INSTITUTE OF CHARTERED ACCOUNTANTS OF BANGLADESH

CLASS TEST- 1 [KNOWLEDGE LEVEL (ACCOUNTING)]

ABOUT FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Sl. Topic list Text

1. Components of financial statements BAS-1, para-8
2. Elements of financial statements Framework, para 49,70
3. Objectives of financial statements BAS-1, para-7
4. Users of financial statements Manual + Framework, para-
9
5. Financial reporting framework Manual
6. Qualitative characteristics of financial statements Manual + Framework, para
24-46
7. Capital and revenue expenditure Manual
8. Capital and revenue income Manual
9. Other capital transactions Manual
10. Why distinctions between capital & revenue item? Manual
11. Measurement of elements of financial statements Framework, para-100
(additional)
12. Concept of capital and capital maintenance (additional) Framework, para102-104

1. Components of financial statements

Complete set of financial statements has following 5 components:

 Balance sheet; (financial position at a particular time); (list of asset & liability at a particular time)
 Income statement; (financial performance for a particular period); (income recognized and
expense incurred for a particular period)
 Statement of changes in equity;
 Cash flow statement; and
 Notes to the financial statements.

Period: - for statutory purpose : 1 year

- for management purpose : Monthly/Quarterly/Half-yearly

From 1 January 2010, name of the components of financial statements has been revised as:
 Balance sheet- :Statement of financial position
 Income statement : Statement of comprehensive income
 Cash flow statement : Statement of cash flow

The Companies Act 1994 requires followings as part of financial statements:

 Balance sheet
 Profit & loss account/ Income & expenditure account

2. Elements of financial statements:

BAS-1 identifies 5 elements of financial statement:
 Asset
 Liability
 Equity
 Income
 Expense

3. Objectives/purpose of financial statements:

Is to provide information about the financial position, financial performance and changes in financial
position of an enterprise that is useful to a wide range of users in making economic decision.

To meet the objectives financial statements provide information about an entity‟s:

 Assets
 Liabilities
 Equity
 Income and expenses including gain and losses
 Other changes in equity
 Cash flows

4. Users of financial information in financial statements:

 Internal users:
o Directors (operating business effectively; stewardship function; making effective decisions)
o Employees (Career; remuneration; bonus; retirement benefits; employment opportunities)
 External users:
o Shareholders/investors/ (risk & return; management performance; profit; dividend; decision to
buy/hold/sell shares)
o Trade contacts (Suppliers: ability to pay; Customer: secure source of supply)
o Finance providers/lenders (Short-term: liquidity; Long-term: solvency)
o Tax authority (Tax assessment; determining taxation policy)
o Financial analysts/advisors (analyzed date for clients)
o Government agencies (employment opportunities; national statistics; efficient allocation of
resources; regulation)
o Public (employment for local people; using local suppliers; environment pollution)

5. Financial reporting framework/Regulation of accounting:

 Legislation (Private plus Public Ltd. Company: the Companies Act 1994; Listed Company: BAS &
BFRS/SEC Rules)
 Accounting concept & individual judgment: (Accounting concept: detailed in chap-7; Judgment:
valuation of building; research and development; brand valuation; regulated by BAS)
 BAS and BFRS (Harmonization; Comparability)
 True and fair view/Faithful representation

Who promulgated Accounting standards?

 Accounting standards are promulgated by the IASB (International Accounting Standard Board),
previously IASC (International Accounting Standard Committee), and auditing standards are
promulgated by the IFAC (International Federation of Accountants). In Bangladesh: ICAB.

What are the main objectives of accounting standards?

 Harmonization of accounting treatment around the world
 Ensuring comparability of financial statements

Accounting standards described on recognition, measurement and presentation/disclosure of elements

of f/s

6. Qualitative chrematistics of financial statements:

4 principal qualitative characteristics are:

 Relevance (evaluating past, present and future event, materiality; timeliness)
 Understandability (information: not incomplete; not too much. User: reasonable knowledge of
business; diligent)
 Reliability (free from error; true & fair view; substance over form; prudent; neutral; complete)
 Comparability (consistent basis)

Materiality: information is material if its omission or misstatement could influence the economic
decision of users taken on the basis of financial statements. Materiality depends on the size and nature of
omission or misstatements.

True & fair view: means faithful representation of the effects of transactions.

Substance over form: transactions are recorded and presented in accordance with the substance &
economic reality and not merely their legal form. Example: Finance lease

7. Capital & revenue expenditure:

 Capital expenditure (long tern asset- non-current asset aged more than 1 year)
- Initial cost: up to final condition and location; for example: legal fee, duties, carriage costs,
installation costs.
- Subsequent cost: increase earning capacity/efficiency

Capital expenditure reported to balance sheet

 Revenue expenditure:
- Subsequent cost: subsequent cost with existing earning capacity;
- Depreciation of capital expenditure;
- Repair, maintenance and staff cost of capital expenditure;
- Capital type asset for trading purpose;

- Expenditure for trade purpose: i.e. normal course of business; for example: Raw material,
wages and salaries, selling and distribution, admin cost, finance cost etc.;

Revenue expenditure reported to income statement

8. Capital & revenue income:

 Capital income (sale of non-current asset)

Profit/loss on sale of capital income reported to income statement

 Revenue income:
- sale of goods
- rendering services
- Interest, dividend, royalty income

Revenue income reported to income statement

9. Other capital transactions:

 Increasing capital
 Taking bank loan
 Repaying bank loan

These would not be reported through income statement

10. Why distinction between capital and revenue items important:

o To calculate exact profit for a period

11. Measurement of elements of financial statements

Measurement means: the amount at which elements are recognized in balance sheet and income statement

Elements of financial statements are measured at 5 different ways:

 Historical cost: assets are recorded at the amount expected to be given at the time of acquisition
and liabilities are recorded at the amount expected to be paid on the date of liability occurred.
 Current cost: assets are recorded at the amount of the same asset if acquired currently and
liabilities are recorded at the amount if the liability settled currently.
 Realizable value/ settlement value: assets are recorded at the settlement value after disposal of
existing asset and liabilities are recorded at their settlement value i.e. amount to be paid in normal
course of business.
 Present value: assets are recorded at discounted value of future cash inflows and liabilities are
recorded at discounted value of future cash outflow.
 Fair value: fair value is the amount for which assets could be exchanged or liabilities could be
settled between knowledgeable, willing parties in an arm‟s length transaction.

12. Concepts of capital maintenance

 Financial concept: Capital maintenance = (Beginning net asset value/equity-Ending net asset
value/equity)
 Physical concept: Capital maintenance = (Beginning productive capacity-Ending productive
capacity)
 ACCOUNTING EQUATION & FORMAT OF F/S

Sl. Topic list Reference

1. Q & A of last class Synopsis
2. Assets & Liabilities - current and non-current Manual+Synopsis
distinction
3. Format of Balance sheet & Income statement Synopsis
4. Business entity concept Manual+Synopsis
5. Formation of accounting equation Manual+Synopsis
6. Effect of transactions on equation Manual+Synopsis

1. Questions & Answers on “Basics of Financial Statements”

1. Definition: [1 marks for each]

a) Accounting f) Materiality
b) Management g) Faithful representation
stewardship
c) Balance sheet h) Capital expenditure
d) Income statement i) Revenue expenditure
e) Substance over form j) Capital income
d) Prudent k) Revenue income
e) Measurement l) Fair value
m) Concept of capital
maintenance

[2 marks for each]

2. Mention the components of financial statements as per BAS?
3. Mention the components of financial statements as per Companies Act 1994?
4. How comparatives are shown for interim financial statements?
5. What are the elements of financial statements?
6. Point out the elements of a balance sheet?
7. Point out the elements of an income statement?
8. Which part of financial statements represents financial position at a particular point of time?
9. Which part of financial statements represents financial performance for a particular period?
10. Explain why an entity maintains financial statements?
11. Who are the users of financial statements?
12. Who are internal user and who are external users?
13. What information are required by directors. etc. from financial statements?
14. What is the financial reporting framework for financial statements prepared in Bangladesh?
15. What are the main objectives of „IAS/BAS‟?
16. What 3 major things an accounting standard describe?
17. What are the principal qualitative characteristics of financial statements?
18. To be relevant what qualities are necessary for an information?
19. To be understandable what qualities are necessary for an information?
20. To be reliable what qualities are necessary for an information?
21. Why identification of capital and revenue items is important?
22. What are the ways for measurement of elements in financial statements?
23. How assets and liabilities under „historical cost system‟ are measured?
24. Under which system „assets and liabilities‟ are measured at a price settled between
knowledgeable, willing parties in an arm‟s length transaction?
25. Capital expenditure is recorded in „income statement‟ and revenue expenditure is recorded in
„balance sheet‟. If wrong, make correct statement.

26. Identify „CapEx‟; „RevEx‟; „Capital income‟ and „Revenue income‟ from following list:[1 marks
for each]

a Invoice value of machine purchased l) Dividend

)
b Freight charge of the machine m Spare parts with enhanced capacity
) )
c Depreciation of the machine n) Sale of goods
)
d Purchase of a building by a „real estate‟ o) Any administrative, selling & dist.
) company expenses
e Fees for inspection of the machine by an p) Income from sell on fixed assets
) engineer
f) Royalty q) Loss on sale of fixed assets
g Repair & maintenance of the machine r) Import duty charged on imported machine
) within an existing capacity
h Bank interest s) Add additional 128 mb RAM for office
) computer
i) Repair & maintenance of the machine t) Sale of fixed assets
within enhanced capacity
j) Rendering of services u) Sale of land by a „real estate‟ company
k Spare parts with existing capacity v) Purchase of new computer after replacing
) old one within the existing capacity

2. Assets & Liabilities - current and non-current distinction

Current Asset: Current assets are assets those are expected to be converted into cash within 1year.

Non-current Assets: Non-current assets are those assets acquired for long term use and would not be
realized into cash within 1 year.
Examples of current and non-current distinctions are presented by way of format of “Balance sheet”

3. Format of “Balance Sheet” and Income Statement”

ABC Company Limited

Income Statement
for the year ended 31 December 2009

Notes 2009 2008

Taka Taka

Sales (net of VAT) - - -

Cost of goods sold - - -
Gross profit - -

Other income - - -
Operating expenses (Administrative,
Distribution & Other) - - -
Profit from operation - -

Finance expense - - -
Finance income - - -
Net finance expense - -
Profit before contribution to
WPPF - -

Contribution to WPPF - -
Profit before income tax - -
Income tax:
Current tax - -
Deferred tax - - -
Profit after tax - -

Earnings per share - - -

ABC Company Limited

Balance Sheet
as at 31 December 2009
Notes 2009 2008
Taka Taka
ASSETS:
Property, plant and -
 equipment - -

Intangible assets - - -

Investments - - -

Loans and deposits - - -

Deferred tax assets - - -

Total non-current assets - -

Inventories - - -
Trade and other
debtors - - -
Advances, deposits and
prepayments - - -

Advance income tax - - -

Cash and cash
equivalents - - -

Total current assets - -

Total assets - -

EQUITY:

Share capital - - -
Share premium
Retained earnings

Reserves and surplus - - -

Total equity - -

LIABILITY:
Deferred liability -
gratuity payable - - -

Deferred tax - liability - - -

Long-term loan - - -
Total non-current liabilities
 - -

Short term loan - - -

Trade and other
creditors - - -

Accrued expenses - - -

Provision for taxation - - -

Provision for royalty - -

Total current liabilities and
provisions - -

Total liabilities - -

Total equity and liabilities - -

4. Business entity concept

Business entity concept means- a business is a separate legal entity from its owner. A company may, in
its own name, acquire assets, incur debts, and enter into contracts. If a company‟s assets became
insufficient to meet its liabilities, the company as a separate entity becomes „insolvent‟. However, the
owners of the company are not usually required to pay the debts from their own private resources.

Exception: the concept is not applicable for “Sole trader ship” and “Partnership” business.

5 Formation of Accounting Equation

Accounting Equation:
ASSET = EQUITY/CAPITAL + LIABILITY
EQUITY/CAPITAL = ASSET - LIABILITY
LIABILITY = ASSET - EQUITY/CAPITAL

6. Effect of transactions on equation

1. Initial investment by owner/shareholder 10. Payment for creditors/accounts payable

(Tk. 100,000)
2. Introduction of further capital (Tk. 11. Receipt of cash on debtor/accounts receivable
50,000)
3. Issue of share against machinery/any 12. Investment (Tk. 8,000)
asset (Tk. 35,000)
4. Acquisition of equipment/any assets on 13. Loan from banks etc. (Tk. 10,000)
credit(Tk. 5,000)
5. Acquisition of equipment/any assets on 14. Issuance of debenture (Tk. 5,000)
credit (Tk. 2,000)
6. Purchase of raw material for cash (Tk. 15. Drawings/dividend (Tk. 2,000)
15,000)
7. Factory overhead (Tk. 3,000) in cash. 16. Purchase of supplies for cash of Tk. 300. During
the year supplies for an amount of Tk. 250 were
used.
8. Admin, selling and distribution expenses 17. Depreciation of equipment was Tk. 35,000
(Tk. 5,000)
9. Sale of all goods/ services on credit(Tk. 18. Proceeds from sale of equipment Tk. 25,000
25,000)

ASSETS = CAPITAL + LI
No. Cash & Receivable Inventories/ Plant, Investments Paid up Retained
Loan De
Cash Supplies Property capital earnings
equivalents &
Equipment
1. 100,000 - - - - = 100,000 - + -
2. 50,000 - - - - = 50,000 - + -
3. - - - 35,000 - = 35,000 - + -
4. - - - 5,000 - = - - + -
5. - - - 2,000 - = - - + -
6. (15,000) 15,000 = - +
7. (3,000) - 3,000 - - = - +
8. (5,000) - - - - = - (5,000) + -
9. - 25,000 (18,000) - - = - 7,000 + -
10. (7,000) - - - - = - - + -
11. 25,000 (25,000) - - - = - - + -
12. (8,000) 8,000 = +
13. 10,000 - - = + 10,000
14. 5,000 = +
15. (2,000) = (2,000) +
16. (300) 300 = +
(250) = (250) +
17. - - - (35,000) = (35,000) +
18. 25,000 (7,000) = 8,000 +
Total = +
 LEDGER, DOUBLE ENTRY, DISCOUNT & VAT ACCOUNTING

Sl. Topic list Reference

1. Ledger and its format Manual+Synopsis
2. Nominal ledger & Subsidiary ledger Manual+Synopsis
(Receivable/Payable ledger)
3. Double entry bookkeeping Manual+Synopsis
4. Duality concept Manual+Synopsis
5. Basic rules of debit credit (double entry) Manual+Synopsis
6. Accounting for discount Manual+Synopsis
7. Accounting for VAT Manual+Synopsis

1. Ledger and its format

 Ledger: summarization, analysis

 Format: chronological order, properly dated, particulars, debit, credit, cumulative total
(daily/weekly/monthly/yearly)
 Ledger book: manual/computerized
 T format: Left side-debit, Right side-credit

2. Nominal ledger & Subsidiary ledger (Receivable/Payable ledger)

 Nominal ledger vs. subsidiary ledger: nominal: all transaction by nature; subsidiary:
breakdown of receivable & payable control ledger for each individual customer & supplier
(personal account) nominal: total; subsidiary: detailed
 Example

3. Double entry bookkeeping

 Rule: dual effect, every debit has credit

4. Duality concept

 Every transaction has two equal but opposite effect

 Recorded twice in the ledger account
5. Basic rules of debit-credit (double entry)

 Elements of financial statements (Asset, liability, equity, income, expense)

 Asset and expense show debit balance
 Liability, equity and income shows credit balance
 Debit balance increase- debit; decrease- credit
 Credit balance increase- credit; decrease- debit

6. Accounting for discount

 Trade discount/volume discount and Cash discount: Allowed & Received

Objective:
 Trade discount: bulk sale, prime customers
 Cash discount: to enhance cash collection

Accounting entry:
 Trade discount: none, because it is known from the invoice price
 Cash discount: Yes, as income/expense

Terms:
 2/10, n/30
 5/14, n/60

Trade and cash discount at a time:

 ABC Company purchases 10 printers originally priced at Tk. 200 each. A 10%
discount was negotiated together with a 5% discount if payment was made within 14
days. Calculate followings:
o Trade discount
o Cash discount

7. Accounting for VAT

 Consumption tax
 Consumer is the ultimate payer
 Manufacturer is responsible for collecting from the consumer

 Rates:
o Zero rated
o Reduced rate (@4%)
o Standard rate (@15%)

 Recoverable and irrecoverable VAT

 Calculating VAT from Gross amount and net amount
o Gross amount: 15/115; 3/23
o Net amount: 15/100

 VAT and discount at a time:

o Invoicing system (List price, invoice price)
o XYZ usually sales goods at Tk. 200 each. It gives a 10% trade discount and 5%
cash discount to its customer.
 Calculate VAT and invoice price

 VAT current account

 Preparation of income statement

o Manual math

 VAT journal entries

1. Purchase Purchase Dr.

Input VAT Dr.
Accounts payable Cr.
2. Sale Accounts receivable Dr.
Sales Cr.
Output VAT Cr.
3. Deposit to Govt. VAT current A/C Dr.
Bank Cr.
4. Sales return Sales return Dr.
Output VAT Dr.
Accounts receivable Cr.
5. VAT return submitted VAT current account Dr.
Input VAT Cr.

Output VAT Dr.

VAT current A/C Cr.

 Math: M/S Kabir Traders is a VAT registered trader. It has the following transactions for
the month of January 2009:
o Goods purchased for Tk. 57,500 including VAT
o The above goods has been sold for Tk. 80,500 including VAT
 o Tk. 3,000 deposited to Bangladesh Bank
o Out of goods sold Tk. 4,600 has been returned
o VAT return submitted after adjusting the input and output VAT

 Journal entries
 Income statement
 Balance sheet

CASH BOOK, BANK STATEMENT, RECONCILIATION

ERRORS, CORRECTION

Sl. Topic list Reference

1. Cash book, Bank statement Manual+Synopsis
2. Preparing Bank Reconciliation Statement (BRS) Manual+Synopsis
3. Errors and omission Manual+Synopsis
4. Correction of errors Manual+Synopsis
5. BAS-8 implication Synopsis

1. Bank statement, cash book

BANK STATEMENT
PRIME BANK LTD.
DILKUSHA BRANCH
DILKUSHA C/A
 DHAKA-1000
Account: ABC Company Ltd.
Account no.: 1003800960
Print date: 31 December 2009

Date Details Debit Credit Balance

1 December Balance  756.20 CR
2009
4 December Cheques  220  976.20 CR
2009
9 December 004450  50  926.20 CR
2009
14 December 004452  10  916.20 CR
2009
16 December Dhaka City Council  89  827.20 CR
2009 (DD)
19 December Cheques  330  1157.20 CR
2009
24 December 004455  250  907.20 CR
2009
26 December Bond insurance  122  785.20 CR
2009
30 December 004454  49  736.20 CR
2009
31 December Bank charges 12.95  723.25 CR
2009
31 December Rahim Afroz Ltd. 179.75  903.00 CR
2009

ABC COMPANY LTD.

63 DILKUSHA C/A
DHAKA-1000
CASH BOOK
December 2009

Date Receipts Taka Date Payments Taka

1 Dec. Balance b/d 756.20 2 July Table ltd. 50.00
2009 2009
3 Dec. Superstore Ltd. 220.00 2 July Broad & Co. 130.00
2009 2009
15 Dec. M/s Rahim 330.00 2 July Gee & Co. 10.00
2009 Brothers 2009
31 Dec. Techinfo Ltd. 63.00 8 July Minter Ltd. 27.50
2009 2009
17 July Dhaka City Council 89.00
2009 (DD)
 19 July Salim Shipbreakers 49.00
2009
25 July Arc Ltd. 250.00
2009
26 July Bond insurance 122
2009
31 July Balance c/d 641.70
2009
1,369.20 1,369.20

2. Preparing Bank Reconciliation Statement (BRS)

Step-1: tick off the items that appear in both cash book and the bank statement.

Step-2: update cash book by the unticked items in the bank statement.

Step-3: the remaining unticked items in the cash book will be the timing difference. This
timing difference are
used to prepare BRS.

ABC COMPANY LTD.

63 DILKUSHA C/A
DHAKA-1000
CASH BOOK [Adjusted]
December 2009

Date Receipts Taka Date Payments Taka

31 Dec. Balance b/d 641.70

2009

31 Dec. Rahim Afroz Ltd. 179.75 31 Dec. Bank charge 12.95

2009 2009

Balance c/d 808.50

821.45 821.45

ABC COMPANY LTD.

63 DILKUSHA C/A
DHAKA-1000
BANK RECONCILIATION STATEMENT [BRS]
December 2009
 Balance as per cash book 808.50
Add: Unpresented cheques:
Broad & Co. 130.00
Minter Ltd. 27.50
157.50
Less: Outstanding lodgment:
Techinfo Ltd. (63.00)

Balance as per bank statement 903.00

3. Errors and omission

Current year
Prior year

4. Correction of errors

5. BAS-8 implication [prior year error]

ACCOUNTING CONCEPTS & CONVENTIONS

Sl. Topic list Reference

1. BAS Framework Main standard
2. BAS-1 Main standard
3. BAS-8 Main standard

1. ACCOUNTING ASSUMPTIONS

sl. BAS-Framework BAS-1

1. Accrual basis Accrual basis
2. Going concern Going concern
3. - Consistency
 4. - Materiality &
Aggregation
5. - Off-setting
6. - Comparative
information
7. Prudence
8. Substance over form
9. Neutrality
10. Completeness

 Accrual basis:

Under this basis, the effects of transactions and other events are recognized when they occur
and nor as cash or its equivalent is received or paid and they are recorded in the accounting
records and reported in the financial statement of the periods to which they relate.

Example:

 Costs only recognized for that part which is sold (COGS concept comes from accrual basis
accounting)
 Provisions maintained
 Accruals of various expenses
 Depreciation

Linked with matching concept:

According to the matching concept, when computing profit, income earned must be matched
against the expenditure incurred in earning it

Linked with going concern assumption:

While it is assumed that company will not run in future, financial statements will be prepared on
break-up value i.e. net realizable value (sales price less selling expenses) basis rather than
accrual basis of accounting.

 Going concern:

Under this assumption it is assumed that an entity will continue its operation for the foreseeable
future (12 months from balance sheet date). It is also assumed that the enterprise has neither
the intention nor the necessity of liquidation or of curtailing materially the scale of its
operations.

Accounting treatment, while going concern is not appropriate:

All items in the balance sheet and profit and loss accounts shall be recorded on break-up value
basis i.e. net realizable value (sales price less selling expenses).
Disclosure requirement in case of going concern problem:

a) Basis on which financial statements have been prepared

b) Reasons why the entity is not considered to be a going concern
c) Nature of the uncertainty

Example:

Indications of going concern assumption: (BSA-570: Going Concern)

Financial  Negative operating cash flows

 Adverse key financial ratios
 Substantial operating losses
 Arrears in discontinuance of operations
 Inability to pay creditors
 Change from credit to cash-on-delivery transaction with suppliers
 Withdrawal of financial support by debtor and creditor
 Negative current assets
Operating  Loss of key management without replacement
 Loss of major market
 Cancellation of license/franchise etc.
 Labor difficulties or shortage of important suppliers
Other  Non-compliance of capital or other statutory requirement
 Changes in legislation

 Consistency:

Items in the financial statements shall be presented and classified consistently year to year.
However, in some cases presentation/classification can be re-arranged.

a) Significant change in nature of operation

b) Change will result clear understanding to user
c) Change in presentation is required by any BAS

Disclosure requirement for inconsistency:

Reason for re-arrangement shall be disclosed by way of notes. Previous year‟s figures shall also
be re-arranged.

 Materiality & Aggregation:

Each material item should be presented separately in the financial statement. Immaterial
amounts should be aggregated with amount of similar nature or function.

Materiality depends on the size and nature of business. There is no specific rule for calculating
materiality. However, following rule for calculating materiality can be suggested:

Thumb rule 5% of profit before tax

Companies Act 1994 any amount exceeding 1% of total revenue or Tk. 5,000 whichever
is higher, shall be shown in distinct head in the financial statements

 Off-setting:

 Assets and liabilities should not be off-set except when off-setting is required by another
BAS (Example: BAS-12);
 Income and expenses should only be off-set if standard permits and if the figure is
immaterial.

Following items are permitted by BAS-1 for off-setting:

a) Gain or losses on disposal of non-current assets

b) Foreign currency translation gain or losses
c) Extraordinary items

 Comparative information:

To ensure comparability, comparative information should be given in the financial statements.

BAS requires numerical information and narrative information as comparative figure.
Comparative for the year ended 31 December 2009 shall be presented as below:

Particulars 2009 2008

(Taka) (Taka)

 Prudence

Degree of caution in exercise of the judgments needed in making the management

estimates. Examples of estimates are:
 Estimate of useful life of assets to calculate depreciation
 Provision for doubtful loss (example: Receivable may not be collected)
 Inventory allowance/ obsolescence allowance
 Deferred tax
 Provision for warranty claim
  Accrued revenue
 Provision for loss from a lawsuit

 Substance over form

 Neutrality
 Completeness

2. Other important concept and convention

 Business entity concept

 Monetary unit concept
 Historical cost convention
 Realization concept
 Duality concept
 Timeliness

2. Other important concept and convention

Accounting policies are principles, bases, convention, rules and practices applied by an entity in
preparing and presenting financial statements. Following are example of accounting policies to
be incorporated by way of notes to the financial statements.

1. Reporting entity
Basis of
2. preparation
Statement of
2.1 compliance
2.2 Basis of measurement
Functional and presentational
2.3 currency
2.4 Use of estimates and judgments
2.5 Going concern
3. Significant accounting policies
3.1 Foreign exchange
3.2 Financial instruments
Property, plant and equipment and
3.3 depreciation
 i. Recognition and measurement:
ii. Subsequent costs:
iii. Depreciation:
3.4 Impairment:
Recognition
Calculation of recoverable amount
Reversal of
impairment
3.5 Lease transactions
3.6 Borrowing costs
3.7 Inventories
3.7.1 Stocks
3.7.2 Stores
Trade and other
3.8 debtors
3.9 Provisions
3.11 Revenue recognition
3.12 Taxation
Provision for income
3.12.1 tax
3.12.2 Deferred tax
3.13 Events after the
balance sheet

ACCOUNTING FOR IRRECOVERABLE DEBT [BAD DEBT]

 Creation of allowance for bad debt

 Bad debt written-off
 Written-off debt received

 Creation of allowance for bad debt

Circumstances: Doubt on repayment supported by prior experience.

Accounting entry: Bad debt expense Dr.

Allowance for receivable Cr.

 Bad debt written off

Circumstances: when a bad debt is not expected to be paid.

Accounting entry: Allowance for receivable Dr.

Accounts receivable Cr.

 Written-off debt received

Circumstances: debt may be received after it was written-off from the accounts

Accounting entry: Allowance for receivable Dr.

Accounts receivable Cr.

Exam Requirement:
 How alloance is created
 How allowance is retired
 Accounting entry for written off and written-off debt recovered
 Implication of treatment in income statement and balance sheet
 Identify effect of irrecoverable debt in gross profit and in net profit [admin exp]
 Maths on calculation of bad debt allowance
Practical
problem

Provision on bad debt depends on accounting policy of a Company

Accounts Receivable (Accounting policy)
Provision for doubtful debts is made based on the followings:
 Aged 6 months – 1 year : 5%
 Aged 1 year – 2 years : 20%
 Aged 2 years – 5 years : 50%
 Aged over 5 years : 100%

Bad debts are written-off on consideration of the status of individual

debtors.

Ageing of Accounts Receivable (at 31 December 2009):

Sl. Subsidiary ledger (Details of Amount Ageing
receivables) (years)
1 Unilever Bangladesh Ltd. 500,000 1.5
2 Zaman Traders 200,000 0.5
3 Social Islamic Bank Ltd. 100,000 6
4 Rupayan Builders Ltd. 600,000 3
5 Dhaka Club Ltd. 400,000 2
Total 1,800,000
Calculation of provision for doubtful debts (at 31 December 2009):
Sl. Subsidiary ledger Amount Agein Rate Provision
(Details of receivables) g for bad
(years debt
)
1 Unilever Bangladesh Ltd. 500,000 1.5 20% 100,000
2 Zaman Traders 200,000 0.5 0% -
3 Social Islamic Bank Ltd. 100,000 6 100% 100,000
4 Rupayan Builders Ltd. 600,000 3 50% 300,000
5 Dhaka Club Ltd. 400,000 2 20% 80,000
Total 1,800,000 580,000

At each period-end, calculation of provision for doubtful debts shall be revised.

INVENTORY [BAS-2]
 Inventory Count
 Inventory Valuation
 Inventory write-off
 Inventory Recording
 A. INVENTORY COUNT CONSIDERATIONS AND PROCEDURES:

 Item-wise list of each inventory with quantity [from store ledger]

 Invite internal and external auditor for observation of inventory count
 Count each and every items and note for any deficiency
 Get the verification sheet signed by the internal auditor and if possible by
the external auditor
 Accounting entry for deficiency [Loss Dr.; Inventory Cr.]

B. INVENTORY VALUATION:

Valuation Methods:

Benchmark (Commonly used and BAS supported) method:

 Lower of Cost and NRV (Net Realizable Value)

Allowed alternative (not BAS supported) method:

 Historical cost
 Expected selling price
 NRV
 Replacement cost

Measurement Methods:

 FIFO
 LIFO (Prohibited by BAS)
 Average Cost
 Standard Cost

Valuation Technique
Raw material valuation Work-in-process Finished Goods
valuation valuation
 Cost: Cost: Cost:
 Purchase price  Purchase price  Purchase price
 Transport cost  Transport cost  Transport cost
 Handling cost  Handling cost  Handling cost
 Non-recoverable taxes  Non-recoverable taxes  Non-recoverable taxes
 Conversion cost  Conversion cost
(Labor and (Labor and
overhead) overhead)
NRV:
Sales price NRV: NRV:
(-) profit Sales price Sales price
(-) VAT (-) VAT (-) VAT
(-) cost incurred to (-) cost incurred to (-) selling cost
complete as FG complete
as FG
(-) selling cost

Many Companies estimate 75% of Sales 90% of sales

PRACTICAL
PROBLEM

Provision on bad debt depends on accounting policy of a Company

Inventory (Accounting policy)
Inventories except inventories in transit are measured at the lower of cost and net
realizable value. The cost of inventories is based on the first-in first-out principle, and
includes expenditure incurred in acquiring the inventories, production or conversion
costs are other costs incurred in bringing them to their existing location and condition.

Net realizable value is the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business,
less the estimated costs of completion and selling expenses.

Finished Goods - costing

Material name Invoice Transport Handling Non- Total cost
price cost cost recoverable
tax
Filament 10 2 1 1.5 14.5
Shell 6 0.5 0.5 1 8
Coper 4 0.25 0.5 0.75 5.5
Total cost of bulb (25 28
MW)

Finished Goods - NRV

 Material name Sales VAT Overhead Selling cost NRV
price
Bulb 25 MW 50 7.5 5 1.5 36

Valuation [Lower of Cost and NRV]:

Material name Cost NRV Value to be
included as
inventory
Bulb 25 MW 28 36 28

C. INVENTORY WRITE-OFF

Inventory may be written-off when becomes obsolete/damaged.

D. ACCOUNTING ENTRY FOR INVENTORY IN EACH STAGE

Beginning inventory:
Cost of sales Dr.
Inventory Cr.

Ending inventory:
Inventory Dr.
Cost of sales Cr.

Inventory write-off:
Inventory write-off (expenses) Dr.
Inventory Cr.

Inventory lost at the time of counting

Loss of inventory on counting (expenses)Dr.
Inventory Cr.
 NON-CURRENT ASSETS AND DEPRECIATION
[PLANT PROPERTIES & EQUIPMENT, BAS-16]

 Recognition
 Measurement of PPE
 Depreciation
 Revaluation
 Disposal
 Impairment [BAS-36]
 Asset Register
 Intangible Assets [BAS-39]

Recognition

Initial recognition Subsequent to initial recognition

At cost Cost model:

Cost – Accumulated depreciation – Accumulated impairment loss

Revaluation model:
Revalued amount - Accumulated depreciation – Accumulated
impairment loss

Measurement
Asset should be measured initially at cost

Initial expenditure Subsequent expenditure

 Increase capacity
 Cost of site preparation  Increase useful life
 Initial delivery & handling cost  Improvement in quality
 Installation cost
 Professional fee; architects and
engineers
 Dismantling cost

Depreciation
Commonly used methods of depreciation are:
 Straight line method Reducing balance method

Calculation: Calculation:

[Cost-Residual value]/Useful life [Carrying amount (WDV)]*Depreciation

rate

Stop charging of depreciation:

A depreciation charge is made even if production stopped.

Revaluation:
Revaluation is made when actual life of an asset has increased than that of the estimated useful
life.

 Once revalued, interval of revaluation is 3-5 years

 Professional valuer shall be used in revaluation

Depreciation after revaluation:

Rate of depreciation shall be changed after re-valuation and shall based on remaining useful life
of the asset.

Accounting entry:
Plant properties and equipment Dr.
Revaluation surplus Cr.

Disposal
Asset is disposed off when life of the asset has exhausted or not usable.

Procedure of Disposal of Fixed Assets (DOFA):

- Concerned management takes decision to dispose off particular assets.
- The decision is communicated to the respective asset Co-ordinator
- Raising DOFA
- Go for auction
- Physically remove the asset
- Remove from asset register
- Remove from books

Raising DOFA:
Asset Description Asset Location Cost Acc. WDV Reason
no. class Dep.
Disposal of assets carried at cost:
Accumulated Depreciation Dr.
Cash Dr.
PPE Cr.
Gain Cr.

Disposal of assets carried at revalued:

Other than land:
Accumulated depreciation Dr.
PPE Cr.

Land:
Revaluation reserve Dr.
Retained earnings Cr.

Impairment [BAS]
Impairment loss = Carrying amount > recoverable amount

Asset register
ID description Location department Purchase cost Depreciation revaluation Carrying
no. date method amount

Intangible assets:
 Goodwill
 Preliminary expenses
 Development cost [BAS-38: design, construction and testing of pre-production, operation of
pilot plant, feasibility study, initiate process systems etc.].
 Application Software

Purchased goodwill:
Goodwill Dr.
Cash/Bank Cr.

Internally generated goodwill:

No entry

Amortization of intangible assets

Management‟s estimate on useful life

COST OF SALES, ACCRUAL AND PREPAYMENTS

 Unsold goods at the end of the accounting period
 Cost of sales
 Cost of carriage inward and outward
 Inventory written-off or down
 Inventory destroyed or stolen and subject to insurance claim
 Accrual Principle/Marching principle
Cost of goods sold
2009 2008
Opening stock of raw
materials 27,515,359 26,679,871
Purchase during the
year 321,351,326 193,508,744
Closing stock of raw
materials (29,735,731) (27,515,359)

Sale of scrap (1,249,481) (637,666)

Raw materials
consumed 317,881,473 192,035,590
Salaries and
wages 34,483,840 24,906,220

Gratuity 3,495,821 2,225,850

Contribution to
provident fund 873,581 722,979
Medical
expenses 1,057,694 934,086

Staff welfare expenses 990,719 1,220,628

Canteen
expenses 6,500,794 5,001,700
Power and
fuel 13,781,605 11,852,508
Vehicle running
expenses 42,896 4,050
Repairs and maintenance
- General 1,538,548 1,369,689

Repairs and maintenance - Machinery 2,192,548 1,586,300

Stores and spares
consumed 8,725,775 5,226,998

Rent, rates and taxes 6,073,500 6,073,500

Insurance 888,787 1,189,091

Telephone
and fax 441,016 172,594
Replacement
cost 8,473,160 -
Depreciation (Note
4.3) 17,980,501 17,488,028
 425,422,258 272,009,811
Opening work-in-
process 443,588 73,798
Closing work-in-
process (699,359) (443,588)
Cost of
production 425,166,487 271,640,021
Opening stock of
finished goods 8,003,822 6,037,208
Closing stock of finished goods (Note
23.3) (3,346,108) (8,003,822)

COGS 429,824,201 269,673,407

INSTITUTE OF CHARTERED ACCOUNTANTS OF BANGLADESH

CLASS TEST- 1 [KNOWLEDGE LEVEL (ACCOUNTING)]
MOHAMMAD SHAHIDUL ISLAM ACA
FULL MARKS-100, TIME ALLOWED-90 MIN. [all questions carry equal marks]

1. Mention the users of financial statements specifying internal and external users.
2. List the financial reporting framework of Bangladesh.
3. Mention 4 qualitative characteristics of accounting information.
4. What information are required for information be reliable?
5. How accrual basis of accounting is related to matching concept?
6. Identify key points to distinguish „CAPEX‟ and „REVEX‟
7. Briefly describe the responsibility of directors for preparation of financial statements.
8. What statements comprise a complete set of financial statements?
9. Describe, in brief, the recognition criteria of an asset.
10. Mention BAS term of fixed assets, stock, debtors, creditors and profit and loss account.
11. Describe, in brief, the accounting consequences, if „business entity concept‟ followed and if
not.
12. Mention the name of measurement techniques used in accounting. Explain „Break-up value‟
of measurement technique.
13. How do you identify „non-current and current assets and liabilities?
14. Mention the formula for „Gross profit‟, ‟Net profit‟, and admin cost to sales.
15. Mention few examples of distribution expenses.
16. What are the elements of financial statements?
17. How do you distinguish „petty cash book in traditional system‟ and „petty cash book in
imprest system‟.
18. What documents are called source document? Why?
19. What information are generally included in the GRN?
20. What are books of original entry used for? Why?
21. Describe, in brief, all types of discount.
22. Why payroll costs shown in the profit and loss account is higher than the gross payroll cost
of employees.
23. Distinguish nominal ledger and subsidiary ledger. Why subsidiary ledger is maintained?
24. Define duality concept in double entry book keeping system.
25. Point out the basic rules for double entry book keeping.
26. What is the implication of VAT on registered and non-registered person?
27. Distinguish between errors that cause trial balance imbalance and those that do not.
28. What is adjusted cash book? Why computation of adjusted cash book is necessary for an
accountant?
29. Mention the types of errors in accounting.
30. Describe the use of suspense account in rectifying errors.
31. Explain the terms „Fair presentation‟, „substance over form‟ and „Prudence‟.
32. Describe the effect in accounting if „going concern assumption‟ followed and if not followed.
33. Mention the cases where offsetting is permitted by accounting standards?

CLASS TEST-2
KNOWLEDGE LEVEL-ACCOUNTING, SECTION-1
Course Teacher: Mohammad Shahidul Islam ACA
[All questions carry equal marks]

CHAPTER-1: INTRODUCTION TO ACCOUNTING

1. What is the objective of financial statements?
2. Mention the users of financial statements.
 3. Why it is easier to get financial information for internal user and harder for external user?
4. Point out the information needs of following users?
a) Stewardship functioning
b) Management performance analysis
c) Ability to pay debt
d) Assessing tax liability and determine tax policy
e) Efficient allocation of resources
f) Contribution to local economy, using local supplier, environmental effect
5. Mention financial reporting framework in Bangladesh.
6. What qualitative characteristic are appropriate for each of the below cases?
a) undue delay in financial reporting
b) incomplete information or redundant information in the financial statement
c) error free, neutral information presented in the financial statement , prudence and
economic substance used
d) information provided in the financial statements on a consistence basis
7. Give 50 examples of CAPEX and 20 for REVEX?
8. Identifying CAPEX and REVEX
a) purchase of an application software for the company
b) purchase a second hand machine with reduced price
c) wages for operating the newly purchased machine
d) advertisement bill given for 5 years at time
e) gain on sale of fixed assets
9. Mention responsibility of directors/management in preparing f/s
10. Define faithful representation

CHAPTER-2: THE ACCOUNTING EQUATION

11. what are BAS term of following account heads:
a) Fixed assets
b) Stock
c) Debtor
d) Creditor
e) Profit & loss account
12. Suppose, list price in an invoice of sales was tk. 500 (VAT inclusive, at standard rate),
trade discount @10%, cash discount @ 5% (2/10, n/30), customer paid the amount on
21st day. Determine the invoice value. Determine GP ratio NP ratio and Administrative
cost to sale if COGS was tk. 300 and Admin cost was tk. 80.

CHAPTER-3: RECORDING FINANCIAL TRANSATIONS

13. Mention the name of all source documents.
14. What are the main books of original entries
15. State system note for credit sales process indicating basic documents required in each
stage
16. State system note for credit purchase process indicating basic documents required in
each stage
17. State system note for purchase of fixed assets in credit indicating basic documents
required in each stage
18. What are basis inclusion of Goods Received Notes (GRN)
19. What information are needed to draft invoice, credit notes, delivery challan and GRN
20. Mention the names of 6 main books of original entries
21. Draft a sales day book, purchase day book, cash book, petty cash book, payroll book
(assignment)
22. Mention the name of 7 source documents
23. Three documents i.e. purchase order, invoice and GRN is necessary for 3 way checking”
explain
24. Draft a invoice mentioning the amount of VAT
25. fill in the blanks:
Source document Books of
original entry
Sales invoince ?
Purchase invoice ?
Debit note ?
Credit note ?
Cheque remittance ?
advice
Payslip ?
Petty cash voucher ?
26. Preparing cash book:
As on 1 January 2010, ABC Company had Tk. 900 in the bank as overdraft. During the
year 2010 the company had following receipts and payments. Prepare an analyzed cash
book from the above transactions.
Transactions during 2010:
a. Cash sale: receipt of Tk. 94 (including VAT @ 15%);
b. Payment from credit customer XYZ Tk. 380;
c. Cheque received from as a short term loan from PQR Tk. 1800;
d. Cash sale: receipt of Tk 141 (including VAT @ 15%);
e. Cash received for dale of machine Tk 1200 (no VAT);
f. Payment to supplier Tk 120;
g. Payment of telephone bill Tk. 376 (including VAT Tk. 76);
h. Tk. 100 withdrawn from bank for petty cash;
i. Payment of Tk. 1,500 to Otobi for new furniture (no VAT);
27. State few example for which petty cash book is used
28. Difference between imprest system of petty cash book and normal petty cash book
29. Draft a typical petty cash book in imprest system
30. State which books of original entry the following transactions would be entered into:
a. Payment to a supplier a cheque for Tk. 450
b. Send and invoice to customer for Tk. 650
c. Buy envelops for Tk. 12
d. Receive an invoice from a supplier for Tk. 300
e. Pay Tk 500 to customer through online transfer
f. Customer returns goods for tk. 250
g. Return goods to supplier for tk. 504
h. Customer pays you a cheque for tk. 500
31. Draft a dummy payroll sheet/book of your company
 32. ABC Ltd. Has 10 employees who had gross pay of tk. 140,000 per annum among them in
2009. In that year the company made net pay payments to employees of tk. 129,200
and paid tk. 20,900 to e\the pension trustees. Its total payroll cost was tk. 170,400. how
much did the company pay to Government treasury in respect of withholding tax?
33. What transactions are recorded via journal as a book of original entry?
34. Gross payroll cost is more than employees‟ gross pay since‟ explain why?
35. Suppose that ABC Ltd. Pay tk. 380 in full settlement of an invoice that had been recorded
at tk. 385 in total in the sales day book. How cash book would be written up?

CHAPTER-4: LEDGER ACCOUNTING & DOUBLE ENTRY

36. Distinguish nominal ledger and subsidiary ledger
37. Define duality concept with example
38. State the general rule of double entry bookkeeping.
39. Identify the debit and credit entries in the following transactions (ignore VAT)
a) bought a machine on credit from A, cost tk. 8,000
b) bought goods on credit from B, cost tk. 500
c) sale goods on credit to C, valu tk. 1,200
d) paid D (a credit supplier) tk. 300
e) collected tk. 180 from E, a credit customer
f) paid net pay tk. 4,000
g) received rent bill of tk. 700 from landlord G
h) paid rent insurance premium tk. 90

40. Summit Power operates an imprest petty cash system. The imprest amount is Tk. 5000.
at the end of the period the totals of the four analysis columns in the petty cash book
were as follows:
Column -1 tk. 23.12
Column -2 tk. 6.74
Column -3 tk. 12.90
Column -4 tk. 28.50
How much cash is required to restore the imprest amount?
41. Give two example of subsidiary ledger.
42. Soft Supplies Co. recently purchase from Hard Imports Co. 10 printers originally priced at
tk. 200 each. A 10% trade discount was negotiated together with a 5% cash discount if
payment was made within 14 days. Calculate the following.
a) The total of the trade discount
b) The total of the cash discount
43. Define trade discount and cash discount with two examples
44. Define the term 2/10, n/30
45. Prepare an income statement from the following items:
Taka
a) purchase at gross cost 120,000
b) trade discount allowed 4,000
c) cash discount received 1,500
d) cash sales 34,000
e) credit sale at invoice price 150,000
f) cash discount allowed 8,000
 g) distributaries cost 32,000
h) administrative cost 40,000
i) drawings by proprietor 22,000
46. Explain why VAT is called expenditure tax?
47. Explain how VAT is collected?
48. Explain implication of VAT for registered and non-registered persons
49. A manufacturing company purchase raw materials at a cost of tk. 1,000 plus VAT at
standard rate of 15%. From the raw materials the company makes finished products
which it sales to a retail outlet, B ltd. For tk. 1,600 plus VAT a\@ 15%. B Ltd. Sales the
products to customers at a total price of tk. 2,000 plus VAT @15%. How much VAT is
paid at each stage in the chain?
50. Define the term “irrecoverable VAT” with two examples
51. ABC Company usually sell goods at tk. 130 each, it gives XYZ Trade discount of tk. 10 so
he sells goods to XYZ for tk. 120. ABC is registered for VAT. How much output VAT
should ABC company include on XYZ‟s invoice?
52. If you are told that an amount includes VAT @ 15% (gross amount), calculate the VAT
amount?
53. ABC is preparing financial statements for the year ended 31 December 2009. Included in
its balance sheet as at 31 December 2008 was a balance for VAT due from government
of tk. 15,000. ABC‟s summary income statement for the year 31 December 2009 was as
follows:
Taka
Revenue (net) (all standard rated) 500,000
Purchase (net) (all standard rated) (120,000)
Gross profit 380,000
Expenses:
Wages & salaries (VAT exempted) (163,000)
Entertainment (Tk. 40 plus irrecoverable VAT Tk. 6) (46,000)
Other (net, all standard rated) (71,000)
Net profit 100,000

Payments of tk. 5,000, 15,000 and 20,000 have been made in the year to government
and a repayment of tk. 12,000 was received.

a) What is the balance for VAT in the balance sheet as at 31 December 2009 (assume
VAT @ 15%)

54. When a credit customer pays an invoice for tk. 115 including VAT @ 15%. What will the
credit entry in the VAT ledger account?
55. Define input VAT and output VAT with example.

CHAPTER 5: PREPARING BASIC FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

56. What are the components of a complete set of financial statements
57. What are the basis elements of a financial statements
58. What are the errors do not make a trial balance imbalance?
59. Distinguish between errors that cause trial balance imbalance and those that do not.
CHAPTER 6: CONTROL ACCOUNT, ERRORS AND OMISSION
60. The total of the balance in a company‟s receivables ledger is tk. 800 more than the debit
balance on its receivables control account. Which one of the following errors could by
itself account for the discrepancy?
a) The sales day book total column has been under cast by tk.800
b) Cash discounts totallling tk. 800 have been omitted form the nominal ledger
c) One receivables ledger account with a credit balance of tk. 800 has been treated
as a debit balance in the list of balances
d) The cash receipts book has been under cast by tk. 800
61. For Export Co. on 1 October 2008 the receivables ledger balance were tk. 8,024 debit
and tk. 57 credit, and the payables ledger balance on the same date were tk. 6.135
credit and tk. 105 debit. There balance have been checked and are correct.
For the year ended 30 September 2009 the following particulars are available (in taka):
Sales 62.514
Purchase 39,439
Cash from credit customers 55,212
Cash to credit suppliers 37,307
Discount received 1,475
Discount allowed 2,328
Irrecoverable debts written off 326
Refund from suppliers 105
Amount due from customers as shown by receivables ledger, offset against amount due
to the same firm as shown by payable ledger (settlement by contra). 434
What are the balances as at 30 September 2009 on:
a) receivables control account
b) payable control account
62. “Bank statement is the mirror image of the cash book”-explain
63. Mention the 5 common explanations for differences between cash book and bank
statement
64. Explain, in brief, the adjusted cash book
65. ABC‟s bank statement shows tk. 715 direct debits and tk. 353 investment income not
recorded in the cash book. The bank statement does not show a customer‟s cheque for
tk. 875 entered in the cash book on the last day of the accounting period. The cash book
has a credit balance of tk. 610. What balance appear in the bank statement?
66. What are the 5 broad types of error in accounting
67. Identity types of error from following transactions

Error Type
A credit sales of tk. 6,843 has been incorrectly debited in the receivable ledger
as tk. 6,483
A business receives an invoice from a supplier for tk. 250 and the transaction is
missed from the books
An error is to treat revenue expenditure incorrectly as capital expenditure
Putting a debit entry or a credit entry in the wrong account
Casting error
Admin expenses of tk. 2,822 are entered as tk. 2,282 in the administrative
 expenses ledger account. At the same time, income of tk. 8,931 is shown in te
sales account as tk. 8,391.

68. A bank statement shows a balance of tk, 1,200 in credit. An examination of the
statement shows a tk. 500 cheques paid in per the cash book but not yet on the bank
statement and a tk. 1,250 cheque paid out nu\\but not yet on the statement. In addition
the cash book shows the proprietors correct calculation of savings interest of tk. 50
which should have been received, but which is not on the statement. What is the balance
per the cash book?
69. ABC Company had a difference on its trial balance. After investigation the following
errors were discovered.
a) A sales invoice for tk. 500 was mis-read by the clerk as tk. 600 ad\nd entered as
such into the ledger accounts
b) Bank charge of tk. 145 had been debited to the cash at bank account tk. 154
How much was the original difference on the trial balance?

70. Give 3 examples for which a suspense account is required for correction of an error.
71. Bank statement of a company showed an overdrawn balance of tk. 5,250 on 31
December 2009. when this was reconciled to the cash book, the following difference
were noted:
o Un-presented cheques
o Un-credited lodgment
o Standing order for insurance premium payable not entered in cash book
o Overdraft interest not recorded in the cash book
o Credited in error to company‟s account by bank
What is the original balance on company‟s cash book as on 31 December 2009?
72. “Closing inventory balance is not included in the initial trial balance rather included in
the extended trial balance” explain
73. As at 31 December 2009 a company‟s bank statement shows an overdraft of tk. 1,500.
The statement includes bank charges of tk. 30 which have not yet been recorded in the
company‟s cash book. On 29 December 2009 the company had paid a cheque of tk. 500
to a supplier and banked tk. 200 received from a trade receivable; neither of these terms
appears in the bank statement. What would be the overdraft of the company‟s balance
sheet at 31 December 2009?
74. The cash book shows a bank balance of tk. 5,675 overdrawn at 31 December 2009. it is
subsequently discovered that a standing order payment for tk. 125 has been entered
twice, and that a dishonored cheque for tk. 450 has been debited in the cash book
instead of credited. What should be correct bank balance?
75. Give 10 examples for which amendments of cash book is required. (Assignment)
76. Give 5 example for which amendments of banks statement is required (assignment)

CHAPTER 7: ACCOUNTING CONCEPT AND CONVENTIONS:

77. identifying concepts and conventions:
Scenario Concept and
convention
Owner of the business takes goods from inventories for his own
personal use
 Application of degree of caution in exercising judgment under conditions
of uncertainty
The directors do not intend to liquidate the entity or to cease trading in
the foreseeable future
The entity‟s financial position financial performance and cash flow are
presented fairly
When computing profit, income earned must be matched against the
expenditure incurred in earning it
The presentation and classification of items in the financial statements
should stay the same from one period to the next
Financial statements are produced within a time interval that enables
users to make relevant economic decision.
78. State few items for which set-off of is allowed?
79. When break-up value of accounting is attracted?
80. A retailer commences business on 1 January 2009 and buys 20 washing machines, each
costing tk. 100. During the year he sells 17 machines at tk. 150 each. How should the
remaining machines be valued at 31 December in the following circumstances?
a) He forced to close down his business at the end of the year and the remaining
machines will realize only tk. 60 each in a forced sale.
b) He intends to continue his business into the next year.