individuals who are qualified for jury service. A jury is
intended to be an impartial panel capable of reaching a verdict. There are often procedures and requirements,
including a fluent understanding of the language and the opportunity to test juror’s neutrality or otherwise
exclude jurors who are perceived as likely to be less than neutral or partial to one side.
135
选项：
1. qualified equaled capable able
2. used intended likely failed
3. steps processes procedures necessities
4. central natural supportive neutral
120036.Peter Garrett 彼得·加勒特
No one in Parliament would know better than Peter Garrett what largesse copyright can confer so it may
seem right that he should announce a royalty for artists, amounting to 5 percent of all sales after the original
one, which can go on giving to their families for as much as 150 years. But that ignores the truth that
copyright law is a scandal, recently exacerbated by the Free Trade Agreement with the US which required
extension of copyright to 70 years after death. Is it scandalous that really valuable copyrights end up in the
ownership of corporations (although Agatha Christie's no-doubt worthy great-grandchildren are still reaping
the benefits of West End success for her who dun nits and members of the Garrick Club enjoy the
continuing fruits of A.A. Milne's Christopher Robin books)? No. The scandal is that being peasants
politicians have attempted to appear cultured by creating private assets which depend on an act of
Parliament for their existence and by giving away much more in value than any public benefit could justify.
In doing so they have betrayed our trust.
选项：
1. achieved accumulated exacerbated exercised
2. reaching garnishing reaping gaining
3. humiliation slander insult scandal
4. testify justify satisfy ruby
136
120002.Video-Conferencing Technology 视频会议技术
Never has the carbon footprint of multi-national corporations been under such intense scrutiny. Inter-city
train journeys and long-haul flights to conduct face-to-face business meetings contribute significantly to
greenhouse gases and the resulting strain on the environment. The Anglo-US company Teliris has
introduced a new video-conferencing technology and partnered with the Carbon Neutral Company, enabling
corporate outfits to become more environmentally responsible. The innovation allows simulated face-to-face
meetings to be held across continents without the time pressure or environmental burden of international
travel. Previous designs have enabled video-conferencing on a point-to-point, dual-location basis. The firm's
VirtuaLive technology, however, can bring people together from up to five separate locations anywhere in
the world - with unrivalled transmission quality.
选项：
1. produce generate create conduct
2. gases steam strain affect
3. stress limit pressure press
4. separate each respectively single
5. unreliable unrivalled unrealistic unreasonable
120007.Trigger Points 触发点
All approaches aim to increase blood flow to areas of tension and to release painful knots of muscle known
as "trigger points". "Trigger points are tense areas of muscle that are almost constantly contracting," says
Kippen. "The contraction causes pain, which in turn causes contraction, so you have a vicious circle. This is
what deep tissue massages aims to break. "The way to do this, as I found out under Ogedengbe's elbow, is to
apply pressure to the point, stopping the blood flow, and then to release, which causes the brain to flood the
affected area with blood, encouraging the muscle to relax. At the same time, says Kippen, you can fool the
tensed muscle into relaxing by applying pressure to a complementary one nearby. "If you cause any muscle
to contract, its opposite will expand. So you try to trick the body into relaxing the muscle that is in spasm."
137
选项：
1. to on of from
2. to in on for
3. of in by with
4. from by to with
5. into with for to
120055.Genetically Modified Food 转基因食品
Genetically modified foods provide no direct benefit to consumers; the food is not noticeably better or
cheaper. The greater benefit, proponents argue, is that genetic engineering will play a crucial role in feeding
the world's burgeoning population. Opponents disagree, asserting that the world already grows more food
per person than ever before – more, even, than we can consume.
选项：
1. positive direct dedicated deliberate
2. nobly noticeably narrowly necessarily
3. opponents promotions proponents products
4. dealing meeting increasing feeding
5. declining burning bargaining burgeoning
6. asserting assessing addicting inserting
7. conserve consume assume resume
120023.Definition of Country 国家的定义
What is a country and how is a country defined? When people ask how many countries there are in the
world, they expect a simple answer. After all, we've explored the whole planet; we have international travel,
138
satellite navigation and plenty of global organizations like the United Nations, so we should really know
how many countries there are! However, the answer to the question varies according to whom you ask. Most
people say there are 192 countries, but others point out that there could be more like 260 of them. So why
isn't there a straightforward answer? The problem arises because there isn't a universally agreed definition of
'country' and because, for political reasons, some countries find it convenient to recognize or not recognize
other countries.
选项：
1. whole total very only
2. Most Few No More
3. But So While For
4. many other those these
120022.Jean Piaget 皮亚杰
Jean Piaget, the pioneering Swiss philosopher and psychologist, spent much of his professional life listening
to children, watching children and poring over reports of researchers around the world who were doing the
same. He found, to put it most succinctly, that children don't think like grownups. After thousands of
interactions with young people often barely old enough to talk, Piaget began to suspect that behind their cute
and seemingly illogical utterances were thought processes that had their own kind of order and their own
special logic. Einstein called it a discovery “so simple that only a genius could have thought of it.” Piaget's
insight opened a new window into the inner workings of the mind. By the end of a wide-ranging and
remarkably prolific research career that spanned nearly 75 years, from his first scientific publication at age
10 to work still in progress when he died at 84, Piaget had developed several new fields of science:
developmental psychology, cognitive theory and what came to be called genetic epistemology Although not
an educational reformer ， he fashioned a way of thinking about children that provided the foundation for
today’s education-reform movements. It was a shift comparable to the displacement of stories of "noble
savages” and "cannibals” by modern anthropology. One might say that Piaget was the first to take children's
thinking seriously.
139
选项：
1. learning poring studying investigating
2. succinctly successfully sufficiently comprehensively
3. affirm suspect investigate declare
4. language speaking utterances communications
5. suspect mystery invention discovery
6. prolific reviewed proved written
7. designed opened guided fashioned
8. movements application revolution transformation
120166.Life expectancy at birth 出生时预期寿命
Life expectancy at birth is one of the most widely used and internationally recognised indicators of
population health. It focuses on the length of life rather than its quality, and provides a useful summary of
the general health of the population. While an indicator describing how long Australians live that
simultaneously takes into account quality of life would be a desirable summary measure of progress in the
area, currently no such measure exists, and this is why life expectancy at birth is used as the Main Progress
Indicator here. During the decade 1999 to 2009, life expectancy at birth improved for both sexes.
A girl born in 2009 could expect to reach 83.9 years of age, while a boy could expect to live to 79. 3 years.
Over the decade, boys 'life expectancy increased slightly more than girls'(3. 1 compared with 2. 1 years).
This saw the gap between the sexes' life expectancy decrease by one year to 4.6 years.
In the longer term, increases in life expectancy also occurred over most of the 20th century. Unfortunately,
life expectancy isn't shared across the whole population though, being lower in Tasmania and the northern
Territory, and for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples.
选项：
1. prefer rather better quite
140
2. as which that while
3. slightly lightly dramatically slowly
120005.Edison 爱迪生（文本修改）
Like Ben Franklin, Thomas Alva Edison was both a scientist and an inventor. Born in 1847, Edison would
see tremendous change take place in his lifetime. He was also to be responsible for making many of those
changes occur. When Edison was born, society still thought of electricity as a novelty, a fad. By the time he
died, entire cities were lit by electricity. Much of the credit for that progress goes to Edison. In his lifetime,
Edison patented 1,093 inventions, earning him the nickname "The Wizard of Menlo Park" The most famous
of his inventions was the incandescent light bulb. Besides the light bulb, Edison developed the phonograph
and the "kinetoscope," a small box for viewing moving films. He also improved upon the original design of
the stock ticker, the telegraph, and Alexander Graham Bell's telephone. He believed in hard work,
sometimes working twenty hours a day. Edison was quoted as saying, "Genius is one percent inspiration and
99 percent perspiration." In tribute to this important American, electric lights in the United States were
dimmed for one minute on October 21, 1931, a few days after his death.
选项：
1. spectacular unnoticeable minimal tremendous
2. imagination invention necessities novelty
3. raised improved changed increased
4. tribute memory response gift
120185.Snails 蜗牛（非真题）
Snails are not traditionally known for quick thinking, but new research shows they can make complex
decisions using just two brain cells in findings that could help engineers design more efficient robots.
Scientists at the University of Sussex attached electrodes to the heads of freshwater snails as they searched
for lettuce. They found that just one cell was used by the mollusc to tell if it was hungry or not, while
another let it know when food was present. Food searching is an example of goal-directed behaviour, during
141
which an animal must integrate information about both its external environment and internal state while
using as little energy as possible. Lead researcher Professor George Kemenes, sai “This will eventually help
us design the ‘brain’ of robots based on the principle of using the fewest possible components necessary to
perform complex tasks. What goes on in our brains when we make complex behavioural decisions and carry
them out is poorly understood. Our study reveals for the first time how just two neurons can create a
mechanism in an animal's brain which drives and optimises complex decision-making tasks.”
选项：
1. decisions findings results recommendations
2. heads brains skulls top
3. empty hungry full satisfied
120171.Integrate sales activities 整合销售活动
Organizations need to integrate their sales activities more both internally and with customers' needs
according to a new book co-authored by an academic at the University of East Anglia. The book addresses
how sales can help organizations to become more customer oriented and considers how they are responding
to challenges such as increasing competition, more demanding customers and a more complex selling
environment. Many organizations are facing escalating costs and a growth in customer power, which makes
it necessary to allocate resources more strategically. The sales function can provide critical customer and
market knowledge to help inform both innovation and marketing. However, the authors say that within the
industry there is still uncertainty about the shape a future sales team should take, how it should be managed,
and how it fits into their organizations business model.
选项：
1. does addresses discusses adds
2. demanding attractive nice loyal
3. so that which but
4. there here that it
142
5. taps flows fits rolls
120186.Language comes naturally 语言是天生的（挖空）
Language comes so naturally to us that it is easy to forget what a strange and miraculous gift it is. All over
the world members of our species fashion their breath into hisses and hums and squeaks and pops and listen
to others do the same. We do this, of course, not only because we like the sounds but because details of the
sounds contain information about the intentions of the person making them. We humans are fitted with a
means of sharing our ideas, in all their unfathomable vastness. When we listen to speech, we can be led to
think thoughts that have never been thought before and that never would have occurred to us on our own.
Behold, the bush burned with fire, and the bush was not consumed. Man is born free, and everywhere he is
in chains. Emma Woodhouse, handsome, clever, and rich, with a comfortable home and happy disposition,
seemed to unite some of the best blessings of existence. Energy equals mass times the speed of light squared.
I have found it impossible to carry the heavy burden of responsibility and to discharge my duties as King
without the help and support of the woman I love.
选项：
1. class types categories species
2. similarity method same so
2. intention aim purpose meaning
3. using sharing considering consuming
4. occurred taken created happened
120059.Australian Overseas Departures 澳大利亚的海外移民
Over the past ten years, Australian overseas departures have grown from 1.7 million to 3.2 million. This
represents strong average, annual growth of 6.5 per cent. This paper analyses outbound travel demand to
each destination country using the travel demand models of short-term resident departures. The models are
specified in terms of a double logarithmic linear functional form, with overseas departures as the dependent
143
variable and real household disposable income prices of travel and accommodation in Australia, and
overseas and the exchange rate as independent variables.
The models were estimated using historical time series data from 1973 to 1998. The data were obtained from
several sources such as the World Tourism Organization, Australian Bureau of Statistics, World Bank and
International Monetary Fund. The results suggest that the estimated elasticity parameters are consistent with
standard economic theory. The number of short-term resident departures is positively influenced by per
capita real household disposable income; and the price of domestic travel and accommodation, and
negatively influenced by the price of travel and accommodation overseas.
The estimated demand models were used to develop the Tourism Forecasting Council’s long run forecasts.
The forecasts suggest that the number of short-term resident departures will increase strongly over the next
ten years, largely due to the strength of the Australian economy, competitive trove prices, and Australians’
interest in experiencing different cultures and lifestyles.
选项：
1. encouraged analyses increases decreases
2. variables varies variety variability
3. sources websites resources journals
4. positively hardly barely negatively
5. experiencing experimenting exploring employed
120063.Father’s Books 父亲的书
None of the books in my father’s dusty old bookcase were forbidden. Yet while I was growing up, I never
saw anyone take one down. Most were massive tomes – a comprehensive history of civilization, matching
volumes of the great works of western literature, numerous others I can no longer recall – that seemed
almost refused to shelves that bowed slightly from decades of steadfast support?
选项：
1. forbidden useful forgotten meaningful
144
2. massive tiny small marvel
3. recall call see retell
4. read write shelves publish
5. loose further internal steadfast
120164.Foreign policy 外交政策（挖空）
The foreign policy of a state, it is often argued, begins and ends with the border. No doubt an exaggeration,
this aphorism nevertheless has an element of truth. A state's relation with its neighbours, at least in the
formative years, are greatly influenced by its frontier policy, especially when there are no settled borders.
Empire builders in the past sought to extend imperial frontiers for a variety of reasons; subjugation of kings
and princes to gain their allegiance (as well as handsome tributes or the coffers of the state), and, security of
the 'core' of the empire from external attacks by establishing a string of buffer states in areas adjoining the
frontiers. The history of British empire in India was no different. It is important to note in this connection
that the concept of international boundaries (between two sovereign states), demarcated and delineated, was
yet to emerge in India under Mughal rule.
选项：
1. component element constitute ingredient
2. formative following developmental determinative
3. settled arranged certain gentle
4. options faith allegiance admittance
6. disappeared defused defined delineated
120083.Move to a new region 搬到一个新的地方（挖空）
People move to a new region for many different reasons. The motivation for moving can come from a
combination of what researchers sometimes call 'push and pull factors’ - those that encourage people to
leave a region, and those that attract people to a region. Some of the factors that motivate people to move
145
include seeking a better climate, finding more affordable housing, looking for work or retiring from work,
leaving the congestion of city living, wanting a more pleasant environment, and wanting to be near to family
and friends. In reality many complex factors and personal reasons may interact to motivate a person or
family to move.
选项：
1. motivation aim purpose reason
2. reasons factors incentives essentials
3. contain include involve restrain
4. congestion conjunction combination crowded
5. commute mean interact exchange
120054.Movement in painting 绘画运动
Movement in painting that originated in France in the 1860s and had enormous influence in European and
North American painting in the late 19th century. The Impressionists wanted to depict real life, to paint
straight from nature, and to capture the changing effects of light. The term was first used abusively to
describe Claude Monet's painting Impression: Sunrise (1872). The other leading Impressionists included
Paul Camile, Edgar Degas, Edouard Manet, Camille Pissarro, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, and Alfred Sisley, but
only Monet remained devoted to Impressionist ideas throughout his career.
The core of the Impressionist group was formed in the early 1860s by Monet, Renoir, and Sisley, who met
as students and enjoyed painting in the open air - one of the hallmarks of Impressionism. They met other
members of the Impressionist circle through Paris café society. They never made up a formal group, but they
organized eight group exhibitions between 1874 and 1886, at the first of which the name Impressionism was
applied. Their styles were diverse, but all experimented with effects of light and movement created with
distinct brush strokes and fragments of color dabbed side-by-side on the canvas rather than mixed on the
palette. By the 1880s the movement's central impulse had dispersed, and a number of new styles were
emerging, later described as post-impressionism.
146
British Impressionism had a major influence on the more experimental and progressive British painters in
the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Many of the painters were affected in the circle of Walter Sickert, who
spent much of his career in France and was an influential figure that inspired many younger artists. His
friend and exact contemporary Philip Wilson Steer are generally regarded as the most outstanding British
Impressionist.
选项：
1. oriented originated initiated appreciated
2. simplify contrary depict deepen
3. describe satirize transcribe descent
4. supplemented experienced examined experimented
5. combination fragile fridge fragments
6. conservative traditional experimental outdated
7. intercepted inspired annoyed included
120019.Visual art 视觉艺术
It is the assertion of this article that students who use visual art as a prewriting stimulus are composing their
ideas both in images and in words. The result of the art creation process allows students the distance to
elaborate, add details, and create more coherent text. The process of writing is more than putting words on a
piece of paper. Effective authors are able to create imagery and to communicate ideas using well-chosen
words, phrases, and text structures. Emergent writers struggle with the mechanics of the writing process, i.e.
fine motor control for printing legibly, recall of spelling patterns, and the use of syntax and grammar rules.
As a result, texts written by young writers are simplistic and formulaic. The artwork facilitates the writing
process, resulting in a text that is richer in sensory detail and more intricate than the more traditional
writing-first crayon drawing-second approach.
选项：
1. supplement ornament decorate elaborate
147
2. situation context imagery texture
3. workings mechanics apparatus implements
4. combines composes fixes facilitates
5. complex intricate simplified reliable
6. approach system scheme manner
120093.Primates 灵长类动物（挖空）
With their punk hairstyles and bright colors, marmosets and tamarins are among the most attractive primates
on earth. These fast-moving, lightweight animals live in the rainforests of South America. Their small size
makes it easy for them to dart about the trees, catching insects and small animals such as lizards, frogs, and
snails. Marmosets have another unusual food source - they use their chisel-like incisor teeth to dig into tree
bark and lap up the gummy sap that seeps out, leaving telltale, oval-shaped holes in the branches when they
have finished. But as vast tracts of rainforest are cleared for plantations and cattle ranches marmosets and
tamarins are in serious danger condition need eagerness danger of extinction.
选项：
1. makes takes brings claims
2. origin source originality provenience
3. trees grasses branches roots
4. endangered fatal safe danger
120103.Allergies 过敏（挖空）
Allergies are abnormal immune system reactions to things that are typically harmless to most people. When
you’re allergic to something, your immune system mistakenly believes that this substance is harmful to your
body. Substances that cause allergic reactions — such as certain foods, dust, plant pollen, or medicines —
are known as allergens. In an attempt to protect the body, the immune system produces IgE antibodies to
that allergen. Those antibodies then cause certain cells in the body to release chemicals into the bloodstream,
148
one of which is histamine. The histamine then acts on a person's eyes, nose, throat, lungs, skin, or
gastrointestinal tract and causes the symptoms of the allergic reaction. Future exposure to that same allergen
will trigger this antibody response again. This means that every time you come into contact with that
allergen, you'll have an allergic reaction.
选项：
1. precisely illogically inaccurately mistakenly
2. prevent protect destruct preserve
3. absorb release expel ingest
4. acts touches moves enforces
5. allergen substance antibody pollen
1
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每周高频听力题库 21 Oct - 27 Oct

1
目录
Summarize Spoken Text................................................................................................... 1
130021.Amory Lovins 艾莫里•洛文斯（100% confirmated）.......................................................................................1
130056.Development Of Genes 基因五千年变化............................................................................................................ 2
130166.Women’s Role 女性角色......................................................................................................................................2
130042.Global Warming 全球变暖（100% confirmated）............................................................................................ 3
130189.History Course Study 历史课程学习（文本补全）........................................................................................... 4
130077.Earthquake and Faults 地震.................................................................................................................................. 6
130179.Globalization and IT 全球化与信息技术（文本补充）.....................................................................................6
130029.Indian Debt Version2 印度贷款版本二（100% confirmated）........................................................................7
130062.Einstein 爱因斯坦.................................................................................................................................................8
130003.Sound Receptors 声音接收器（100% confirmated）........................................................................................ 8
130078.Smart Consumers and Brand 品牌与顾客需求....................................................................................................9
130183.Dogs Happiness 狗................................................................................................................................................9
130137.Description 描述（文本更新）......................................................................................................................... 10
130165.Wonder Babies 神奇宝贝................................................................................................................................... 10
130081.Australian housing price 澳洲房价（文本修改）.............................................................................................11
130089.Agriculture and Urbanization Version 2 农业与城市化版本二....................................................................... 12
130012.Drug Ads 药物广告（100% confirmated）......................................................................................................13
130046.Universities’ Competition 大学竞争（100% confirmated）............................................................................14
130171.New Zealand 新西兰.......................................................................................................................................... 15
130174.Washing Machine History 洗衣机的历史..........................................................................................................16
130033.Talent Version 1 人才版本一女生版............................................................................................................... 17
130040.Laughter as a Therapy 笑声作为一种疗法........................................................................................................ 18
2
130004.The Secret Life of Bees (Female novelist) 蜜蜂的秘密(女性小说家) （100% confirmated）....................... 19
130071.The Definition of Risk 定义风险（100% confirmated）.................................................................................20
130007.Language Death 语言消亡 (RL & SST）（100% confirmated）................................................................... 21
130082.HTML 超文本标记语言.....................................................................................................................................22
130169.Smart City 智能城市...........................................................................................................................................22
130072.Implicit and explicit memories 隐性和显性记忆...............................................................................................23
130076.The decline of Bees 蜜蜂数量减少.................................................................................................................... 23
130168.Ancient People 古人........................................................................................................................................... 24
130026.Environmental Law 环境法（100% confirmated）......................................................................................... 24
130079.Misuse of drugs 用药不当的危害...................................................................................................................... 26
130195. Definitions of Globalization 全球化的定义......................................................................................................26
130196.Paying 小孩子付钱............................................................................................................................................. 27
130182.Judgement 判断...................................................................................................................................................27
130055.Biology, DNA & RNA 生物学，DNA 和 RNA................................................................................................28
130178.Fast Radio Burst 快速射电暴(文本有删减).......................................................................................................29
130086.London Architecture 伦敦丑建筑...................................................................................................................... 29
130131.Mars and earth 火星和地球................................................................................................................................ 30
130184.Human’s Memory 人的记忆.............................................................................................................................. 31
130056.Development Of Genes 基因五千年变化.......................................................................................................... 31
130059.Vitamin D Version 2 维生素 D 版本二..............................................................................................................32
130192.Bureaucracy 官僚主义........................................................................................................................................33
130164.Dress History 服装历史......................................................................................................................................34
130194.G7 七国集团....................................................................................................................................................... 34
130193.Ocean environment 海洋环境............................................................................................................................ 34
3
130080.Human rights in UK 英国人权........................................................................................................................... 35
130028.Government Power 政府权力.............................................................................................................................36
130187.Lawyer V2 律师版本二（文本更新）..............................................................................................................37
130073.Big Bang Theory 宇宙大爆炸............................................................................................................................ 37
130087.Industrialization and Adam Smith 工业化和亚当史密斯..................................................................................38
130186.Poverty in China 中国的贫困.............................................................................................................................39
130027.Globalization 全球化.......................................................................................................................................... 39
130047.Industrialization 工业化（100% confirmated）............................................................................................... 39
130183.Dogs 狗............................................................................................................................................................... 40
130192.Bureaucracy 官僚主义........................................................................................................................................41
130181.Shakespeare's poem 莎士比亚的诗（文本补充）............................................................................................41
130030.Livable Planet 宜居星球( SST &RL 147)..........................................................................................................42
130031.Music and Language 音乐与语言（100% confirmated）................................................................................43
130032.Management Education 教育学管理..................................................................................................................44
130180.How To Spend Your Life 如何度过你的人生（文本补充）...........................................................................46
130169.Smart City 智能城市...........................................................................................................................................47
130152.Drop-out 辍学..................................................................................................................................................... 47
130016.We Are Animals 我们是动物（100% confirmated）...................................................................................... 47
130054.Can Food 罐装食品（100% confirmated）......................................................................................................48
130167.Lawyers V1 律师版本一................................................................................................................................... 49
130177.Instinct Version 2 直觉版本二.......................................................................................................................... 50
130188.Dangerous Driving 危险驾驶............................................................................................................................. 51
130190.Cognitive Skills 认知技能.................................................................................................................................. 52
130191.How to Construct Argument 如何构造论证...................................................................................................... 52
4
130166.Women’s Role 女性角色....................................................................................................................................52
130170.Ocean 海洋..........................................................................................................................................................52
130172.Marketing 市场................................................................................................................................................... 53
130173.Geography 地理.................................................................................................................................................. 53
130175.Music and Brain 音乐与大脑............................................................................................................................. 53
130176.Intuition Version 1 直觉版本一........................................................................................................................ 53
130185.Walking Data 步行数据......................................................................................................................................54
130095.Motivation Version1 动机版本一......................................................................................................................54
130159.Recycling Water 循环用水（100% conformation）......................................................................................... 55
130001.Books 书籍（珀斯考生回忆）..........................................................................................................................56
130153.English 英语（珀斯考生回忆）........................................................................................................................57
130013.Industrial revolution Version 1 工业革命版本一..............................................................................................58
130036.Talent 人才 Version 2 老爷爷版本（100% confirmated）..............................................................................59
130083.Sign language 手势语......................................................................................................................................... 60
130023.Citizenship Curriculum 公民课程（增加最后一段）（100% confirmated）...............................................60
130032.Management Education 教育学管理..................................................................................................................62
130048.Food and Income 食物与收入............................................................................................................................ 63
130061.Governments Use Tricks 政府伎俩....................................................................................................................64
130075.Obese Women 女性体脂实验............................................................................................................................ 65
130132.History of Software 软件的历史........................................................................................................................ 65
130084.Genes affect human behaviors 基因影响人类行为........................................................................................... 66
130085.Pandemic Transmitting 传染病传播（100% confirmated）............................................................................66
130090.What makes people happy 快乐的原因..............................................................................................................67
130133.Educational Leadership 教育中的领导力.......................................................................................................... 68
5
130130.Applications in Biology 在生物学中的应用......................................................................................................69
130154.Internet 因特网................................................................................................................................................... 70
130065.Misunderstanding of Globalization 对全球化的误解........................................................................................ 70
130058.Language in vocabulary 语言词汇..................................................................................................................... 71
130057.Language acquisition 语言习得..........................................................................................................................72
Write From Dictation....................................................................................................................................73
1
Summarize Spoken Text

 本周新增：
130021.Amory Lovins 艾莫里•洛文斯（100% confirmated）


Amory Lovins, who knows who Amory Lovins is? Nobody. Amory Lovins is an unusual character. He’s
something of polymath. Just to say, he sorts of soaks up knowledge across the wide range of fields. He’s not
an academic.
He has a consulting company which he runs off until him recently out of his home in Colorado. He’s outside
snow mass in a house built into the side of a mountain that has no furnace.
For about thirty years, he has been kind of iconoclastic or bold genius, thinking of ways save energy,
thinking of ways to solve problems, using demology that already exist. And he has demonstrated several of
them.
He also offers he’s something that he’s such a rebel that people tends to think he’s kind of crazy. Anyway,
Elizabeth Kolbert went and spent some time with Amory Lovins and so he’s written this piece called Mr.
Green.
Sample Answer:
Amory Lovins is an unusual character with a wide 艾莫里·洛文斯是一个知识渊博的不同寻常的人

range of knowledge but he is not an academic. He 物，但他不是一个学者。他有一家咨询公司和一
has a consulting company and a house on a snow
mountain. During 30 years, he always thinks up 座在雪山上的房子。在过去的30年里，他总是想
ways to save energy and solve problems with existed 办法节约能源，用现有的技术解决问题。人们往
technologies. People tend to think he is crazy.
Elizabeth Colbert wrote a book called Mr. Green 往认为他疯了。伊丽莎白·科尔伯特写了一本关于
about him.(64 words) 格林先生的书。
2
130056.Development Of Genes 基因五千年变化

The pace, the pace of which that the human minds have evolved over the last half million years and more
recently the last 200,000 years has been so frighteningly rapid that the evolution of cognitive function and
perception in different ways, can only happen to the actions of a small number of genes. If one needed to
adapt dozens of genes changes and concert, in order to acquire the penetrating minds that we now have,
which our ancestors 500,000 years ago didn't have, the evolution could not have taken, could not have
occurred so quickly. And for that reason alone, one begins to suspect that the genetic differences between
people who lived 500,000 years ago sever that cognitive functions than ours are not so large. Therefore, a
rather small number of genes, maybe responsible for comforting us that powerful minds which we now,
which the most of us now possessed.
Sample Answer:
The pace of human brain’s evolution is so rapid that 人类大脑进化的速度如此之快，以至于认知功能

the evolution of cognitive function and perception in 和感知能力的进化只能以不同的方式发生在少数
different ways can only happen to the actions of a
small number of genes. Therefore, there is few 基因的行为上。因此，我们的祖先和我们之间几
genetic differences between our ancestors and us, 乎没有遗传差异，因为只有少数基因可能负责强
because only a small number of genes may be
responsible for powerful minds. (58 words) 大的大脑。
130166.Women’s Role 女性角色

Not complete. Based on memory. 根据回忆整理，欢迎补充
3
Keywords: Women in 19th century；play an important role; Provide for their home; Expand knowledge for
their children and husband.
讲的是十九世纪女性角色的转变，之前女性大部分时间都是照顾家庭，在家带孩子，后来就有所转
变有了 social identity。还说到了女性扮演的家庭角色，主要说了两个方面，一方面是说承担的家务
问题，另一方面没听清。
1.讲的是母系社会，关键词 motherhood,
女性没有 social identity, 多半在家里照顾小孩: in the 19thcentury, women did not have social identity and
played the role of motherhood and domesticity.
后来女性有了 special role of social identity, 可以提高小孩和丈夫的知识, 而且可以参加课程：later on,
women have the special role of social identity, and they can expand knowledge for their children and
husband and they need to take classes.
1. The role of women is constantly changing over the years.
2. There are two main aspects to discuss the change of role, which are historical aspect and classical aspect.
3. In the 19th century, women played an important role in domesticity and motherhood.
4. 还记了一些小短词 domesticity 和 motherhood (They took the class and supported their homes and
families, and also expanded knowledge for their children and husband./ two steps: first been widely
expanded and became a mother, then use their experience to raise children and help husbands.) 4. Nowadays,
women play a special/central role in the society so women's roles have been widely expanded and then they
have gained their social identity.
130042.Global Warming 全球变暖（100% confirmated）


There can now be no reasonable science-based doubt about the reality of global climate change effects
brought on by the cumulative and rapidly growing emission of so-called greenhouse gases – primarily
carbon dioxide - into the atmosphere. As these effects become increasingly more obvious worldwide, so
commercial interests, groups of concerned individuals and national governments have been gripped by what
amounts to mass panic about what to do about it. To many, Paul Ehrlich’s Malthusian “Population Bomb”
of 1968 appears about to explode in the world’s face in an indirect version of his millenarian vision of
population growth, which outpaces agricultural production capacity with predictably catastrophic results for
4
humanity. And his three-part crisis scenario does indeed seem now to be present: a rapid rate of change, a
limit of some sort, and delays in perceiving that limit. Ehrlich’s work was roundly criticized at the time, and
later, from many quarters, and much of what he predicted did not come about. Nevertheless, can the world
afford to take the risk that the climate scientists have got it wrong? Is it not in everyone’s interests to apply
the Precautionary Principle in attempting to avoid the worst of their predictions – now, rather than at some
future time? As the Chairman of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Mr. Rajendra Pachauri
has recently pointed out, eleven of the warmest years since instrumental records began have occurred in the
past twelve years, while major precipitation changes are taking place on a global scale.
Sample Answer:
This lecture is about global warming, which is 这堂课是关于全球变暖的，它是由不断增加的二

brought by the growing emission of carbon dioxide. 氧化碳排放带来的。全世界都在恐慌，不知道该
And the world is in a panic about what to do with it.
Although some of the Population Bomb predictions 怎么办。虽然有些人口爆炸的预测并没有出现，
did not come about, we can’t afford to take the risk 但是我们不能承担科学家出错的风险，所以我们
that the scientists have got wrong, so we should take
应该采取措施避免最坏的预测。
measures to avoid the worst predictions. (65 words)
130189.History Course Study 历史课程学习（文本补全）

I am going to talk today really mostly about what I do as a curator here at the National Museum of Australia,
but I want to draw some kind of generalities from that in terms of how this series of curatorial practices if
5
you like, tools, techniques and methods that I think could be of interest to your students and of interest to
you in developing extension history courses. I want to talk about what I do as a curator and then from that
also talk a little bit about the kinds of history that I think museums are particularly good at creating and
communicating. I think this is something I would really like to discuss because it is not necessarily very well
understood that museums as Dave insisted by putting up my quote in his slide, create a very particular kind
of history. It’s not the kind of history that gets created in books or in dating films or in compositions, it’s a
very particular kind of history that grows out of the fact that museums are centrally interested and defined by
their collections. I should that is not an uncontested view of museums but it is certainly my view of
museums.
Curators try to understand material culture as evidence of other people’s lives as a means to try to
understand other people - what they look like, what they did, how they made a living, what they hoped for in
their lives, how they tried to construct their world and why they made particular choices. One way in which
curators differ from other historians is therefore in terms of how we interrogate the past, what elements we
use to communicate the past. Most academic historians are trained very much in the discipline of words and
they concentrate on words still today, although it is changing a little bit. If you go through university history
I think primarily you are encouraged to draw on things like archival accounts, manuscripts and now oral
histories, and most of that work is actually promulgated in the form of books.
There are also other kinds of historians. Obviously, filmmakers and photographers concentrate on creating
images of the world and arranging them in meaningful sequences, but curators attend to objects. We look at
objects as evidence of the past and try to arrange objects in meaningful ways called exhibitions.
Sample Answer:
The lecture is about how curators learn history 讲座是关于策展人如何学习历史课程的。策展人

courses. Curators differ from other historians is how
与其他历史学家的不同之处在于他们如何审视过
they interrogate the past, what elements they use to
communicate the past. Curators try to understand 去，他们用什么元素来传达过去。策展人试图将
material culture as evidence of other people’s lives
物质文化理解为他人生活的证据，并以此作为理
as a means to try to understand other people. (51
words) 解他人的手段。
6
130077.Earthquake and Faults 地震
So faults are breaks in the earth crust, we can identify them because of the discontinuity in the structure
within the earth crust across fault. And earthquake occur on these faults, so vary processes by which these
faults moves to a large extent is due to earthquakes. So we have a fault plane and the earthquake is so focus
on this fault plane and the earthquake starts at the particular point on the fault plane and we call that the
focus of the earthquake. The rock prorogate out from that point on the rupture plain to cover the entire fault
plane. The rupture is in that particular earthquake. We talked about the epicenter of the earthquake a lot. The
epicenter is just the surface projection of the focus of the earthquake. So if you wanted to looking at map
view where the earthquake was located we would be able to look that into the earth. We would see the focus
down some depth in the earth or the epicenter just a point vertically above that focus at the surface of the
earth. So this is the focus between the faults and the earthquakes.
所以断层是地壳的断裂，我们可以识别它们因为地壳内部结构的不连续性穿过断层。地震发生在这些断层上，所以这些断层运动的不
同过程在很大程度上是由地震引起的。我们有一个断层，地震集中在这个断层上，地震从断层上的特定点开始，我们称之为地震的焦
点。岩石从断裂平原的那一点向外运动，覆盖整个断层平面。断裂发生在那次特殊的地震中。我们谈了很多关于震中的事情。震中只
是地震中心的表面投影。如果你想查看地震发生的位置我们可以查看地球内部。我们可以看到震源在地下的某个深度，或者震中就在
震源的上方，在地表垂直的一点。这就是断层和地震之间的焦点。
Sample Answer:
The lecture is about the relationship between faults 这个讲座是关于断层和地震之间的关系。断层是

and earthquakes. Faults are fractures in the earth’s 地壳的裂缝，当断层移动时就会引起地震。地震
crust, which cause earthquakes when faults move.
的震源位于地壳中，称为震源。震中位于地球表
The focus of the earthquake is called hypocenter,
which is located in the crust of the earth. The 面，可以通过断层图来识别。
epicenter is located on the surface of the earth which
can be identified by using fault maps.(58 words)
130179.Globalization and IT 全球化与信息技术（文本补充）
7
Well, I would argue that what they will say was the most important thing to happen in the early 21st century,
was the merger of globalization and the IT revolution. The two really fused in a way that the more IT started
to drive more and more globalization, and more and more globalization started to drive more and more IT.
And what that fusion did was take the world from connected to hyperconnected and from interconnected to
interdependent. These are huge differences of degree that are differences in kind. It happened over the last
decade. You are all feeling it in your jobs, in your universities, in your schools. But no one's really
explaining it to people. Everyone's living this fusion now.
好吧，我认为他们会说的是在 21 世纪初发生的最重要的事情，是全球化和 IT 革命的融合。这两者在某种程度上融合在了一起，随着
全球化的发展，全球化的趋势也越来越强。这种融合将世界从连接到超连接，从相互连接到相互依赖。这些是程度上的巨大差异，也
是种类上的差异。这发生在过去十年。在你们的工作中，在你们的大学里，在你们的学校里，你们都感受到了。但没有人真正向人们
解释它。现在每个人都生活在这种融合中。
Sample Answer:
This lecture is about globalization and IT. The most 这堂课是关于全球化和 IT 的。21 世纪初最重要
important thing in the early 21st century was the
的事情是全球化和 IT 革命的融合。他们相互驱
merger of globalization and IT revolution. They
drive each other and take the world from connected 动，把世界从连接到超连接，从相互连接到相互
to hyperconnected and from interconnected to
依赖。人们在任何地方都能感觉到巨大的差异。
interdependent. People can feel the huge differences
in anywhere. Everyone is living in the fusion now, 现在每个人都生活在核聚变中，但没有人能解释
but no one can explain. (61 words)
清楚。
130029.Indian Debt Version2 印度贷款版本二（100% confirmated）


The debt today is so high; it’s two hundred thousand rupees, three hundred thousand rupees of peasant who
have no capital. They, who know within a year or two, when they accumulate that kind of debt,. They will
never be able to pay back. Where is the debt coming from? It’s coming from a seed that is costing a hundred
thousand to two hundred thousand rupees per kilogram, depending on what you got. Seed that used to be
8
free, used to be theirs. Pesticides each time, the more they use, the more they have to use, 12 sprays, 15
sprays, 20 sprays. Pesticides used in just the last five years in the land areas of India has shot up by 2000
percent. That’s what the free market and globalization have brought. And since we are talking about
peasants, who have no money, who have no capital, they can only buy expensive seeds and expensive
pesticides by borrowing. And who lend them that money? The same companies that sell the pesticides,
which are the same companies that sell the seeds, as you know, are now also the major creditors.
Sample Answer:
The debt today for Indian peasants is so high because 今天印度农民的债务如此之高，是因为过去免费

of the expensive seeds which used to be free. And 的昂贵种子。由于自由市场和全球化，农药的使
the usage of pesticides increased dramatically due to
the free market and globalization. Peasants have to 用也急剧增加。农民不得不从卖种子和杀虫剂的
buy the expensive seeds and pesticides by borrowing 种子公司借钱购买昂贵的种子和杀虫剂。
money from the seed companies which also sell
seeds and pesticides to them.(57 words)
130062.Einstein 爱因斯坦
For thousands of years, scientists and philosophers believe that the universe is fixed and unchanged.
However, this was changed in the 20th century by Einstein. With the Theory of Relativity and concept of
transformation, he proposed that the universe was in continuous dynamic changes. But this theory was first
proposed by Hubble, and Einstein only confirmed and developed this theory.
130003.Sound Receptors 声音接收器（100% confirmated）
9
You've got sound receptors in your ear, and they are beautiful. We're not going to talk about them at any
length, but there's little flappy, these little spiky things going along in your ear and they can translate
vibrational energy coming from your ear, hurting your eardrum, being translated into a vibration into the
fluid in your ear into a physical motion of these little receptors there into an electrical motion, into an
electrical signal that goes into your ear. So, all of that, all of that's pretty impressive stuff. We are not going
to talk about the details of it, but I invite some of you who want to learn more about this, particularly MIT
students who would find receptors quite remarkable kinds of devices.
Sample Answer:
Sound receptors are small device going along 声音感受器是一种沿着人类耳朵传播的小装置。

human’s ears. They can translate vibrational energy 它们可以将振动能量转化为物理运动，通过耳朵
into physical motions, which will change to
和鼓膜中的液体将其转化为电信号。麻省理工学
electrical signals through the fluid in the ear and the
eardrums. Some MIT students are invited to have a 院的一些学生被邀请近距离观察这些非凡的设
closer view of these remarkable devices.(48 words)
备。
130078.Smart Consumers and Brand 品牌与顾客需求
Consumers are extremely smart, and they can make smart purchasing decisions in just a second on the
performance and the value of the product. Therefore, the brand is essential to business because people are
willing to pay more for brand that has better performance and consumer value. Our brand has the softest but
strong product. Do not shake before you put it in the washing machine because you do not want it separated.
130183.Dogs Happiness 狗
10
Home for dogs or home for child, which depends on individuals, dogs control outcomes itself instead of
trying to control their owner, people should provide dogs with some basic needs like food water and comfort.
Dogs need interactive stimulation, because they are social animals like kid. Luxury lifestyle, like penthouse
is not enough for them
狗的家还是孩子的家，这取决于个人，狗自己控制结果而不是试图控制他们的主人，人们应该为狗提供一些基本的需求，如食物、水
和舒适。狗需要互动的刺激，因为它们是群居动物，就像小孩一样。豪华的生活方式，像阁楼是不够的
130137.Description 描述（文本更新）
Today we will discuss about abstraction commonly known as description. There are two methods of
description: these are symbolic language and body language. The abstraction is an important part for
developing a computer. This is originated from the symbolic system in the computer system. The origin of
symbolic system was developed when people tried to communicate with each other. The symbolic language
took communication to wider people and popularity grew. The other part of abstraction is the body language.
People accepted body language as well. The physical movement facilitates the development of sign language,
which popularly became hand words.
今天我们将讨论通常称为描述的抽象。有两种描述方法:符号语言和身体语言。抽象是开发计算机的重要组成部分。这是源于计算机
系统中的符号系统。符号系统的起源是在人们相互交流的过程中发展起来的。这种象征性的语言把交流带到了更广泛的人群中，并且
越来越受欢迎。抽象的另一部分是身体语言。人们也接受肢体语言。肢体语言的发展促进了手语的发展，手语后来普遍成为手势语。
Sample Answer:
This lecture is about two methods of description: 这节课讲的是两种描述方法:符号语言和肢体语

these are symbolic language and body language. The
言。符号系统的起源是在人们相互交流的过程中
origin of symbolic system was developed when
people tried to communicate with each other. Body 发展起来的。肢体语言促进了手势语的发展，手
language facilitates the development of sign
势语后来普遍成为手势语。
language, which popularly became hand words. (43
words)
130165.Wonder Babies 神奇宝贝
11
So, there is an example comes from the other end of life and has to do with what’s called wonder babies.
This was a study which was done a few years ago in Trieste which is basically at the border on Slovenia and
Italy. So there are a lot of Italians and there are a lot of Slovenians and there are of course a lot of mixed
marriages. What they did was they took three groups of babies, all babies were seven months old so there
were a bunch of Italian speaking babies, bunch of Slovenian speaking babies and a bunch of Italian-
Slovenian babies from mixed families. They showed those babies various puppets and then they switched
the situation. Typically when the seven-month-old baby is used to particular setting and the situation
switches it takes them a little while to regroup. So turned out that seven-month-old Italian and seven-month-
old Slovenian babies would get used to the puppet appearing on the right, and then when the puppet would
appear on the left they would continue looking to the right as if nothing had changed. Whereas the bilingual
babies very quickly would turn their head and notice that the puppet has changed its position.
Sample Answer:
This lecture is about wonder babies. There is a study 这个讲座是关于神奇宝贝的。有一项针对三组 7

on three groups of seven months babies which are
个月大的婴儿的研究，他们说意大利语、斯洛文
speaking Italian, Slovenia and Italian-Slovenia.
Researchers showed the babies various puppets and 尼亚语和意大利语-斯洛文尼亚语。研究人员向婴
then they switched the situation. The study found
儿们展示了各种各样的木偶，然后他们改变了情
that seven months babies are used to setting
situations. However, when the situation changes, the 境。研究发现，七个月大的婴儿已经习惯了设置
bilingual babies notice the changes very quickly,
情境。然而，当环境发生变化时，会说两种语言
while others would not notice that. (68 words)
的婴儿会很快注意到这些变化，而其他人不会注
意到。
130081.Australian housing price 澳洲房价（文本修改）
Well, it’s like, why is Australian housing is so expensive? Essentially, it’s showing of how well the
Australian economy has been doing over the last 15 years. We have had 15 years more or less of an
uninterrupted economic growth during which average earning has been raised by close to 90 percent. While
over the course of that period, the standard variable mortgage rate has roughly halved. That meant that the
12
amount which a typical home buying household can afford to borrow under rules which aren’t strictly
applied as they used to be had more than doubled. Over the same period, rising immigration in falling
average household size has meant that the number of households looking for accommodation has risen by
about one and a half million. That’s around 200 thousand more than the number of dwellings has increased
by. So you have had a substantial increase in the purchasing power of households. No net increase in the
supply of housing enhance all that addition purchasing power has gone into pushing up the price of housing.
Sample Answer:
This lecture is about Australian housing prices. 这个讲座是关于澳大利亚房价的。近年来，澳大

Australian housing prices have increased
利亚的房价大幅上涨。这种增长有三个原因。首
dramatically in recent years. There are three reasons
for growth. First, due to half of the mortgage rate, 先，由于一半的按揭利率，人们倾向于从银行借
people tend to borrow money from banks to buy a 钱买房子。第二，人们有了更多的购买力，这意
house. Second, people have more purchasing power,
which means housing has become more affordable. 味着住房变得更容易负担。第三，移民的增加导
Third, the increasing immigrants has resulted in 致了住房需求的增加。
more demand in housing.(67 words)
130089.Agriculture and Urbanization Version 2 农业与城市化版本二
This lecture talks about the relationship between the agriculture and urbanization. One farmer grow food can
benefit many families in the city. And the food trade in city also can benefit people in countryside. However
more and more people don't want to live in countryside anymore, a lot of people move to urban area, as there
are more opportunities in the city. If all people are move to city, then they start losing jobs, increasing
unemployment rate.
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130012.Drug Ads 药物广告（100% confirmated）

The amount of money drug companies spend on TV ads has doubled in recent years. Studies show they
work: Consumers go to their doctor with a suggestion for a certain prescription drug they saw advertised on
TV. Now a study in the Annals of Family Medicine raises questions about the message the ads promote.
You’re most likely to see drug ads during prime time, especially around the news. Researchers analyzed 38
ads aimed at people with conditions like hypertension, herpes, high cholesterol, depression, arthritis and
allergies.
The drug industry says the ads arm consumers with information. Researchers found that the information was
technically accurate, but the tone was misleading.
"Typically, what we would see with these ads is that before taking a particular prescription drug, the
character’s life is out of control and the loss of control extended beyond the impact of their health
condition," says UCLA psychologist Dominick Frosch, who headed the study.
For example, herpes patients were portrayed as being incapacitated for days. Insomniacs were utterly out of
synch on the job. Depressed patients were friendless and boring at parties.
"When the character is then shown taking the drug, he then magically regains complete control of his life,"
Frosch notes.
None of the ads mentioned lifestyle changes that could also help treat the condition. That’s not surprising,
given that the ads are just another form of mass marketing.
But prescription medicines are not soap.
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Sample Answer:
Drug companies have doubled the money spent on 制药公司在电视广告上的花费翻了一番，这导致

the advertisement on TV which results in many 许多消费者根据电视上的处方广告去看医生。尽
consumers go to see doctors based on prescription
ads on TV. Although the information in these ads 管这些广告中的信息在技术上是准确的，但语气
was technically accurate, the tone was misleading. In 却具有误导性。此外，没有一个广告提到生活方
addition, none of the ads mentioned lifestyle changes
that could also help treat the condition. (56 words) 式的改变也有助于治疗这种疾病。
130046.Universities’ Competition 大学竞争（100% confirmated）

Today a university like the LSE certainly has to acknowledge that it is in competition for the best students,
all of whom have choices they can exercise, and many of them have choices which run across national and
continental borders. We are in competition, too, for staff. The academic job market is one of the most global
there is. And in the 21st century English is the new Latin, so universities in English speaking countries are
exposed to more intensive competition than those elsewhere. We are in competition for government funding,
through the assessment of research quality. We are in competition for research contracts, from public and
private sector sources, and indeed we are in competition for the philanthropic pound. Many of our own
donors were at more than one university, and indeed think of the LSEs requests alongside those of other
charities to which they are committed. That is a competitive environment which is particularly visible to
Vice-Chancellor.
15
Sample Answer:
The lecture is about the universities’ competition 这次讲座是关于大学的竞争，不是关于最优秀的

which is not about the best students, but also the staff 学生，而是关于学术就业市场上的工作人员。由
in the academic job market. The competitions among
English speaking universities are more intensive 于英语是一门新兴的拉丁语，讲英语的大学之间
since English is the new Latin. The universities are 的竞争更加激烈。这些大学还在争夺政府资金、
also in competition for government funding, research
contracts and philanthropic pound. The competitive 研究合同和慈善基金。竞争环境对校长来说尤为
environment is particularly visible to Vice- 明显。
Chancellor.(62 words)
130171.New Zealand 新西兰
This is my next contribution to New Zealand’s super diverse future. The status quo is not sustainable. Super
diversity stocktake. What I would talk to you about now is designed to help us to adept to a super diverse
New Zealand. To make sure that we are foot for the future. Because New Zealand is super diverse right now.
Predominantly in Auckland, but actually throughout New Zealand. Here, we are already 50 percent Maori,
Pacifican and Asian. 44 percent are not born in New Zealand. And we have over two hundred ethnicities.
Now the definition academically of super-diversity is 25 percent are born in New Zealand a hundred
ethnicities. So we are almost double that number already. And Auckland will continue to become younger
and browner as Angela says some population ages and shrinks. So the megatrend here is not age. And the
megatrend here is not urbanization. The megatrend is demography. It’s ethnicity. And we need to get our
head around that because most of the benefits from super-diversity that we, as a country, are enjoying at the
moment such as great renovation, productivity and investment increase New Zealand’s financial capital,
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whereas the most of the challenges from super-diversity adversely affect New Zealand’s social capital.
However, if you don’t mitigate the challenges to your social capital, you are not gonna maximize sustainably
the diversity dividing benefits for your financial capital.
Sample Answer:
This lecture is about New Zealand, which is a super 这次讲座是关于新西兰的，新西兰是一个非常多

diverse country. 44% of the population is not born in
元化的国家。44%的人口不是在新西兰出生的，
New Zealand and there are over 200 ethnicities,
which is almost doubled the academic definition of 新西兰有 200 多个种族，这几乎是学术界对超级
super-diversity. Auckland will continue to become
多样性定义的两倍。奥克兰将继续变得更加年轻
younger and browner. Moreover, the super-diversity
has increased financial capital. We also need to 和棕色。此外，这种超级多样性增加了金融资
mitigate the challenges of social capital to maximize
本。我们还需要减轻社会资本的挑战，使金融资
sustainability in financial capital. (69 words)
本的可持续性最大化。
130174.Washing Machine History 洗衣机的历史
Here in the wagon barn are some of the most important inventions in human history. Sure, you can see
examples here of the wheel or the automobile, but the inventions I'm talking about are the domestic
appliances that allowed for increased leisure time and redefined gender roles in society. To a degree as never
seen before in human history, the evolution of the washing machine as demonstrated in this barn is a
representative example of this changing domestic life. For many centuries, sailors used to place their
clothing in a cloth bag, tie the back to a rope and throw it overboard, letting the ship drag it for hours. The
principle was simple: force water through the clothes to remove the dirt. But in the household before running
water and electricity washing clothes took a staggering amount of labor. To wash, boil and rinse a single
load of clothes could take 50 gallons of water, which had to be hand carried from a pump or well. Pan
wringing rubbing and lifting the clothes could expose women to caustic substances in the soaps. The whole
process for a households laundry could take an entire day or more of backbreaking labor. In 1846, a patented
washing machine imitated the human hand moving cloth over a washboard by using a lever to rub the
clothes between two rib surfaces. This machine was sold in the U.S. as late as 1927. The first electric clothes
washers in which a motor rotated the tub were introduced into America about 1900.
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Sample Answer:
This lecture is about the history of washing machine, 这堂课讲的是洗衣机的历史，洗衣机是一种家用

which is a domestic appliance that allowed for
电器，它增加了人们的休闲时间，重新定义了社
increased leisure time and redefined gender roles in
society. In the past, the whole process for a 会中的性别角色。在过去，一个家庭洗衣服的整
household’s laundry could take a large amount of
个过程可能会花费大量的时间和劳动力。后来，
time and labor. Later, with the invention of the
electric clothes washers, which were
firstly 随着电动洗衣机的发明，家庭生活发生了改变。
introduced into America about 1900, the domestic
电动洗衣机于1900年左右首次引入美国。
life was changed. (67 words)
130033.Talent Version 1 人才版本一女生版
Talent is premium and there is a war for talents in 1990’s.
The reason is not the real shortage of talents, but the burst of economic bubble.
There is an increasing demand for talents with intellectual skills.
The supply is decreasing because of unstable population of talents.
There are three reasons: first, the change of nature of economy leads to increase in the talents demand and
need skills.
Second, the shrinking labor force after the baby-boom causes less supply of skilled workers and the
retirement of baby-boomers will cause a shortage of experienced workers.
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Third, there is also a mismatch between what schools are producing and what companies need.
There is premium on talents.
Sample Answer:
The lecture is about a war for talents in the 1990s, 讲座是关于20世纪90年代的一场人才争夺战，原

which is not due to the talent shortage, but the burst 因不是人才短缺，而是经济泡沫的破灭。对具有
of economic bubbles. There is an increasing demand
for talents with intellectual skills. There are three 智力技能的人才的需求越来越大。原因有三。一
reasons for this. First, the change in nature of 是经济性质的变化。第二，婴儿潮一代的退休。
economy. Second, the retirement of baby-boomers.
Third, the mismatch between school taught 第三，学校传授的知识与企业的需求不匹配。
knowledge and companies' requirements. (62 words)
130040.Laughter as a Therapy 笑声作为一种疗法

Laughter is one of the greatest therapies in combatting adversity, and whole communities and nations have
frequently relied on humor to get them through their bleakest times. On August 13, 1961, the barbed wire
was rolled out of Berlin to create the Berlin wall. For nearly 30 years, until it was dismantled, wall jokes
proliferated – especially among those living in the east. Laughing was all that was left. (It was a way of
humanizing the tragedy of an ideology that had divided families and a nation. )本句待确定
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Wags would ask, “When does a good border guard fire the warning shot?” And answer with chilling wit; “at
the end of the second clip of ammunition” – thereby making light of the German democratic republic’s
command to its border guards to “shoot to kill” anyone trying to cross the wall.
Jokes about those who rule you – and sometimes those who tyrannize you – are a form of folklore that has
existed in societies as seemingly different as communist in Eastern Europe, Czarist Russia, modern Egypt,
12-century Persia, and modern-day Iran. Humor can also be wonderfully subversive. It can protect self-
respect and identity.
Sample Answer:
This lecture is about laughter is a great therapy for 这堂课讲的是笑是对抗逆境的一种很好的疗法，

combating an adverse condition and people
人们经常依靠幽默来度过最阴郁的时刻。关于柏
frequently rely on humor to get through bleakest
times. Berlin Wall jokes proliferated for 30 years, 林墙的笑话已经流传了30年，关于规则的笑话是
Jokes about rules are a form of folklore that exists in 存在于许多社会中的一种民间传说。幽默也可以
many societies. Humor can also be subversive and
protect self-respect and identity.(55 words) 是颠覆性的，保护自尊和身份。
130004.The Secret Life of Bees (Female novelist) 蜜蜂的秘密 ( 女性小说家 ) （ 100%
confirmated）

I have been writing non-fiction for years, and secretly wanting to be a novelist. When I first started writing
at the age of 30, it was with the intention of writing fiction, but I took a little detour for 10 or 12 years, and
write non-fiction which I absolutely have no regret about at all. I think it’s exactly the right thing for me to
do. But there’s this dream tucked away inside of me to do this. Now I was remembering reading something
that wrote, who is a great novelist from Mississippi who had a big influence on me actually. She said, "No
art ever came out of not risking your neck." And I think she’s absolutely right. It felt that way to me at the
time; it actually feels that way every time I sit down to write something. Finally, in the early 90s, I took my
deep breath and started writing fiction. It felt risky to me at the time to do that. And one of the very first
20
things I wrote was, what I thought was going to be the first chapter of a novel, called "The Secret Life of
Bees." I wrote it in 1992, and it is actually essentially the first chapter of the novel as it is now.
Sample Answer:
The speaker wanted to be a novelist but she wrote 演讲者想成为一名小说家，但她写了很多年的非

non-fiction for years, but she had no regret about it.
小说，但她并不后悔。后来，一位伟大的女小说
Then, a great female novelist inspired her and she
started to write fiction in the early 90s and her first 家给了她灵感，她在90年代初开始写小说，她的
chapter of her first novel was called “ The Secret 第一部小说的第一章叫做《蜜蜂的秘密生活》。
Life of Bees”.(55 words)
130071.The Definition of Risk 定义风险（100% confirmated）
What's the literal definition of "risk"? Business schools use risk analysis. So, what do you mean by "risk",
and we need a dictionary. When you look at dictionary, this is literal, literal definition of risk. What it says is,
the definition for example, the possibility of injury, a dangerous element or factor, chance of, degree or
possibility of such loss, and so on. So, risk has two parts, as you look at the literal definition of risk. One
part is the consequence of some kind of particular danger, hazard loss. And the other is about the probability,
of it: chance and consequence, OK? And then at least just as English language concerns, when you look up
the word of safe and safety, which you'll earn as, it's a little bit of a loop, a little circular argument that free
from harm or risks, secure from danger, harm or loss, the condition of being safe and so on for all. And why
we take out of it? At least when we talk about safe at least in English language, we are talking absolute
something is safe, or it sounds safe.
21
Sample Answer:
This lecture is about the definition of risk. There are 这堂课是关于风险的定义。风险有两种定义。首

two definitions of the risk. First, it means the 先，它意味着某种特定危险的后果，即危险损
consequence of some kind of particular danger,
hazard loss, while the other one is about possibility, 失，而另一个是关于可能性，机会和后果。此
chance and consequence. Moreover, when it comes 外，当谈到安全和安全被视为一个循环。它们没
to safety which are regarded as a loop. They are free
from risks, and in English, safe means something 有风险，在英语中，safe的意思是绝对安全或者
absolutely safe or sounds safe.(68 words) 听起来很安全。
130007.Language Death 语言消亡 (RL & SST）（100% confirmated）
Language death is not mainstream theatre. It is not mainstream anything. Can you imagine Hollywood
taking it on? It is so far outside the mindsets of most people that they have difficulty appreciating what the
crisis is all about, because they are not used to thinking more about language as an issue in itself. Somehow
we need to change these mindsets. We need to get people thinking about language more explicitly, more
intimately, more enthusiastically. Interest in language is certainly there, in the general population – most
people are fascinated by such topics as where words come from, or what the origin of their town’s name is,
or whether their baby’s name means anything; they are certainly prepared to play Scrabble and a host of
other language games ad infinitum; and language games are often found on radio and television, too – but a
willingness to focus that interest on general issues, a preparedness to take on board the emotion and drama
inherent in the situation of language endangerment, is not something that happens much.
22
Sample Answer:
Language death is so far outside the mindsets of 语言死亡远远超出了大多数人的思维定式，因为

most people because people are not used to thinking
人们不习惯把语言本身当作一个问题来思考，然
more about language as an issue in itself, however,
people need to change these mindsets and think more 而，人们需要改变这些思维定式，更多地思考语
about language. Interest in language is certainly
言。对语言的兴趣当然存在，但把兴趣集中在一
there, but a willingness to focus that interest on
general issues does not happen much. (58 words) 般性问题上的意愿并不多见。
130082.HTML 超文本标记语言
This lecture is about HTML. More and more people got online in the 90s. Thanks to UK, HTML was
created, which allowed people to be able to create a wide variety of extraordinary works. In the first decades,
people started to use HTML to write web pages and make online lessons. They did this job without fears,
without advertisement and profitability. They did it because they enjoy it.
130169.Smart City 智能城市
23
The concept of smart city started in 1990s, which means the integration of information technology and
science. For example, smart parking space use guidance to reduce the traffic, and the intellectual lamps with
sensors can save energy. But there is a line about how we use this kind of technology, the level of data
collected, and whether we would cross the line.
130072.Implicit and explicit memories 隐性和显性记忆

There are two different systems of memory: implicit and explicit. Implicit memory is called procedural
memory, which cannot be consciously recalled. It is an experimental or functional form of memory. With
implicit memory, behavior is automatic, and we do not know when we use it, such as using language
naturally or driving automatically. Implicit memory is about cultural and sociological norms, which is hard
to explain how and why. Explicit memory is also called episodic memory, which consists of a great deal of
highly personal memories related to time space and people. It is totally different from implicit memory, such
as remembering birthdays and multiple choices questions. Explicit memory is highly personalized and is
related to time and space.
130076.The decline of Bees 蜜蜂数量减少
近似文本：（答案根据回忆整理）
So, various conclusions. Yes, bees are in decline. These declines are well documented, they are real, and
reported by good, strong scientific evidence. It is the only evidence that counts. The drives to decline are
many. They are varied depending on species. The fact of pollinator loss could be absolutely huge. So is it a
24
catastrophe? Not yet, but it could be. On the positive side, we're aware of the problem, aware this is being
raised with time, and people are taking actions fast. We've recognized the problem. And that, at least, is
being done.
Sample Answer:
This lecture is about bees decline, which is well- 这堂课讲的是蜜蜂数量的减少，这是有据可考

documented. The drivers of decline depend on 的。物种数量的减少是物种数量减少的主要原
species. It is not yet catastrophic, but it could be,
because the loss of pollination could be huge and 因。这还不是灾难性的，但可能是灾难性的，因
catastrophic. But the positive side is that people are 为授粉的损失可能是巨大的，灾难性的。但积极
aware this problem is raised with time, and people
are taking action to fix it.(58 words) 的一面是，人们意识到这个问题是随着时间的推
移而产生的，人们正在采取行动来解决它。
130168.Ancient People 古人
一开头就说 5000 年前， Stone Age, agriculture. Stone tools came to use. 由古人的 Skeleton 推断出来
的。说了 the quality of diet, Ancient people have a wild variety of food source including 100 different
animals.最后提到了 infectious disease.
130026.Environmental Law 环境法（100% confirmated）


Before we consider international environmental law and climate change we need to consider domestic
legislation, as it is within the sovereign states that international law is put into practice. This reflects the
environmentalists’ maxim, ‘think globally act locally’. United Kingdom legislative control over the impacts
of mans’ activity on the environment is not new. As long ago as the reign of Charles II the main concern was
the production of smoke from the burning of ‘sea coal. Almost all areas of trade and industry were subject to
25
very detailed legislative controls at that time, although some were governed by ‘self- regulation’ in the form
of guilds, who regulated both supply and methods of production. However, the measures implemented were
mostly ineffective because then, as now, the specifying of legal duties and standards without providing any
appropriate enforcement merely indicated good intentions but were of little practical effect. The next stage
was prompted by the Industrial Revolution with the urbanization of society and its profound effects on the
environment. Local industrialists used the Adam Smith model to maximize their economic benefit, but this
was to the detriment of the local environment with the operation of ‘Gresham’s Law’ that is, the bad drives
out the good. Those industrialists who were concerned for either the health of their employees or the local
environment faced higher costs than their competitors. The result was the need for increasingly
comprehensive statutory controls on the discharge of pollutants into various receiving media.
Sample Answer:
We should consider domestic legislation before 在考虑国际环境法之前，我们应该先考虑国内立

considering the international environmental law. The
法。英国的第一部环境法是无效的，因为没有适
UK’s first environmental law was ineffective due to
there is no appropriate enforcement merely indicated 当的执行只是表明良好的意图。在工业革命期
good intentions. During the Industrial Revolution, 间，亚当·斯密的模型被应用到一些对环境有害的
Adam Smith’s model was applied to some
industrialists which were detrimental to the 工业家身上。因此，有必要对污染物排放进行全
environment. So, there is a need for comprehensive 面的法定控制。
statutory controls over the discharge of
pollutants.(65 words)
26
130079.Misuse of drugs 用药不当的危害

回忆一：
Drugs used at home can be dangerous. Drugs should be closed and stored properly so that children do not
get access to it, some children can even open a child proof cap. Some people take drugs for wrong reason.
Eg. some drugs used for bacterial infection can not be used for virus infection. If drugs are taken wrong,
allergy might happen. If drugs are taken at wrong dosage, under wrong indication, drug resistance may
develop. Recommendations Physicians should give correct indications Physicians should stress the
importance of taking the drugs right to the patients. Eg patients should finish the whole course of their
antibiotics.
回忆二：
Leftover drugs at home can be dangerous because they may be wrongly ingested by children, so drugs
should be enclosed and stored properly at home. If drugs are taken at wrong dosage, drug resistance may
develop. The misuse of drugs with incorrect prescriptions may also cause allergies. So physicians should
give correct instructions and prescriptions, and patients should follow the instructions and finish the whole
course of treatment.
130195. Definitions of Globalization 全球化的定义
Globalization has various definitions. Firstly, globalization means the proliferation of international trade and
more international communications, and multinational companies can be good examples. Secondly,
globalization represents a more integrated economic system. This system splits countries into consuming
27
and producing in globalization. This is a new era where nations' economy depend on each other especially in
economic growth and functions. Hence, the post-industrial economy is a global economy.
130196.Paying 小孩子付钱
Many people who have written on the subject of allowances say it is not a good idea to pay your child for
work around the home. These jobs are a normal part of family life. Paying children to do extra work around
the house, however, can be useful. It can even provide an understanding of how a business works.
Allowances give children a chance to experience the things they can do with money. They can share it in the
form of gifts or giving to a good cause. They can spend it by buying things they want. Or they can save and
maybe even invest it. Saving helps children understand that costly goals require sacrifice: you have to cut
costs and plan for the future. Requiring children to save part of their allowance can also open the door to
future saving and investing. Many banks offer services to help children and teenagers learn about personal
finance. A savings account is an excellent way to learn about the power of compound interest. Interest rates
on savings can be very low these days. But compounding works by paying interest on interest. So, for
example, one dollar invested at two percent interest will earn two cents in the first year. The second year, the
money will earn two percent of one dollar and two cents, and so on. That may not seem like a lot. But over
time it adds up.
130182.Judgement 判断
A company executive wants to hire a manager. There is a candidate with a good record and good
past performance. But he is not hired, because he is not well-fitted into this position, although he
is highly recommended by his previous employer.
• Another example is that a football coach wants to find a kid player. People think this kid is
excellent at football, but the coach recognized that the kid has difficulty controlling the football.
• In conclusion, it is hard to judge people how good they are within just 30 minutes to one hour.
28
130055.Biology, DNA & RNA 生物学，DNA 和 RNA

Now, the study of biology is responsible for some of the most profounding insights that humans have, about
the world around them. So, take a look at these four panoramas. In the upper left, you see some bacteria this
happen to be equal line; you obviously see a butterfly, a flower, a dolphin. If you see that at the outer space,
just looks these different forms and structures. You have no idea that they were all related to one to another.
So one of the most profound things that biology told us is that all life on earth is exceptionally related
similar to one to another. So, for example, all of these life forms rely on DNA and RNA for storing and
transmitting in using their genetic and inherited information. They are all based on cell. Cell is the
fundamental building blocks of all life. All of these organisms consist of cells, and the cells essentially have
the same chemicals inside of them - carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen, and the whole bunch of other
stuff and much smaller amount. All these organisms conducted metabolism, in other words, chemical
reactions that using convert energy from one form to another. And the basic chemistry is all very similar to
one and another. The types of molecule is used very similar to one and another.
Sample Answer:
This lecture is about DNA and RNA which are used 这堂课讲的是DNA和RNA，它们是用来储存和
to store and transmit genetic andinherited 传递遗传和遗传信息的。虽然动物看起来不同，
information. Although animals look differently, they
are interconnected. All organisms are based on cells, 但它们是相互联系的。所有的生物体都是以细胞
which means they have the same chemicals inside of 为基础的，这意味着它们体内有相同的化学物
them. All organisms conduct metabolism which
converts energy from one from to another by 质。所有的生物体都进行新陈代谢，通过化学反
29
chemical reactions.(56 words) 应将能量从一种生物体转化为另一种生物体。
130178.Fast Radio Burst 快速射电暴(文本有删减)

A fast radio burst is very much like what it sounds. It’s a very fast burst of radio waves. It comes from outer
space, a long way away. And by fast, I mean really fast. So it starts and stops in about a thousandth of a
seconds, so you click your fingers, and it’s finished.
Fast radio burst is a real mystery. We don’t really understand exactly where they come from or what actually
makes them. And there’s a lot of open questions that we really don’t have an answer for. There are probably
more theories about what makes fast radio bursts than there are actual detection of these things. So since
2007 we only had 20, but there are probably 30 or 40 different theories on what makes them.
The most interesting thing about this burst is the fact that we found it with the Australian square kilometer
ray path finder. So that is, it wasn’t really obvious that we would be able to do this as well as we ended up
being able to do it. So this telescope is really a fantastic telescope. In fact, it’s probably the best telescope on
the planet at the moment for finding these bursts. So whereas in the past, it is taken ten years to find 20
bursts, once we are really going with this new instrument, we’ll be able to find them much more quickly.
One or two every week
Sample Answer:
This lecture is about fast radio burst, which is very 这堂课讲的是快速射电暴，它来自外太空，速度

fast and come from outer space. It is still a mystery
非常快。我们仍然不知道它究竟从何而来，这是
that we don’t know where exactly it comes from.
Moreover, we find it with the best telescope in the 一个谜。此外，我们可以用世界上最好的望远镜
world, and we can also do more detailed researches
找到它，我们也可以用望远镜做更详细的研究来
to understand the burst with the telescope. (59
words) 理解爆炸。
130086.London Architecture 伦敦丑建筑

It seems to me that architecture is very much something that causes us both pleasure and trouble. I live in the
part of western London where I think many of the streets are, where I live are really really ugly, and this
30
distresses me every time I walk to a supermarket or walk to a tube. I think why did they built that and with
terribly without architecture. It last so long, and if you write a bad book or do a bad play, you know, I will
be shocked when it be showed and then no one would suffer. A bad building has a serious impact for, could
be hundreds of years on the people around it.
And suppose the book arose a little bit from the frustration, almost anger than there is so much bad
architecture around. And then I realize if you talk about architecture, you will say why building are not more
beautiful. Then you will say I can use such work as "beauty", that's a really arrogant word. And no one
knows what beautiful is. It's all in the eye of beholder. I couldn't help but think that actually. Well, you know
that we all attempt to agree that Rome is nice than Milkykings, and San Francisco has the edge of Frankfurt,
so we can make that sort of generalization, surely they are somethings we can say about why a building
work or why it doesn't. So the books really attempt to suggest why architecture works when it does and what
might going to be wrong when it doesn't work.
Sample Answer:
This lecture is about ugly building in London. The 这个讲座是关于伦敦丑陋的建筑。建筑在很大程

architecture is very much something that causes
度上给人们带来了快乐和麻烦。演讲者认为糟糕
people both pleasure and trouble. The speaker thinks
that an awful design of the building will make people 的建筑设计会让人们感到沮丧和愤怒。建筑师对
frustrated and angry. Architects have different views
“美”这个词有不同的看法，因为他们认为美在观
of the word “beauty”, because they think beauty is in
the eyes of the beholders. Moreover, there is a book 者的眼中。此外，还有一本书为某些架构问题提
provides useful information for certain architecture
供了有用的信息。
questions. (70 words)
130131.Mars and earth 火星和地球

第一句是 we are going to look at an interesting place today. It is called the Mars which is not far away from
the earth. 然后说 landscape 是像 dessert covered with Rock. 然后说 found trace amount of water in icy
31
form just like the mountain. 然后说 not much of atmosphere. But found rare gasses. Possible guess: heavy
gasses did not evaporate because of low gravity.
版本二
1.开头直接说 It is a very interesting planet to explore

2. smaller than Earth
3. Mars has no ocean, more places to explore
4. Mars has the highest mountains and the most beautiful canyons in the solar systems.
5. 还说了 Mercury is too hot...后面还有一个句子有点忘了
6. 文章结尾说 It is important to explore Mars.因为要看看我们是不是 unique 的 living things in the solar

system 大概是这样子
130184.Human’s Memory 人的记忆

We are forgetting most of experience everyday. Humans are trying to come over biological forgetting. We
pass our memories to our children to make them remember. However, the human’s memory is not changed.
还有一句不确定 Only things we do progressively can be remembered for a long period of time.
130056.Development Of Genes 基因五千年变化

The pace, the pace of which that the human minds have evolved over the last half million years and more
recently the last 200,000 years has been so frighteningly rapid that the evolution of cognitive function and
perception in different ways, can only happen to the actions of a small number of genes. If one needed to
adapt dozens of genes changes and concert, in order to acquire the penetrating minds that we now have,
which our ancestors 500,000 years ago didn't have, the evolution could not have taken, could not have
occurred so quickly. And for that reason alone, one begins to suspect that the genetic differences between
people who lived 500,000 years ago sever that cognitive functions than ours are not so large. Therefore, a
rather small number of genes, maybe responsible for comforting us that powerful minds which we now,
which the most of us now possessed.
32
速度,速度,人类思维进化过去半个几百万年,最近过去的 200000 年里一直如此惊人快速的进化认知功能和以不同的方式感知,只能发
生在少数基因的行为。如果一个人需要适应几十种基因的变化和协调，以获得我们现在拥有的敏锐的头脑，而我们的祖先在 50 万年
前没有，进化不可能发生得这么快。仅仅因为这个原因，人们就开始怀疑，生活在 50 万年前的人们之间的基因差异，切断了认知功
能，而我们的认知功能并没有那么大。因此，一小部分基因，也许能安慰我们，我们现在拥有的强大的思想，我们大多数人现在都拥
有。人类大脑的进化速度是很快的，但大脑的功能是由少数基因决定的。然而，现代人和 5000 年前的人之间有一小部分不同的认知
能力基因。现代人小便的方式与我们 50 万年前的祖先没有什么不同，因为基因变化不大。此外，基因有助于强大的大脑。
Sample Answer:
The pace of human brain’s evolution is so rapid that 人类大脑进化的速度如此之快，以至于认知功能

the evolution of cognitive function and perception in
和感知能力的进化只能以不同的方式发生在少数
different ways can only happen to the actions of a
small number of genes. Therefore, there are few 基因的行为上。因此，我们的祖先和我们之间几
genetic differences between our ancestors and us,
乎没有遗传差异，因为只有少数基因可能负责强
because only a small number of genes may be
responsible for powerful minds. (58 words) 大的大脑。
130059.Vitamin D Version 2 维生素 D 版本二
The body also manufactures vitamin D from cholesterol, through a process triggered by the action of
sunlight on skin, hence its nickname, "the sunshine vitamin." Yet some people do not make enough vitamin
33
D from the sun, among them, people who have a darker skin tone, who are overweight, who are older, and
who cover up when they are in the sun. Correctly applied sunscreen reduces our ability to absorb vitamin D
by more than 90 percent. And not all sunlight is created equal: The sun’s ultraviolet B (UVB) rays—the so-
called "tanning" rays, and the rays that trigger the skin to produce vitamin D—are stronger near the equator
and weaker at higher latitudes. So in the fall and winter, people who live at higher latitudes (in the northern
U.S. and Europe, for example) can’t make much if any vitamin D from the sun.
Sample Answer:
This lecture is about vitamin D, which is triggered 这堂课讲的是维生素D，它是由阳光照射在皮肤

by the action of sunlight on skin. People who have 上所产生的。肤色较深、体重超标或年龄较大、
darker skin, who are overweight or older and who
cover up by sunscreen, can’t get enough vitamin D. 经常涂防晒霜的人无法获得足够的维生素D。来
The tanning rays - UVB from the sun is effectively 自太阳的紫外线UVB能有效地产生足够的维生素
to produce enough Vitamin D, which is stronger near
D，而维生素D在赤道附近较强，在高纬度地区
the equator and weaker at higher latitudes. (65
words) 较弱。
130192.Bureaucracy 官僚主义
34
In the old world, we can identify who are in charge of the world.......digital information world, bytes,
bits.....system can touch people, but we cannot touch back.....
130164.Dress History 服装历史

一开始说它从前一直 not important,do not matter，现在人们觉得重要了，because we always judge
people all the time, we talk about food, shelters, but the topic about clothing is ignored.
130194.G7 七国集团
Well, who makes these decisions? In the international arena, the decisions are made by states but to George
Orwell's phrase, some states are more equal than others, the ones who are most equal are the ones called G7,
the seven rich industrial countries, and they have an overwhelming effect on states decisions. And of G7 the
one that's far and away the most equal is, of course, the United States, which since the Second World War
has had a position of overwhelming international power, you know, historical president to then, and of
course, has used it to design a world and the interests of powerful sectors within. Alongside the powerful
states, there are the institutions that they have designed the international financial institutions the IMF from
world banks, world trade organization took over from gap a couple of years ago. Those are institutions of
global dominant, global control, which are themselves controlled by the rich countries and primarily by the
United States, which once again has an overwhelming influence.
那么，谁来做这些决定呢?在国际舞台上，决策是由国家做出的，但用乔治·奥威尔(George Orwell)的话来说，有些国家比其他国家
更平等，其中最平等的是七国集团(G7)，即七大工业国，它们对国家决策具有压倒性的影响。和七国集团(G7)的是最平等的,当然,美
国,这是自第二次世界大战已经压倒性的国际力量的位置,你知道,历史的总统,当然,用它来设计一个世界和强大的行业内的利益。除
了强大的国家，还有他们设计的国际金融机构国际货币基金组织来自世界银行，世界贸易组织几年前从 gap 手中接管。这些机构具有
全球主导地位，全球控制，这些机构本身由富裕国家控制，主要由美国控制，美国再次具有压倒性的影响力。
130193.Ocean environment 海洋环境

回忆1提到pragmatical and potential solutions 和人类damage ocean 还有关键词 sea levels,
footprints
35
回忆 2.Human behavior, human footprint. 开头先说 ocean environment 是个 problematic
issue，然后说lecture会给一些solution. 但也喜欢可以provoke critical way to think。有很多的
evidence证明了human behavior对ocean有影响，fish， coral system还有…最后貌似说的是
reduce/decrease human footprint can help this issue
130080.Human rights in UK 英国人权
The human rights act can be said by reaching, some of them are controversial in the UK's history of rights.
At the same time, it can be described as some cause documents, they provide some start point for world
application for low to rights. In many ways, the precious protection contain UN the human rights act that we
are not new to people who living in UK, the 18% that UK law most closes the European conventional
human rights. The convention itself was devised following the end of the Second World War by the
counselors of bureau. UK lawyers play the significant role in drafting the convention. And UK was among
the first governments who ratify the convention in 1951. Rights sometimes are described as being positive or
negative nature. That’s to say somethings expresses right to you and the other is freedom from. In 1998,
50% specific rights of freedoms, which include rights to liberty security, a free trial, free expression, free
elections, and the rights.
Sample Answer:
This lecture is about human rights. The UK was the 这个讲座是关于人权的。英国是二战中第一个提
36
first country that mentioned human rights in the 出人权问题的国家，英国律师发挥了重要作用。

World War II, the UK lawyers played an important
此外，人权具有积极和消极的性质。积极的方面
role. Moreover, human rights have both the positive
and negative nature. The positive aspects include 包括自由，摆脱奴役和酷刑，选举和婚姻，而消
freedom, being free from slavery and torture,
极的方面包括宗教和性。人权是最低标准的基
election and marriage, while the negative aspects
include religion and sex. Human rights are the 线。
baseline of the minimum standard.(67 words)
130028.Government Power 政府权力

Well, that’s one aspect of what’s called, reducing government — modifying government, to be more precise.
Another aspect of it is what’s called “devolution” — reducing — moving governmental power from the
Federal to the State level. And that has a kind of a rationale which you hear all over the time — place. For
example, there was an op-ed a couple of weeks ago in the New York Times by John Cogan — Hoover
Institute at Stanford, who has pointed out what he called a philosophical issue that divides the Democrats
from the Republicans. The philosophical issue is that the Democrats believe in big government and
entitlements, and the Republicans believe in getting power down closer to the people, to the States, because
they’re kind of populist types.
Well, it takes about maybe three seconds’ thought to realize that moving power down to the States, in
funding and so on, is just moving it away from the people, for a perfectly elementary reason: there’s a
hidden part of the system — of the power system that you’re not supposed to know about, or think about,
and that’s private power.
Sample Answer:
The lecture is about the need of modifying 这个讲座是关于修改政府权力的需要，这是一个

government power which is a philosophical question.
哲学问题。同时，共和党和民主党在这个问题上
Meanwhile, the Republican Party and Democratic
Party hold different opinions on this issue. The
37
Republican Party believes the government should 有不同的意见。共和党认为政府应该与各州和人

share its power with the states and people, while the
民分享权力，而民主党则认为政府应该拥有更大
Democratic Party contends the government should
hold the big power and entitlements. However, there 的权力和权利。然而，总是存在着被政府刻意隐
always exists private power which is hidden by
瞒起来的私人权利。
government. (68 words)
130187.Lawyer V2 律师版本二（文本更新）
Studying law at university over three years gives you a really unique opportunity to acquire a much greater
and much more mature level of understanding and knowledge of the law, which can be a real benefit to your
career in the future. If you’re not so sure if you want to study law. Law can also be an incredibly helpful
degree for a multitude of other careers. For example, politics, journalism, the charity sector and the United
Nation. It can be a springboard to all these different types of degrees that careers. Why is this? Because of
the way that we teach law. A law degree involves not only studying what the legal rules are, but really
taking an analytical approach to the world around us. It involves thinking about why certain law exists. Can
they be justified philosophically? How have they developed historically? What social goals are they trying
to serve and how should the law develop in the future? So here in Cambridge, we’re not just studying what
the law is, what the law could be, what the law should be.
Sample Answer:
This lecture is about the study of law, which gives 这堂课是关于法律的学习，它给学生一个真正独

students a really unique opportunity to acquire a
特的机会去获得一个更大、更成熟的法律理解和
much greater and much more mature level of
understanding and knowledge of law. Law is also 知识水平。法律对其他职业也有帮助。因为学习
helpful for other careers. Because studying law
法律不仅包括法律规则，还包括对我们周围世界
involves not only legal rules, but analytical approach
to the world around us. (54 words) 的分析方法。
130073.Big Bang Theory 宇宙大爆炸

38
One of the most amazing things in the speaker's life is studying cosmology. Studying cosmology is the most
amazing thing for the speaker because the universe is mysterious. Scientists previously believed the big bang
happened 10 to 20 billion years ago. However, a more precise measurement indicates the universe is 13.8
billion years old (instead of 14). (And has kept changing ever since.) Which is perfectly matched the
university is little older than the oldest star (which has 13 billion years old), the Big Bang theory. Even when
the universe begins is known) People still need to understand how the big bang happened and how the
universe works. And know about the future.
Sample Answer:
People believed the Big Bang happened 10 to 20 人们相信大爆炸发生在 100 到 200 亿年前。然

billion years ago. However, by more precise 而，通过对粒子更精确的测量，已经证明它实际
measurement of particles, it has been proved that it
actually happened 13.8 billion years ago, which fits 上发生在138亿年前，这与宇宙比最古老的恒星
well that the universe is older than the oldest star. 更古老的说法非常吻合。大爆炸之后，宇宙不断
After the Big Bang, the universe keeps continuous
changing. People still need to understand how the 变化。即使人们知道宇宙大爆炸的起源，他们仍
Big Bang happened even though the origin is known. 然需要了解它是如何发生的。
(68 words)
130087.Industrialization and Adam Smith 工业化和亚当史密斯

In the past, it is previously believed that a nation’s wealth is how much money people can pile up. However,
Adam Smith believed that the wealth of a nation is the nation’s ability to produce output. National income is
equal to the national output. With the development of industrialization, Adam Smith agreed that
manufacture should be included in the nation’s wealth.
39
130186.Poverty in China 中国的贫困

讲的是中国的贫困，在 2000 年中国的贫困占世界贫困地区的很大一部分，到 2015 年，gets better. 还说现在中国是
middle-class, 仅次于澳大利亚。还提到了 reduce property; global scale。
130027.Globalization 全球化
There are many definitions of what economic globalization is, but an important aspect of most is that it
involves reducing or removing the barriers limiting the free movement of business, trade (exports and
imports), investment and even labor across national borders. First, globalization means the increase in
international trade transactions and multinational companies across the border. Secondly, Globalization
represents an integrated economic system than ever before. Some countries produce goods, and some
consume goods, which means one country’s economy may depend on another country more transactions
across countries. But in the past, they are economic independent while they are now parts of global economy.
Sample Answer:
There are various definitions of globalization. 全球化有不同的定义。首先，全球化意味着跨境

Firstly, globalization means the increase
in 国际贸易的增加。其次，全球化是一个比以往任
international trade transactions across the border.
Secondly, globalization represents an integrated 何时候都更加一体化的经济体系，这意味着一个
economic system than ever before, which means one 国家的经济增长可能依赖于其他国家。但在过
countries economy may rely on other countries for
economic growth. But in the past, they are 去，它们在经济上是独立的，而现在它们是全球
economically independent while they are now part of 经济的一部分。因此，经济变得后工业化和全球
the global economy. So the economy becomes post-
industrial and global. (65 words) 化。
130047.Industrialization 工业化（100% confirmated）

40
Within most developed countries, notions of pragmatism, notions of the fact that we have democracies, have
succeeded in tempering the market economy. In the 19th century, 18th century, the Industrial Revolution has
a very negative effect on people, particularly working classes all over the world. We see data where life
expectancy was reduced, hikes we were reduced, we were looking at the medical record. We can see that
actually, living standards, much among large fractions of population, actually went down. But eventually,
we pass the legislation about working conditions. And eventually, we circumscribe some of the worst kinds
of behaviour. We eventually, in the 20th century, we put regulations that composed better environmental
conditions. And so some of the damage was reversed, and that we have made the market economy work and
ways that the benefits of the all is far more what we shared in the world a hundred years ago.
Sample Answer:
This lecture is about the Industrialization. Most 这堂课是关于工业化的。大多数发达国家成功地

developed countries have succeeded in tempering 缓和了市场经济。工业革命对人们有一些负面影
market economy. The industrial revolution has some
negative effects on people, so we pass the legislation 响，所以我们通过了关于工作条件的立法，限制
about working conditions, which circumscribes some 了一些最恶劣的行为。最终，我们制定了能够改
of the worst kinds of behavior. Eventually, we put
regulations that composed better environmental 善环境条件的法规。最后，与100年前相比，一
conditions. Finally, some damages have been 些损害已经逆转，我们得到了更广泛的好处。
reversed and we have more widely benefits
compared to 100 years ago.(67 words)
130183.Dogs 狗
41
讲的是狗的 happiness，狗狗们关心的是在它们需要的时候，是否能够得到一张床来睡觉。还说到对于宠物来说
stimulation 十分重要，特别是 interactive stimulation。但是人们还没有为动物提供充足的它们所需的东西。`
130192.Bureaucracy 官僚主义
In the old world, we can identify who are in charge of the world.......digital information world, bytes,
bits.....system can touch people, but we cannot touch back.....
130181.Shakespeare's poem 莎士比亚的诗（文本补充）

Let's think about perhaps the top 10 things that people would like to know, ought to know about
Shakespeare if they're getting into his works. The first thing to say is that he did live quite a long time ago.
He lived 400 years ago. So if you're reading Shakespeare or listening to Shakespeare, you're listening to
somebody whose language is not quite the language of our current. You're listening to someone who was
writing in a language which is a bit out of date for now. It needs a little bit of effort to understand that
language but the understanding will be done partly for you by the actors if you're hearing it if you're seeing
it performed. Another thing is that Shakespeare was a very great poet. He wrote poems are at narrative
poems and sonnets but he was also and this is my third point he was also a great theater poet, his poetry is
dramatic poetry in the plays. He's not just writing static poetry, lyric poetry in the plays, which is therefore
declamation. He's writing dramatic poetry which consists of interaction between the characters of the plays.
让我们想一下人们想知道的关于莎士比亚的 10 件事，如果他们想了解他的作品的话。首先要说的是他确实生活在很久以前。他生活
在 400 年前。所以，如果你在读莎士比亚或听莎士比亚的作品，你听到的是一个人的语言并不完全是我们现在的语言。你正在听一
个人用一种现在有点过时的语言写作。理解这门语言需要一点努力但是如果你在听，如果你在看表演，理解部分是由演员来完成的。
另一件事是莎士比亚是一位非常伟大的诗人。他写的诗都是叙事诗和十四行诗但他也是这是我的第三点他也是一个伟大的戏剧诗人，
他的诗是戏剧中的诗歌。他不仅仅是在写静态的诗歌，在戏剧中抒情诗，这就是朗诵。他在写戏剧诗，包括戏剧人物之间的互动。
Sample Answer:
This lecture is about the top ten things that people 这堂课是关于人们应该知道的关于莎士比亚的十
should know about Shakespeare. Firstly,
件事。首先，莎士比亚的语言现在有点过时了，
Shakespeare’s language is a bit out of date for now
42
and needs efforts to understand because he did live 需要努力去理解，因为他确实生活在很久以前。

quite a long time ago. Secondly, Shakespeare was
其次，莎士比亚不仅是一位伟大的诗人，也是一
not only a great poet but also a great theater poet.
Thirdly, Shakespeare’s dramatic poetry consists of 位伟大的戏剧诗人。第三，莎士比亚的戏剧诗歌
interaction between the characters of the plays. (70
是由戏剧人物之间的互动构成的。
words)
130030.Livable Planet 宜居星球( SST &RL 147)

How often does a civilization occur? By studying that, we could look at stars that are suitable for the
development of civilizations. How many new stars appear every year? Seven, but some stars are too cold
and some are too hot. Only about 20% can be considered as suitable. We all know that there are some
factors for species and animals to survive and reproduce, including environmental conditions, temperature,
tolerance range, body size, weight, diets, seasonal and daily activity, behavior, and the altitude they live.
Animals migrate to find a new habitat because the change of environment and only species that have the
tolerance for new environment could survive and reproduce. Human beings are the only organism that
makes extensive use of technology to extend the limits of its natural tolerance range.
文明多久出现一次?通过研究这些，我们可以看到适合文明发展的恒星。每年有多少新星出现?七颗，但是有些星星太冷，有些星星太
热。只有 20%左右可以被认为是合适的。我们都知道，物种和动物的生存和繁殖有一些因素，包括环境条件、温度、耐受范围、体
型、体重、饮食、季节和日常活动、行为以及它们生活的海拔高度。动物迁徙是为了寻找新的栖息地，因为环境的变化，只有对新环
境有忍耐力的物种才能生存和繁衍。人类是唯一广泛利用技术来扩大其自然耐受范围的有机体。
Sample Answer:
This lecture is about the relationship between 这堂课讲的是文明与恒星的关系。观察适合文明

civilization and stars. It’s important to look at stars
发展的恒星是很重要的。虽然每年都会有7颗新
that are suitable for the development of civilization.
Although there are seven new stars appear every 恒星出现，但只有20%左右的恒星是合适的，因
year, only about 20% are suitable because there are
为有一些因素会影响物种的生存和繁殖。此外，
some factors for species to survive and reproduce. In
addition, human beings are the only organism to 人类是唯一通过技术来扩展自然耐受范围的有机
extend the limits of natural tolerance range through
43
technology. (69 words) 体。
130031.Music and Language 音乐与语言（100% confirmated）


Both music and language have a lot of similarities: They involve complex sequences that unfold in time.
They are both forms of communication. This has interested all the world’s best philosophers from Plato
going back over 2000 years ago. Scientists like Darwin wrote about possible evolutionary links between
music and language in his book the Descent of Man and so did artists like Leonard Bernstein who gave a
series of lectures at Harvard in the 70s. He spoke about the grammar of language and the grammar of music
from Noam Chomsky’s theories.
So it’s a persistent question. It keeps drawing interest from scientists today but there are some basic obvious
similarities. For example, both music and language have rhythmic systematic patterns of timing accent and
grouping. Both language and music have melody-structured patterns of pitch, over time. Both have syntax,
discrete elements like words or notes, and principles for combining those elements into sequences.
Sentences are just random sequences of words. Both convey effect which means emotion using sound. You
can make out a lot of emotion from a person’s voice and music has the characteristic of providing emotions
like happiness or sadness.
音乐和语言都有很多相似之处:它们都包含了复杂的时间序列。它们都是交流的形式。这引起了世界上所有最好的哲学家的兴趣，从
柏拉图追溯到 2000 多年前。像达尔文这样的科学家在他的著作《人类的起源》中提到了音乐和语言之间可能存在的进化联系，像伦
纳德·伯恩斯坦这样的艺术家也在 70 年代在哈佛大学做了一系列讲座。他从诺姆·乔姆斯基的理论中谈到了语言语法和音乐语法。
这是一个长期存在的问题。它一直吸引着当今科学家的兴趣，但有一些基本的明显相似之处。例如，音乐和语言都有节奏的系统模式
的时间重音和分组。随着时间的推移，语言和音乐都有悦耳的音调结构。它们都有语法、单词或注释之类的离散元素，以及将这些元
素组合成序列的原则。句子只是单词的随机序列。两者都是通过声音传达情感的效果。你可以从一个人的声音中辨认出很多情绪，而
音乐的特点是提供像快乐或悲伤这样的情绪。
44
Sample Answer:
Music and language have many similarities because 音乐和语言有许多相似之处，因为它们都涉及复

they both involve complex sequences and they are
杂的序列，而且都是交流的形式。哲学家和科学
both forms of communication. It interested
philosophers and scientists to study it. They found 家对它的研究很感兴趣。他们发现了一些明显的
some obvious commons that they both have
共同点，它们都有节奏的系统模式，音调、语
rhythmic systematic patterns, melody-structured
patterns of pitch, syntax, discrete elements and 法、离散元素的melody结构模式，以及组合这些
principles for combining those elements. Also, they
元素的原则。而且，它们都通过声音来传达情
both convey emotion by using sound. (60 words)
感。
130032.Management Education 教育学管理

Welcome to Stanford University business school which always promotes leadership in learning,
management and delivery of goods and services. We are not only delivering services and but also making
sure good quality. It is clear that educational purpose is to learn management and leadership. You should
realize your own responsibility through accomplishing assignments by yourselves instead of depending on
others. Profit and non- profit institutions like Stanford University provides learning, while Business School
is providing learning management. You should realize that the responsibility and accomplishments achieved
by others don’t indicate what you are capable of.
45
Sample Answer:
This lecture is about the purpose of education is to 这个讲座是关于教育的目的是学习管理和领导。

learn management and leadership. Stanford
斯坦福大学商学院在许多领域促进领导力。他们
University Business school promotes leadership in
many areas. And they deliver services with good 提供高质量的服务。人们应该自己完成任务，而
quality. People should accomplish assignments on
不是依赖别人，这表明别人取得的成就并不意味
their own rather than relying on others which
indicates that the accomplishments achieved by 着你有能力。此外，大学提供学习，而商学院提
others don’t mean what you are capable of.
供学习管理。
Moreover, universities provide learning while
business schools provide learning management.(69
words)
46
130180.How To Spend Your Life 如何度过你的人生（文本补充）

What do you desire? What makes you itch? What's all of the situation would you like? Let's suppose, I do
this often in vocational guidance of students, they come to me and say, well, we're getting out of college and
we have the faintest idea what we want to do. So I always ask the question, "what would you like to do if
money were no object? How would you really enjoy spending your life?" Well, it's so amazing as a result of
our kind of educational system, crowds of students say well, we'd like to be painters, we’d like to be poets,
we'd like to be writers, but as everybody knows you can't earn any money that way. Or another person says
well, I'd like to live an out-of-doors life and ride horses. I said you want to teach in a riding school? Let’s go
through with it. What do you want to do? When we finally got down to something, which the individual says
he really wants to do, I will say to him, you do that and forget the money, because, if you say that getting the
money is the most important thing, you will spend your life completely wasting your time. You will be
doing things you don't like doing.
你想要什么?什么使你发痒?你想要什么样的情况?让我们假设，我经常在学生的职业指导中这么做，他们来找我，说，好吧，我们要
离开大学了，我们对自己想做什么一无所知。所以我总是问这样一个问题:“如果钱不是问题，你想做什么?”你会如何享受你的生
活?”嗯，这是我们教育体制的一个惊人的结果，很多学生说，嗯，我们想成为画家，我们想成为诗人，我们想成为作家，但是每个
人都知道，你不能靠这种方式赚钱。或者另一个人说，我想过一种户外生活，骑马。我说你想在骑术学校教书?让我们继续吧。你想
做什么?当我们最终决定做某件事的时候，也就是那个人说他真正想做的事情，我会对他说，你做了就忘了钱，因为，如果你说得到
钱是最重要的事情，你会把你的生命完全浪费在浪费你的时间上。你会做你不喜欢做的事情。
Sample Answer:
This lecture is about what would graduates like to do 这节课讲的是如果没有钱，毕业生想做什么。许

if money were no money. Many students want to be
多学生想成为画家，诗人或作家，但这些职业不
painters , poets or writers, but these occupation can
not earn much money. The speaker encourages 能赚很多钱。演讲者鼓励学生们做他们真正想做
students to do what they really want to do and forge
的事，伪造货币。如果学生把赚钱作为最重要的
money. If students make the money as the most
important thing, they will waste their life. (63 words) 事情，他们会浪费他们的生命。
47
130169.Smart City 智能城市
• Smart technology contributes to the development of smart city, due to urbanisation.
• Definition of smart city based on Information technology.
• E.g. sensor for vehicle’s parking; sensor for controlling cities’ lighting for saving energy
• Whether it collects too much data out of lines is still unknown
130152.Drop-out 辍学
Low achievers are more likely to drop out of school, especially boys.
This forces them to enter into the job market, with two destinations including ships.
Girls are less likely to leave schools, and leaving too early can have bad effects, like doing part-time job.
130016.We Are Animals 我们是动物（100% confirmated）


Far too many people often say things like “animals do this, but we don’t.” or “this animal does this, and that
animal does this, but the humans don’t do things like that”. Those statements have some hidden assumptions
that we are not animals. When we say animals do this animals do that, we often assume that we are not
animals. If we are not animals, what are we? Are we plants, or trees, or flowers? No, we are not. Then OK
we are not plants. then are we micro-organisms, really tiny micro scroppy things? No, we are not. Then the
natural conclusion must be we are not living things. That’s not true. Yes, we are animals. And I see animals
in us, and I see humans in animals. So I’m going to talk about the animal behavior and human nature. In
order to understand human nature, we can look into animals eyes, and animal behavior and find something
about what made us, who we are.
48
Sample Answer:
Many people say that humans don’t do things that 许多人说人类不做动物做的事。这意味着我们不

animals do. It means we are not animals, but that's
是动物，但事实并非如此。人类不是植物和微生
not true. Humans are not plants and microorganisms.
We are living things; we are animals because we can 物。我们是生物;我们是动物，因为我们能在动物
see humans in animals and animal in us. We can look
身上看到人类，在我们身上也能看到动物。我们
into animals’ behaviours and find out what made us.
But it’s not easy. (66 words) 可以观察动物的行为，找出是什么造就了我们。
但这并不容易。
130054.Can Food 罐装食品（100% confirmated）

One of the things that was going on during the Great Depression was the beginning of this sort of modern
food technology that rules, you know, the way Americans eat today. That is there are a lot of canned foods
were being - coming onto the market at the time. And also, refrigerators were really becoming very, very
popular during the Great Depression, both in cities and in rural parts of the country.
Thanks to electrification, the Rural Electrification Administration, people could buy appliances. You know,
farmers could buy appliances. And that meant frozen foods were becoming big. And, you know, at that time,
few people could afford to buy them during the early years of the Great Depression. But, you know,
gradually, these things picked up. And so this was, like, the sort of beginning of the era when people were
starting to think about supermarkets with rows and rows of freezer cases and rows and rows of canned foods.
49
Sample Answer:
This lecture is about canned food which is extremely 这堂课讲的是罐头食品，罐头食品在大萧条时期

popular during the Great Depression, since then,
非常受欢迎，从那时起，现代食品技术统治了今
modern food technology rules the way Americans eat
today. Thanks to electrification, farmers could buy 天美国人的饮食方式。由于电气化，农民可以买
appliances, which means frozen foods were
到电器，这意味着冷冻食品正在变得越来越大。
becoming big. However, few people could afford
appliances, so Americans started to think about 然而，很少人能买得起家电，所以美国人开始考
supermarkets with freezer cases and canned foods.
虑超市里的冷冻柜和罐头食品。
(58 words)
130167.Lawyers V1 律师版本一
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6Hoj3lvNwLk （-01:42）
My name is Graham Virgo, I’m a professor of English Private Law in the Faculty of Law at the University
of Cambridge. And I’m going to consider the question why you should study law, if you don’t want yo
become a lawyer.
A lot of people who study law at university do so because they want to become practising lawyers, whether
barristers or solicitors. But it is not necessary to read law at university to become a practising lawyer.
Equally, studying law at university is a legitimate subject for academic study even if you definitely don’t
50
want to become a lawyer or think that you may not become a practising lawyer. That’s because the study of
law at university is not a vocational subject, it is an academic subject and an intellectual discipline. Even for
those students who study law at university intending to become practising lawyers, they are required to do
additional vocational training to prepare them for working either as a barrister or a solicitor, for them the
study of law at university by it self is not sufficient to train them to become lawyers.
So why do such students study law at university and why do others study law even is they don’t want to
become a lawyer? The answer is fairly similar in both cases, namely that studying law at university trains
the students to think and write logically and clearly.
Sample Answer:
This lecture is about why people study law, even if 这节课是关于为什么人们学习法律，即使有些人

some people don’t want to be lawyers. Many people
不想成为律师。许多人在大学学习法律，因为他
study law at university because they want to be
lawyers. But law is not a vocational subject but an 们想成为律师。但法律不是一门职业学科，而是
academic subject and an intellectual discipline. Even
一门学术和知识学科。虽然在大学学习法律不足
though studying law at university is insufficient to
train students to become lawyers, it can help students 以培养学生成为律师，但它可以帮助学生逻辑清
to think and write logically and clearly. (70 words)
晰地思考和写作。
130177.Instinct Version 2 直觉版本二

Instinct is a term used to describe a set of behaviors that are both unlearned and set in motion as the result of
some environmental trigger. Instincts are also often discussed in relation to motivation since they can also
occur in response to an organism's need to satisfy some innate internal drive tied to survival. Instincts are
present across species and are consistent within individual species. In other words, many different species
rely on instincts, and if one member of a species possesses an instinct, then they all do. Before we move into
a discussion of specific types of instincts, it is important to distinguish the difference between an instinct and
a reflex. Both are types of unlearned behavior that tend to serve a survival purpose. The difference is that a
reflex is a typically a simple reaction or a response to an environmental trigger whereas an instinct is a much
more complex set of behaviors.
51
For instance, an example of a reflex would be when a baby turns his head toward an object that is pressed
against one cheek in an effort to nurse. The head turn is a simple reactionary process. An instinct would be
the manner in which a mother bird regurgitates her food to feed her young in response to their signals of
hunger. Both are reactions to environmental cues; however, the mother bird must engage in a series of much
more complex behaviors in order to respond to the cues the environment is providing her.
Sample Answer:
This lecture is about instinct and reflex. Instinct is a 这堂课讲的是本能和反射。本能是一个用来描述

term used to describe unlearned behaviors triggered
由环境引发的未习得行为的术语，它也与动机有
by environment and it is also related to motivation
and tied to survival. Moreover, instincts are present 关，与生存息息相关。此外，本能是跨物种存在
across species, many different species rely on
的，许多不同的物种依赖本能。本能和反射都是
instincts. Both instinct and reflex are unlearned
behavior for survival purposes. But reflex is a simple 为生存目的而未习得的行为。但反射是一种简单
reaction, while instinct is more complex. (63 words)
的反应，而本能则更为复杂。
130188.Dangerous Driving 危险驾驶

讲的是危险驾驶，提到了两个原因，一个说的是 wrong way, turn back，另一个说的是 medicine, drug。最后说道
how to reduce the risk。
52
130190.Cognitive Skills 认知技能

主要讲的是我考到的是 cognitive psycology, 说是 cognitive efficiency 包括 speed and accuracy. 从
information resource 的角度看，就像是 vehicle 的耗能，不仅需要 resource, 还需要有效利用资源
130191.How to Construct Argument 如何构造论证

讲的是 how to construct argument，应该有一个 thesis，这是论文中最重要的部分，provide points for yourself and
readers。写作前要 think carefully，论点要 debatable and supportable。论点不是读者所知道的东西。
130166.Women’s Role 女性角色

Keywords: Women in 19th century；play an important role; Provide for their home; Expand knowledge for
their children and husband.
讲的是十九世纪女性角色的转变，之前女性大部分时间都是照顾家庭，在家带孩子，后来就有所转
变有了 social identity。还说到了女性扮演的家庭角色，主要说了两个方面，一方面是说承担的家务
问题，另一方面没听清。
130170.Ocean 海洋
讲的是海洋提到 pragmatical and potential solutions 和人类 damage ocean 还有关键词 sea levels,
footprints
53
130172.Marketing 市场
文章的很短，信息点很多，语速很快。
主要说的是对客户的市场营销，在做市场营销的时候，要了解客户的外貌，年龄。市场营销这方面
的研究可以帮助我们确定产品的目标群众以及定价，但在实际过程中，需要理清思路，考虑好竞争
问题以及采购原材料的问题。
130173.Geography 地理
这篇说的是地理是一个研究地球表面以及大气的学科。不是紧急专注于地球表面的研究。这还是一
个包括很多学科知识的学科，通过学习地理，可以成为 natural scientist 或者 cultural specialist。还可
以从地理当中得到许多的 argument。
130175.Music and Brain 音乐与大脑

讲的是音乐，100 BC 人们觉得音乐是哲学（这句是猜的，只听到了 philosophy）因为人们发现音乐
能影响人的心情。后来一些年轻的科学家研究音乐，一些人喜欢听没有歌词的纯音乐，如果听音乐
的时候扫描大脑，会发现有两个有趣的大脑活动。中间好像还提到了 passenger seat 可以选择音乐播
放来放松。
130176.Intuition Version 1 直觉版本一

54
主要讲的是一种本能的思维方式，每个人都有，但不清楚这是怎么一回事，这种思维方式来源于右
脑，和 understanding 相关。最后还提到左脑是控制 logic 和 conscious 的。
130185.Walking Data 步行数据

讲的是 analyzing 在校学生的步行数据，分析的有步行时间，速度，学习后的活动情况。Identify 不同的学生群体。
虽然这只是在 campus，但是可以用来 urban planing，比如在哪里建设 building。
130095.Motivation Version1 动机版本一

Motivation is a concept that means turning people’s move into actions and there is internal motivation and
external motivation. Many psychological factors can affect motivation, such as one’s interest, values, and
inspiration. Motivation is also affected by age because when people grow older, there are more things that
they have already done. The current dominated opinion is that rewards and punishments are the most basic
factors to drive human’s behaviors.
Sample Answer:
Motivation is the move to action. Some external 动力就是行动。激励的一些外部因素包括价值、

factors of motivation include value, interest and
55
inspiration. After the speaker studied psychology, he 兴趣和灵感。在演讲者学习心理学之后，他发现

found that motivation varies with age. He also found
动机随着年龄的增长而变化。他还发现，惩罚和
that punishment and rewards are the basic factors
that affect motivation. (42 words) 奖励是影响动机的基本因素。
130159.Recycling Water 循环用水（100% conformation）

Why do we need to recycle water?
Because we don’t generate much new water. Chemically the process of generating water, which is basically
taking hydrogen and oxygen and burning them to produce water, is not a process that happens a lot anymore.
So in terms of our total volume of water in the world, yes it is changing, but it’s not changing significantly
relative to the rate at which we are using or demand fresh new water.
Now there are a lot of different areas of technology involved in water recycling, and we are later in the
interview going to get to industrial use and the reclamation of sewerage. What about in the home at the
moment; what sort of technology is being utilized in the home when we talk about water recycling?
Well very little on average. Typically in a modern home, we turn on the tap, we take a glass of water, we
probably in turning on that tap flush ten glasses of water down the sink. We take a shower, we use fresh
water, we do a whole range of things, and there is nominally very little recycling of that. It goes down the
drain and it goes off to a wastewater treatment plant.
There is actually very, very little recycling at a local level. People don’t actually say well I’m now going to
take the water I just used, put it through a sophisticated process and reuse it and have a closed loop. It’s not a
closed loop in the home.
56
Sample Answer:
This lecture is about water recycling. We need to 这堂课是关于水回收的。我们需要循环利用水，

recycle water, because we cannot generate much new
因为我们不能产生很多新的淡水。燃烧氢气可以
fresh water. Fresh water can be generated by burning
hydrogen, but it happened less. The total volume of 产生淡水，但这种情况较少发生。淡水的总量不
fresh water cannot satisfy our demands. Recycling
能满足我们的需求。回收技术在很多领域都是可
technologies are available for many areas, but little
technology available for home use. On the local 用的，但家庭使用的技术很少。在当地，这不是
level, it’s not a closed loop in the home. (68 words)
一个家庭的闭环。
130001.Books 书籍（珀斯考生回忆）
Why should we read the Republic? I met lots of students asked this question to themselves when they’re
given it as a set of books at the beginning of their university course. But in fact, there are many good reasons
to read the republic. And the first one I would pick on is just that it is immensely readable. It’s not Plato did
not write philosophy like a dry textbook. He wrote it like a living conversation. The whole of the Republic
which is a fairly fat book is a living conversation written in short almost soundbite type answers, but
nevertheless, developing some very very important ideas. So, my first answer then we should read the
Republic just because it is readable. It is readable it was written by a genius and it’s worth reading. It’s easy
to read. It’s not difficult. But then there's also obviously the thoughts, the content of the book and he's asking
this absolutely fundamental question "why should we bother to be good?" "what's in it for us effectively?". It
57
seems when we look at the world, it looks as though injustice pays. It looks as though crime pays whereas
the good people get trodden down. So, Plato addresses this absolutely fundamental question "why should we
be good". I’m not going to tell you his answer. Read the book.
Sample Answer:
This lecture is about the good reasons to read the 这堂课讲的是阅读《理想国》的好理由。第一个

Republic. The first reason is it is immensely readable
原因是它非常易读，很容易读，像一个生动的对
which is easy to read and like a vivid conversation.
Second, it was written by a genius and it’s worth 话。其次，它是一个天才写的，值得一读。第
reading. Third, the thought and content of the book
三，该书的思想和主张可以回答“我们为什么要
can answer the fundamental question ‘why should
we be good’. (62 words) 做好人”这一根本问题。
130153.English 英语（珀斯考生回忆）
English is not a pure language, which has been influenced by other 150 languages in history.
English borrow vocabulary and phrases from other languages.
When we focus on history, people from different periods have different views about this.
In Shakespeare’s time, people hated those borrowed words.
58
130013.Industrial revolution Version 1 工业革命版本一

France, one thought that they were called them "retarded", a word that was used, unfortunately, at that time.
And then one tried to see why not. Now, that analysis has been really rejected greatly over the past years,
because Industrial Revolution is measured by more than simply large factories with industrial workers and
the number of machines. This is the point of the beginning of this. The more that we look at the Industrial
Revolution, the more that we see that the Industrial Revolution was first and foremost an intensification of
forms of production, of kinds of production that were already there. And thus, we spend more time looking
at, you know, the intensification of artisanal production, craft production, of domestic industry, which we've
already mentioned, that is people mostly women but also men and children, too, working in the countryside.
The rapid rise of industrial production was very much tied to traditional forms of production. In Paris, for
example, in 1871, alright, 1870, the average unit of production had only slightly more than seven people in it.
So, if you only look for big factories and lots of machines, you'll be missing the boat on the Industrial
Revolution.
Sample Answer:
This lecture is about Industrial Revolution which is 这堂课是关于工业革命的，工业革命不仅仅是由

measured by more than simply large factories with 拥有工业工人的大型工厂和机器的数量来衡量
industrial workers and the number of machines. It
was first intensification of forms of production. Also, 的。首先是生产形式的集约化。此外，工业生产
the rapid rise of industrial production was much tied 的迅速增长在很大程度上与传统生产方式有关。
to traditional forms of production. Thus, if people
only look at big factories and machines, they will 因此，如果人们只看大工厂和机器，他们将错过
miss the boat on the Industrial Revolution. (66 工业革命的机会。
words)
59
130036.Talent 人才 Version 2 老爷爷版本（100% confirmated）


I think there is an intense competition at the moment to hire the most talented and most intellectually able
people. There is a time when I think companies have many of the adventures in the world. That involves the
companies’ world. It was the bosses’ world. Now I think it reverses the case. We have a shortage in talent
base within countries and between countries, have an intense battle between companies to hire the most
talented workers and also between countries, which are looking to recruit talented young people, talented
young immigrants.
We have this sense of immigrants being things that countries are battled to keep out, and immigrants want to
get in, climb of the walls. I think the opposite isn’t the case. And the topic is that countries are trying to lure
bright young people to get them to go to universities and get them to become immigrants.
So, on many levels, talent is a premium. There is a shortage of talent, and so countries, companies, all sorts
of organizations, of course, volunteer organizations as well as, are competing to hire the best and the
brightest. You know we have a baby-boom population which is aging. We have an economy which is
becoming more sophisticated. And so, for all those sorts of reasons, talent is a premium.
60
Sample Answer:
This lecture is about the shortage of talents which 这节课讲的是人才短缺，这导致了公司之间的战

causes battles between companies who are trying to
争，这些公司试图雇佣最有才华的工人，也导致
hire the most talented workers, and also between
countries who are encouraging young people to 了国家之间鼓励年轻人进入大学，然后成为移
come to universities and then become immigrants. 民。因此，在许多层面上，人才是宝贵的，因为
So on many levels, talent is premium because of the
aging of baby-boomers and a more sophisticated 婴儿潮一代的老龄化和更复杂的经济。
economy. (56 words)
130083.Sign language 手势语

Sign language is a language theory of human communication. It is clear that we cannot do anything in
computer without symbolisation. Human can use sign language and movements to convey ideas. In other
words, you can ask for help with your gestures instead of using words language. Thus, human communicate
combining hand and word language. This is supported by example of comparing human beings and
rhinoceros.
（学生回忆）-文中舉了個 example 是在說在古時人們被 rhinoceros 攻擊，他們用手語跟同伴說"come
to help"，在舉例前 speaker 還有口誤說了 dinosaur，然後開玩笑說恐龍已不存在是 rhinoceros
130023.Citizenship Curriculum 公民课程（增加最后一段）（100%

confirmated）

Last month I published alongside my annual report a subject report on the development of citizenship in
schools. The report celebrates the success of some schools in implementing the citizenship curriculum. It
praises those schools where they have taken and have substantial developments in the subject, and which
61
now go a long way towards fulfilling national curriculum requirements. In the report, we are critical of
schools which have not taken citizenship seriously, either through reluctance or lack of capacity to make
appropriate provision in the curriculum. Citizenship is marginalized in the curriculum. And in one fifth of
schools, it is less well established in the curriculum than other subjects, and less well taught. And some
critics have seized on this as a reason for wanting to step back from supporting it.
Yet, the progress made to date by the more committed school suggests that the reasons for introducing
citizenship are both worthwhile and can be fulfilled, given the time and resources. Indeed, those reasons are
given added weight by national and global events of the past few months. While not claiming too much,
citizenship can address core skills, attitudes and values that young people need to consider as they come to
terms with a changing world.
The main problems standing in the way of implementation of citizenship continue to be: the lack of
commitment on the part of many school leaders; an insufficient amount of initial and in-service training
provision to ensure that every school can call upon teachers with subject expertise; and its uncertain place in
the curriculum.
Sample Answer:
The lecture is about the citizenship curriculum, 这次讲座是关于公民课程的，公民课程在课程中

which is marginalized in the curriculum. But 被边缘化了。但引入公民身份是有价值的，只要
introducing citizenship is both worthwhile and can
be fulfilled as long as the resources are sufficient. 资源充足，就可以实现。此外，它为年轻人提供
Moreover, It provides core skills for young people to 了适应不断变化的世界的核心技能。然而，实施
adapt to the changing world. However, the main
problems of implementing the citizenship curriculum 公民课程的主要问题是许多学校领导缺乏承诺，
62
are the lack of commitment of many school leaders, 培训供给不足，在课程中的地位不确定。

insufficient training provision and its uncertain place
in the curriculum.(70 words)
130032.Management Education 教育学管理

Welcome to Stanford University business school which always promotes leadership in learning,
management and delivery of goods and services. We are not only delivering services and but also making
sure good quality. It is clear that educational purpose is to learn management and leadership. You should
realize your own responsibility through accomplishing assignments by yourselves instead of depending on
others. Profit and non- profit institutions like Stanford University provides learning, while Business School
is providing learning management. You should realize that the responsibility and accomplishments achieved
by others don’t indicate what you are capable of.
Sample Answer:
This lecture is about the purpose of education is to 这个讲座是关于教育的目的是学习管理和领导。

learn management and leadership.
Stanford 斯坦福大学商学院在许多领域促进领导力。他们
University Business school promotes leadership in
many areas. And they deliver services with good 提供高质量的服务。人们应该自己完成任务，而
63
quality. People should accomplish assignments on 不是依赖别人，这表明别人取得的成就并不意味

their own rather than relying on others which
着你有能力。此外，大学提供学习，而商学院提
indicates that the accomplishments achieved by
others don ’ t mean what you are capable of. 供学习管理。
Moreover, universities provide learning while
business schools provide learning management.(69
words)
130048.Food and Income 食物与收入


In my view, it’s impossible to talk about wildlife, and not think about its role in livelihood. And I guess part
of that is my own view, part of the research that I do in Africa. In most eastern-west Africa. I look a role; all
the humans rely on wildlife as the source of food, and also the source of income. And we talk about our
wildlife, it seems we talk about fish, we are talking about what probably the single most important source of
protein for human that across the globe. And, so, billions of, or more than a billion of people rely on fish as
their primary source of animal protein, and most of these people living in poverty. So the management of
fish resource of wildlife in that sense causing incredibly important to livelihoods and health. And also,
wildlife tourism is the multiple billion dollar industry, and in many places, such as Africa, South America, it
can be the No.1 source of income, it can be the No.1 source of foreign income for economies.
Sample Answer:
This lecture is about wildlife which plays a 这堂课是关于野生动物的，它们在生活中扮演着
64
significant role in livelihood especially fish. In 重要的角色，尤其是鱼类。在非洲，人们依靠野

Africa, people rely on wildlife as the source of their
生动物作为食物和收入的来源。人们依赖鱼类作
food and income. People rely on fish as their primary
source of animal protein and most of them living in 为动物蛋白质的主要来源，而且大多数人生活在
poverty. Thus, the management of fish resource of
贫困中。因此，野生动物鱼类资源的管理对人们
wildlife is crucial for people’s health. Moreover,
wildlife tourism is another source of foreign 的健康至关重要。此外，野生动物旅游也是外国
income.(70 words)
收入的另一个来源。
130061.Governments Use Tricks 政府伎俩

I suppose it's the truism to point out that citizens need to be well informed. Maybe it's something we take for
granted in our liberal western democracies. But there will be plenty of societies, well, that is run counter to
explicit government policy. Many areas of the world still suffer from the reverie of the deliberate missing
information. Governments, especially the unelected ones, but also some elected ones, have denied the events
that have ever taken place. They pretend that other events did take place. They would help spin what they
cannot deny. Ensure they've used every trick of the book, to pull the eyes of the world, and in an attempt to
cover up their mistakes.
Sample Answer:
65
This lecture is about government use tricks to cover 这堂课讲的是政府用诡计来掩盖一些事情。公民

up something. Citizens should be well informed 应该充分了解哪些代表民主。然而，仍有许多社
which stands for democracy. However, there are
many societies still suffer from the deliberate 会遭受着故意缺失信息的痛苦。政府否认真实事
missing information. Governments denied true 件，并假装发生了一些事件。这些国家的政府使
events and pretended some events happened. Those
governments use all tricks to cover their 用一切手段来掩盖他们的错误。
mistakes.(50 words)
130075.Obese Women 女性体脂实验

A Canadian program involved 31 obese women in an accurate experiment which tracks their body fat
changes. They followed strict daily diet requirements and did exercise as instructed every day. After six
months, some people lost weight, some remained the same, while others gained weight. There are two
explanations: some of them may have cheated on the diet, or some of them consciously or unconsciously did
less.
130132.History of Software 软件的历史

The history of software is of course very very new. And the whole IT industry is really only 67 years old
which is extraordinary and to be so close to the birth of a major new technology, a major new discipline is
66
quite remarkable given where we got to in those 67 years. And the progression has been not so much a
progression as a stampede because Moore's Law, the rapid expansion in the power of computing and the
rapid fall of the cost of computing and storage and communications has made it feasible for information
technology to move into all sorts of areas of life that were never originally envisaged. What has happened is
that there has been as I said a stampede for people to pick the low-hanging fruit. And that is what's guided
the development of software and information technology over the past decades and continues to do so with a
number of consequences that we will explore.
Sample Answer:
This lecture is about the history of software which is 这堂课讲的是软件的历史，它只有67年的历史。

only 67 years old. The rapid expansion in the power 计算能力的迅速扩大和计算、存储和通信成本的
of computing and the rapid fall of the cost of
computing and storage and communications has 迅速下降使信息技术进入生活的各个领域成为可
made it feasible for information technology to move 能。此外，我们将继续这样做，并将探讨一些后
into all sorts of areas of life. Moreover, we will
continue to do so with a number of consequences 果。
that we will explore.(67 words)
130084.Genes affect human behaviors 基因影响人类行为

Since the discovery of DNA structure, people have believed that genes have an impact only on people’s
physical structure. But the study of mapping of genes in 2001 found that there is a genetic responsibility to
human’s physical and psychological behaviors, which has changed the way we understand our behaviors.
The research on genes has provided integrating information, and the findings can benefit biologists,
psychologists and neuroscientists.
130085.Pandemic Transmitting 传染病传播（100% confirmated）

What we know is that the impact of the pandemic would be catastrophic if it is similar to what we had in
1918. In the United States, there has been unprecedented amount of preparation so far. It’s um, affects every
aspect of public health. We have efforts for treatment, efforts for better prevention, clinical management,
67
key communications, the domestic and international responses, and also efforts to try to prevent
transmission within community. The federal government has had tremendous amount of resources that they
have put into development of the new antiviral drugs, antiviral drugs stock piles; development of new
vaccines and manufacturing facilities for vaccines. So, there’s quite a lot that’s happening in the United
States. However, developing countries do not have the level of resources found in more developed countries.
That’s the real challenge.
Sample Answer:
This lecture is about prevention of pandemic 这堂课讲的是预防大流行的传播，如果和过去类

transmitting, which will be catastrophic, if it is 似，这将是灾难性的。美国为预防影响公共卫生
similar to the past. The United States has been an
unprecedented amount of preparation to prevent 各个方面的大流行传播进行了前所未有的大量准
pandemic transmitting, which affects every aspect of 备。联邦政府投入了大量的资源来开发新药。然
public health. The federal government has put
tremendous amount of resources to develop new 而，对缺乏资源的发展中国家来说，这是真正的
drugs. However, for developing countries, which 挑战。
lack resources, it is the real challenge. (65 words)
130090.What makes people happy 快乐的原因

So happiness economics can help us get to these questions, and I'll try to give you some examples of this.
Now, even though there's a lot of skepticism, originally about using this survey - surveys what people say
make them happy. The number of reason that we are getting increasingly confident in doing so. One is that
their consistent pattern - remarkable consistent pattern, that determines well-being across large samples of
people, across countries, across the world, and over time. Some of the basic things that make people happy,
and I will show you some of these income health, marital status, employment status. Some of these very
basic things are remarkably consistent across countries across world. So that gives us some sense that these
68
surveys are picking up consistent patterns. And when we know what consistent patterns are, we can look
how other things that very much more, affect people's well-being. The environment and equality, the natures
institution raging on living, and all kinds of other things that very much more
Sample Answer:
This lecture is about happiness. People are skeptical 这堂课是关于幸福的。人们对什么能让人快乐持

about what makes people happy. According to a
怀疑态度。根据一项基于全球许多样本的幸福调
survey on happiness conducted based on many
worldwide samples, one factor that makes people 查，让人们幸福的一个因素是一致的模式，这种
happy is the consistent patterns, which are prevalent
模式在世界各地都很普遍。这种模式有一些基本
across the borders. This pattern has some basic
factors including income, marital status, and 因素，包括收入、婚姻状况和就业状况。调查还
employment status. The survey also shows other
显示了其他关键因素，包括平等、生活环境和自
critical factors, including equality, living
environment, and the natural instinct.(68 words) 然本能。
130133.Educational Leadership 教育中的领导力

The Education Leadership Initiative was started by Dean Bob Joss of Stanford Graduate School of
Business. He talked a lot about the importance of education leadership. Education leaders need to be
dynamic and entrepreneurial change agents. Managing is not enough – increasingly leaders must rise to
the challenge of changing their organizations through innovative, problem-solving strategies. So we are
combining forces from our School of Education and School of Business to support the development of
management skills and leadership capacity for current superintendents and other central office leaders.
69
The School of Education will focus on learning while the School of Business will focus on management.
Now many institutes are providing education leadership learning opportunities, for profit or non-profit.
We want to make sure that here at Stanford, we are not only delivering the services but with good quality.
The program incorporates case-studies and research-based presentations, discussions, and exercises.
Participants also collaborate and build relationships through group work. However, they must realize that
it is their own responsibility to achieve and accomplish – what others can do does not indicate what you
are capable of.
Sample Answer:
This lecture is about education leadership. Managing 这堂课是关于教育领导的。管理是不够的，领导

is not enough, leaders must rise to the challenge of 者必须通过创新的、解决问题的策略来迎接改变
changing their organizations through innovative,
problem-solving strategies. The School of Education 组织的挑战。教育学院将专注于学习，而商学院
will focus on learning while the School of Business 将专注于管理。像斯坦福大学这样的机构不仅提
will focus on management. The institutions like
Stanford University are not only delivering the 供服务，而且质量也很好。人们应该自己完成任
services but with good quality. People should 务，而不是依靠别人。
accomplish assignments on their own rather than
relying on others. (68 words)
130130.Applications in Biology 在生物学中的应用

70
The lecture is about applications used in biology systems. Nowadays, scientists can engineer and the nature,
while scientist could just cut and paste DNA from one organism to another 40n years ago, they can write
DNA and create new organisms and cells. Besides, scientists use micro scale tools in bacteria the nest day.
130154.Internet 因特网
Internet is an innovation for people who are clever at programming.
Moreover, the Internet is based on security, which means that users should trust each other, and the email
system is designed for people to transmit information.
However, the Internet is never designed only for the sender side.
130065.Misunderstanding of Globalization 对全球化的误解

Globalization is an overused and often misunderstood concept. We hear it all the time on news broadcasts
and in any type of public discussion. But the starting point for understanding globalization is that it is
industries and markets that globalize, not countries. That’s why it’s helpful to think of Globalisation as ‘the
integration of economic activities across borders’. But why does globalization matter? I would argue
globalization matters because it means the rise of interconnectedness between countries and markets across
the world. For example, one of the reasons why the financial crash of 2007/2008 was so serious was because
the financial and banking systems of countries around the world have become so closely interconnected with
the globalization of markets.
Sample Answer:
This lecture is about the misunderstanding of 这堂课讲的是对全球化的误解。理解全球化的出

globalization. The starting point for understanding
发点是工业和市场的全球化，而不是国家的全球
71
globalization is that it is industries and market 化。因此，把全球化看作是“跨国界经济活动的

globalize, not counties. So it’s helpful to think of
一体化”是有帮助的。全球化很重要，因为它意
globalization as ‘the integration of economic
activities across border’. Globalization matters 味着世界各国和市场之间相互联系的增强。
because it means the rise of interconnectedness
between countries and markets across the world. (60
words)
130058.Language in vocabulary 语言词汇

Well, a historical linguist compares languages at several levels. You start out looking for basic vocabulary.
All languages of the world, natural languages at least, have words for eye and head and nose and ear and for
sky and earth and for water, sand and for sibling, mother and father. They may not have words for uncle and
aunt. It becomes much vaguer because in one culture an aunt is different when it comes from your father's
side than from your mother's side. You don't include snow. Most people know what snow is but in the
tropics you don't have it. So you look for notions that are totally comparable and that occur everywhere in
the world. You can the hundred or two hundred most universal notions in a human life, those which you call
the basic vocabulary. So you take basic vocabularies and languages that you think are related. You look for
words that sound the same.
Sample Answer:
This lecture is about language comparison, the 这堂课是关于语言比较的，历史语言学从几个层

historical linguistic compares languages at several 面对语言进行比较。他们开始寻找不同语言的基
levels. They start looking for basic vocabularies in
different languages such as eyes,mother ect. But they 本词汇，如眼睛，母亲等。但是他们找不到像
72
can’t find the words like uncle or aunt, because it uncle 或 aunt这样的词，因为它变得越来越模
becomes much vaguer. Therefore, people should
糊。因此，人们应该寻找完全可比较的概念和相
look for notions that are totally comparable and
words that are related and sound the same.(64 words) 互关联、听起来相同的词语。
130057.Language acquisition 语言习得

Child language acquisition, three little words. So let's take them on at a time. Child, when to start being a
child? For many people, language acquisition starts around about twelve months when kids say that first
word, but don't forget the first year. At the first year, our first year of life is very important as well and
indeed before you are born, remember there are couple of months before you are born, when you actually
able to perceive in the womb, something of the language that's around you. So language acquisition starts
earlier than most people think. And it also ends later than most people think. When does child language
acquisition stop? Well, in a sense, you know, we are all children, we stay being children all in our lives.
There is no obvious endpoint for learning sounds, of course, there is for learning grammar, there is for
vocabulary, huh. I mean that goes on for the rest of our lives in million or more words in English. Most of us
only have a vocabulary of 50, 60, 70 thousand words, whatever it is until there is always something to learn.
So remember that two ends of child language acquisition are wider apart than some people think. That
means there is more scope for studying in it than most people think.
Sample Answer:
This lecture is about language acquisition. It starts 这堂课是关于语言习得的。大约12个月大的时

around about twelve months when kids say that first 候，孩子们说出第一个单词的时间比大多数人认
word which starts earlier than most people think.
Also, since people continue learning grammars and 为的要早。此外，由于人们不断学习语法和词
vocabularies, there is no obvious learning endpoint 汇，没有明显的学习终点，这意味着学习目的的
which means there is a wider scope for study
purposes than most people think. (53 words) 范围比大多数人认为的更广。
73
Write From Dictation

 本周新增：
 201926.That means they have so many struggling overlaps
 201844.This course aims to develop your knowledge of statistics.
 201875.Relying on natural abilities will not let you go further in science
 201264.The students were instructed to submit their assignments before Friday.（珀斯考生回忆）
 201354.The massive accumulation of data was converted into a communicable argument. （已确认）
 201351.The lowest grade has been omitted from the calculation.
 201304.The commissioner will portion the funds among all the sovereignties.（已确认）
 201925.The laboratory library near the entrance of the library,
 201821.Children are producing words before they are able to walk
 201388.The same issues featured both explanations of the problem.
 201873.Information technology has changed the way people work today.
 201582.They were struggling last year to make their service pay.
 201503.You can contact all your tutors by email.
 201398.The sociology department is highly regarded worldwide.★惟知老师确认
 201470.University departments carefully monitored articles and other publications by faculty.
 201043.Before submitting your dissertation your advisor must approve your application.
 201483.We study science to understand and appreciate the world around us.★李老师确认
 201184.Our professor is hosting the business development conference.
 201371.The placement test of mathematics and statistics is offered every semester. （已确认）
 201171.Most of the features were part of the previous system.
 201099.Free campus tour runs daily during summer for prospective students.★小米老师确认
 201820.There is no criterion passed for qualified journalists.
 201169.Most of these students have not considered this issue before.
 201141.It is absolutely vital that you acknowledge all your sources.★布里斯班机房考生确认
 201168.You will need to purchase an academic gown for commencement.
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 201920.The disease that was serious has been now eradicated.

 201921.You should attend safety course before the engineering workshop.
 201181.Native speakers are exempt from the language tests in their own language
 201070.Radio is one of the most popular forms of entertainment throughout the world.
 201187.Observers waited nervously and with bated breath for the concert.
 201246.She used to be an editor of the student newspaper.
 201256.Students’ concession cards can be obtained by completing an application form.
 201151.It was hard to anticipate how all the different characters would react.（已确认）
 201093.Everyone must evacuate the premises during the fire drill.
 201199.Participants initially select from a range of foundation subjects.

 201892.Physical health can be improved by regular training
 201884.The government is funding research study on the consequences of unemployment.
 201463.Traffic is the main cause of air pollution in many cities.
 201180.Mutually exclusive events can be described as either complementary or opposite.
 201919.Honey can be used as food and health product.
 201918.Neuroscience is a compound of completely separate parts.
 201035.Animals raised in captivity behave differently than their wild counterparts.（已确认）
 201901.Philosophy contains a lot of logics and reasons to analyze human experience.
 201701.Students should leave their bags on the table by the door.
 201696.Advanced technology will create growth in the economy.
 201870.Psychologists say what we have experienced influences our behaviors.
 201069.Control systems in manufacturing provide a high level of accuracy.（珀斯考生回忆）
 201912.This article covers architecture planning and construction.
 201839.In any written assignment, a detailed literature review is very important.
 201914.Exotic activities can help students develop more talents.
 201904.These/The resources cited are not enough for this assessment.
 201905.Please return the books to the correct positions on the shelves
 201410.The toughest part for education is funding.
75
 201281.The application process may take longer than it’s expected. （已确认）
 201406.The theme of the instrumental work exhibited more of a demure and compositional style.
 201162.Many graduates of journalism can get jobs in the communications field.
 201012.The aerial photographs were promptly registered for thorough evaluation.
 201140.Tribes vied with each other to build up monolithic statues.
 201261.Students have the option to live in college residences or apartments.
 201867.We should never underestimate the power of creative
 201620.They developed a unique approach to training their employees.
 201840.Marine environment has been destroyed by pollution and unsustainable development.
 201413.Undergraduates may pay their interests on special stages within specific programs.（珀斯考生
回忆）
 201132.If you seek for further extension, contact your faculty for more information.
 201300.The city’s/cities/cities’ founders created a set of rules that became law. （已确认）
 201298.A celebrated theory is still the source of great controversy.

 201299.The chemistry building is located near the entrance of the campus.
 201563.Good research delivers practical benefit to real people
 201232.Resources and materials are on hold at the library reference desk.
 201520.Your lowest quiz grade has been eliminated from the calculations.
 201332.The following economic policy lecture has been cancelled.
 201403.The teacher asked the group to commence the task.
 201876.The library will stay open until midnight this week
 201908.Two sides have disagreed on how to solve the problem.
 201858.Many university lectures can now be viewed on the internet.
 201853.Employment figures are expected to be improved
 201783.Natures are defined as specific chemical compounds.
 201781.You must hand in your essay in midday on Friday.
 201797.Artists need to make their work both original and accessible
 201601.Governments need to make solar energy more affordable to everyone.
 201752.A lack of sleep can increase the chance of some illnesses
76
 201753.The invention of the printing press increases the demand for paper
 201565.There are opportunities to receive the grants from most artistic fields.
 201754.Art students often exhibit their work on the university buildings
 201755.The office hours will be changed from next term
 201852.The food crops require a large amount of water and fertilizer. 已确认
 201846.This advanced course requires a basic knowledge of economic theory.
 201859.New materials and techniques are changing the way of architecture.
 201860.Professors with higher educational standard trained them extremely seriously.
 201350.The library holds a substantial collection of materials on economic history.
 201847.Eating fish twice a week is an accommodation on a health diet.
 201848.There are many different styles of business management.
 201849.The northern campus car park is located behind the library
 201850.University student should purchase the graduation gown for the commencement.
 201851.Linguist is the scientist and knowledge(不确定) of the language.（学生回忆）
 201854.New media journalism is an interesting area for study.
 201855.We are rethinking the solutions for the society.
 201856.Plagiarism in a test is very severe.
 201857.There is an accounting assessment for finance students.
 201843.The lecture will cover the reason of climate change.
 201827.Classical mechanism is considered as a branch of mathematics.
 201828.In statistics, a detailed lecture of view is very important.
 201829.The goal of the company is to get investment.
 201831.Practical experiments are essential parts of chemical classes.
 201833.You will be tested via quiz and dissertation.
 201835.Classical mechanism is considered as a branch of mathematics.
 201836.Studying medicine is always with a wide range of opportunities.
 201837.The course involves pure and applied mathematics.
 201834.New developments in manufacturing are constantly changing the way we live.
 201865.The university provides different facilities for students and staff.
 201830.Designers need to keep up with the social trend..
 201826.We are dealing with the most challenges that we face today.
 201825.Academic libraries across the world are steadily incorporating social media.
77
 201824.Most food constructions require large amount of water or fertilizer.

 201822.The rising of the sea level indicates climate change.
 201823.Packages are likely to be used in many computers.
 201838.He was regarded as the foremost economist at that time.
 201704.Even simple techniques need to be practiced to become better.
 201496.While reconciliation is desirable, the basic underlying issues must first be addressed.
 201785.Scientists are always asking the government for more money.★阿德机房考生确认
 201422.The ways in which people communicate are constantly changing.★小米老师确认
 201060.Climate change is now an acceptable phenomenon among reputable scientists.
 201062.Clinical practices in nursing prepare students in practical practices.
 201284.The article (shows) a number of very interesting experiments(学生回忆)
 201699.The researchers are disappointed that their results are proved to be inconclusive （学生回忆）
 201173.Speed is defined as how quickly a person or an object moves.
 201645.Journalism faces the crises in the light of the digital revolution.
 201292.The business development seminar includes an internship with a local firm.
 201780.People see stars that were billions of years ago.
 201450.This paper challenged the previously accepted theories.（24/6考场回忆）
 201111.He is regarded as the foremost economist this year.
 201817.Your ideas are sophisticated in seminars and tutorials.
 201804.Studying history can help you better understand the present.
 201798.Our study program equips students with central skills for university.
 201389.Renovation works have been undertaken throughout the building
 201803.A regional assembly was moved to the devolution of power.
 201806.The study shows the sense of recent technologies.
 201805.The career service provides suggestions on how to pass the job interview.
 201029.Americans have progressively defined the process of plant growth and reproductive
development in quantitative terms.
 201790.Castle was designed to intimidate both local people and enemies.
 201787.There are dedicated specialist librarians available all the time.
 201786.Plants are able to continue growing throughout their lives.
 201663.Our facilities include five items in the university.
 201651.Purity is one feature that makes gold expensive.
78
 201363.Scientists were unsure when the early man left Africa.

 201267.Supply and demand is one of the most fundamental concepts in economics.★布里斯班机房考
生确认（珀斯考生回忆）
 201661.As union members, we can influence the change of the university.
 201726.Horizontal line on the graph indicates there is no period of change.
 201810.Social science is the study of solving social problems.(考生回忆)
 201500.You are required to complete the research paper by Monday.
 201449.This newspaper challenges the previously accepted theories.
 201126.This paper challenged many previous theories.
 201685.You will learn how to rationally assess your arguments.
 201006.A party is thrown in the small meeting room.
 201008.A recent article shows a number of interesting experiments.
 201779.We no longer respond to any postal reference requests.
 201364.The nation achieved prosperity by opening its ports for trade.★李老师确认
 201653.The research has produced some other unexpected results.
 201682.Career services provide tips about how to cope with job interviews.
 201270.Teaching assistants will receive a monthly stipend for housing.★珀斯机房考生确认
 201608.Some departments have their own special book collections.★布里斯班机房考生确认
 201610.The economy is now showing the/its first sign/signs of recovery.
 201155.Let me know if anybody struggles in the lab.
 201531.In this language course, we focus on fluency and accuracy.
 201372.The plight of wildlife has been ignored by developers.
 201676.Graphs and charts allowed data more easily to be understood.
 201672.A laptop has been founA laptop has been fod at the biology lab.
 201672.A laptop computer has been found in the computer lab/biological labs.
 201044.His appointment to economic culture minister was seemed as a demotion.(待确定)
 201702.Slides and handouts can be downloaded after the lecture.（待确认）
 201710.Salt is produced from the seawater or extracted from the ground.
 201125.If finance is a cause of concern, scholarships may be available.★Lily老师确认
 201293.The business policy seminar includes an internship with a local firm.★悉尼机房考生确认
 201375.The qualification will be assessed by using a criterion reference to approach.（已确认）
79
 201494.When workers ask for higher wages, companies often raise their prices.★布里斯班机房考生确
认
 201367.The new paper challenged the previously accepted theories
 201405.The technician left the new microscope in the biology lab.
 201719.Blue whale is the largest mammal ever lived.
 201456.Those seeking formal extension should contact their faculty for information.（已确认）
 201773.The shipwreck of this year ruined some artifacts which were interested by historians.
 201669.The opening hours of the library is reducing during the summer.
 201695.Measures must be taken to prevent unemployment rate from increasing.

 201714.The coffee machine (located) on the third floor is not working today.
 201640.Muscle cells bring parts of the body closer together.
 201091.The evaluation forms will be reviewed by university personnel.
 201046.The article reflects a number of very interesting experiments.
 201054.We hold visiting tours throughout the year for students.
 201688.Food cannot be eaten in the main library.
 201287.The artists tied to conservative politicians earned their own roles of critics.
 201203.Biology involves the study of life of/at all levels.
 201678.The department is organizing a flight to London in July.
 201658.Food has become a political issue in the world.
 201278.Children acquire their first language without any conscious effort.
 201709.Animal and plant cells have a number of structures in common.
 201717.All medical students must clean their hands before entering the room.
 201697.Your statistical information depends on your raw data.
 201707.Certain organisms can reproduce using just one parent.
 201643.Being bilingual is not necessarily being having the ability of understanding two languages.
 201723.Sound waves are unable to travel through vacuum.
 201722.Make sure you choose a course that provides great career opportunities.
 201686.Undergraduates have a wide range of cultural modules to choose from.
 201305.One function of body fat is to keep the internal organs warm.
80
 201689.Social media is criticized of causing internet addiction.

 201320.Sugar is a compound which consists of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen.
 201322.International exchanges formed the important part of our study program..
 201690.It is necessary to dress formally for the graduate/graduation ceremony.
 201720.The bus for London will leave 10 minutes later than planned.
 201404.A series of lectures showed economics have been recorded.
 201747.Consumer confidence tends to increase as the economy expands.
 201741.There is a significant difference between theory and practice of education.
 201721.The printers automatically print two sides of each page.
 201412.Assignments should be submitted to the department office before the deadline.
 201788.We can’t consider any increase in our prices at this stage.
 201061.Clinical placements in nursing prepare students for professional/practical practice.

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010102.THE wild Cat 野猫................................................................................................................................................1

010165.Two Sisters 两姐妹............................................................................................................................................... 1

010209.Grand Canyon-version 1 大峡谷-版本 1.............................................................................................................. 2

010216The only family 唯一的人家................................................................................................................................. 2

010196.Environmental Policy Course 环境政策课程.......................................................................................................3

010195.Electric Car 电动汽车...........................................................................................................................................3

010200.Public demand for education 公众对教育的需求................................................................................................ 4

010002.Carbon emissions 碳排放量.................................................................................................................................4

010229. The Emergence of IT IT 的出现........................................................................................................................ 5

010227.Australian English（Version 2）澳大利亚英语(版本 2).................................................................................... 5

010205.Online shopping environments 网上购物环境.....................................................................................................5

010174.Fast food 快餐....................................................................................................................................................... 5

010228.Black Swan 黑天鹅...............................................................................................................................................6

010223.Important value of literature（文学的重要价值）..............................................................................................7

010225.A World Without Light（一个没有光的世界）..................................................................................................8

010004.Fiscal Year 财政年度............................................................................................................................................ 8

010046.Global warming 全球变暖....................................................................................................................................8

010190.Business School Admissions 商学院招生............................................................................................................ 9

010069.21st century 21 世纪............................................................................................................................................. 9

010155.Industrial Revolution 工业革命............................................................................................................................ 9

010191.Hazard Assessment 风险评估...............................................................................................................................9

010183.The most memorable benefit 最难忘的好处...................................................................................................... 10

010208.Internal combustion engine 内燃机.................................................................................................................... 10

010222.Tesla and Edison （Version 2）特斯拉和爱迪生(版本 2)................................................................................11

010139.Marketing course 市场营销课程........................................................................................................................ 11

010182.Divisions of domestic work 家务分工................................................................................................................11

010021.Edison and Tesla （Version 1）爱迪生和斯特拉 版本 1................................................................................ 11

010187.The next wave of leaders 下一波领导人............................................................................................................12

010134.Difficult conversations 困难的对话................................................................................................................... 12

010155.Industrial Revolution 工业革命.......................................................................................................................... 12

010159.Major Breeding Areas 主要繁殖区.....................................................................................................................13

010199.The preparation of abstract 摘要的编写.............................................................................................................13

010183.Electronic discourse 电子语篇............................................................................................................................14

010175.Australian English 澳大利亚英语...................................................................................................................... 14

010166.Legal writing 法律写作...................................................................................................................................... 14

010151.Sustainable agriculture 可持续农业................................................................................................................... 15

010172.Statistical Information 统计信息........................................................................................................................ 15

010132.Founding fathers 开国元勋.................................................................................................................................16

010093.Trade unions 工会............................................................................................................................................... 16

010007.Yellow Tulip/Square Root 黄色郁金香/根......................................................................................................... 17

010168.Japanese Tea Ceremony 日本茶道......................................................................................................................17

010156.Diversity of language 语言的多样性................................................................................................................. 17

010164.No Ordinary Book 非普通书籍.......................................................................................................................... 18

010177.Teacher's instruction 教师指导策略................................................................................................................... 19

010135.Population Growth 人口增长............................................................................................................................. 19

040110.Food Labeling 食品标签.....................................................................................................................................97

040041.Early Robot 早期的机器人.................................................................................................................................98

040016.The Best Rice 最好的大米............................................................................................................................... 100

040001.Brain DevelopmentV1 大脑发育阶段 版本一.................................................................................................102

040078.Bomb Calorimeter 弹式热量计........................................................................................................................ 104

040109. The Large Hadron Collider 大型强子对撞机..................................................................................................105

040106.UK City Population 英国城市人口.................................................................................................................. 107

040090.Narratives 叙述................................................................................................................................................. 108

040025.Edmund Wilson 埃德蒙·威尔逊.......................................................................................................................109

040097. European Countries ‘Educational Expenditure‘欧洲国家的教育开支...........................................................111

040158.Pavlov’s Experiment V2 巴甫洛夫的实验 版本二（文本补充）..................................................................112

040132.Practice and Performance 实践与表现.............................................................................................................113

040146.Truth and Rhetoric 真理和修辞........................................................................................................................116

040083.Morton Prince & Dissociation of a Personality 莫顿王子&人格的分裂.........................................................117

040148. Poverty in Rural Areas 农村贫困.....................................................................................................................119

010021.Edison and Tesla （Version 1）爱迪生和斯特拉版本 1................................................................................ 11

040001.Brain DevelopmentV1 大脑发育阶段版本一.................................................................................................102

040158.Pavlov’s Experiment V2 巴甫洛夫的实验版本二（文本补充）..................................................................112

040122.Mars and Earth V1 火星与地球版本一.......................................................................................................... 121

040024.Chest X-RAY 胸部 x 光片（100% confirmated）......................................................................................... 132

040011. Haussmann’s Renovation of Paris 奥斯曼对巴黎的改造（24/6 考场）..................................................... 134

040055.Superman & Superpower 超人与超能力（100% confirmated）...................................................................140

040012.NGO & disempowerment 非政府组织与反授权（100% confirmated）......................................................148

040069.Pavlov’s Experiment V1 巴甫洛夫的实验版本一..........................................................................................185