89
SOME A S P E C T S OF S H E A R WALL DESIGN
T.
I. INTRODUCTION
T h e u s e f u l n e s s of c e r t a i n w a l l s in the
s t r u c t u r a l p l a n n i n g of m u l t i s t o r e y b u i l d i n g s
in p a r t i c u l a r h a s l o n g b e e n r e c o g n i s e d . When
e x t e r n a l or i n t e r n a l w a l l s a r e s i t u a t e d in
a d v a n t a g e o u s p o s i t i o n s t h e y c a n be v e r y
e f f i c i e n t in r e si st ing l a t e r a l l o a d s o r i g i n a t -
ing f r o m w i n d or e a r t h q u a k e s . In a d d i t i o n to
the p o t e n t ial s t r e n g t h , w h i c h s h e a r w a l l s
possess, they offer considerable lateral stiff-
ness and t h u s can protect a b u i l d i n g against
n o n - s t r u c t u r a l d a m a g e that a r i s e s w h e n l a t e r a l
d i s p l a c e m e n t or s w a y b e c o m e s e x c e s s i v e d u r i n g
a moderate seismic disturbance.
O n l y in t h e l a s t f e w y e a r s d i d the
subject r e c e i v e more attention and many aspects
of t h e b e h a v i o u r o f s h e a r w a l l s a r e s t i l l
b e i n g st u d i e d a n d e v a l u a t e d . B e c a u se of
n e c e s s a r y s p a c e l i m i t a t i o n s r e l e v a n t f e a t u r e s,
w h i c h h a v e be en t r e a t e d in w e l l k n o w n p u b -
lications^ i f
', w i l l b e m e n t i o n e d v e r y
b r i e f l y h e r e , b u t r e f e r e n c e to t h e a p p r o p r i a t e
source w i l 1 be m a d e . Other aspects, which are
n o w u n d e r s t o o d a l i t t l e b e t t e r b e c a u se of m o r e
r e c e n t r e s e a r c h e f f o r t s , a r e p r e s e n t e d in m o r e
detail. E m p h a si s is p l a c e d on f e a t u r e s of
b e h a v i o u r r e l e v a n t to l o a d i n g of s e i s m i c o r i g i n
r a t h e r t h a n on d e s i g n r e c i p e s .
2. CANTILEVER SHEAR WALLS
2•1 Tall Walls with Rectangular Cross Sections
A single c a n t i l e v e r shear wall, with a
h e i g h t to d e p t h r a t i o of o v e r 2 , c a n be
e x p e c t e d t o b e h a v e a s an o r d i n a r y r e i n f o r c e d
concrete flexural member. T h e s m a l 1 w i d t h of
s u c h a s e c t i o n s u g g e st s that t h e p r o b l e m of
instability may arise. C o n s e q u e n t l y the t h i c k -
n e s s at t h e c r i t i c a l r e g i o n n e a r t h e b a s e of
the wall must be chosen a c c o r d i n g l y when con-
s i d e r i n g t h e f l o o r h e i g h t a s the b u c k l i n g
length.
T h e s t r e n g t h of s u c h w a l l s c a n be s i m p l y
evaluated from conventional axial load-bending
m o m e n t i n t e r a c t ion r e l a t i o n s h i p s . The axial
compre ssion is often rather s m a l 1 and there-
f o r e it d o e s n o t a p p r e c i a b l y r e d u c e the d u e t -
i l i t y of a p r o p e r l y r e i n f o r c e d r e c t a n g u l a r
shear wall• S o m e t i m e s the code s p e c i f i e d load
d o e s not r e q u i r e m u c h f l e x u r a l r e i n f o r c e m e n t
a n d t h e d e s i g n e r is t e m p t e d to p r o v i d e steel
u n i f o r m l y d i s t r i b u t e d o v e r t h e w h o l e d e p t h of
the sect ion. It m a y be s h o w n f r o m f i r s t
p r i n c i p l e s, h o w e v e r , t h a t s u c h a r r a n g e m e n t of
r e i n f o r c e m e n t r e d u c e s t h e d u c t i l i t y a s the
total steel content increases.
* R e a d e r in C i v i l E n g i n e e r i n g , U n i v e r s i ty of
Canterbury, Christchurch.
Bulletin of N.Z. Society for Earthquake Engineering, Vol. 5 No. 3, September 1972
PAULAY*
W h e n the f 1 e x u r a l s t e e l d e m a n d is l a r g e r
it wi 1 1 be m u c h m o r e e f f i c i e n t to f o l l o w t h e
a r r a n g e m e n t u s e d in o r d i n a r y r e i n f o r c e d c o n c r e t e
b e a m s , i.e. to a c c o m m o d a t e m u c h of the f l e x u r a l
s t e e l n e a r the e x t r e m e f i b r e s. A m i n i m u m of
Pv = 0 . 2 5 % v e r t i c a l s t e e l s h o u l d a l w a y s be
p r o v i d e d in the w e b " of the s h e a r w a l l s e c t i on.
M
H o w e v e r , o t h e r c o n s i d e r a t i o n s , to b e d i s c u s s e d
l a t e r , m a y r e q u i r e m o r e r e i n f o r c e m e nt in t h e
"web". T h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n of t h e f l e x u r a l s t e e l
n e a r the e x t r e m i t i e s of a r e c t a n g u l a r s h e a r w a l l
s e c t i o n will also i n c r e a s e c o n s i d e r a b l y the
r o t a t i o n a l d u c t i l i t y ' ^ ',
T h e s h e a r s t r e n g t h of t a l l r e c t a n g u l a r
she a r w a l l s c a n be a s s e s s e d t h e say w a y a s in
ordinary beams. It s h o u l d b e r e m e m b e r e d ,
h o w e v e r , that w h e r e y i e l d i n g (near t h e b a s e of
t h e w a l l ) of t h e f l e x u r a l r e i n f o r c e m e n t c a n
o c c u r the c o n t r i b u t i o n of the c r a c k e d c o n c r e t e
t o w a r d s s h e a r r e s i s t a n c e m u s t be n e g l e c t e d a n d
h o r i z o n t a l s t i r r u p r e i n f o r c e m e n t n e e d be p r o v -
i d e d f o r the t o t a l s h e a r w h i c h is a s s o c i a t e d
w i t h the l o a d c a u s i n g f 1 e x u r a l y i e l d i n g .
A s s u m i n g a kS d e g r e e p o t e n t i a l d i a g o n a l f a i l u r e
c r a c k , t h i s s t i r r u p r e i n f o r c e m e n t w i l l h a v e to
b e p r o v i d e d o v e r a h e i g h t e q u a l to t h e d e p t h
of the shear wall s e c t i o n . T h i s c a n be m o r e t h a n
the floor height. Intermediate vertical bars
w i l l not c o n t r i b u t e s i g n i f i c a n t l y t o w a r d s s h e a r
s t r e n g t h in tall s h e a r w a l l s .
In t h e u p p e r p a r t s of the c a n t i l e v e r s h e a r
w a l l no f 1 e x u r a l y i e l d i n g is e x p e c t e d . Conse-
q u e n t l y a n o m i n a l s h e a r stre ss of a p p r o x i m a t e l y
2 |f£ can a l w a y s be a l 1 o c a t e d to t h e c o n c r e t e .
A m i n i m u m h o r i z o n t a l w a l l s t e e l c o n t e n t of 0 . 2 5 $ ,
w h e n properly anchored, w i l 1 supply about the
s a m e a m o u n t of s h e a r s t r e n g t h so t h a t the
m i n i m u m s h e a r s t r e n g t h a v a i l a b l e in t h e e l a s t i c
p o r t i o n of a r e c t a n g u l a r s h e a r w a l l is a p p r o x -
i m a t e l y ^ y f £ , i n t e r m s of n o m i n a l s h e a r s t r e s s e s .
2.2 Squat Shear Walls W i t h Rectangular Cross
Sections
In c a n t i l e v e r s h e a r w a l l s w h o s e h e i g h t ,
h , is comparable w i t h their d e p t h , i.e.
w
h / 1
w -zz 1 , it is no 1 o n g e r p o s s i b l e to
s e p a r a t e the c o n s i d e r a t i o n s of f l e x u r e a n d
shear from each o t h e r . The relatively large
f l e x u r a l c a p a c i t y of t h e s e w a l l s c a n be a s s o c -
i a t e d wit h s h e a r f o r c e s w h i c h a r e l a r g e e n o u g h
to d e s t r o y the s t r u c t u r e in a b r i t t l e m a n n e r .
H e n c e the c o n s i d e r a t i o n of s h e a r s t r e n g t h
assumes pre-eminence.
F o r want of o t h e r a n d b e t t e r i n f o r m a t i o n
it w a s o f t e n a t t e m p t e d to p r e d i c t t h e l i k e l y
b e h a v i o u r of l o w ri se s h e a r w a l l s f r o m t e s t s
c a r r i e d out on d e e p b e a m s . Geometric simil-
a r i t i e s suggested such p r o c e d u r e s . Most tests
on d e e p b e a m s h a v e a c o m m o n f e a t u r e , t h e l o a d
90
is d i r e c t l y a p p l i e d to the t o p or b o t t o m f a c e s
of s i m p l y s u p p o r t e d s p e c i m e n s , a s s h o w n in F i g .
la. A s t h e d i a g o n a l 1 i n e of t h r u s t , or i n t e r n a l
a r c h , c a n d i s p o s e of the s h e a r f o r c e , v e r t i c a l
s t i r r u p s w i l l n o t be e f f e c t i v e . Therefore
c e r t a i n c o d e s s u g g e s t e d tha t t h e c o n t r i b u t i o n
of w e b r e i n f o r c e m e n t s h o u l d be i g n o r e d a n d the
n o m i n a l s h e a r s t r e s s on l o w r i s e s h e a r w a l l s be
1 i m i t ed^ '. F i g . lb s h o w s that w i t h a
d i f f e r e n t t y p e of l o a d int r o d u c t i o n n o e f f e c t -
ive a r c h a c t i o n c a n d e v e l o p a n d h e n c e no s u b -
s t a n t i a l s h e a r s t r e n g t h can e x i s t w i t h o u t w e b
r e i n f o r c e m e n t c r o s s i n g the p o t e n t i a l d i a g o n a l
failure cracks. Leonhardt and W a l t h e r
d e m o n s t r a t e d ^ ^ ' that w h e n the she a r . i s i n t r o -
d u c e d a s a 1 i n e l o a d o v e r t h e d e p t h of a d e e p
beam, stirrup reinforcement is fully e f f e c t i v e .
One of t h e i r s p e c i m e n s t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e a p p l i e d
l o a d p a t t e r n i s s h o w n in F i g . 2 .
A s i m i l a r d i f f e r e n c e in the b e h a v i o u r of
low r i s e c a n t i l e v e r shear w a l l s e x i s t s . Early
result s were d e r i v e d from r a c k i n g t e s t s , with
a single c o n c e n t r a t e d load being a p p l i e d
a g a i n s t t h e t e n s i o n f o r c e of a c a n t i l e v e r . In
t h e s e s p e c i m e n s a r c h act ion c o u l d d e v e l o p . In
a c t u a l shear w a l l s t h e l o a d is i n t r o d u c e d
n o r m a l l y a s a l i n e l o a d , by m e a n s of a f l o o r
s l a b , a n d a s h e a r d i s p o s a l s i m i l a r to that
s h o w n in F i g . 2 e n s u e s .
T o i l l u s t r a t e t h e b e h a v i o u r of s q u a t s h e a r
w a l l s , a n d the e f f e c t s of b o t h t h e f l e x u r a l
( v e r t i c a l ) and shear ( h o r i z o n t a l ) r e i n f o r c e -
ment on f a i l u r e m o d e and d u c t i l i t y , the m o r e
i m p o r t a n t p o i n t s of a s t u d y , c a r r i e d out at t h e
U n i v e r s i t y of C a n t e r b u r y ' * ' , a r e b r i e f l y p r e -
s e n t e d in the f o l l o w i n g .
Square shaped ( h / 1 w w = 1) 6 i n . thick
c a n t i l e v e r s h e a r w a l 1 s w e r e s u b j e c t e d to a l o a d
in s u c h a w a y t h a t t h e s h e a r f o r c e w a s d i s t r i b -
uted a l o n g t h e i r top edge. See F i g . 3 . For
c o n v e n i e n c e t h i s is e x p r e s s e d in t e r m s of
n o m i n a l s h e a r s t r e s s , v. T h e p r o p e r t i e s of
t h r e e s p e c i m e n s a n d the r e s u l t s a r e s u m m a r i s e d
in T a b l e I. T h e f a i l u r e m o d e of e a c h of the
test w a l l s is e v i d e n t f r o m F i g . 3 a n d F i g . ^ # m a r k e d 1, it is e v i d e n t t h a t h o r i z o n t a l s t e e l is
(i) Wall 2 0 3 was d e l i b e r a t e l y u n d e r d e s i g n e d
for shear. S t i r r u p s were e x p e c t e d to resist only
50% o f the l o a d , w h i c h w o u l d h a v e b e e n d e v e l o p e d
if f l e x u r e g o v e r n e d t h e s t r e n g t h . ( R o w 8 of
T a b l e I ) . F i g . 3 s h o w s t h e d e v e l o p m e n t of
d i a g o n a l c r a c k s d u r i n g 1 2 c y c l e s of t h e l o a d i n g .
S o m e of t h e s h e a r w a s st ill t r a n s f e r r e d by a r c h
a c t i o n b e c a u s e 1 2 3 % of the t h e o r e t i c a l s h e a r
c a p a c i t y a n d 1 0 8% of the f l e x u a l c a p a c i t y c o u l d
be d e v e l o p e d . Nothing shows better the u s e f u l -
n e s s of s t i r r u p s in s u c h s q u a t s h e a r w a l l s t h a n
the f a c t t h a t at f a i l u r e o n e s t i r r u p f r a c t u r e d .
(ii) By providing more vertical r e i n f o r c e -
m e n t in W a l l 2 0 1 i t s f l e x u r a l c a p a c i t y w a s
a p p r o x i m a t e l y t w i c e t h a t of t h e p r e v i o u s w a l l .
Thi s f l e x u r a l s t r e n g t h r e q u i r e d the d e v e l o p m e n t
of l a r g e s h e a r s t r e s s e s , i . e . a p p r o x i m a t e l y
lOyf£. T h e d e s i g n s h e a r s t r e n g t h of t h e w a l l
w a s i n e x c e s s o f it s f l e x u r a l c a p a c i t y , a n d a
flexural f a i l u r e could be expected. As Fig.
ka s h o w s a s l i d i n g s h e a r f a i l u r e o c c u r r e d in
t h e 1 2 t h c y c l e o f l o a d i n g at 39% of t h e t h e o r e t -
i c a l c a p a c i t y o f the s p e c i m e n . It s h o u l d be
noted that a d d i t i o n a l stirrup r e i n f o r c e m e n t
c a n n o t p r e v e n t t h i s t y p e of f a i l u r e , w h i c h is
typical in d e e p m e m b e r s , w h e r e h i g h i n t e n s i t y
of c y c l i c s h e a r o c c u r s . T h e p h e n o m e n o n w i l l be
d i s c u s s e d in g r e a t e r d e t a i l w h e n t h e b e h a v i o u r
.of d e e p s p a n d r e l b e a m s is r e v i e w e d .
( i i i ) W a l l 2 0 2 w a s i d e n t i c a l to W a l l 2 0 3
e x c e p t that s h e a r r e i n f o r c e m e n t w a s p r o v i d e d
in e x c e s s of t h e f 1 e x u r a l c a p a c i t y . The
theoretical flexural strength was associated
w i t h m o d e r a t e n o m i n a l s h e a r s t r e s s e s , i.e.
5 . 6 JfJ>. T h e s p e c i m e n e x c e e d e d i t s ul t i m a t e
de s i g n c a p a c i t y in e a c h of the " p l a s t i c " c y c l e s
a n d c o u l d not be d e s t r o y e d as c o n t e m p l a t e d
b e c a u s e the l o a d i n g f r a m e w a s u n a b l e to m a t c h
the s p e c i m e n • s d u c t i l i t y . Fig. ^ b shows Wall
2 0 2 at t h i s s t a g e . It is p r o b a b l e that
further load reversals would have eventually
caused a sliding shear failure.
F i g . 5 g i v e s the l o a d ro t a t i o n r e l a t i o n -
ship for all three b e a m s . (Rotation = lateral
d e f 1 e c t i o n of w a l l d i v i d e d by it s h e i g h t ) .
C y c l e s 1 to ^ s h o w t h e e l a s t i c r e s p o n s e a n d
c y c l e s 7 to 8 i n d i c a t e the e l a s t i c re s p o n s e
a f t e r one m o d e r a t e e x c u r s i o n b e y o n d t h e y i e l d
r a n g e in e a c h d i r e c t i o n w a s m a d e . The plastic
re s p o n s e of e a c h w a l 1 c a n be c o n v e n i e n t l y
e x p r e s sed by the c u m u l a t ive d u c t i 1 i t y , r o w 1 0
in T a b l e I. .Not o n l y w a s W a l l 2 0 1 t h e l e a s t
d u e tile o n e , b u t it a l s o s h o w e d a d i s t i n c t
l o s s of the s t r e n g t h . The superior performance
of W a l 1 2 0 2 s u g g e s t s t h e two i m p o r t a n t c o n c l u s -
i o n s for d e s i g n ;
( 1 ) If a d u c t i l e i . e . , f l e x u r a l f a i l u r e
m e c h a n i sm is d e s i r e d in a l o w r i s e s h e a r w a l 1
t h a n the n o m i n a l s h e a r s t r e s s e s , a s s o c i a t e d
w i t h the f l e x u r a l c a p a c i t y of t h e w a l l , m u s t
be m o d e r a t e , say v u = 6 yf£. T h i s is n o r m a l l y
not d i f f i c u l t to a c h i e v e . The r e q u i r e m e n t will
1 i m i t the f l e x u r a l s t e e l c o n t e n t in t h e w a l l .
( 2 ) B e c a u se t h e f l e x u r a l f a i l u r e m e c h a n i sm
is a s s o c i a t e d w i t h l a r g e c r a c k s no r e l i a n c e
s h o u l d be p l a c e d o n t h e c o n c r e t e in c o n t r i b u t i n g
towards shear strength, C o n s e q u e n t l y , the
w h o l e of s h e a r f o r c e s h o u l d be r e s i s t e d b y w e b
reinforcement•
T h e l i k e l y c r a c k p a t t e r on a 1 o w r i s e s h e a r
w a l 1 is s k e t c h e d in F i g . 8 . From considerations
of e q u i l i b r i u m of t h e t r i a n g u l a r f r e e b o d y
r e q u i r e d to r e s i s t the s h e a r i n g s t r e s s a p p l i e d
to it s t o p e d g e . In the f r e e b o d y b o u n d by t w o
d i a g o n a l c r a c k s a n d m a r k e d 2 , on the o t h e r h a n d ,
v e r t i c a l f o r c e s of e q u a l i n t e n s i t y n e e d be
g e n e r a t e d in o r d e r to d e v e l o p the n e c e s s a r y
d i a g o n a l compre ssion. Hence, thevertical web
s t e e l n e e d b e the same a s the h o r i z o n t a l s t e e l .
T h i s is r e f e r r e d to a s s h e a r r e i n f o r c e m e n t e v e n
t h o u g h its p r i n c i p a l r o l e is to r e s i s t the
m o m e n t w h i c h t e n d s to o v e r t u r n f r e e b o d y 2 .
A p p r o p r i a t e r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s for this have now
b e e n i n c o r p o r a t e d in the A C I C o d e ' ' . 2 0
2.3 Flanged Cantilever Shear Walls
T h e r e i s n o r e a s o n to e x p e c t that f l a n g e d
shear w a l 1 s would behave differently from those
wi th r e c t a n g u l a r s e c t i o n s . S t e e l p r o v i d e d in
e a c h of the f l a n g e s s h o u l d en sure a d e q u a t e
flexural ductility. A d d i t i o n a l s a f e g u a r d s , in
f o r m s of l o w e r u n d e r - c a p a c i t y f a c t o r s , m a y be
a p p r o p r i a t e w h e n , t h e w h o l e t h i c k n e s s of a w i d e
f l a n g e i s in c o m p r e s s i o n ! ) .
0
The flange s will considerably boost the
moment c a p a c i t y of tall c a n t i l e v e r shear w a l 1 s ,
h e n c e the s h e a r re si s t a n c e of the ir w e b s m a y
b e c o m e a c r i t i c a l de s i g n i t e m . The large demand
f o r w e b r e i n f o r c e m e n t can be c o n v e n i e n t l y m e t b y
u s i n g steel with h i g h e r yield strength ( H Y 6 0 ) .

In a w e l l d e s i g n e d s h e a r w a l l the s t i r r u p rein-
f o r c e m e n t is n o t e x p e c t e d to y i e l d at any stage
of a seismic d i s t u r b a n c e .
2 , k Flexure__ _Axial
:L Load Interaction in Shear
Walls
F l a n g e d , a n g l e or c h a n n e l s h a p e d c r o s s
s e c t i o n s o f t e n a p p e a r in s h e a r w a l l s f o r m i n g
t h e c o r e s of m u l t i s t o r e y b u i l d i n g s. Such
s e c t i o n s w i l l b e s u b j e c t e d to a x i a l f o r c e s ,
i n c l u d i n g tension, as well as b e n d i n g moment s
a b o u t e i t h e r of the p r i n c i p a l a x e s . Because
the o v e r a l l d i m e n s i o n s of c o r e s r e m a i n s e n s i b l y
c o n s t a n t o v e r t h e f u l l h e i g h t of t h e s t r u c t u r e
a n d b e c a u se m o r e t h a n one l o a d c o m b i n a t i o n m a y
h a v e to be c o n s i d e r e d it c o u l d b e a d v a n t a g e o u s
to c o n s t r u c t t h e a p p r o p r i a t e i n t e r a c t i o n c u r v e s
for m o m e n t and a x i a l f o r c e . W i t h t h e a id o f a
small computer thi s is a r e l a t i v e l y easy
task^?).
F i g * ? s h o w s the a x i a l f o r c e - m o m e n t ' i n t e r -
a c t i o n for two c h a n n e l shaped s h e a r wall sect-
ions. T h e r e i n f o r c e m e n t is a s s u m e d to be u n i -
f o r m l y d i s t r i b u t e d w i t h i n the t h i c k n e ss of the
w a l l sect i o n . C l e a r l y the sect ion is l e s s
s e n s i t i v e to c o m p r e s s i o n a n d b e n d i n g m o m e n t
.causing c o m p r e s s i o n in the " w e b " o f t h e c h a n n e l
s e c t i o n t h a n t o a m o m e n t w h i ch i n d u c e s c o m -
p r e s s i o n at t h e t i p of the " f l a n g e s " . The
p o s i t i o n of the n e u t r a l a x i s , at u l t i m a t e , C,
r e l a t i v e t o t h e c o m p r e s s i o n e d g e is e x p r e s s e d
b y the C / D r a t i o, w h e r e D is t h e " f l a n g e "
width. The b a l a n c e d failure m e c h a n i s m ,
c o r r e s p o n d i n g wi th a n a p p r o x i m a t e d u c t i l i t y
f a c t o r of u n i t y , i s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h a C / D r a t i O
o f a p p r o x i m a t e l y 0 . 6 5 in the s e c o n d e x a m p l e .
T h e i n t e r a c t i o n c u r v e s and the r a d i a l l i n e s
i n d i c a t e t h u s to w h a t e x t e n t d o e s t h e given
l o a d c o m b i n a t i o n l e a d to a d u c t i l e f a i l u r e ,
such as would be associated for example with
c/D « 0 . 1 . It i s a p p a r e n t f r o m the se c u r v e s
t h a t o u r e x p e r i e nc e s wi t h r e c t a n g u l a r sections
c a n n o t be s i m p l y t r a n s p o s e d o v e r s h e a r w a l l
sections. The available rotational ductility
o f t h e c r i t i c a l s h e a r w a l 1 s e c t i o n of g i v e n
g e o m e t r y is e v i d e n t l y s t r o n g l y a f f e c t e d b y t h e
s e n s e s of t h e m o m e n t s a n d t h e a x i a l f o r c e s
i . e . net c o m p r e s s i o n o r t e n s i o n .
2.5 Horizontal Construction J o i n t s A e r o ss
Shear Walls
E a r t h q u a k e d a m a g e in s h e a r w a l 1 s w a s
o f t e n o b s e r v e d at c o n s t r u e t i o n j o i n t s, a l o n g
which siiding movement s occurred. T h e se a r e
m o r e c o m m o n in l o w s h e a r w a l l s w h i c h c a r r y
relatively small gravity loads. However,
t h e y h a v e a l s o b e e n o b s e r v e d in m u l t i - s t o r e y
s t r u c t u r e s (see F i g . 1 ^ ) .
A well p r e p a r e d c o n s t r u c t i o n joint will
p r o d u c e a r o u g h s u r f a c e a n d h e n c e it w i l l be
a b l e to t r a n s f e r s h e a r i n g f o r c e s by m e a n s of
aggregate interlock. T h i s m e c h a n i s m is a l s o
r e f e r r e d to as " s h e a r f r i c t i o n " . As soon as a
siiding movement commences,a crack, formed
a l o n g a c o n s t r u c t i o n j o i n t , w i l 1 t e n d to w i d e n .
A n y m e a n s w h i c h w i l 1 p r e v e n t or d e l a y the o p e n -
i n g of s u c h a c r a c k w i l l n e c e s s a r i l y b o o s t the
s h e a r t r a n s f er c a p a c i t y of a c o n s t r u c t i o n j o i n t .
A n y c o m p r e s s i o n f o r c e a c t i n g a c r o s s the joint,
e i t h e r a p p l i e d e x t e r n a l l y a s a l o a d or g e n e r a t e d
i n t e r n a l l y by m e a n s of v e r t i c a l re i n f o r c e m e n t ,
c a n b e u t i l i s e d f or t h i s p u r p o s e . It s c l a m p i n g
e f f e c t is m a d e u s e of in t h e t r a d i o n a l s e n s e of
the friction c o n c e p t . W h e n the e x t e r n a l com-
91
p r e s s i o n is i n s u f f i c i e n t or a b s e n t the c l a m p i n g
f o r c e g e n e r a t e d by the v e r t i c a l r e i n f o r c e m e n t ,
w h i c h is s t r a i n e d a c r o s s t h e c r a c k w h e n it
w i d e n s , c a n e n s u r e that s u b s t a n t i a l shearing
f o r c e s c a n be t r a n s f e r r e d .
A r e c e n t re s e a r c h p r o j e c t ! ^ , s t i m u l a t e d
by t h e N e w Z e a l a n d Soc ie ty of E a r t h q u a k e
Engineering, revealed certain aspects which
are b r i e f l y s u m m a r i s e d . Fir s t l y , h o w e v e r ,
the b a s i c c r i t e r i a of the d e s i r e d b e h a v i o u r of
h o r i z o n t a l c o n s t r u c t i o n joints a c r o s s shear
w a l 1 s , a s s e e n by the a u t h o r , m a y be s t a t e d .
( a ) If po s s i b l e , a c o n st rue t i o n j o i n t
s h o u l d not f o r m t h e w e a k e s t 1 i n k i n t h e c h a i n
of s t r u c t u r a l r e s i s t a n c e . Shear is the g o v e r n -
i n g m o d e of l o a d t r a n s f e r . It is t h e r e f o r e
n e c e s s a r y that the s h e a r s t r e n g t h of s u c h a
j o i n t be e q u a l b u t p r e f e r a b l y l a r g e r t h a n the
s h e a r ( d i a g o n a l t e n s i o n ) s t r e n g t h of the s h e a r
w a l 1 itself.
(b) Under moderat e 1 o a d i n g shear d i s p l a c e -
men t s and crack w i d e n i n g should be s m a 1 1 e nough
n o t to i n t e r f e r e w i t h f u n c t i o n a l r e q u i r e m e n t s
or r e q u i r e r e p a i r .
(c) The r e q u i r e d surface preparat ion should
be a f f o r d e d by s i m p l e st p o s s i b l e m e a n s .
The current recomme nded u p p e r limit stress
of s h e a r t r a n s f e r b y a g g r e g a t e int e r l o c k i s
0.2 f c or 8 0 0 p s i .
2 0
T h i s i s in e x c e s s of t h e
l i m i t i n g s h e a r ( d i a g o n a l ) stre ss o f 1 0 / f £ ( p s i )
a c c e p t e d for s t r u c t u r a l m e m b e r s f o r a l l c o n c r e t e
w i t h a c r u s h i n g s t r e n g t h in e x c e s s of 2 5 0 0 p s i .
H e n c e f or the u s u a l s h e a r w a l l s t r u e t u r e t h e
n o m i n a l s h e a r s t r e s s c a p a c i t y of t h e j o i n t n e e d
o n l y be in e x c e s s of l O ^ f J ( p s i ) .
T h e c l a m p i n g f o r c e at y i e l d o f t h e v e r t i c a l
s t e e l is T v = A fy
v - p bdf ,
v v Hence the f r i c t i o n -
al s h e a r s t r e s s to b e r e l i e d on be c o m e s u j v =
/*T Ibd
V = f & P f y > w h e r e the v a l u e o f t h e f r i c t i o n
v
c o e f f i c i e n t , ^ , can be t a k e n c o n s e r v a t i v e l y as
unity. When well p r e p a r e d clean, rough surfaces
w i t h b o n d a r e a s s u r e d Jbi = 1.^, r e c o m m e n d e d f o r
m o n o l i t h i c a l l y cast c o n c r e t e , c o u l d be u s e d .
T h i s w a s e v i d e n t f r o m the e x p e r i m e n t s.
De s i g n e r s o f t e n a s s u m e d t h a t t h e p r i n c i p a l
m o d e of s h e a r t r a n s f e r is d o w e l a c t i o n . T h e se
and other tests have confirmed, however, that
r e l a t i v e l y l a r g e d i s p l a c e m e n t s a r e r e q u i r e d to
f ully mobilise dowel action. This applie s
p a r t i c u l a r l y to s m a l l s i z e b a r s. In t h e u s e f u l
r a n g e of shear di s p l a c e m e n t s, say o n e t h i r d
of a s m a l l c r a c k w i d t h , ( 0 . 0 l / 3 = 0.0033in.)
t h e c o n t r i b u t i o n of the v e r t i c a l r e i n f o r c e m e n t
a s d o w e l s is n e g l i g i b l e . T h i s is e v i d e n t f r o m
Fig. 8. O n l y a f t e r t h e b r e a k d o w n of a d h e s i v e
b o n d b e t w e e n t h e t w o f a c e s of a co n s t r u c t i o n
j o i n t or the y i e l d i n g of t h e v e r t i c a l r e i n f o r c e -
m e n t d o d o w e l s s i g n i f i c a n t l y r e s i s t s h e a r f o r c e s.
T h i s w a s o b s e r v e d at a s h e a r s l i p in e x c e ss of
one t e n t h of a n i n c h . !
F i g . 9 s h o w s the r e s p o n s e of c o n s t r u c t i o n
joint s for various surface preparat ions and a
s t e e l c o n t e n t of 0 . 6 9 % , The lowest curve shows
t h e r e s p o n s e of ^ i n . d o w e l s . It is s e e n t h a t
j o i n t s w i t h d i f f er e n t l y p r e p a r e d r o u g h s u r f a c e s
d e v e l o p e d an u l t i m a t e s h e a r s t r e s s m u c h in e x c e s s
of t h e s u g g e s t e d v a l u e of 1 . 0 p f . v y The effect
of l o s s of b o n d , s u c h a s c o u l d be c a u s e d b y a
t h i n l a y e r of l a i t a n c e , i s s h o w n b y t h e t h i r d
c u r v e f r o m the b o t t o m . The significant feature
is t h e l a r g e r s l i p at l o w l o a d s . Subsequent
t e s t s i n d i c a t e d that t h e r e c o m m e n d e d shear
strength can be sustained several times during
alternating cyclic loading. T h e a p e x of e a c h
c u r v e in F i g . 9 o c c u r r e d a t t h e o n s e t of y i e I d -
ing in t h e r e i n f o r c e m e n t . It w a s a l s o o b s e r v e d
that wi th a v e r t ical r e i n f o r c i n g c o n t e n t e q u a l
or m o r e t h a n 0 . 6 9 % s l i d i n g s h e a r f a i l u r e d i d
not o c c u r a l o n g t h e r o u g h b o n d e d c o n s t r u e t i o n
j o i n t , b u t r a t h e r a e r o ss t h e o l d c o n c r e te b e l o w
the j o i n t . It i s k n o w n that t h e q u a l i t y of
t h i s c o n c r e t e , at t h e t o p o f a p o u r , i s inf e r i o r
b e c a u s e of s e d i m e n t a t i o n , w a t e r a n d a i r g a i n .
T h i s c o n c r e t e 1 a y e r of p o o r q u a l i ty w i l l n o r m a l -
ly l i m i t t h e s t r e n g t h of t h e r e g i o n a n d n o t t h e
i n t e r f ace a l o n g the c o n s t r u c t i o n j o i n t . It i s
s u g g e sted t h a t t h e m i n i m u m s t e e l a c r o s s a
h o r i z o n t a l c o n s t r u c t i o n j o i n t in a shear w a l l
be d e t e r m i n e d a s f o l l o w s :
(a) T h e nominal u l t i m a t e shear stress
s u s t a i n e d a l o n g a j o i n t is
v . = (N + A f )/A ...
JU v y " g
to whi ch t h e f r e s h l y p l a c e d c o n c r e t e c a n b o n d .
W i t h a d e q u a t e v e r t ical re i n f o r c e m e n t, a s o u t -
l i n e d a b o v e , a shear s t r e n g t h in e x c e s s of t h e
d i a g o n a l t e n s i o n s t r e n g t h o f t h e she ar w a l l
s t r u e t u r e c a n be a s s u r e d .
3. T H E I N T E R A C T I O N OF S H E A R W A L L S W I T H EACH
OTHER A N D W I T H FRAMES
Only seldom will a single c a n t i l e v e r w a l 1
be c a l l e d u p o n to r e s i s t t h e w h o l e of t h e
lateral load acting upon a multistorey struet-
ur e. It i s m o r e 1 i k e l y t h a t a n u m b e r of s u c h
w a l l s w i 1 1 s h a r e in t h e t o t a l l o a d r e s i s t a n c e .
In t h e m a j o r i t y of m u l t i s t o r e y b u i l d i n g s s h e a r
w a l 1 s w i 1 1 occur around t h e service core a n d
rigid jointed frame s a r e likely to carry the
gravity load over the r e m a i n d e r o f the f l o o r .
1 1 i s b e y o n d t h e s c o p e o f t h i s r e v i e w to
d i s c u s s t h e t e c h n i q u e s o f a n a l y s i s w h i ch a re
a v a i l a b l e ( ^ » * 5 » t o d e a l w i t h t h e p r o b l e m of
' i n t e r a c t i o n b e t w e e n d i f f e r e n t lat e r a l l o a d
re s i s t i n g s u b a s s e m b l i e s . Howe ver, on one
(la) a spe ct, whi ch m o s t de s i g n e r s a r e a w a r e o f , a
warning m a y be warranted,

where N - t h e a x i a l c o m p r e s s i o n r e s u l t ing
T h e r e s p o n s e of r i g i d j o i n t e d f r a m e s a n d
from loading.
c a n t i l e v e r shear w a l l s to lateral l o a d s can be
A^f = t h e c l a m p i n g f or ce r e p r e s e n t e d b y
so m a r k e d l y d i f f e r e n t , p a r t i c u l a r l y i n t h e u p p e r
the v e r t i c a l s t e e l c r o s s i n g t h e
s t o r e y s, that u n d e s i r a b l e i n t e r a c t i o n m a y e n s u e .
joint.
T h e t w o type s of s t r u c t u r e s m a y w o r k a g a i n s t
A ~ hi the g r o s s a r e a o f t h e w a l l e a c h other, a n d an u n u s u a l l y large d u c t i l i t y
section. d e m a n d m a y p o s s i b l y r e s u l t in the p r o c e s s of
d e v e l o p i n g t h e u l t i m a t e st r e n g t h o f t h e w h o l e
( b ) T h e b e n e f i c i a l e f f e c t of t h e a x i a l structure * 9 ) .
c o m p r e s s i o n m u s t not be o v e r e s t i m a t e d . A
r e d u c t i o n o f at l e a s t 20% s h o u l d b e c o n s i d e r e d
k. SHEAR WALLS WITH OPENINGS
to a l l o w f o r n e g a t i v e v e r t i c a l a c c e l e r a t i o n .
Openings for windows and doors in shear
( c ) B y a s s u m i n g the e f f e c t i v e d e p t h to b e w a l 1 s cannot be avoided. H o w e v e r , t h e de signer
e i g h t t e n t h o f t h e o v e r a l 1 d e p t h E q . 1 c a n be s h o u l d b e a w a r e at t h e e a r l y s t a g e s o f t h e
rewritten thus p l a n n i n g that t h e a r r a n g e m e n t of t h e s e m u s t
e n s u r e a rat i onal s t r u c t u r e . T h e b e h a v i o u r of
0.8N + A f t h e s e c a n b e a s s e s sed b y b a r e i n s p e c t i o n .

1-1=
v =
ju I r r a t i o n a l shear walls on the other hand defy
1.25 hd 0 . 8 (» + p• fv y
> >- an a t t a c k by the c o n v e n t i o n a l t e c h n i q u e s of
struetural analysis• M o r e o v e r such s t r u c t u r e s
... ( l b ) often invite disaster by concentrating energy
a b s o r b t ion at a f e w l o c a l i t i e s w h i c h a r e
u n a b l e to s u p p l y t h e u n u s u a l l y h i g h d e m a n d f o r
where v = is the shear (diagonal tension) ductility. A f e w example s of such s t r u c t u r e s
c a p a c i t y o f t h e r e m a i n d e r o f the w a l l . a n d the ir r e s p o n s e to ear t h q u a k e s w e r e g i v e n
elsewhere( ° s 9 / e

Hence the reinforcing content r e q u i r e d is

5- COUPLED SHEAR WALLS

p > (1.25 v £-)/f o. 0025 . . . (2) T h e c o m m o n s h e a r w a l 1 w i l l c o n t a i n o n e or

V y m o r e c o l u m n s or rows of r e g u l a r o p e n i n g s .
T h e se s t r u c t u r e s l e n d t h e m s e l v e s t o r a t i o n a l
W i t h a small amount of a x i a l c o m p r e s s i o n
analysis. T h e p r o t o t y p e structure is the shear
and moderate shear stresses, v , the minimum u
c o r e o f a m u l t i s t o r e y b u i l d i n g in w h i c h t w o o r
s t e e l c o n t e n t o f 0.25$> w i l l s u f f i c e to e n s u r e
more flanged cantilever walls are inter-
a d e q u a t e p r o t e c t i o n of t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n j o i n t .
c o n n e c t e d by short a n d relat ively d e e p " c o u p l i n g
For h i g h shear stresses steel c o n s i d e r a b l y in
beams. (See Fig. 1 1 ) . T h e a n a l y s i s o f t h e se
e x c e s s of t h e n o m i n a l q u a n t i t y w i l l b e r e q u i r e d .
r e q u i r e s also the c o n s i d e r a t i o n of axial d e f o r m -
F i g . 10 s h o w s t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s w h e n f = U00 0 c
a t i o n s in t h e w a l l s a n d s h e a r d i s t o r t i o n s o f
psi a n d f v ^0.000 p s i . the coupling b e a m s . For this reason convent-
ional hand computations are inadequate.
( d ) It i s i m p o r t a n t that at l e a s t t h i s
H o w e v e r , by suitable m o d e l l i n g of the s t r u c t u r e
amount of steel be p r o v i d e d o v e r e a c h foot
the a n a l y s i s c a n b e c o n s i d e r a b l y simplified
l e n g t h of w a l 1 sect ion. H e a v y re i n f o r c e m e n t ,
for hand or computer p r o c e s s i n g . The essential
situated near the edges of the section, will
i n g r e d i e n t of thi s t e c h n i q u e is t h e r e p l a c e m e n t
p r o v i d e t h e d e s i r e d c l a m p i n g f o r c e in i t s
of t h e d i s c r e t e b e a m s b y a c o n t i n u o u s set o f
immediate vicinity only.
e l a s t i c l a m i n a e " , he nee t h e r e f e r e n c e " l a m i n a r
11

a n a l y s i s " or " c o n t i n u u m a p p r o a c h " . The techniqu

It i s e m p h a s i z e d t h a t it d o e s n o t seem t o
h a s b e e n w e l l c o v e r e d in t h e l i t e r a t u r e ( » »
1 0 1 1

m a t t e r what m e t h o d of p r e p a r a t i o n is used f o r
12,13) a n ( i d e t a i 1 s of it a r e b e y o n d t h e s c o p e
a h o r i z o n t a l c o n s t r u c t i o n joint as long a s a
of t h i s r e v i e w . T h e mathematical model a n d the
rough surface with a coarse texture is produced.

equivalent proper ties are shown in F i g . 11*
5 • 1 The E l a s t ic Re s p o n s e of Coupled Shear
In s i m i l a r i t y to a c a s t e l l a t e d be am the
coupled shear w a 1 1 s t r u c t u r e r e s i s t s the e x t e r -
nal o v e r t u r n i n g m o m e n t , M , ( w i t h r e f e r e n c e to
F i g . 1 1 ) by
( a ) i n t e r n a l m o m e n t s M l a n d M2• g e n e r at ed
W a l l 1 a n d W a l 1 2 r e s p e c t i v e l y a n d by
{ b ) a x i a l f o r c e s, T, g e n e r a t e d in e a c h w a l l a n d
o p e r a t i n g on a le v e r arm, 1. The axial force,
w h i c h at any l e v e l is the sum of a l l the s h e a r -
i n g f o r c e s a c r o s s the c o u p l i n g be a m s or l a m i n a e
situated above that level, g e n e r a t e s t e n s i o n
i n one w a l l a n d c o m p r e s s i o n in the o t h e r . The
a i m of a l a m i n a r a n a l y s i s i s to d e t e r m i n e the
r e l a t i v e m a g n i t u d e s of the se c o m p o n e n t s whi c h
a r e r e l a t e d to e a c h o t h e r by the s i m p l e
equilibrium statement;
M q a M + Mg + IT ...
T h e i n t e r p l a y b e t w e e n the m o d e s of i n t e r n a l
m o m e n t r e s i s t a n c e , E q . 3• d e p e n d s o n t h e
s t r e n g t h a n d s t i f f n e s s of the c o u p l i n g s y s t e m .
C l e a r l y it i s m o r e e f f i c i e n t to r e s i s t t h e
e x t e r n a l m o m e nt p r e d o m i n a n t l y by i n t e r n a l
f o r c e s , T, w h i c h o p e r a t e w i t h a l a r g e l e v e r
a r m , 1, t h a n by c o m p o n e n t i n t e r n a l m o m e n t s , M 1
a n d M2• T h e r e l a t i v e p r o p o r t i o n s o f the c o n -
t r i b u t i o n of the i n t e r n a l c o u p l e , IT, in
r e s i s t i n g t h e e x t e r n a l m o m e n t s , M , at v a r i o u s
Q
l e v e l s of a n e l a s t i c 20 s t o r e y s h e a r c o r e are
s h o w n in F i g . 12, It is seen t h a t t h e c o u p l i n g
i s e f f i c i e n t f o r the t o p h a l f of the s t r u c t u r e
f o r a l l but t h e s h a l l o w e s t b e a m s . At t h e b a s e
l i t t l e d i f f e r e n c e in b e h a v i o u r is i n d i c a t e d for
2k±n. d e e p or i n f i n i t e l y s t i f f b e a m s . The
l a t t e r r e p r e sent the c a s e whe n n o d i s t o r t i o n s
o c c u r in the p r o c e s s of s h e a r t r a n s f e r f r o m one
w a l l to a n o t h e r , i . e . , a c o n t i n u o u s l i n e a r
s t r a i n d i s t r i b u t ion o c c u r s a c r o s s the e n t i r e
shear wall structure. The low e f f i c i e n c y of
6 i n . d e e p c o u p l i n g b e a m s s h o w s t h e a p p r o a c h to
t h e othe r 1 i m i t ing s i t u a t i o n , w h e n IT = 0, i.e.
w h e n t h e e nt i r e e x t e r n a l m o m e n t is r e s i s t e d b y
f 1 e x u r e in the c o m p o n e n t w a l l s , M | a n d M • 2
T h e r o l e o f c r a c k i n g in t h e e l a s t i c
b e h a v i o u r of shear w a l l s h a s b e e n e x a m i n e d
t h e o r e t i c a l l y * 9) ae x p e r i m e n t a l l y ( *3»
n a 1°).
B e c a u s e of t h e v e r y l a r g e d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n
t h e s t i f f n e s ses of t h e c o m p o n e n t s a n d t h e
d r a s t i c l o s s of s t i f f n e s s i n t h e c o u p l i n g
system a f t e r d i a g o n a l cracking, d e f l e c t i o n and
w a l l m o m e n t (Mi o r M ) i n c r e a s e s of 75% to
2 100%
h a v e b e e n o b t a i n e d in c a s e s t u d i e s, w h e n
a l l o w a n c e was m a d e for c r a c k i n g .
5-2 The E l a s t o - P l a s t i c R e s p o n s e of C o u p l e d
Walls""" ' ~ ~ " in F i g . 1 5 a .
T h e u l t i m a t e s t r e n g t h o f c o u p l e d she a r
w a l l s , s u b j e c t e d to seismic type of l a t e r a l
1 o a d i n g , is a t t a i n e d w h e n a s t a t i c a l l y a d m i s s -
i b l e m e c h a n i s m is f o r m e d in w h i c h e a c h of the
required plastic hinges possesses adequate
rotational capacity. T w o h i n g e s in e a c h c o u p -
1 i n g b e a m are r e q u i r e d to t e r m i n a t e i t s a b i l i t y
to accept f u r t h e r shear. In a d d i t i o n , o n e
p l a s t i c h i n g e n e e d be d e v e l o p e d in e a c h of the
c a n t i l e v e r w a l l s , n o r m a l l y at t h e i r b a s e , to
complete the c o l l a p s e m e c h a n i s m . The sequence
o f h i n g e f o r m a t i o n w i l 1 d e p e n d u p o n the r e l a t i v e
s t r e n g t h a n d s t i f fne ss of t h e c o m p o n e n t s.
93
T h e b e h a v i o u r of s o m e c o u p l e d s h e a r w a l l s ,
w h i c h w e r e e x p o sed to s e v e r e e a r t h q u a k e s ,
Walls i n d i c a t e d that a l l or m o s t c o u p l i n g b e a m s f a i l e d
b e f o r e the u l t i m a t e s t r e n g t h of t he c o u p l e d
w a l l s w a s a t t a i n e d. A c l a s s i c e x a m p l e of thi s
is shown in F i g . 13 a n d F i g . 1^. This indicates
t h a t d u c t i l i t y d e m a n d s in e x c e s s of t h e se b e a m s *
capacity may have existed. In t h e f o l l o w i n g ,
an e x a m p l e w i l l be u s e d t o s h o w ho w a n d w h e r e
in thes e excessive d u c t i l i t i e s may d e v e l o p .
5.3 A Deterministic Design Approach
One m a y a d o p t a d e t e r m i n i s t i c a p p r o a c h a n d
di c t a t e a d e s i r a b l e s e q u e n c e of p l a s t ic h i n g e
f o r m a t i o n s f o r a g i v e n lat e r a l s t a t i c l o a d
whi ch is a s s u m e d t o i n c r e a s e m o n o t o n i c a l l y to
i t s ult i m a t e v a l u e . T h e p l a s t i c h i n g e s in t h e
walls, which are also major gravity load carry-
i n g unit s, s h o u l d b e the last one s to f o r m .
E a c h of t h e t w o w a l I s is s u b j e c t e d to a x i a l
f o r c e s , g e n e r a t e d b y the lat eral l o a d , w h i c h
could restrict their ductilities. Therefore,
(3) the a t t e m p t of d e l a y i n g h i n g e f o r m a t i o n in
the w a l l s s h o u l d a l s o re suit in b e n e f i t s in
t e r m s of r e d u c e d d u c t i l i t y d e m a n d .
T h e m a j or s t e p s of a d e s i g n a p p r o a c h
b a s e d on the se p r i n c i p l e s a r e o u t 1 i n e d v e r y
b r i e f l y h e r e wi th t h e a i d of an e x a m p l e s t r u c t -
u r e . T h e b a s i c d i m e n s i o n s of the c o r e of a
20 s t o r e y b u i l d i n g are tho se s h o w n in F i g . 12.
T h e l a t e r a l c o d e l o a d c o n s i s t s of a t r i a n g u l a r
b l o c k , W = 6 0 0 K , a n d a p o i n t l o a d at r o o f
l e v e l A W = 8 0 K , a s s k e t c h e d in F i g . 1 2 . The
e l a s t o - p l a s t i c a n a l y s i s is b a s e d o n t h e m o d e l
of l a m i n a r c o u p l i n g * ) . The b e a m s and the
w a l l s are a s s u m e d to c o n f o r m wi th i d e a l i sed
e l a s t o - p l a s t i c b i l i n e a r b e h a v i o u r d u r i n g the
p r o c e s s of p l a s t i c h i n g e f o r m a t i o n .
(i ) T h e stif f n e ss p r o p e r t i e s , b a s e d o n
t h e g r o s s a r e a of the c o m p o n e n t s n e e d b e
e stablished first. T h e l o s s of s t i f f n e ss
c a u sed by c r a c k i n g can b e e s t i m a t e d to e n s u r e
a m o r e r e a l i s t i c e v a l u a t i o n of t h e e l a s t i c
re s p o n s e . T y p i c a l r e d u c t i o n m u l t i p l i e r s,
a p p l i c a b l e to the p r o p e r t i e s of t h e c o m p o n e n t s
in the u n c r a c k e d s t a t e , are as f o l l o w s :
S e c o n d m o m e n t of a r e a of t e n s i o n w a l l 0.50
A r e a of t e n s i o n w a l l 0 . ?0
F l e x u r a l s t i f f n e ss of c o u p l i n g b e a m s ,
w h i c h also i n c l u d e s an a l l o w a n c e for 0. 20
shear distortion
P r o p e r t i e s of c o m p r e s s i o n w a l l 1.00
W i t h t h e s e p r o p e r t i e s the i n t e r n a l a c t i o n s
c a n be d e t e r m i n e d . The typical distribution
of t h e l a m i n a r s h e a r f o r c e , q, l a m i n a r
r o t a t i o n , -8-, in t e r m s of the l a m i n a r y i e l d
r o t a t i o n , -By, a n d the d e f l e c t i o n at r o o f
Shear l e v e l , y, a r e s h o w n f o r the e x a m p l e s t r u c t u r e
T h i s is S T A G E 1. All result s
are m a r k e d in F i g . 15 a c c o r d i n g l y w i t h the
circled number 1.
( i i ) A f t e r a n e x a m i n a t i o n of the l a m i n a r
s h e a r i n t e n s i t y it m a y be d e c i d e d h o w m u c h
o v e r l o a d w o u l d b e a c c e p t a b l e b e f o r e the y i e l d
( u l t i m a t e ) s t r e n g t h of the c r i t i c a l l y s i t u a t e d
l a m i n a or c o u p l i n g b e a m is a t t a i n e d . In t h e
e x a m p l e 30% w a s c h o s e n , T h e r e f o r e , at u p to
1,3 t i m e s the c o d e l o a d a l 1 c o m p o n e n t s a r e
a s s u m e d to r e m a i n in t h e e l a s t i c r a n g e . Thi s
is S T A G E 2 a n d it is m a r k e d a c c o r d i n g l y i n
Fig. 15a. A s t h i s is the e l a s t i c l i m i t o f
t h e s t r u c t u r e , i . e . t h e p o i n t of f i r s t y i e l d ,
r
94
the o v e r a l l d u c t i l i t y can be e x p r e ssed in t e r m s
of the d e f l e c t i o n at r o o f l e v e l at this 1 o a d ,
Ye-
T h e r e q u i r e d c a p a c i t y o f the c o u p l i n g
b e a m at x ~ 0. 7 H i s n o w e s t a b l i shed a n d
c o n s e q u e n t l y the a p p r o p r i a t e r e i n f o r c e m e n t can
be d e t e r m i n e d . D e t a i l s of t h i s a r e d i s c u s s e d
in a s u b s e q u e n t s e c t i o n . A c c o r d i n g to a
d e c i s i o n , m a d e in t h i s e x a m p l e , a l 1 b e a m s
t h r o u g h o u t t h e he ight w i l l r e c e i v e the same
reinforcement.
(iii) A n addit ional load, A W ( 1 +A) , can now
be i m p o s e d so t h a t t h e u l t i m a t e - s t r e n g t h of at
l e a s t t h e u p p e r 90% o f the l a m i n a e , q , i s
developed. T o ensure this the relative stiff-
n e s s e s of t h e c o m p o n e n t s n e e d be t a k e n i n t o
account' K l Q
A t t h i s S T A G E 3 of t h e l o a d i n g
the w a l l s a r e s t i l l e l a s t i c . However, the
coupling beams were forced through various
a m o u n t s of p l a s t ic d i s t o r t i o n s . Thi s is
m e a s u r e d by the imposed d u c t i l i t y factor as
s h o w n by the a p p r o p r i a t e c u r v e in F i g . 1 5 a .
It s h o w s that a b e a m s i t u a t e d at x = 0 . 6 H
will have to supply a ductility factor a little
over 3 s w h e r e a s t h e t o p m o s t l a m i n a just y i e l d s .
T h e m a x i m u m a x i a l l o a d g e n e r a t e d in t h e
w a l l s b y t h i s e x t e r n a l l o a d of ( 1 . 3 + A ) ( 1 + A ) W
i s d e r i v e d f r o m t h e s u m m a t i o n of a l l l a m i n a r
shears. This is T » 0.95Hq .u In a b s e n c e of
u d e f l e c t i o n c u r v e in F i g . 1 5
strain h a r d e n i n g this value cannot be
exceeded during future loading. In t h e
example structure T^ = 2000K.
T h e g r a v i t y l o a d on t h e s t r u c t u r e i s
k n o w n a n d t h u s t h e u l t i m a t e i n t e n s i t y of a x i a l
f o r c e in b o t h w a l l s c a n n o w be d e t e r m i n e d .
Usually T u i s t he m o s t s i g n i f i c a n t c o m p o n e n t
of the a x i a l f o r c e . In e v a l u a t i n g the g r a v i t y
l o a d e f f e c t d u e a l l o w a n c e n e e d be m a d e for
p o s i t i v e a n d n e g a t i v e v e r t i c a l a c c e l e r a t i o n so
a s to o b t a i n t h e m o s t a d v e r s e c o m b i n a t i o n of
axial loading separately for each wall.
(iv) For any subsequent and additional
l o a d i n g t h e t w o w a l l s c a n b e a s s u m e d to a c t a s
elastic i n t e r c o n n e c t e d c a n t i l e v e r s till the
flexural c a p a c i t y of one is reached. In t h e
c a s e o f t h e e x a m p l e it is a s s u m e d t h a t a n
i n c r e m e n t a l l o a d o f A* ( 1 + A ) W , e q u a l to % of
the o r i g i n a l l o a d on the c o u p l e d shear wall
s t r u c t u r e , c a n be a p p l i e d w h e n t h e f l e x u r a l
c a p a c i t y o f W a l l 1 , M , i s a t t a i n e d in t h e
x ?u
p r e s e n c e of an axial f o r c e , d e t e r m i n e d in
the p r e v i o u s s t a g e . All information related
to t h i s S T A G E k o f t h e i d e a l i s e d b e h a v i o u r is
a c c o r d i n g l y l a b e l l e d in F i g . 1 5 a .
( v ) T h e f i n a l l o a d i n c r e m e n t to be a p p l i e d
a g a i n st t h e n e a r l y f u l l y p l a s t i c s t r u c t u r e ,
A " ( 1 + A ) W , i s a s s u m e d to d e v e l o p t h e u l t i m a t e
f l e x u r a l c a p a c i t y of Wall 2 , M , > simultane-
ously w i t h the m a x i m u m compression exerted
on that w a l l • T h e value of A h a s again been m
t a k e n 0 . 0 5 in t h e e x a m p l e . In t h i s S t a g e 5
the c o l l a p s e m e c h a n i s m is a s s u m e d to h a v e been
completed. A n y addit onal t i l t i n g of the
structure will accordingly cause plastic
r o t a t i o n s in a l l p r e v i o u s l y f o r m e d p l a s t i c
hinges.
A l l i n f o r m a t i o n f o r t h e d e s i g n of t h e
shear wall s e c t i o n s is now a v a i l a b l e , i.e.
p
l,u, l,u, P ,
M
2 2,u'
u >
M w i t h t
of
h e
appropriate interaction d i a g r a m s or f r o m f i r s t
p r i n c i p l e s the r e q u i r e d steel c o n t e n t s , p and
p , are determined.
2 C l e a r l y , in a s y m m e t r i c a l
s t r u c t u r e , s u c h a s s h o w n in t h e e x a m p l e , t h e r e
c a n n o t be d i f f e r e n t r e i n f o r c e m e n t r e q u i r e m e n t s
f o r e a c h of t h e w a l l s . W h i c h e v e r i s l a r g e r of
p1 or p 2 is l i k e l y to b e a d o p t e d f o r bo th w a l l s .
T h e c a p a c i t y of t h e s t r u c t u r e i s t h u s i n c r e a s e d
a n d t h e s m a l l c h a n g e in b e h a v i o u r c a n be
r e t r a c e d if d e s i r e d .
T h e t o t a l l a t e r a l l o a d re s i s t a n c e i s n o w
known. W
u = (1.3 + A + A e
+ A " ) (1+A)W in the
example. H e n c e t h e a v a i l a b l e l o a d f a c t o r at t h e
end of the first trial is found, W / w . u In c a s e
of t h e e x a m p l e s t r u c t u r e t h i s is 1 1 3 0 / 6 0 0 =
1.88. A s no a l l o w a n c e h a s be en m a d e f o r
u u n d e r c a p a c i t y f a c t o r s , </>, so f a r t h i s l o a d
f a c t o r a p p e a r s to b e a d e q u a t e . C h a n g e s of
d i m e n s i o n s m a y be m a d e n o w if d e s i r e d a n d w i t h
t h e s e the p r e v i o u s de s i g n s t e p s c o u l d b e r e p e a t -
e d if n e c e s s a r y .
( v i ) In o r d e r to e v a l u a t e t h e d u c t i l i t y
d e m a n d f o r th e c o u p l i n g b e a m s , w h i c h i s o n e
of t h e p r i n c i p a l a i m s o f t h i s p r o c e s s, t h e
r e q u i r e d o v e r a l l d u c t i l i t y m u s t b e i m p o s e d on
the st r u c t u r e . In the e x a m p l e s t r u c t u r e an
i n e l a s t i c r o o f d i s p l a c e m e n t of 3 t i m e s t h a t at
the e l a s t i c l i m i t , S t a g e 2, h a s b e e n i m p o s e d
in a c c o r d a n c e w i t h a c u r r e n t l y a c c e p t e d v a l u e
of k f o r a d e s i r a b l e o v e r a l l d u c t i l i t y f a c t o r •
T h i s i s S T A G E 6 of the b e h a v i o u r . The load-
a
i n d i c a t e s t h a t the
d u c t i l i t y factors r e q u i r e d for t h e wall h i n g e s
are a p p r o x i m a t e l y 2 . 5 . The corre sponding value
f o r t h e c r i t i c a l l y s i t u a t e d c o u p l i n g b e a m is
however 1 1 . 8 . T h i s is o f the o r d e r of t h e
m a x i m u m d u c t i l i t i e s a t t a i n e d in c o n v e n t i o n a l l y
r e i n f o r c e d test b e a m s w i t h a s p a n to d e p t h
r a t i o of t w o ' , T h e d u c t i l i t y d e m a n d of
d e e p e r a n d s t i f f e r b e a m s of c o u p l e d s h e a r w a l l s
i n c r e a s e s. Ho we v e r, t h e i r p l a s t i c r o t a t i o n a l
c a p a c i t y d e c r e a s e s b e c a u s e of i n c r e a s e d d e t r i -
mental shear e f f e c t s ^ ' . 1 6
In t h e e x a m p l e c h o s e n , a l l c o u p l i n g b e a m s
were p r o v i d e d with the same strength c a p a c i t y .
H o w e v e r , it is f e a s i b l e t h a t t h e s t r e n g t h o f
e a c h beam is made p r o p o r t i o n a l (or a p p r o x i m a t e l y
so) to t h e elastic s t r e n g t h d e m a n d . Such an
e x a m p l e w a s a l s o c o n s i d e r e d a n d t h e re sult s of
the p r e v i o u s l y o u t l i n e d st e p w i se d e s i g n a r e
g i v e n in F i g . 1 5 b . In t h i s s t r u c t u r e a l l
l a m i n a e a r e a s s u m e d to y i e l d at t h e s a m e t i m e ,
S t a g e 2 a n d S t a g e 3• It i s s e e n t h a t s m a l l e r
ductility demands ensued for the more heavily
r e i n f o r c e d b e a m s in t h e l o w e r p o r t i o n o f t h e
structure. F o r the l i g h t e r b e a m s , s i t u a t e d
in t h e t o p t h i r d of t h e h e i g h t , h o w e v e r , c o n -
siderably larger ductility demands exist.
For most real coupled shear wall s t r u c t u r e s
intermediate ductility demands for the coupling
s y s t e m c a n be e x p e c t e d .
2 u
5.^ The Strength of t h e C o u p l e d Walls
T h e b e n d i n g m o m e n t p a t t e r n o n o n e of t h e
c o u p l e d shear w a l l s w i l 1 n o r m a l l y be s i m i l a r
to t h a t o f s i m p l e c a n t i l e v e r w a l l s . However,
b e c a u s e of t h e c o u p l i n g s y s t e m c o n s i d e r a b l e
a x i a l f o r c e s m a y also be pre sent• These may
p r o d u c e n e t t e n s i o n in o n e of t h e w a 1 1 s . The
d e s i g n c o n s i d e r a t i o n a p p l i c a b l e to a n y s e c t i o n
of a c o u p l e d s h e a r w a l l s a r e t h e r e f o r e n o
d i f f e r e n t f r o m t h o s e o u t l i n e d in 2 . 3 s w h e r e
the i n t e r a c t i o n of f l e x u r e a n d a x i a l load w a s
u s e
considered. See also F i g . 7.
5•5 The Strength and Ductility of C o u p l i n g Beams
Observations of e a r t h q u a k e damage have

r e p e a t e d l y s h o w n t h a t c o u p l i n g or s p a n d r e l be am s,
containing insufficient web reinforcement, fail-
ed by d i a g o n a l t e n s i o n . (See F i g . lk») CI e a r l y ,
s u c h f a i l u r e s, u s u a l l y b r i t t l e , w h i c h f o l l o w a
h i g h r a t e of st r e n g t h d e g r a d a t i o n u n d e r c y c l i c
1 o a d i n g , must be s u p r e ssed i f a sat i s f a c t o r y
sei smi c r e s i s t a n c e i s to be p r o v i d e d . Irres-
p e c t i v e of the d e s i g n 1 o a d s the she ar s t r e n g t h
of a c o u p l i n g b e a m m u s t b e e q u a l or l a r g e r t h a n
it s p r o v i d e d f l e x u r a l c a p a c i t y . Thi s r e q u i r e -
m e n t m a y i m p o s e an u p p e r l i m i t on the f l e x u r a l
s t e e l c o n t a n t in s u c h b e a m s , p a r t i c u l a r l y w h e n
t h e y a r e d e e p r e l a t i v e to t h e i r s p a n .
The c u r r e n t l y a c c e p t e d u p p e r l i m i t for
n o m i n a l s h e a r st re s s a c r o s s a b e a m ( ) is
a n d thu s the m a x i m u m s h e a r f o r c e to w h i c h a
c o u p l i n g b e a m i s s u b j e c t e d s h o u l d be
v u i l o ^ b d JTl
W i t h r e f e r e n c e to F i g . 1 1 a n d F i g . l6 the
s h e a r i n g f o r c e c o r r e s p o n d i n g w i t h the f l e x u r a l
c a p a c i t y of a t y p i c a l b e a m i s , w i t h g o o d
approximation,
2M 9 of C a n t e r b u r y d i a g o n a l l y r e i n f o r c e d b e a m s w e r e
V » — — = -9- (d-d» )A f
u s s0 x
. s y
where = under capacity factor
</> - under capacity factor
B y equat ing the shear c a p a c i t i e s ,
a n d Eq. ( 5 ) > it i s f o u n d that
A k. 7s ff7
S
< V C t c
bd - p
max - (d-d-)f
y
It m a y be n o t e d that a l l r e i n f o r c e m e n t in
t h e t e n s i o n z o n e of the be am s e c t i o n is i n c l u d -
e d in t h e f l e x u r a l s t r e n g t h e v a l u a t i o n (see
Fig. 1 6 ) .
O n e m i g h t b e l e d to b e l i e v e t h a t s u c h
b e a m s , b e c a u s e o f t h e e q u a l a m o u n t of t o p a n d
b o t t o m r e i n f o r c e m e n t , w o u l d p o s se ss v e r y l a r g e
ductility. C o n s i d e r i n g pure flexure Blume et.
a l . h a v e s h o w n t h i s c o n v i n c i n g l y for o r d i n a r y
r e i n f o r c e d c o n c r e t e b e a m sect i o n s
(21).
F o r b e a m s wi t h a s p a n to d e p t h r a t i o of
l e s s than 2 the s h e a r i n g f o r c e s and consequent
d i a g o n a l c r a c k i n g c a u s e s t e n s i o n to d e v e l o p in
b o t h the top and the bottom reinforcement over
the entire span. The smaller this aspect ratio
t h e l a r g e r i s t h e t e n s i l e s t r e s s in t h e r e i n -
f o r c e m e n t at a 1 o c a t i o n w h e r e , a c c o r d i n g to
conventional f 1 e x u r a l theory, compre ssion
s t r e s s e s s h o u l d be g e n e r a t e d . Theoretical
c o n s i d e r a t i o n s , b a s e d o n the b e h a v i o u r of
diagonally cracked deep reinforced concrete
b e a m s , have shown this and e x p e r i m e n t s have
v e r i f i e d the p h e n o m e n o n ' 9 > 2 2 ) jt m u s t be #
c o n c l u d e d t h a t t h e c o m p r e s s i o n re i n f o r c e m e n t
i n d e e p c o u p l i n g b e a m s d o e s not f u n c t i o n a s
such. T h e c o n c r e t e i s not r e l i e v e d in c o m p r e -
s s i o n by t h e r e i n f o r c e m e n t a n d r e l i e f w i t h
r e s p e c t to d u c t i l i t y c a n n o t b e e x p e c t e d e i t h e r .
I r r e s p e c t i v e of t h e a m o u n t of w e b r e i n -
f o r c e m e n t u sed, t h e b u l k of t h e s h e a r i n g f o r c e
m u s t be t r a n s f e r r e d a c r o s s the c o n c r e t e com-
95
p r e s s i o n z o n e of the b e a m s i n t o t h e s h e a r '
walis. H o w e v e r , t h e c o n c r e t e in t h e se ar eas
could have been cracked, opened and closed
s e v e r a l t i m e s dur ing p r e c e d i n g l o a d c y c l e s a n d
t h e r e f o r e it s l o a d c a r r y i n g c a p a c i t y in s h e a r
w o u l d be d r a s t i c a l l y r e d u c e d . Indeed deep
beams, fully reinforced against a possible
d i a g o n a l tens ion f a i l u r e , h a v e b e e n o b s e r v e d
to fail in d i r e c t s i i d i n g s h e a r a l o n g t h e
c r i t i c a l support section. F i g . 1 7 , s h o w i ng a
b e a m w i t h an a s p e c t r a t i o of 1 . 29 , i l l u s t r a t e s
t h i s t y p e of f a i l u r e .
B o th, t h e i n e f f e c t i v e n e s s of t h e c o m p r e -
the s s i o n r e i n f o r c e m e n t a n d the d a n g e r of s i i d i n g
2 0
s h e a r f a i l u r e are l i k e l y to r e s t r i c t the
p l a s t i c r o t a t i o n a l c a p a c i t y of c o u p l i n g b e a m s .
I n d e e d it a p p e a r s to be a d v i s a b l e to l i m i t the
s h e a r c a p a c i ty of c o n v e n t i o n a l l y re i n f o r c e d
c o u p l i n g b e a m s by r e s t r i c t i n g the f l e x u r a l
s t e e l c o n t e n t to
... (k)
3s /f>
P
max (d-d') f ... (6b)
y
T h e se f i n d i n g s l e d t o a st u d y of a l t e r n a -
t i v e s o l u t i o n s for m o r e e f f e c t i v e c o u p l i n g
beams. In a n u m b e r of t e s t s at t h e U n i v e r s i t y
. . . (5)
s t u d i e d. In the se the h o r i z o n t a l f l e x u r a l
r e i n f o r c e m e n t a n d the st i r r u p s t e e l r e q u i r e d
v
^' f or s h e a r re si s t a n c e w e r e omit ted a n d o n l y
in shear = . 85 nominal horizontal and v e r t i c a l b a r s were used
f o r " b a s k e t i n g " p u r p o se s. A prot otype beam,
in flexure
r e c o m m e n d e d f or us e in s h e a r w a l 1 s t r u c t u r e s ,
- .90. i s s h o w n in F i g . 1 8 . A f t e r f i r s t y i e l d i n g in
e a c h d i r e c t i o n the d i a g o n a l t e n s i o n a n d c o m -
i.e., Eq. (k)
p r e s s i o n f o r c e s a r e re si s t e d e n t i r e l y b y t h e
d i a g o n a l r e i n f o r c e m e n t , a s the co n c r e t e w i l l
contain numerous large diagonal cracks. It is
i m p e r a t i v e that t h e b u c k l i n g of the c o m p r e s s i o n
\ d i a g o n a l s is p r e v e n t e d . This will require
( 6 a ) c l o s e l y s p a c e d t i e s or s p i r a l b i n d i n g n e a r t h e
f o u r c o r n e r s of s u c h a b e a m , a s s h o w n in F i g .
2 0 , so a s to f o r m a r e i n f o r c i n g c a g e wi t h s o m e
f l e x u r a l r i g i d i t y w i t h r e s p e ct to l a t e r a l
di s p l a c e m e n t s, i . e . b u c k l i n g . T h e s p a c i n g of
the se t i e s n e a r t h e c e n t r e of t h e b e a m m u st b e
l a r g e e n o u g h to e n a b l e c o n c r e t e to be p l a c e d
int o a n d di s t r i b u t e d w i t h i n t h e b e a m .
E x p e r i m e n t s v e r i f i e d the s u p e r i o r p e r f o r m -
a n c e of d i a g o n a l l y r e i n f o r c e d b e a m s . They
e x h i b i t e d d u c t i l i t ies we 1 1 in e x c e s s of t h o s e
obt a i n e d f o r c o n v e n t i o n a l c o u p l i n g b e a m s t s 3 ) ,
2 2 2
F i g . 19 c o m p a r e s t h e r e s u l t s of t h e C a n t e r b u r y
tests'^' . B o t h t y p e s of b e a m s w e r e s u b j e c t e d
to a p p r o x i m a t e l y t h e s a m e p a t t e r n o f c y c l i c
l o a d i n g , h e n c e the di s p l a c e m e n t d u c t i l i t i e s ,
a c c u m u l a t e d d u r i n g p r o g r e s s i v e l o a d i n g , c a n be
c o n s i d e r e d as suitable m e a n s for the p u r p o s e
of s u c h c o m p a r i s o n . The r e l a t i v e l y s m a l 1 loss
of st r e n g t h d u r i n g the e l a s t o - p l a s t i c c y c l i c
l o a d i n g of d i a g o n a l l y re i n f or c e d c o u p l i n g
b e a m s is most evident»
60 A CONCLUSION
To e n s u r e a sati s f a c t o r y p e r f o r m a n c e , w h e n
c o u p l e d s h e a r w a l l s t r u c t u r e s a r e e x p o s e d to
s e v e r e s e i s m i c s h o c k s , it i s n e c e s s a r y t o be
a b l e t o a s s e s s , at l e a s t a p p r o x i m a t e l y , t h e i r
b e h a v i o u r in b o t h the e l a s t i c a n d p l a s t i c r a n g e
of l o a d i n g . A d e s i r a b l e h e h a v i o u r can o n l y be
e x p e c t e d if the s t r u c t u r e is m a d e c a p a b l e to
f o l l o w a p r e d e t e r m i n e d sequence of p l a s t i f i c a -
tion. S u c h a de s i r e d i c t a t e s t h a t t h e w a l l
 96
c o m p o n e n t s be the last one s to s u f f e r d u r i n g the Triangular Loading", Proceedings Third
p r o c e s s of i m p o s i n g i n c r e m e n t a l u l t i m a t e W o r l d C o n f e r e n c e on Ear t h q u a k e E n g i n e e r i n g ,
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13. P a u l a y , T . , "A Di scus s i o n of the A n a l y s i s
The st r e n g t h c o n s i d e r a t i o n s of c o n v e n t i o n -
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a l l y r e i n f o r c e d c o u p l i n g b e a m s re q u i r e no t only
C h o u d b u r y , J. R., P r o c e e d i n g s A C I J o u r n a l ,
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15. " D e s i g n of C o m b i n e d F r a m e s a n d S h e a r W a l l s " ,
f a c t o r y p e r f o r m a n c e c a n be expected.. The se
Advanced Engineering B u i 1 e t i n No. 1 ^ .
b e a m s hav e b e e n f o u n d to m e e t m u c h m o r e s u c c e s s -
Portland Cement A s s o c i a t i o n , Skokie,
f u l l y t h e d u c t i l i t y d e m a n d s i n d i c a ted by
Illinois, 1 9 6 5 , p. 3 6 .
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16. P a u l a y , T. , " C o u p l i n g B e a m s of R e i n f o r c e d
T h e a s s u m p t i o n s , u p o n w h i c h the e l a s t o - C o n c r e t e S h e a r W a l l s " , J o u r n a l of t h e
p l a s t ic re spon se of s h e a r w a l l s w a s a s s e s s e d , S t r u c t u r a l D i v i s i o n , A m e r i c a n S o c i e ty of
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R e p o r t , D e p a r t m e n t of C i v i l E n g i n e e r i n g ,
U n i v e r s i t y of C a n t e r b u r y , Christ c h u r c h ,
New Zealand, 1972, p. 9 5 .
9• Paulay, T., "Reinforced Concrete Shear
Walls", New Zealand Engineering, Vol. 2k>
No. 10, Oct., 1969, pp. 315-321.
10. B e c k , H . , " C o n t r i b u t i o n to the A n a l y s i s of
Coupled Shear Walls", Proceedings ACI
J o u r n a l , V o l . 59, A u g u s t , 1 9 6 2 , p p . 1055-
1070.
IK R o s m a n , R. , " A p p r o x i m a t e A n a l y s i s of S h e a r
W a l l s S u b j e c t to L a t e r a l L o a d s " , P r o c e e d i n g s
A C I J o u r n a l , Vol. 61, June, 196^, pp. 717-
733.
12. B u r n s , R. J., " A n A p p r o x i m a t e M e t h o d of
/- Analysing Coupled S h e a r W a l l s S u b j e c t to
 TABLE I

PROPERTIES OF SQUARE SHAPED CANTILEVER SHEAR WALLS

TESTED A T THE UNIVERSITY OF CANTERBURY

- Specimen number - 203 201 202

1 Total vertical steel % 3.2 1 1.^3

2 Vertical steel in web % 0. 20 0.31 0,20

3 Theoretical flexural Kips 38.0 76.5 38. 0

capacity, p^*

k Theoretical shear Kips 33.^ 79.5 59.6

capacity, V^*

5 Theoretical shear
19 .0 k6. 0
c a p a c i t y of stirrups, V *
Kips 71.3
g

6 Maximum load attained, P Kips 80. 7 ^5.5

u
P
7
Maximum load _ u - 1.23 1.05 1.20
Design capacity V^*or P^*

8 (v ./p .)
s u 93 12 1

9 maxW c - 5.5 10.8 6.7

10 Cumulative ductility factor - k6 30 56

11 Failure mode - Diagonal Sliding

Flexure
tension shear

{k) The c o n t r i b u t i o n of t h e c o n c r e t e t o w a r d s s h e a r s t r e n g t h
was a l l o w e d f o r in a c c o r d a n c e w i t h the c u r r e n t A C I C o d e ^ ,
(8) T h e r a t i o of t h e l o a d p r o v i d e d f o r with stirrups and the
theoretical flexural capacity.
(9) To allow c o m p a r i s o n w i t h the m a x i m u m n o m i n a l shears stress
of l0Jf£ , a l l o w e d by t h e A C I C o d e . 2 0

(10) T h e sum of the d u c t i l i t y f a c t o r s a s s o c i a t e d with each cycle

of l o a d i n g a c c u m u l a t e d u n t i l f a i l u r e .
F i g . 3 Diagonal tension failure in a square shear wall model (Wall 2 0 3 ) .

Fig • 4 The failure of squat shear wall models due

to sliding shear and f l e x u r e .
F i g . 5 Load-rotation relationships of squat shear walls subjected
to c y c l i c loading.
 101

.€w w*\

Fig. 6 The shear resistance in

low rise shear w a l l s .
102

0 100 200 300 400 500 600

Shear stress developed at ultimate
y
v
u (psi)
 1

Fig. 11 A prototype coupled

©D © i m ® shear wall structure
A 2
and its mathematical
model.
u
I *

7777" 7777777 S ntnrn

7

A,.
r &2 Centroidal
axes -

(a) (b)

Fig. 12 The mode of internal

moment resistance in
a coupled shear wall
structure.

- Total External Moment at Base of Structure

Fig. 13 A 14 storey building in

Anchorage during the March Fig. 14 Failed coupling beams
27 ,1964 Alaska earthquake 17. of a 14 storey building
in Anchorage 17.
104

Fig AS Laminar shear force distributions, ductility requirements and

deflections for a coupled shear wall structure with different
distributions of laminar shear strength.
 105

Fig . 17 Sliding shear failure of

a coupling beam " .

°0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 BO 90 100 120
Cumulative displacement ductility at load sustained

Fig. 18 Prototype of a diagonally reinforced coupling beam.