CHAPTER 8: PERCOLATION, INFILTRATION, GROUNDWATER

ENUMERATION

(1-4) FOUR MAJOR GROUNDWATER EXPLORATION METHODS

1. AREAL METHOD

2. SURFACE METHOD

3. SUBSURFACE METHOD

4. ESOTERIC METHOD

(5-8) LARGE CONTRIBUTION TO WATER EXPLOITATION

1. AGRICULTURAL
2. INDUSTRIAL
3. RESIDENTIAL
4. TOURISM

(9-12) NATURAL RECHARGE

1. SEEPAGE FROM RESERVIORS

2. RIVERS
3. STREAMS
4. CANALS

(13-15) ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE

1. PERCOLATION TANKS
2. CHECK DAMS
3. SPREADING(FLOODING, BASIN, DITCH, PIT AND CHANNEL)

(16-18) GROUND EXPLOITATION CAUSES BY:

1. PUMPING RATES

2. WATER-LEVEL DECLINES

3. DEGRATION OF WATER QUALITY

(19-20) CONSIDERATIONS OF FLOW OF GROUNDWATER

1. STEADY OR UNSTEADY FLOW CONDITIONS

2. CONFINED AND UNCONFINED AQUIFERS

(20-25) IDENTIFICATION

INFILTRATION 1. A process by which water on the ground surface enters the soil.

GRAVITY AND CAPILLARY ACTION2-3. Infiltration is governed by two forces, ________ and __________.

PERCOLATION 4. A process of liquid of the liquid slowly passing through a filter.

PERCOLARE 5. Percolation comes from a latin word “___________”.