What is SAP?

Definition of SAP ERP Software

What is SAP?

SAP stands for Systems Applications and Products in Data Processing. SAP, by definition, is also the name of the ERP (Enterprise Resource
Planning) software as well as the name of the company. SAP Software is a European multinational, founded in 1972 by Wellenreuther,
Hopp, Hector, Plattner, and Tschira. They develop software solutions for managing business operations and customer relationships.

SAP system consists of a number of fully integrated modules, which covers virtually every aspect of business management.

SAP is #1 in the ERP market. As of 2010, SAP has more  than 140,000 installations worldwide, over 25 industry-specific business solutions
and more than 75,000 customers in 120 countries

Other Competitive products of SAP Software in the market are  Oracle, Microsoft Dynamics, etc.

What is SAP ERP? Why is it Required?

The following video will explain the need for an ERP software like SAP in an enterprise

Click here if the video is not accessible

The very fundamental question for any beginners is why Enterprise Resource Planning also called ERP, is required? To answer this, let’s
examine this typical business scenario.
Suppose a client approaches a sales team asking for a particular product. The sales team contacts the inventory department to check the
availability of the product. To their surprise, the sales team found out that the product is out of stock. So next time this doesn’t happen, they
have to introduce an SAP ERP tool.

Before we actually see in detail, what ERP is and how ERP can help in your business process, we will understand how different departments
are involved in the whole business process, right from the ordering of the raw material – to manufacturing goods – to delivering final
products to the customer.

Here is the whole process that is followed by any business unit.

1. Client contacts the sales team to check the availability of the product
2. Sales team approaches the Inventory department to check for the availability of the product
3. In case the product is out of stock, the sales team approaches the Production Planning Department to manufacture the product
4. The production planning team checks with inventory department for availability of raw material
5. If the raw material is not available with inventory, the Production Planning team buys the raw material from the Vendors
6. Then Production Planning forwards the raw materials to the Shop Floor Execution for actual production
7. Once ready, the Shop Floor Team sends the goods to the Sales Team
 8. Sales Team who in turn deliver it to the client
9. The sales team updates the finance with revenue generated by the sale of the product. Production planning team update the finance
with payments to be made to different vendors for raw materials.
10. All departments approach the HR for any Human Resource related issue.

That is a typical business process for any manufacturing company. Some key inferences one could derive from the scenario would be.

 It has many departments or business units

 These departments or business units continuously communicate and exchange data with each other
 The success of any organization lies in effective communication, and data exchange, within these departments, as well as associated
third party such as vendors, outsourcers, and customers.

Based on the manner in which communication and data exchanged is managed. Enterprise systems can be broadly classified as

1) Decentralized System

2) Centralized System which is also called as ERP.

Decentralized System

Let's look at Decentralized system first, in a company with Decentralized System of Data Management. There are two major problems –

 Data is maintained locally at the individual departments

 Departments do not have access to information or data from other departments

To identify issues arising due to decentralized Enterprise management system lets look at the same business process again. The customer
approaches the sales team for a product, but this time around, he needs the product, on an urgent basis.

Since it is a decentralized process, the Sales Team do not have any real-time information access to the productavailability. So they approach
the Inventory department to check the availability of the product. This process takes time, and the customer chooses another vendor leading
to loss of revenue and customer dissatisfaction.
Now, suppose the product is out of stock, and the Sales Team approaches the Production Planning team to manufacture the product for future
use. Production Planning Team checks the availability of the raw materials required.

In a decentralized system, raw material information is stored separately by Production Planning as well as the Inventory Department. Thus,
data maintenance cost (in this case, Raw Material) goes up.

The raw material information is available in two different departments Inventory as well as Production Planning. When sales team check a
particular raw material required to manufacture the product, it shows the raw material is available as per the inventory, but as per the
database of the production planning team, the raw material is out of stock.

So, they go ahead and buy the raw material. Thus, material, as well as inventory cost, goes up.

Once the raw material is available, the shop floor department suddenly realizes they are short of workers. They approach the HR, who in turn
hire temporary employees at higher than market rates. Thus LABOR Cost Increases.
The production planning department fails to update the finance department on the materials they have purchased. The finance department
defaults the payment deadline set by the vendor causing the company loss of its reputation and even inviting a possible legal action.

These are just a few of many problems with decentralized systems.

Some Major problems with the decentralized system are –

 Numerous disparate information systems created individually over time which are difficult to maintain
 Integrating the data is time and money consuming
 Inconsistencies and duplication of data
 Lack of timely information leads to customer dissatisfaction, loss of revenue and reputation
 High Inventory, material, and human resource cost.

These are some major drawbacks for which we need a solution. Well, the Solution lies in Centralized Systems i.e., ERP.

Centralized System

In a company, with a Centralized System of Information and Data Management.

1) Data is maintained at a central location and is shared with various Departments

2) Departments have access to information or data from other Departments

Let’s look at the same business process again to understand how a Centralized Enterprise System helps to overcome problems posed by a
Decentralized Enterprise System.
In this case, all departments update a Central Information System.

 When Customer approaches the sales team to buy a product on an urgent basis. The Sales Team has real-time information access to
the products in inventory which is updated by the Inventory Department in the Centralized System
 Sales Team respond to customer request on time, leading to Increased Revenue and Customer Delight.
 In case, manufacturing is required the Sales Team update the Centralized Database, so that all the department remain informed
about the product status.
 Production Planning Department is auto updated by the Centralized Database for requirements. Production Planning Team checks
the availability of the raw materials required via the Central Database, which is updated by the Inventory Department.
 Thus, Data Duplication is avoided, and accurate data is made available. The Shop Floor Team update their Man Power Status
regularly in the Central Database, which can be accessed by the HR department.
 In case of shortage of workforce, HR team starts the recruitment process with considerable lead time to hire a suitable candidate at
market price. Thus labor cost goes down.
 While vendors can directly submit their invoices to the Central Enterprise System, which can be accessed by the finance
department. Thus, payments are made on time, and possible legal actions are avoided
 SAP software is a type of Centralized System. SAP Systems are the most popularly used in ERP software.

Key benefits of the centralized system are:

 It eliminates the duplication, discontinuity, and redundancy in data

 Provides information across departments in real time.
 SAP System provides control over various business processes
 Increases productivity, better inventory management, promotes quality, reduced material cost, effective human resources
management, reduced overheads boosts profits
 Better customer interaction and increased throughput. It also improves customer service
 Hence, a centralized enterprise management system is required.
 SAP Software is a centralized enterprise management system, also known as Enterprise Resource Planning.
 The meaning of the acronym SAP is Systems Applications and Products in Data Processing

SAP Business Suite

What is SAP Business Suite?

SAP Business Suite is collection of fully integrated applications such as SAP customer relationship management (CRM), SAP Enterprise
Resource Planning (ERP), SAP product lifecycle management (PLM), SAP supplier relationship management (SRM), and SAP supply chain
management (SCM) modules.

Most people relate SAP with its ERP offering. But SAP now offers variety of products to address varied needs of an organization. Lets have
a look at them -  

 SAP HANA:- High Performance Analytic Appliance uses in-memory computing, a breakthrough technology that enables analysis
of very large, non-aggregated data at unprecedented speed in local memory (vs. disk-based database) enabling complex analyses,
plans and simulations on real-time data.
 SAP Convergent Charging :- SAP Convergent Charging provides a rating and charging solution for high-volume processing in
service industries. It delivers pricing design capabilities, high performance rating and convergent balance management.
  Customer Relationship Management:- Unlike other CRM software, the SAP Customer Relationship Management (SAP CRM)
application, part of the SAP Business Suite, not only helps you address your short-term imperatives – to reduce cost and increase
your decision-making ability – but can also help your company achieve differentiated capabilities in order to compete effectively
over the long term.
  Enterprise Resource Planning:- A sound foundation is necessary to compete and win in the global marketplace. The SAP ERP
application supports the essential functions of your business processes and operations efficiently and are tailored to specific needs of
your industry like SAP ERP Financials, SAP ERP Human capital management,SAP ERP Operations,SAP ERP corporate services.
  SAP Environment, Health, and Safety Management :- It supports environmental, occupational and product safety processes,
regulatory compliance, and corporate responsibility. This is accomplished by embedding corporate policies, compliance, and
environmental, health and safety capabilities with global business processes for human resources, logistics, production and finance.
  SAP Global Batch Traceability :- It allows you to completely trace tracked objects, for example, a batch, across both SAP
systems and non-SAP systems. In the event of a recall or withdrawal, SAP GBT ensures the timely compliance with legal reporting
timelines. Furthermore, it helps you to minimize cost and corporate risk exposure. You can also analyze multiple objects, for
example, batches, in one run.
 SAP Product Life Cycle Management:- To survive in an ever-changing global environment, creating and delivering innovative
and market differentiating products and services is what distinguishes your company from the competition. The SAP Product
Lifecycle Management (SAP PLM) application provides you with a 360-degree-support for all product-related processes – from the
first product idea, through manufacturing to product service
  SAP Supplier Life Cycle Management:- SAP Supplier Lifecycle Management is a holistic approach to managing supplier
relationships. It deals with the supply base as a whole to constantly determine the right mix of suppliers. It covers the lifecycle of
individual suppliers ? from onboarding to a continuous development.
  Supply Chain Management :- You face enormous pressure to reduce costs while increasing innovation and improving customer
service and responsiveness. SAP Supply Chain Management (SAP SCM) enables collaboration, planning, execution, and
coordination of the entire supply network, empowering you to adapt your supply chain processes to an ever-changing competitive
environment.
  Supplier Relationship Management:- With SAP SRM you can examine and forecast purchasing behavior, shorten procurement
cycles, and work with your partners in real time. This allows you to develop long-term relationships with all those suppliers that
have proven themselves to be reliable partners.
  Governance, Risk and Compliance:- Risk is unavoidable, but it can be managed. With governance, risk, and compliance (GRC),
businesses can strategically balance risk and opportunity.
  Sales and operations planning:- SAP Sales and Operations Planning enables you to optimally and profitably meet long-term
future demand. Typically, this process repeats every month and involves many participants including Sales, Marketing, Finance,
Demand Planning, and Supply Chain Planning.
  SAP Transportation Management :- It supports you in all activities connected with the physical transportation of goods from one
location to another.
  Extended Warehouse Management:- SAP Extended Warehouse Management gives you the option of mapping your entire
warehouse complex in detail in the system, down to the storage bin level. Not only does this give you an overview of the total
quantity of a product in the warehouse, but you can also always see exactly where a specific product is, at any time, in your
warehouse complex. With EWM, you can optimize the use of various storage bins and stock movements, and can combine the
storage of stocks from several plants in randomly-managed warehouses.
 Mobile Apps:- Mobile devices can also access SAP system.

SAP ERP Functional & Technical Modules

SAP Modules can be categorized into

 Functional Modules
 Technical Modules

These functional and technical modules are tightly coupled. Below is a list of key SAP Modules

1. SAP FI Module - FI stands for Financial Accounting

SAP FI module is very robust and covers almost all financial business process encountered in various industries. It is one of the widely
implemented modules in SAP. Learn more about SAP FI

2. SAP CO Module - CO stands for Controlling

Cost Accounting (CO) module of SAP provides information to managers decision makers to understand where the company's money is being
spent. CO helps them to optimize business costs.

3. SAP HCM Module - HR stands for Human Resources

SAP Human Capital Management (HCM) is also called SAP-HR. SAP HCM consists of sub-modules like Personnel Administration (PA),
Organizational Management (OM), Time, Payroll that help in employee management. Learn more about SAP HCM

4. SAP MM Module - MM is Materials Management

Materials Management module in SAP consists of several components and sub-components including Master Data, Purchasing, and
Inventory. Learn more about SAP MM

5. SAP QM Module - QM stands for Quality Management

SAP QM (Quality Management) is an integral part of several key business processes of SAP like production, sales, procurement, material
management, etc. Learn more about SAP QM

6. SAP PP Module - PP is Production Planning

SAP PP ( Production Planning) is a SAP module, specially designed for integrating different department involved in production and
manufacturing. It has various components like Data Center, BOM, Work Center, CRP etc. Learn more about SAP PP

7. SAP SD Module - SD is Sales and Distribution

SAP Sales and Distribution (SD) is an important module of SAP ERP consisting of business processes required in selling, shipping, billing of
a product. The module is tightly integrated with SAP MM & SAP PP. Key sub-modules of SAP SD are Customer and Vendor Master Data,
Sales, Delivery, Billing, Pricing and Credit Management. Learn more about SAP SD

8. SAP BW Module - where BW stands for Business (Data) Warehouse

SAP BI (Business Intelligence) or SAP BW is a leading data warehousing and reporting tool. It helps convert raw data into information and
insights that help improve business margins. Learn more about SAP BW

9. SAP Basis -
SAP Basis is a set of programs and tools that act as an interface with Database, Operating system, communication protocols and other SAP
modules like FI,HCM, SD etc. Learn more about SAP Basis

10. SAP ABAP -

ABAP (Advanced Business Application Programming) is the default programming language for SAP applications. You can also use Java to
code in SAP. Learn more about SAP ABAP

11. SAP CRM - where CRM stands for Customer Relationship Management

SAP CRM is the Market Leader in Customer Relationship Management Software. SAP CRM plays a pivotal role in strengthening customer
relationships. Learn more about SAP CRM

12. SAP HANA - where Hana stands for High-performance Analytic Appliance.

SAP HANA is an in-memory computing platform that allows real-time data analysis. Its currently the market leader in BI.Learn more
about SAP HANA

13. SAP EC Module - where EC stands for Enterprise Controlling

14. SAP TR Module - where TR stands for Treasury
15. SAP IM Module - where IM stands for Investment Management
16. SAP IS -where IS stands for Industries Specific Solution
17. SAP PS Module- and PS is Project Systems
18. SAP CAC - Cross Application Components
19. SAP SCM- where SCM stands for Supply Chain Management
20. SAP PLM- where PLM stands for Product LifeCycle Management
21. SAP SRM- where SRM stands for Supplier Relationship Management
22. SAP CS- where CS stands for Customer Service
23. SAP SEM - where SEM stands for STRATEGIC ENTERPRISE MANAGEMENT
24. SAP RE - where RE stands for Real Estate
25. SAP PM Module- where Plant Maintenance is the PM
26. SAP Security Learn more about SAP Security
27. SAP FSCM - where FSCM stands for Financial Supply Chain Management
28. SAP NetWeaver
29. SAP IS - where IS stands for Industry Specific Solution
30. SAP XI - where XI stands for Exchange Infrastructure
31. SAP Solution Manager – Learn more about Solution Manager
32. SAP LE - where LE stands for Logistics Execution
33. SAP APO- where APO stands for Advanced Planning and Optimization
34. SAP AFS - where AFS stands for Apparel and Footwear Solution
35. SAP CC - where CC stands for Convergent Charging
36. SAP ITS - where ITS stands for Internet Transaction Server
37. SAP ICM - where ICM stands for Incentive and Commission Management
38. SAP KW - where KW stands for Knowledge Warehouse
39. SAP MDM - where MDM stands for Master Data Management

How to choose Best SAP Module for your career

We often emails along the line ... "I have done XYZ degree and have ABC work experience. Could you recommend a SAP module for me? "

It is difficult to answer all your emails, so, we decided to bring out a guide that will help you in choosing the "right" module for you.  

You need to consider three factors in choosing a SAP module  

1. Job Opportunities in the chosen Module

2.  You academic background and work experience
3.  Your Career / Life Goals

  Let's look at them one by one.  

Job Opportunities

  SAP has 25 modules and adding. Refer this list of all SAP Modules
But not all the 25 SAP modules are implemented in every company. The most implemented modules are the ones with most job
opportunities.

We recommend you narrow down your choice of SAP Modules to following which are in demand 

1. SAP FI
2. SAP MM
3. SAP SD
4. SAP PP
5. SAP HCM
6. SAP Basis/ ABAP - for people with a technical bent

  Apart from above modules, you can also consider making a career in many SAP add-on modules  like which are HOT in market  

1. SAP CRM (Customer Relationship Management)

2.   SAP BI also known as SAP BW (Business Warehouse)

Academic Background and work experience

  Once you have narrowed your choices to above modules, you need to factor in your education and work experience (if any) to trim the
choices even further.  

For instance, if you are a MBA in HR it makes no sense choosing SAP FI module. SAP HCM is a more apt module for you. Working in
HCM module will give you a competitive advantage as compared to SAP FI where you will work as a fresher.  

Your career and life goals.

This is often the most overlooked although the most important factor. Before selecting a SAP module , you need to think hard whether you
want to work on SAP in first place ?

You need to factor in your inclination , passion , aptitude and career goals into your decision.

You need to ask yourself, whether you are looking for a "career" in SAP or just a job ?  

Following tool will help you choose the best sap module for yourself. Good Luck :)
How to become SAP Consultant

Plan to make a career as a SAP Consultant? If Yes, this guide is a MUST READ!  

What is a SAP Consultant?

SAP Consultant is a Subject Matter Expert (SME) either on the

 Business/ sales
 Functional
 Development or
 Basis

domains of SAP. The consultant provides advisory, recommendations, guidance, implementation help in their respective SAP domains.

Why SAP?

SAP (Systems Applications and Products) is the world's leading provider of business software which specializes in industry specific
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) solutions.  

SAP is implemented in 9 out of every 10 Fortune 500 company.  

SAP consultants enjoy a premium remuneration over their  IT counterparts working in other technologies like Java, .net etc.

Types of SAP Consultant

1) Business/Sales Consultant - They try to win projects at customer end - without knowing much about SAP :-)

2) SAP Functional Consultant - They are responsible for customizing SAP as per customer demand. They talk with developers to code
custom ABAP programs as per client requirements.  

3) Developer Consultant - They are responsible for coding ABAP/Java Programs  

4) SAP Basis Consultant - They help in installing, maintenance and performance tuning of SAP servers and databases

Above are the major consulting roles found in almost all SAP projects. Depending on the nature and size of the project there may be other
consulting roles as well such as SAP security consultant, SAP Techno-functional consultants, etc.  

Skills required in becoming a SAP Functional Consultant

The skills expected of a SAP Functional consultant vary with experience. But a fresher SAP consultant must have following skills that
almost all employers look for -

 Extensive SAP (module specific) knowledge.

 Good Domain (Banking, Telecommunication, etc. ) knowledge
 Good Communication and presentation skills. SAP consultants are often required to interface with the client and understand
client's requirements. A SAP consultant should be good in explaining technical information to non-technical people
 Ability to work in Teams and good interpersonal skills.

Academic Background

 Academic qualification required to become a SAP consultant -- Any Under Graduate Course like Bcom, B.E., BSc etc.  with  any
Specialization

 Any Post Graduate Course like MTech, MBA, etc. with any Specialization

SAP Consultant Salary

The salary of a fresher  SAP consultant in the USA is from $48,000 to $60,000 and the bonuses are from $1,000 to $2,000.

The salary of a fresher  SAP consultant in India is from RS 247,000 to RS 4,50,000 and the bonuses are from RS 10,000 to RS 15,000.

How to become a SAP consultant

From time to time we get emails asking "How do I become a SAP consultant." Obviously, there is no one answer.  There are many ways to
enter the SAP market. Here are a few we can conjure ...   Obtain SAP Training & Certification. Choose a SAP module and get a
certification from an authorized SAP training partner. SAP training is expensive, but it's worth the investment

Join a consulting companyIf you have good business/domain knowledge (and want to learn SAP ?), you could consider joining an IT
consultancy company like IBM, Deloitte, Infosys. etc  as a junior consultant.

Join as a Trainee or in SAP supportYou can consider joining a company which has SAP implemented and work as a Trainee or support
personnel. The company may later sponsor your SAP certification and training. The trick here is to find such a company and convince them
to hire you

Join SAP Project as a non-SAP person.Many SAP projects require skills outside of SAP. For instance, lots of projects require a data
conversion individual. If you are good in database and SQL, you might consider joining the project and later teach yourself SAP

  Any other ways to enter the SAP market? ... Leave a comment  

Following tool will help you choose the best sap module for yourself. Good Luck :)

How to get a SAP Certification

SAP offers various certification for different modules.

Certifications can be found based on the

 SAP Solution (Like SAP Business One, Business Objects, ERP, Netweaver, PLM etc)
 Your Role ( Development, Application, Technology)

As of today there are 220+ different certifications on offer

Each certificate has 2 levels

1. Associate
2. Professional – (Please be aware that the professional-level certifications also require several years of practical on-the-job experience
and address real-life scenarios)

Types of SAP Types of questions Requirement Exam

certification
 Duration

Associate 80 multiple choice, multiple response and _______ 3 hours

certification matching questions and answers

NEW- Speciality 40 multiple choice, multiple response and Comes along in addition to associate exams 90 minutes
Certification matching question and answers

Professional of 80 multiple choice, multiple response, Requires project experience, business process 3 hours
certification scenario based and matching questions and knowledge and understanding of SAP solutions
answers

Eligibility Criteria

For SAP there are no specific criteria if you are enrolling for basic modules of SAP; any graduate can pursue their career in SAP. However,
some SAP modules require relevant work experience in field like engineer graduate with relevant work experience of minimum two years
can take a course in SAP MM, PP, and PM module while a commerce graduate or MBA can choose SAP FICO.

Registration for SAP certification

Since 2014 SAP certification vouchers are only available for purchased directly from SAP education. Pearson Vue is no longer accepting
payment for SAP certification.

Registration for SAP Certification exams taken at Pearson VUE

1. Contact your local SAP education department to register to your S-user number
2. Purchase a voucher from SAP education. You have to pay $500
3. Create a new web account if you don't already have an account with Pearson Vue
4. Sign in to your Pearson Vue account and schedule your exam appointment. At the checkout screen, enter your voucher number in
the space marked "Voucher/Promotion Code"
5. For few countries, online certification service is not provided and you have to call SAP where a representative will guide you
through the process.
6. To register for SAP certification online, you have to visit the website http://www.sap.com/training-
education/certification/about.html

Tips to prepare for SAP certification exam

 Find the right level of certification ( Associate or Professional certification exam)

 Start your search for your module directly in the certification web shop (https://training.sap.com/certification/). Select the country
and language to get all information for your location
 If you are new to SAP, use the options training and certification shop (https://training.sap.com/catalogue/by-delivery-method) it
offers a wide variety of training options to meet your learning needs, it includes e-learning courses as well
 In order to get a better idea about which topics are important for your certification, you have to review the syllabus. On the
certification site, you can find an overview of the related topics
 SAP education also provides some sample questions on its site; these are actual questions asked during past exams. You will find
these questions under certification details for each exam
 Learning with SAP books is a good alternative
 SAP learning hub general user guide allows to interact with SAP solution experts through a forum. It also offers multiple courses in
various languages
 In SAP exam be careful in using English words especially words like can, only, always, except
SAP Logon: GUI & Navigation Tutorial

What is SAP Logon?

SAP Logon is used initiate a user session in a desired SAP Server. The same SAP Logon pad can be used to login into different SAP ERP
environments. SAP Logon is a client side software usually used by Consultants, developers and end-users

Following Video will take you through the various screen elements observed in the SAP - Graphical User Interface (GUI)

Click here if the video is not accessible

 To access SAP, double click in the SAP logon PAD.

 You are shown a list of servers that you could log into right now there is only one server

 But you see multiple servers like one for production, one for Testing one for development.
 Select the server and click the Log On Button. In the next screen, enter your user id and password. You are taken to Sap's easy
access menu

 At the top, you will see the menu bar. Next you will see the standard tool bar where you options to Print , Save Find , Scroll etc

 To view or maintain any data in SAP or access different business process you need to know the corresponding transaction. Every
transaction has a unique code.
 For example, transaction number to maintain a PA data is PA30

 To access the transaction, in the command prompt enter PA30 and hit enter.
 If you notice the title bar changes in accordance with the transaction, you are currently in.

 To go back to the initial screen click the back button

 Alternatively, if you do not remember the transaction code, a tree is provided with all the transaction available.
 Navigate in the tree. Double click in the corresponding transaction. Suppose you do not want to navigate so much to access a
transaction, right click on it and select Add to favorites

 The transaction is added to your favorites. At the bottom of a screen you will notice Message Bar.  This Bar has three colors
 Red - for errors
 Yellow - for warnings
 Green - for success
  If you double click on the bar, detailed information of the message is reflected
 At the bottom, you will see various system related information like the client or the program you are currently in.
 To get help in SAP, select on the corresponding screen element and press F1
 Suppose, I want help on command prompt, pressing F1 gives me a very detailed help document.
 That's it to the SAP GUI

SAP GUI Navigation

When you logon to SAP or you open a new  session-  you will see the following screen

Lets look into the various screen elements-

SAP User Menu

The SAP User Menu is tailored to the user's specific needs. It includes all transactions relevant to a user, grouped under relevant folders
SAP Easy Access Menu

The SAP Easy Access Menu includes all transactions offered by SAP, grouped in folders according to SAP modules (FI/CO, MM, etc.). It is
not tailored to the user's specific needs

SAP  Menu Bar

The SAP Menu Bar CHANGES from one screen to another. You follow a menu path to access a function or a transaction.

SAP Standard Tool Bar

The SAP Standard Toolbar does NOT change from one transaction to another. You can use the SAP Standard Toolbar to execute various
functions.

 Buttons available are enabled

 Buttons not available are disabled
 In the "Transaction Box", you can directly access a transaction, without using the SAP Menu, by entering the transaction code
 General Icons and their Description

Hint: You open a maximum of 6 different SAP session at a time

SAP Application Toolbar

The SAP Application Toolbar CHANGES from one screen to another.

SAP Status Bar

The SAP Status Bar does NOT change from one screen to another. It tells you WHERE you are in SAP:

 Which environment you are using (Production , Development , Quality).

 In which session you are in (as you can open up to 6 sessions).
 What client you are using.

Clicking on   button gives more information -

SAP Function Keys

Functions keys are just another way of navigating around SAP. The availability of function keys CHANGES from one screen to another
While in a transaction , right click on your mouse , you will see a list of function keys available

How to get HELP in SAP

More often than not while using SAP you will need HELP. You can access in-built SAP Help functionality for ANY screen element (like
text fields , buttons ,labels etc ) for ANY SAP Screen In this training , we will assume you need help for the following field -
You can access help in three different ways

1. Clicking on the "Help" button.

2. Right-clicking on your mouse and selecting "Help".
3. Pressing the F1 button on your keyboard.

A Performance Assistance Screen Opens-

1. It gives you information on how to fill the specific field on screen

2. Clicking on Technical Information Button gives you information like program name , table name and other technical details which comes
in very handy at times

3. Clicking on portal button gives you access to the online SAP Library available via the internet.
How to install SAP IDES for Practice

What is SAP IDES?

IDES is a demo SAP system developed by SAP AG used for learning and training and purpose. IDES stand for Internet Demonstration
and Evaluation System.

SAP IDES is an easy way for end users or consultants to get acquainted with SAP or gain mastery over the SAP ERP.

This document will explain you the installation of IDES server for learning and practice purpose. There are some prerequisites before
installation of IDES EHP6 server. We required installation media, list of media is shown below:

 j2sdk-1_4_2_17-windows-amd64.exe
 IDES EHP6 Installation Master
 IDES EHP6 Installation Export
 NW703 Kernel 720_Ext
 SL Controller 720
 MS SQL RDBMS
 SAPCRYPTOGRAPHIC Library
 JCE (Java Cryptography Extension) Policy

The above media is available on SAP Marketplace. Download and store it on your local hard disk. What we have gone through was software
requirement, now let us focus on hardware requirement. For the installation we require server with
  RAM of 4 GB and above
 HDD of 600 GB
 Intel i3 processor 64-bit and above
 Windows server 2006 R2 operating system.

Note: You can install SAP on Linux , AIX and Sun Solaris as well Below we have explained road map and each step for SAP IDES
installation.

Many learners need a video of the installation steps or do not have access to the SAP Marketplace to download the necessary files.
For such students we recommend you follow this course to get step by step process to install SAP in your laptop.

Fig. Roadmap of SAP Installation

Installation steps:

1. Hostname of the server where you want to install IDES should not be more than 13 characters otherwise you will get an error during
installation.
2. Increase the virtual memory to thrice of physical memory of the server or ideally you can make it 20 GB.
3. Install the Java - j2sdk-1_4_2_17-windows-amd64.exe and set the JAVA_HOME environment variable. Windows server 2008 R2
has the java component within operating system package.
4. Before you start SAP IDES installation, you need to decide the System Identifier (SID) and Instance Number (00). Here we will use
SID = IDS and instance number = 00.
5. Now go to the installation master media and follow the path as shown below:

SAPCD(F:)/INST_MAST/IM_WINDOWS_X86_64/sapinst and double click on "sapinst" as shown in below figures 1 & 2.

 Fig. 1

Fig. 2

6. After double clicking on "sapinst" it will open sap installation GUI as shown in figure 3.
7. Now follow the path as shown in figure 3 and select prerequisite check then click on the next.
 Fig. 3

8. Prerequisites check is needed because if there are any requisites missing then it will show you during this phase. Once you click on
the next, it will take you to the next screen as shown in figure 4. There is a datafile to check the prerequisites on the installation
master DVD. Once you will go to the next screen it will automatically detect the .xml file or you can browse the installation master
DVD for "PREREQUISITE_CHECK_DATA.XML" and then click on the next.
 Fig. 4

9. As we are installing ABAP stack, we need to check the option shown in figure 5 and then click on next.
 Fig. 5

10. On the next screen figure 6, it will ask for the database for sap. Here we are going to install SAP on MS SQL database, so we have
selected MS SQL server option. If you are planning to install another database then you can select it from the drop down option
which is highlighted in figure 6.
 Fig. 6

11. On the next screen, you have to mention the JAVA_HOME path, where you have installed the java environment, and also we are
installing Unicode so check all and then click on the next.
 Fig. 7

12. On the next screen figure 8, it will ask you to review the option which you selected. If you want to change the selection you can
select the option "revise". Otherwise select next, and it will execute prerequisite check.
 Fig. 8

13. If there are any prerequisites missing then, it will show on the next screen, or it will complete execution successfully as shown in
figure 9.
 Fig. 9

14. Now again repeat the step 5 and execute "sapinst" from installation master and select the "Operating System user and Groups" from
drop down as shown in figure 10 and click on next.
 Fig. 10

15. On the next screen, it will ask you either you want to create OS accounts for sap host agent only or sap administrative user also.
After selecting the option click on the next as shown in figure 11.
 Fig. 11

16. On the next screen, it provides the SAP system identifier "IDS". Select local domain installation or provide the domain of your host
server as shown in figure 12 and then click next.
 Fig. 12

17. On the next screen, set the password. Password should be compatible with operating system password policy. After mentioning the
password click on the next.
 Fig. 13

18. Next screen (figure 14), allows you to revise the option which you have selected. Otherwise you can continue with selected option
and click on the next.
 Fig. 14

19. After successful execution of this step, following message is shown.

 Fig. 15

20. Once all the prerequisites and user creation is complete, we need to install the database before we start installation of central
instance of IDES server. To start the DB installation we need to go to RDBMS DVD as shown in figure 16.Here we have MS SQL
database and for that SAP provided the script "SQL4SAP", just double click on that script. If you have Oracle database then it will
get install in between installation of SAP.
 Fig. 16

21. After you double click on the script, it will open a window and ask for the database instance SID. For sap installation always keeps
it as default. So, it will create the DB SID same as SAP SID. Details are given in figure 17.

Fig. 17

22. Once you click on the OK button, it will ask for the confirmation, so click on OK as shown in figure 18.
 Fig. 18

23. Once you confirm it will start the installation of MS SQL database in the background and installed on "C:/" drive.

Fig. 19

24. Once the installation gets complete, it will show the message as shown in figure 20.
 Fig. 20

25. Now again repeat step 5 and start the "sapinst" and select the "Central Instance" and click on the next and start installation as shown
in figure 21.

Fig. 21

26. On the next screen, it will ask you for installation mode. If you select "Typical" mode then sapinst automatically selects some
default settings, it will not allowe DB configuration and SAPDATA file selection. While if you select the "Custom" mode then it
will ask for this expert settings. Ref. figure 22.
 Fig. 22

27. Next screen figure 23, provide the SAP system ID (SID) and installation drive where you want to install (where "\usr\sap" resides).
 Fig. 23

28. As shown in figure 24, it will ask for the server's Fully Qualified Domain Name (FQDN). If you are going for local server
installation then uncheck the FQDN option otherwise check the FQDN option and provide your server's FQDN. Here we are going
for local installation, so we have unchecked the option.

Fig. 24

29. Now, enter master password for your sap system. This password will be used for all SAP accounts and users during installation.
You can also use this password to log in to SAP system with DDIC and SAP* users.
 Fig. 25

30. As we have explained earlier, we are going to install as local installation. So, on the next screen (figure 26), select the local
installation option and click on next.
 Fig. 26

31. On the next screen as shown in figure 27, it will ask the password for "<SID>adm" and SAPservice<SID>. As you have already
provided the Master password, you can skip this step, or you can set a different password for each user. For Oracle database, there
are "<SID>adm" and "ORA<SID>" users.
 Fig. 27

32. Now it will ask for the database instance. As you have previously installed the MS SQL database, so it will show default instance of
the database, select that instance and click on the next.
 Fig. 28

33. On this screen, it will show the information message that DBSID and SAPSID is same. This is ok, just click on the next.
 Fig. 29

34. On the next screen it will ask you for the media path of Unicode Kernel NW 7.20. Please provide the path by browsing from
"Browse" and click on the next.
 Fig. 30

35. Next it will show the installation drive where "\usr\sap\PRFCLOG" will get created.
 Fig. 31

36. Now it will ask for the domain detail for sap host agent. We are installing as local so select local Domain option and click on the
next.
 Fig. 32

37. Now provide the password for sapadm user otherwise it will take the master password as default.
 Fig. 33

38. Now provide the path of installation export media and click on next.
 Fig. 34

39. Now it will ask for the password of database ABAP schema. By default it will take master password.
 Fig. 35

40. Now it will ask for the number of data file needs to be created for the database. As per the standard it will create 4 datafiles for
small system, 8 datafiles for medium system and 16 datafiles for large system. Here we have selected 8 datafiles.
 Fig. 36

41. On the next screen, it will ask for the path where you want to store these datafiles. Also, you need to specify the initial size of
datafiles.
 Fig. 37

42. Now it will ask for the location and size of tempdev and templog file.By default it will be on installation drive of a database. After
providing the required details click on the next.
 Fig. 38

43. Here you need to provide the number of parallel jobs of ABAP import phase, default is 3, but its recommended to increase the
number of parallel jobs as per server resources. We have increased the jobs from 3 to 10. SAP code page will be a default, do not
change it.
 Fig. 39

44. Here it will ask for the central instance number, you can choose any number in between 00 to 99. Here we have chosen 00, which is
a default.
 Fig. 40

45. Now provides the details of ABAP message server and Internal ABAP port. Default it will be 3600 and 3900 respectively. We also
need to provide a host for transport directory, default it will be the same host where you are installing the server. Here you can
change the host if there is common transport directory for single landscape.
 Fig. 41

46. Next screen will ask for the media path of sapcryptographic, provide the media path for the same. If you don't want to install then
uncheck the option and click on the next.
 Fig. 42

47. In this step it will unpack the component of sapcryptographic library. Please select each package to unpack and click on the next.
 Fig. 43

48. Now it will ask for the SID of diagnostic agent system, default it will be DAA but you can provide as per you and also can change
the destination drive.

Fig. 44

49. Here we need to provide the media path of JAVA JCE policy.
 Fig. 45

50. Next it will ask for the diagnostic agent system domain detail. If you want to install as domain then provide the domain name and
select the option "Domain of the current user" or " different domain" otherwise select local installation option, which we have
selected here.
 Fig. 46

51. On this screen, it will ask for the password for diagnostic agent system. Default password will be master password which you have
provided before.
 Fig. 47

52. Next it will ask for the instance number for the diagnostic agent system.
 Fig. 48

53. On the next screen, it will ask you to register your system in existing SLD if you want. SLD is the host where all server details are
stored. If you choose to register in existing SLD then on the next screen, it will ask you the host details. Here we have selected "No
SLD destination" option. You can find the details in figure 49 and figure 50.
Fig. 49

Fig. 50
54. Now it will ask to unpack the archive for diagnostic agent system. Please check all and click on next.

Fig. 51

55. Now on this screen it will show you all the parameter which you have selected during the "Define Parameters" phase. You can
revise the input parameter if you want. Once you revise the parameter, you can click on the next.
Fig. 52

Fig. 53
56. On this screen, it will ask for the solution manager key. You required unique key for your installation that you need to generate from
SAP solution manager. After providing the solution manager key click on the next.

Fig. 54

57. Once solution manager key provided, it will start the other installation phase. Longest phase will be "Import ABAP" phase. On the
bottom of the screen, you can find the status of the installation.
Fig. 55

Fig. 56
 58. Once all the phase completed successfully, it will pop-up new window which shows the message of successful installation.

Fig. 57

59. Once the installation got complete, you can login to the system with DDIC and SAP* using SAP GUI with master password. SAP
IDES server has default 000, 001, 066 and 800 client available.

What is mySAP?

mySAP is not a single product but is a suite of products from SAP including SAP R/3.

SAP R/3 was First launched in 1998 , is regularly updated ,and is market leader in ERP category  till date.
SAP R/3 many modules such as HR , Finance , MM covering all enterprise Functions
"3" stands for three tier architecture - Presentation tier , Logic tier and Data tier.

Other products in the mySAP product suite includes SRM(Supplier Relationship Management), CRM(Customer Relationship Management),
PLM(Product Lifecycle Management ) , SCM (Supply Chain Management)

SAP NetWeaver: Learn in 10 Minutes

What is NetWeaver?

NetWeaver is SAP's integrated technology platform and is not a product in itself.In fact, the new version of basis is called the
Netweaver.

It is the underlying technology for all the products in the mySAP suite.

All the products in mySAP suite can run on a single instance of NetWeaver's, SAP Web Application Server ,also know as "SAP WEBAs."

Netweaver makes possible access to SAP data using simple HTTP protocol or even mobile. This eliminates the need for installing and
more importantly training in SAP's client side software.
The core capabilities of SAP NetWeaver are the integration of people, information, and process

People integration

It simply means that it enables you to bring people together and help them work more efficiently.

Examples:-

 Portal: - provides industry leading portal technology that delivers unified, personalized, and role-based user access
 Collaboration: - Collaboration promotes cooperation in enterprises using virtual team rooms (Collaboration Rooms), real-time
communication (chat and application sharing) and the use of third-party groupware and synchronous collaboration tools (for
example, Microsoft Exchange, Lotus Notes, and WebEx)
 Multi-Channel Access :- With Multi-Channel Access, you can connect to enterprise systems through web-based, voice, mobile,
messaging, or radio-frequency technology.

Information integration

 It means you can bring together information from a variety of locations and have it make sense in the context of what your folks do every
day! Examples:-

 Business Intelligence:- It provides you with reliable tools for creating individual and interactive reports and applications.
  BI Content & BI Content Extensions :- Enables quicker implementation using pre-configured role and task-oriented information
models in SAP Business Intelligence.
 Knowledge Management:- Allows common access to unstructured information and documents in a distributed storage landscape
like Search,Classification,Subscription,Versioning,etc..
 Search and Classification (TREX) :- Provides SAP applications with numerous services for searching, classifying, and text-
mining in large collections of documents (unstructured data) as well as for searching in and aggregating business objects (structured
data).

Process integration

 It means coordinating the flow of work across departments, divisions, and between companies. Usage type process integration includes all
functions previously covered by SAP NetWeaver Exchange Infrastructure that you use to realize cross-system business processes. This SAP
NetWeaver usage type enables different versions of SAP and non-SAP systems from different vendors running on different platforms (for
example, Java ABAP, and so on) to communicate with each other. SAP NetWeaver is based on an open architecture, primarily uses open
standards (in particular those from the XML and Java environments), and provides services that are essential in a heterogeneous and complex
system landscape. These include a runtime infrastructure for exchanging messages, configuration options for managing business processes
and the flow of messages, as well as options for mapping messages before they reach the receiver.

Application Platform

SAP Web Application Server provides a complete development infrastructure on which you can develop, distribute, and execute platform-
independent, robust, and scalable Web services and business applications. SAP Web Application Server supports ABAP, Java, and Web
services.

How to Display Technical Names in SAP

The following SAP tutorial will allow you to view the transaction codes next to the transaction names in both the SAP Easy Access menu
and the User menu.

In the SAP Menu Bar

1. Click Extras
2. Click Settings

In the next Settings Screen

1. Flag - Display Technical Name Checkbox

2. Click Enter
You will observe the following change in the user menu-

BEFORE AFTER

SAP Molga List for ALL Countries

You will need to know Molga of a country ,while running country specific transactions.

For example , Transaction to run Payroll is PC00_MXX_Calc , where XX = Country Molga.

Now , transaction to run payroll for Russia(Molga = 33 ) will be PC00_M33_Calc and that for Spain(Molga = 04 ) would be
PC00_M04_Calc

You can see country MOLGA using table T500L

List of Molga (Country Codes) and ISO  codes for all countries where SAP is operational --

Molga ISO code Country

1 DE Germany

2 CH Switzerland

3 AT Austria

4 ES Spain

5 NL Netherlands

6 FR France

7 CA Canada

8 GB Great Britain

9 DK Denmark

10 US USA

11 IE Ireland

12 BE Belgium

13 AU Australia

14 MY Malaysia

15 IT Italy

16 ZA South Africa

17 VE Venezuela

18 CZ Czech Republic

19 PT Portugal

20 NO Norway
21 HU Hungary

22 JP Japan

23 SE Sweden

24 SA Saudi Arabia

25 SG Singapore

26 TH Thailand

27 HK Hong Kong

28 CN China

29 AR Argentina

30 LU Luxembourg

31 SK Slovakia

32 MX Mexico

33 RU Russia

34 ID Indonesia

35 BN Brunei

36 UA Ukraine

37 BR Brazil

38 CO Colombia

39 CL Chile

40 IN India

41 KR South Korea

42 TW Taiwan

43 NZ New Zealand

44 FI Finland

45 GR Greece

46 PL Poland

47 TR Turkey

48 PH Philippines

49 NA Namibia

50 LS Lesotho

51 BW Botswana

52 SZ Swaziland

53 MZ Mosambique

54 KE Kenya

55 AO Angola

56 ZW Zimbabwe

57 AN Dutch Antilles

58 HR Croatia
60 IS Iceland

61 RO Romania

62 SI Slovenia

99 99 Other Countries

How to Execute SAP Reports

A SAP report is an executable program that reads data from the database and generates output based on the filter criteria selected by the end
user.

Execution of a SAP report almost never leads to an update of the database.

The various categories of reports are --

1. Standard SAP reports

2. Custom reports - developed by your organization
3. Ad hoc queries

Following elements will have to be set while executing ANY SAP report

Select a Period

You need to select a period for which report will run like Today (Only current Day's Data), Upto Today (All data of the past uptil
today), Current Month , Current Year etc.

You can select other period and specify a custom From and To date for the period of the report

You can also click the Payroll Period Button   and specify a payroll period as the time period for which your
output will generated
 

Select a Population

You can limit the number of people you want to run the report for by entering different selection criteria' s shown below.

You can add additional selection criteria fields to your report by clicking Further Selections
 

1. Under Selection Options , select the fields you would like to add to the selection area on the report
2. Click on the Arrow Button to send it to right

The selected field will now appear in the Selection Fields List

Click the check mark to return

The new selection field will appear in the report screen.

Restrict Selection Values in the Input Screen

You can include both ranges and single values in your report
Click on Multiple Selection Button

The next SAP screen , allows you to

 1. Enter Mutiple Values which will be included
2. Enter a Range of vlaues which will be included
3. Enter Mutiple Values which will be excluded
4. Enter a Range of vlaues which will be excluded

You can further restrict selection criteria by using selection options (i.e., equal to, greater than, etc.)

Format SAP Report Output

Once you have executed your report, you can easily modify(sorting , summations , graphics etc.) the layout for the output generated using the
toolbar shown below.
You can also save the output to your local hard disk using the follwing steps

1. Click List
2. Export
3. Local File

1. Select the Format (text , spreadsheet) desired

2. Click Enter
Enter Directory , File Name and Click Generate. The report must be saved.

How to Create a Variant in SAP

Variants allow you to save your selection parameters in the input screen.

It minimizes the need to enter selection parameters each time you run a SAP report.

Variants can be stored for ANY SAP REPORT as long as the   Save Button is available in the SAP Menu bar for the report.

Note: Many a transactions may be proctected due to security reasons by your administrator and save button may not be available

Create a Variant

1. Enter the values for selection criteria while you are in any SAP report.
2. Once all selection criteria are populated , Click the Save button
1. Enter a Variant Name
2. Type Meaning (description) of the variant
Click the  Save Button.

Retrieve a Variant

Click the Get Variant Button

1. Highlight the Variant you wish to use

2. Click the Check Mark

The report will be populated with the Selection Criteria.

Delete a Variant

While in ANY SAP Report Select GoTO > Variants > Delete

1. Highlight the Variant you want to delete

2. Click Okay
In the next SAP pop-up

1. Select the "only in current client" radio button. (All Clients option will delete the variant across ALL clients)
2. Click Continue

Variant is deleted.

Top 18 SAP Testing Interview Questions & Answers

1) Mention what is SAP?

SAP stands for System Applications and Products. It provides customer the ability to communicate with common corporate databases for a
comprehensive range of applications. It makes the business process work efficiently.

2) Mention what is SAP Testing?

The SAP Testing is same as software application Manual Testing. It helps to detect and rectify error at all business modules like finance,
manufacturing, etc.

3) Mention what are the types of testing is done for SAP?

Types of SAP testing are,

1. Unit testing
2. Functional and Regression testing
3. UAT testing
4. Integration testing and so on.

4) Mention how to create an effective SAP Test case?

 Determine SAP role required to execute the test case

 Identify the SAP transaction that needs to be executed for the test case
 Test Data requires executing the test case. Determine whether the data needs to be created or whether it is used by another tester or
whether the data is locked & cannot be modified
 Is there any pre-requisites required
 Create negative as well as positive scenarios
  Create detailed Test Steps
 Test coverage should be robust
 Document defects in a timely manner as soon as they are discovered

5) Mention tools useful for SAP Testing?

Tools useful for SAP Testing include,

 QTP ( Quick Test Professional Tool)

 SAP TAO
 ECATT

6) Why choosing a right strategy is more important than choosing a tool for SAP Testing?

Choosing right strategy is important for SAP Testing because,

 SAP is a humungous system with endless variations. It's neither feasible nor cost-effective to check all possible variations and
combinations of test parameter inputs in SAP system.
 A Tester needs to adopt strategies to reduce the number of test cases without sacrificing coverage.
 Examples of such strategies include,
 Boundary value analysis,
 Equivalence partitioning & orthogonal array.

7) Mention what are the benefits for SAP applications?

Benefits for SAP applications are,

 Improved test coverage

 Better product quality and less production outages
 Workload decreases with each release cycle

8) Mention what are the challenges faced during SAP Testing?

During SAP Testing challenges faced are,

 Valid combination of test data required for testing

 All the critical interfaces should be determined, and their connectivity should be established with corresponding test systems
 To recognize the business processes which are suitable for test automation
 Identify negative testing conditions
 Mention how does the system design trace back to all captured requirements and the number of test cases
 Identify Regression scenarios/test cases and build Regression test suite that requires during each release
 Managing output and input data to complete the scenarios OTC, P2P, etc.
  Design robust Automation Framework that should be maintainable and scalable

9) Mention what are the points to be considered while performing SAP Interface Testing?

While performing SAP Interface Testing remember following points,

 What is the objective of using SAP Interface and what business scenarios are processed by the interface?
 Verify the interface is processing all business scenarios accurately as per the test strategy
 Best practice to perform Interface testing is to begin with Unit testing
 Verify if the outbound interface is alright, which means that it ensures to perform file meeting specifications in terms of layout, etc.
 Verify if the inbound interface is alright. Check if it is reading the file correctly and if it is performing the correct steps in the target
system.

10) Mention what are the types of work processes in SAP?

In SAP, types of work processes include are

 Dialog
 Enque
 Update
 Background
 Spool
 Message
 Server
 Gateway

11) Mention what is the difference between kernels, support packages & SAP Note?

The difference between kernels, support packages & SAP Note is,

 Snote: By implementing a SAP Note an error in a single program or Transaction is removed.

 Support Package: All known errors are corrected by applying SAP Support Package
 SAP Kernel: It is the core of the application. When a Kernel is upgraded, it means an older versions of the various EXE files get
replaced.

12) Mention what is ECATT?

ECATT is used to execute and create functional tests for SAP. It is an inbuilt tool that comes bundled with SAP with a primary objective of
automated testing of SAP business processes.

13) Mention what are the useful features of ECATT?

Useful features of ECATT are,

 Test transactions, scenarios, and reports

 Test remote systems
 Call BAPIs and function modules
 Check Authorizations (user profiles)
 Test updates
 Test the effect of changes to customize settings
 Check system messages

14) Mention what is the difference between developer trace, System trace, and System log?

The difference between developer trace, System trace, and System log

 System Trace: It is used when you want to record the internal SAP system activities
 Developer Trace: It contains technical information for use in the event of issues with your system. Using the entries in the
developer traces requires sound knowledge of the host systems in which your SAP system is running
 System Log: You can use the log to highlight and rectify errors occurred in your system and its environment.

15) Mention what is Screen flow logic in SAP Testing?

Screen flow logic in SAP Testing is like an ABAP code. It is used to contain the processing blocks. It consists of procedural part of the
screen and is created in screen painter. Screen painter is like an ABAP editor.

16) Mention what is the use of Process Flow Analyzer in SAP TAO?

In SAP TAO, Process Flow Analyzer is used to find out automatically the user interfaces used in transaction codes executed in a SAP
system.

17) Mention what is SAP Cutover Testing?

SAP Cutover Testing is usually performed once in a project lifecycle. In this phase, a full-scale execution of all tasks is involved to retrieve
data from legacy systems and then to implement any kind of data conversion, load the results into the SAP system and fully validate the
results, including a user sign-off.

18) Mention what should be the approach for writing a BDC program?

For writing a BDC program, convert the legacy system data into a flat file. Then convert the flat file into an internal table. Transfer the flat
file into sap system called "sap data transfer." Then call transaction or create sessions.