2016-2017

LECTURES
OF
DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING

4th stage
Department of Computer Techniques
engineering

Imam Kadhim Faculty

of Islamic Sciences University

By
Assist. Lecturer: Balsam Dhyia
2018- 2019

1
 Lecture 1

What Is Digital Image Processing?

An image is: a two-dimensional function f(x, y) of intensity (gray or color) values,
where x and y are spatial (plane) coordinates.

The intensity or gray level of the image at that point is the amplitude of (f) at any
pair of coordinates (x, y).

Pixel is: the term most widely used to denote the elements of a digital image.

Example of Digital Images

a) Natural landscape‫المناظرالطبيعيه‬
b) Synthetically ‫ صناعي‬generated scene
c) Poster graphic
d) Computer screenshot
e) Black and white illustration
f) Barcode
g) Fingerprint
h) X-ray
i) Microscope slide
j) Satellite Image
2
k) Radar image
l) Astronomical object

3
What is the digitization of Digital Image?

The term (digitization) causes a continues image convert into digital

image which will be become an approximation of a real scene.

4
 In Digital Image the Common image formats include:
1. Values per point/pixel (B&W or Grayscale) Black and White image contains
only two levels (0,1). Gray image represent by black and white shades of gray
without apparent color or combination of levels for example: (8-bit) gray image
means total (2^8) levels form black to white 0 = black and 255 is White.

2. Values per point/pixel (Red, Green, and Blue) RGB (Red, Green, and Blue)
refer to a system for representing the colors to be used on a computer display.
Red, Green, and Blue can be combined in various proportions to obtain any color
in the visible spectrum. Levels of R, G, and B can each range from 0 to 100% of
full intensity.

3. Values per point/pixel (Red, Green, and Blue, + “Alpha” or Opacity)

RGBA stands for Red, Green, and Blue Alpha. Here “A” in this property name
stands for “Alpha”. This additional feature can be used to specify an opacity value
for any color.

5
Light and the Electromagnetic (EM) Spectrum

Light: just a particular part of electromagnetic spectrum that can be sensed by the
human eye.
The electromagnetic spectrum: is split up according to the wavelengths of
different forms of energy.

Reflected Light
The colors humans perceive are determined by nature of light reflected from an
object.
For example, if white light (contains all wavelengths) is shone‫ أشرق‬onto green
object it absorbs‫ يمتص‬most wavelengths absorbed except green wavelength (color)

Electromagnetic Spectrum and IP

6
Images can be made from any form of EM radiation.

Images from Different EM Radiation

1. Radar imaging (radio waves)
2. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Z‫( الرنين المغناطيسي‬Radio waves)
3. Microwave imaging
4. Infrared imaging ‫األشعة تحت الحمراء‬
5. Photographs
6. Ultraviolet imaging telescopes ‫ البنفسجية‬Z‫األشعة فوق‬
7. X‐rays and Computed tomography
8. Positron emission tomography (gamma rays)
9. Ultrasound (not EM waves)

Image formation in the eye

7
Because light rays diverge in all directions from their source, the set of rays from
each point in space that reach the pupil must be focused. The formation of focused
images on the photoreceptors of the retina depends on the refraction of light by the
cornea and the lens.
Muscles in eye can change the shape of the lens allowing us focus on near or far
objects.
An image is focused onto retina exciting the rods and cones and send signals to
the brain.

Image File Formats

8
There are Hundreds of image file formats some of them as following:

1. Tagged Image File Format (TIFF): is lossless which is considered the highest
quality format for commercial work.

2. Graphics Interchange Format (GIF): was designed by CompuServe

(CompuServe: was the first major commercial online service in the United States)
in the early days of computer 8-bit video, before JPG, for video display at dial up
‫ االتصال الهاتفي‬modem speeds.

3. Portable Network Graphics (PNG): can replace GIF today (web browsers show
both), and PNG also offers many options of TIF too (indexed or RGB, 1 to 48-
bits, etc).

4. Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG): is the most used image file format.
Digital cameras and web pages normally use JPG files.

5. Bitmap (BMP): is a raster‫ النقطية‬graphics image file format used to store bitmap
digital images, independently of the display device (such as a graphics adapter).