tet syyuaasaay ray sya 0) yp waaay ery ogee sn yt asaya san dea vo pap SVINWHOS (MaiAZyREVIEW) FORMULAE triangle law oe paalleagrann we of $e ra. the magne of teal Fal 1 ht estos Paral iin ca ther a ale gen be Saree) Ue sevatant & aes anal th Pte p= Sen eh F Qat WAG Ay A, ae the rectangular components of ant) are the unit vestry along, Yan 2 aus respecte then Wi AK + lal (vate > acd Altay iedek ‘ then horizontal component of 4 oF A «A= Asn eral componen and a= (ate > Dor product of ow vectors A.B={ AB ]oos0= ABs * ALR O=90° and d + Angle © between vectors and Bis given by > tn terms of rectangular components, a B+ 4,0, Cross product of to vets AxBe ABsio0n | [Cnt vector perpendicular tothe paseo vectors A and 8 is given by n= A* 8 [aa Aawt Jawa 7 ann fl nfm ear come ey Joy 4 intl a 4 nn oe Aste (A BAF ABABA, A + Forpuat ycton, Ax tho + Moment ofa frecor tongue, #57 the etve veocty EA Wet By Fy by he relive velosiy FW AL ag V8 ‘or two objects moviag with velocities vy a, at an angle 0, the relative wel Bis given by yeloty vy makes an angle with vy. then iy of an jet anf tain Pere Posi ‘of the projeaile projected horizontally rom a height after time i + Equant ajectny: y= ty arsine: v= are? Beta > Time tight r= [2 Ve 7 Move tact nf £4 poetic med eh veloc wat an angle 8 Angular daplacement 8 aio ts ned 9 Unto A AA are me a that A and angie se diame > Dplaemeat and datas are se mene erage peed sad merage veloc ar m+ > Noctis 9 ryan egy Be ond avatar Rea, = > Ducane ty hand Karem metres Acelration 1 doe to gravity gin m+ and times | and Veloce ane, cn 9, = ed Tin wand vote mae > Angular oat). a rads vem ale 0 and angele accelerate ad +wet y oro FORMULAE REVIEW > Liat ment. pr at chang of near more dm “dtd ‘change momentum wat . rtomsee =) ( Aru oot Fag moa 2) | db ves under fc ime 2 raph >The apparent weight ofa mani i Whe the if mes pan wh acai Re mig +a) When the moves downwards with sccleration a = mig a) + When the Mt fa rey a= so Re mga) mig = 0 loc #050 He mig Omg > Inthe absence of any external fore, vector sum fof the linear momenta ofa system of particles > Fora body sem, my # mi =, # mM M Inhote AF the mass of the gun, the mas of the velocity of the ballet > Recoil eloty of gu, > Resultant lore the racket, 1 upthest nthe rocket ~ weight of the mck rn gamaast 4 9ne sie i, omeurt 4 92 ration of the rocket after time He my a ey fe kt erie vengseleg st Ith eect of pay is meget, then ; , urn epee of the rocket, erate Here, r= doc of exhanst gases = inal velo ofthe rocket 1 ela ofthe ocket tay instant ‘m= iil mass ofthe rocket = al mss ofthe rocket im, mass ofthe empy eocket did = rae of eetion of ue >A numberof forces ating atthe sme point x called concurten forces. numberof concurent forces ae sad oe uilbviam if thei resuhant is 2er0 FoR tReet =6 Wf fy and ate three concrcent fore casino + shee ieee ina” inf "ey Covet of iting friction ‘Normal rece or nA on i an Fora body placed om horizontal ste. J, mand f= means Non > Siti fiston, J, <1 orf sy, > Kinet friction, f< > 104s the angle of friction, then, ant) > 1604s the angle of repose, then, = tan > Angle of repose = Angle of friction ie, 8 = @ > Fora body moving on a rough horizontal surface with retardation a af te Ro mg g and, <1, <1, where bis the coeficient a roling friction, fi the rolling friction and ris the radius ofthe rolling bod, > For & body placed on an inclined plane of inclination 8, ole Normal econ. R= mg os Fraction f= t= png co «> When a body moves down an inclined plane wahout any acceleration, net downward force needed sid — f= mi ~ wos) Wark done, W = B= mg - cos > When dy moves pan incline plane witout ication pune face mde mes» = mind + nos) rilind » cow Ww. > When a body moves up an inclined plane, with acceleration a, net upward force needed is Ena + mysind +f mia + gind + gos) W = ma + gsi + geo) > For a body moving along a horizontal circular th, centripetal force i r } > Centrifgal force is equal to centripetal force in magnitude but act way fromthe centre, >A vehicle taking circular turn on a level oad I His the coeient of friction between tyres and ‘oad, then the maximum velocity with which the Sehice can safely take a catcular turn at rads 7 ven by na =H Banking of tacks (roads): The maximum velocity th which vehi (inf Tabsenseof frets) 7 85 ‘an negtiatea circular road of radius rand banked tan angle is given by ‘When the fictional forces are also taken into secount, the maximum safe velocty i given by h() wort hl ego aon > Velocity ofthe body at any point ata height ftom the lowest point, > Tension in the sting at any point, lu? ~3ghe gr) te > Tension athe lowest point 7, ="? > Tension at he highest point =u? —597) > Dilfeence in esions athe highest and lowest pont 7, Ty = oe > Velocity at the highest point fo looping the lop, nae Units Used > Velocities w and v ae in m 5 time ¢4n second, omentum pin kg ms! acceleration am m and force Fin newton (N) > ‘The absolute ST unit of ore is newton and CS units dyse The gravitational SU unit of forse is kg for kget and CGS unit i gf or gst > Force of friction f and normal reaction R ate in newton (N), caficen of fiction jas no units > Radius rand height in mete, velocity u and ¥ fare sm ms tensions TT, and Tate in newton os Conversion Used > N= 10° dyne > Thg wt = 98 > Lgwt = 980 dyneREVIEW) FORMULAE the work done by force, W= Fi =Frcos > Ia body of mass mis raised through height h, then W = mah ° Ifa body moves wp plane inclined at an ange 0 with a constant speed, then W = msinO x = w=Ehs, > ea d Gravitational RE, U= gh Linear romentum conserved both in caste and Inelasticeallisions Lei ms = # EY Kinetic energy i conserved in elastic collision Lia? et any? inst edn ie +m Cocfcet of restitution fora collision is given by nom lal a lym Fora bul ebounding from a Noor, €= For an dastic collision (involving no loss of KE) . , > Foran inelastic collision (involving loss of KE) For a conservative force, P= =2E eel ae Units Used su=u;-v.=-we-f re > ink ince Fis in neon, dans in mete x and work done W in joule, in CGS system, fore F When work s done only conservative forces only, is dj, dance sin cm and work done W in erg mechanical energy is conserved > Distance «in metre, potential energy U in joule K+ U= constant and fore constant in Nm ‘According to Hooke law, F = -ke > Mass m is in kg and energy in joule and power : sn wat (W). Force constant, k== > Masses my, my ae in kg, velocities t,t, Yu x fare in ms, linear momenta in kgm", kinetic Workdone onaspring or PE.ofaspringstretched energy in joule and coefficient of restitution ‘e" has no units. through distance x, W- Carat ol According to Einstein, energy equivalent of mass 1) = 1)" erg ‘misE= me, where c~ speed oflight i eee space >| eV = 1.60 x 10°] x10" ms! > 10 eV = 1610) Work > 31 MeV Time > 1000 W or 1 KW = 1000 W =P. when 8 = 0% > Thorse power = 746 W or 1 hp = 746 WREVIEW) FORMULAE ora system of I particles, the postion vector of centre of massis mi my ‘Te position vector of the centre of mass ofa two” particle ster is fgg ELAN mh ‘he cartesian co-ordinates of the centre of ass aregiven by my my timayy toot My IN — eceat on cu veer ee 5 a Mts tant Fy omy Fora continuous mass distribution, where di the mas of smal element load a poston 7 bo . sor Ef, im sou = fed abd Yes = pl wal The algebraic sum ofthe moments of mas of ‘aos pares of system abou its centre of ‘oc of two parle sytem i fy Mt For body in rotational motion under constant ‘angular acceleration, the equations of motion can bewriten as + ofa} =200-04) Torque = Force x its perpendicular distance from ‘heats of ation, Torque, ¢=1FsinO or #27 xF Power of torque = Torgue x Angular velocity or Pat ‘Work doneby atorgue = Torquex Angular velocity ow ‘Angular momentum = Linear momentum x its Perpendicular distance fom the sxe of rotation, Angular momentum, L= psi or L=Fxp For a particle of mass m moving with uniform speed v longa ctcle of dis 1, L= mor ‘Torque » Rate of change of angular momentum oe ‘Moment of inertia ofa body about the given axis of rotation, Tem tye + ct = Smo aa of gyration Keg by fe eel ‘When al the particles are of same mass, ‘Theorem of parallel axis 1, = +1, Is. I= Toy + Ma? MAL. ofa circular ring about an axis through ts cenire and perpendiculse its plane, = MR “Theorem of perpendicularMI. thin sing about any ameter, At plane ‘ML. ofa thin ring about any tangent 3 eS at DLL of circular dite about an axis through ts centre and perpendicular tos plane, T= MR? MAL of citcular disc about any diameter, ‘ML ofa thin rod about an ais through its middle Lae oint and perpendicolar to rod, f= ME point nd perp ih ML ofa thin rod about an axis through is one end and perpendicular to rod, M.Lofa rectangle aming of length fand breadth boutanaxisthrough ts centre and perpendicular tots plane, rem( Eh) MLL of aright circular slid cylinder about its 1 symmetry axis, = bar MLL. of right circular hollow cylinder about ts axis P= MRE MA. ofa solid sphere about an aus through ts MAL of hols: sphere about any tangent 1 Se pono ce = Ha? > ntsc DBECINENCERT Fic > Total KE. = Rotational KE. + Translational to? + My? 2te "2 > Torque = MLL x angular acceleration or =I > Work done by a torque, W= 29 | > Angular momentum = MLL. x Angular velocity Lela > Inthe absence of any external tongue b= to aconstant ae) 2k or heyyy oF > For a cylinder of mass Mf and radius R rolling ‘without slipping dovn plane inclined st Engle O withthe horizontal. Hts acceleration dows ‘gsn0 the inclined plane given by, a= £829 © we > Force of etion between the plane and cylinder, A gsino > Linear acceleration, @ > Condition fr rolling without slipping is wy dtano Units Uses > Masses of various particles of system are in and thee distances from the axis of rotation at > Angular displacement @ is in rad, itil angus velocity @) and final angular velocity @ ae rad angular acceleration cin rad > Torque is in N'm, work done in joule, power att, angular velocity w in rad s" and angle ‘momentum Lin kg ms > Moment of inertia in kgm and radiusof gyi in metre, rotational KE. in joule and angi velocity @ in ad Acceleration a and gate in m sand coeficie™! ftom, has no units a ne(Review) FORMULAE Newtons law of gravitation, p= Si Massof let satlite, =42 : oF Principle of superposition of rviationl foc, FysRehensh, Accdleration de to gravity on he ear surface, om ® : Masoftheenth, 8 6 fean density of earth, P= SE Mean densty of earth, p= 2 Weigh of body. 8 when is comparable to Ren » siea{t-2) nce 2) 2) naa tel When 2680 Atlatitude 2, g, = g - Ru*cos"® equi oi togeeg a ee Synge Ro! Intensity of gravitational eld Fa Wo done eaten, U= Geta pei Mase SM au " energy a body in a gravitational eld oKESPE Sitm)) Orbital velocity ata eight fam _ [et 7 ‘When satelite revolves close to earths surace evita, "ines nie, sae, (RF wea faut, bem eV oe eee eight ofstlte, [Fe] Potential energy, = SM" senene em ‘Totalenergy, + K AK =-AFand aU =296 Gaim As eed. 2 Binding energy Angular momentum. = mrs constant Law of periods T «7 oF T= Ke. Fora satelite ofeath, k= 4% 21g 82m? Force of gravitation Fist newton, masses mM: and Mare ink, distance rin mete and pring revoltion n second Acceleration due to gravity gin m s?,period revolution Tin second and density pkg” Here gg, tein ms laut 2. det angular slot ei ad and in te aitationa intensity Es in Ng gaitatio™! potential Vin Pkg * and gravtatiral PE Joule *ssire = Change in length dengan ei = say nal sts > Youngs modules ‘Longitudinal strain Fk saa A aL > ercentage Increase in length Sn E xa00 Pay 1 Voomaticstess= Esp, the aplied presse > Volumetric stain» SY Volumetric sess > tk modulus » Vetumetre sess Volumetric strain Pye wiv’ av [Negative sign indicates the decrease in volume wih the increase in stress FIA aviv 1__av > Compress ee BV, > Shearing stress = TARgental force ‘Area Sevigaran= 0 Mf 0 \ ‘Total PE. stored in a stretched wire, | 1 Ue x stetching force x Extension. 5 a or Ua} x tres x Strain x Volume of wire 2 > PE stored per unit volume of stretched wie, oboe seess Stain 2 1 1 Young modus Strain? Breaking force = Breaking stress» Aen of cross > Poissonsratio, Lateral strain Dip. Toagdinal srs ‘LIL. Units Used > Force Fis in newton, area Ain m?,stressin N m3, Young's modulus ¥ in Nm or Pa, strain AL/L bras no unis Balk medulus B sin N m- and compressibility k inn? or Pah > Modulus of rigidity ita N/m of Pa Elastic PE- sin joule elastic PE. per unit volume isinJar > Length L and diameter D in metre, Poissons rato has no unitpee) FORMULAE 4 Thst = Total fore exerted by 2 ligud om OF farce in cota “Tt «pF na A coring asa, ese ppb 2 soreness meen al eons Pres ora yd ts P presare eed by aiid column of eight and density, P= FS absolute presure = Atmospheric press Gouge esr PoP? “Acordia o Acted princi aes wept ofa body mn Liga = Weight of Teehgaapced = Volume x Deny offi ppparet weight of slid 2 Hao ese wight ~ Wight fab sla emy-v''¢ma-Boe=ma% 2-vee=me-See=mall 5) ire ee deity he agdand tat wa ben aba ost oats, wiht ofthe body "ep aed doped vyetpe ee Bok gti ak Vola of immer act _ Dens of oid “Foal volun ofthe wld” Deny of Hawi Density of substance Relate ey = °° Desay of maerat Weigh fsb in air lative dens fh ios in weight in water Low in weigh Tw ot weghtin water ae dey fi a oct gradient = wal ala for viscous force BeWEER wy iy ue sma forthe volume ofa ligaid Poise’ fo out pr second BUEN OW vse eto fem parallel layer is 1 ani pcconding to Stokes a, force of WHS ag acted body of radius F NOD ih a ough Hid of ony any ‘terminal vlc ofa spherical ody of emp Tenge r moving throug & Ug of dey pis vo poe sora tga at wscosy des 9 2nd nig Fc of diameter D. Repos nets ewe po 7 sl sana for B between 004208 3 fay orspnding tN = 200 fre wee 00 9D Fl is arulent fo hoe 3 os is unstable for, between 900 an 318 Volume of ligud owing per second thou + pipe of cross-section with velacy ty Qew Equation of continuity, a = constant 4 st form of Bernoulli theorem for pressure energy per uit mass + PE eT mast + KE per unit mas = constsn Pope of lads 4 Seco fem of Bermoulis theorem re or pressre head + gravitational head + elocity ead = coastant > Volume of igo owing aut prsecond through =a, Where , and a re area of cos-section of bigger and snaller tubes respectively > Tories theorem, velocity ofeflax of a liquid through an arifice at depth‘ from the lguid eh surface, Force Length °° 7 > Sarfae tension = 25 > Increase in surface energy ot work done W-= Surface tension «increase in ae ofthe guid surlace > Excess pressute inside aliquid drop, 2 2 =2 (wth one fee surface) FE (mith one Fee surface) > Excess pressute inside a soap bubble se 25S (with two free surface) > Excess pressure in ir bubble, 2 =22 with one fees 3F oth one free surface) > When a capillary tobe of radius" is dipped in 4 liquid of density p and surface tension 9. the Tiguid rises or falls through «distance, p_20eas8 ‘where @ is the angle of contact.REVIEW 10 To,Tp Tyand Tare the temperatures ofa body ‘on els, Fahrenbel, Resume and Kelvin sales respectively then, Tp-32_Ty-0_T-m7345 i0=0" 212-327 80-0 100 or Heat can For & constant volume sir'thermometer, Tetyxt % Inve ofp potof wae #2 Fora platinum resistance thermometer, resistance of platinum at T°C, R= Rill + aT) Ram xT “Temperature coetclent of reistance, (Change in length, U=Le Lel”—T) or Ab= Loar aL Cocticientoftinear expansion, = t= Final length, L'= 2+ a7) Change in surface area, S°~ = SBT" ~ 7) or aS=SpaT Conficient of superficial ea cent of superficial expansion, B= 2S. Fina surface ates = S(1+ BAT) Change in volume, V = V= Vy(T"= 1) oe v= War av Corficient of cubical expansion, Y= So Final volume, = VL + 787) Relation between ct, and 8B pea and 172" 3 * Final density = p(t — 787) He tlned or lost, Q= mT FORMULAE According tothe principle of calorimetey, Heat gained ~ Heat lost, Water equivalent, w= ms (gram) Heat capacity = me (eal °C) Latent heat of vaporstion or fasion, Q = mL The amount of heat that flows in time f across the opposite faces ofa lab of thickness x and cross-section 4, g.= SAM Tt where 7) and 7; are the temperatures of hot and Cold faces and K isthe coefficient of thermal Conductivity ofthe material ofthe slab Here dT idx isthe rate of fall of temperature with Alistance and scaled temperatre gradient. Newton's law of cooling. If the temperature difference between body and surroundings is Small then Rate 0 loss of heat « Temperature diference Dbeoween he body and the surroundings ate floss of heat from the body is mieWaser-ryn4( En) “Here, temperature ofthe body falls from T, to Ty in time itera Stefan law: Energy emited per second per unit tea y a blackbody at absolute temperature T. E=0T*, where o = Stefani constant Stefan-Boltzmann law: When a black body at temperatute T is placed in an enclosure at temperature Ty, the net heat energy radiated pet secone per unit area,E = o(7 Ty) Energy radiated by a surface of emissivity €, area Aintime t + EscoTAxt (Stefan aw) + Esto Ti Axt (Sen Beeman le) Wiens displacement law: The wavelength ye corresponding to maximum energy emission bby black body a absolute temperature Tis given aget F where = Wie’ constant = 0.002898 m KREVIEW > According to first law of thermodynamics Qe dU + dW = dU+ PAY ( “(in Jae Shes capacity) ‘mas of ubstance) Heat capacity per mole of the substance S180 ww ar where is moles > For change af state, dQ = mL For ese in temperature dQ = mCAT > Change in internal energy dU = Uj~ U, > Heat los o gined by a gas + Q=nC Ar (at constant presse) + Q=nC aT {Atconstant volume) ‘Where n = Number of moles of 3s Molecla nas > Equation for isothermal proces, PV’ = constant on BY, ‘Work dane by an ideal gsi an isothermal process to Vat temperature P'sequal 0 from volume V, 7 eat absorbed @ © W= wa Ia 2 = W = uaF if ; } > Work done when I mole of a gas expands oer FORMULAE uation for adiabatic Proce, ‘Work done when 1 mole of 2 gas expand, aubotcally and its temperature fl from 07, ‘Work done in an isobaric process. We PUY, -¥,) = BRC, ~ 7) Brcency of heat engine, pe Moskouat_W Q.=e Heat input QQ Cooicient of performance ofa relies = aaa Pw" a-@ 5-8 Where Q, = eat drawn per eye from si W-= work done per eye on fie ides Ho! Efficiency of 2 Carnot engine (a engine), ne Where, Q, = nat extracted from the soo eat released tothe snk temperature ofthe suse temperature ofthe sik —_RevIEW) FORMULAE jes law: At constant temperature, Sor = constant or ,Y, = PV, ‘che’ aw : At constant pressure, Gay Loss aw = AL constant volume, Rt Blk pat or pet erect gs equation is PV = nay > AY AM “RE R ns constant, ky = % Aotaman 7 Prine > ‘Avogadros number = Molecular mass assaf Teen oF N= Mt ‘Mass oF molecule Mass of gas lecular mass Enetgy asociated with each degree of freedom ioe 2 No.of moles, m=: Per molecule Foragasofpol iyatomicmoleculeshaving degrees of freedom, Energy asociated with 1 mole of gs, Orafrcye(sd)nraSeary Fora monoatomic gas f= 3, 50 = 7 UapET. Gy =2R,cp Fora diatomic gas.f= 5 s, Sac? uaSar. cy =$2, cp =2R, ya, 5 ZR Cp=2R yaa For a timmic gas of non. vase, For teisiomie__\REVIEW) FORMULAE Displacement, x = Acoslr +4) Where A = amplitude, = angular fequency and 1,= initial phase of particle in SHUM, wa Vets, =A = ensinin +95 Maximum veloc gg = 4 1 Acoor +) Maximum acceleration, Restoring force, P= -ke = -mar Where k= farce constant and wot = > Angul (Displacement Acceleration fineria factor _ [Mt ‘Time period, T = 2m [inertia factor _ [Mt se Periods T= 28 spring factor le > PE. at displacement y from the mean position, Time period. T Lay? « Samay fina & wt > KE at displacement y fram the mean position, (4? = y2)= Lame? (A? > Spring fstor or force constant, & > Period of oscillation ofa mrass m suspended from massless spring of force constant VE For two springs connected in series, ky and ky connected in parallel, effective spring factor, r kok thy Fortwo springs connected ine ‘actor kts given by eae ea hae non MER ran fn When length ofa spring is made times, its ‘actor becomes In times and hence ti ime period rnereases vi times When a spring is cut into m equal pieces, pri factor of each part becomes nk sand ir Lg Time prio Poan/E,Fegeny. ve [f ¢ pearl For aliquid of density p contained ina U-tbeups height T= 2, Fora body dropped ina tunnel along the danse ofthe earth ean whet rats tect 3 Fora cylinder of density p lating with length & submerge ina liquid of density p, Fora ball of mass m oscillating in the nck shamber of volume V, E= balk modulus of elasticity of ar Forabalance whee ofa watch of moment oie Jind torsional constant C. {i Tac aafeviW) FORMULAE 3 nec = ego Wider Wavelength 1 wie lO = Time period °F" ‘of transvese waves in slid of modulus Wyn and density fa ° 5 ay f longi waves in oli of balk dls B, modula of rigidity mand density 9 igen 7 last ° + ay longitudinal waves ina metalic bar of Sug mods Y and density pis ge by, F “ > Veco longitudinal waves in liquid of bulk sods Band density pis given by, » Nea formblae fr the velocity of sound in spe £ ° vo fe Ve Where P= presue ofa gas > et of pressure Tce is no eet of pressure on velocity of so » thet dy, vee o Bi * Mectampetue eF otf A fT 7 ‘ere ‘Ser = Molecular mas of the os ae “Temperature coeicieat of sound Tis given by aatoto Foraig = 061 ms!4C plane progressive harmonic wave travellingalong postive dtecton at xaxis canbe represented bY any ofthe flowing expressions ” + ys Asin(ost— ke), where k= fe + yeaa -2) + peas en “Whereis the wavelength,» i the velacty Ais the amplitude and xis the distance of observation it fom the origin, Fora progressive wave travelling long -ve x aus, 17> Asin +b) or yaasinar(L+2)= asin Bote) Phase, On te( 42s ora inet Where the nal phase. * Phase change wa oe, = 2p Instantaneous parts velocity. ana Velocity amplitade, % = 7 Instantancous patil acceleration,346 jetasinaa( £4) (ected wane rrtaina( of) ‘hen taonary nave formed bythe superposton tegen yon 1 toes the product at seante harmonic fancons fine ad potion = for) sign in the above equation atnodes te formed a the potions and nodes ae formed or (-) sig, antinodes are formed atthe postion and node The distance between two suceesive nodes ot antinodes is ® and that between a node and 3 neat ania reotinee foun va = fF when the reed rng ibe np ons ae E "aM for sing of dameerD and density Law of length vet arubscomtnt oF Wh il tn an average pipe dosed atone ends only 048 barmonics ae present, » Fundamental mode, = (first harmonic) » Second mode, v,= 30 (Third harmonic or fst overtone) > Third mode,v,=50 (ih harmonic or second overtone) aN ie OBE NET gy 2 mode, = = D0 {Gn DF harmon =) egg >In an average pipe open st Both ends tothe and even harmonic a reset + undamental mode. v) Fund: iz (Fist hemo + Seeond mode, V,=20° (Gecond harmonic oF Sond overce + Thind mode, vi, (Third harmonic oF thd onerung »athmode, y= In harmonic or (n~ 1) ora heal, Resonance tube: I Land L, ar the ie an Second resonance lengths with atoning fk frequency v, the speed of sound iL, 10 3D). DD» internal diameter of resonance abe End correction = > Beat frequency = Number of beats per seat = Diference in fequencies of two sources or hath, ~ 04) 0F (05-0) > wyeush > tf the prong of turning fork is fle, rye) increases. If the prong of tuening forkis le with a litle wax, its frequency decreases The facts canbe used to decide about +¥e 0 in the above equation, > If vs yy ¥,and v,, ate the velocities of suk observer, source and medium respective the apparent frequency >All the velocities ae taken poste a to observer (59-0) direction and nes opposite (O>) direction.