Chapter 1

Types of Structures
& Loads

Chapter 1 Types of Structures & Loads 1

 Introduction
• Structure refers to a system of connected
parts used to support load, such as
Buildings, Bridges, towers, …………….
• Engineers should account for structures
safety, esthetics and serviceability,
economic and environmental issues.

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 Structural Elements
Any structure comprises a
number of elements
• Tie Rods

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 Beams
• Type of Beams

Chapter 1 Types of Structures & Loads 4

 Columns

• Columns

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 Type of Structure
• Trusses

Chapter 1 Types of Structures & Loads 6

 Cables and Arches

Chapter 1 Types of Structures & Loads 7

 Cables and Arches

Chapter 1 Types of Structures & Loads 8

 Frames
• Frames members are subjected to axial, shear and
moment

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Surface Structures

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 Loads
 Codes
General Building Codes
Specify the requirement of minimum design load on
structures
1. ASCE
2. UBC
3. IBC

Chapter 1 Types of Structures & Loads 11

 Loads
 Codes
Design Code
Used to establish the requirement for the actual
structural design
1. ACI
2. AISC
3. AASHTO

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 Dead Load
Consist of the weight of the various structural members
and weight of any object that permanently attached to the
structure

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 Dead Load

Chapter 1 Types of Structures & Loads 14

 Live Load
Can vary both in their magnitude and location
• Building Loads
• Bridge Load

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 Wind Load
Wind pressure
qz  0.613 K z K zt K dV 2 I (N/m2 )
V The velocity of the wind measured 10 m above the ground
I Importance factor depends upon nature of the building
Kz The velocity pressure coefficient which is function of height
Kzt a factor that account for wind speed increases due to hills and
escarpments for flat ground Kzt=1.0
Kd a factor account for direction of wind when subjected to load
combination

Chapter 1 Types of Structures & Loads 16

 Wind Load
Wind pressure for Enclosed Building
p  qGC p  qh (GC pi ) (N/m2 )

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 Wind Load

Design wind pressure for Signs

F  qhGC p Af

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 Snow Load
F  0.7CeCt Ip g

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 Earthquake Load

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 Hydrostatic and Soil
Pressure

Other natural Loads

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 Structural Design
• LRFD (Load and resistance factor design)
Load combination example:
1.4 Dead Load
1.2 Dead Load +1.6 Live Load
1.2 Dead Load +1.6 Live Load + 0.5 Snow
Load
1.2 Dead Load + 1.5 Eq. Load + 0.5 Live Load
Chapter 1 Types of Structures & Loads 22