To Convert To Multiply By

1. Length

Inch Millimeter 25.4

Foot Millimeter 304.8
Yard Meter 0.9144
Meter Foot 3.281
Meter Inch 39.37
2. Area

Square inch Square millimeter 645

Square foot Square meter 0.0929
Square yard Square meter 0.836
Square meter Square foot 10.76
3. Volume

Cubic inch Cubic millimeter 16390

Cubic foot Cubic meter 0.02832
Cubic yard Cubic meter 0.765
Cubic foot Liter 28.3
Cubic meter Cubic foot 35.31
Cubic meter Cubic yard 1.308
4. Mass

Ounce Gram 28.35

Pound (lb) Kilogram 0.454
Pound Gallon 0.12
Short ton (2000 lb) Kilogram 907
Long ton (2240 lb) Kilogram 1016
Kilogram Pound (lb) 2.205
Slug Kilogram 14.59
5. Density

Pound/cubic foot Kilogram/cubic meter 16.0200

Kilogram/cubic meter Pound/cubic foot 0.0624
6. Force

Pound (lb) Newton (N) 4.4480

Kip (1000 lb) Kilonewton (kN) 4.4480
Newton (N) Pound 0.2248
Kilonewton (kN) Kip (K) 0.2250
7. Force/length

Kip/foot Kilonewton/meter 14.5900

Kilonewton/meter Pound/foot 68.5200
Kilonewton/meter Kip/foot 0.0685
8. Force/area (stress)

Pound/square inch (psi) Newton/square centimeter 0.6895

Pound/square inch (psi) Newton/square millimeter (MPa) 0.0069
Kip/square inch (ksi) Meganewton/square meter 6.8950
Kip/square inch (ksi) Newton/square millimeter 6.8950
Pound/square foot Kilonewton/square meter 0.0479
Pound/square foot Newton/square meter 47.8800
Kip/square foot Kilonewton/square meter 47.8800
Newton/square millimeter Kip/square inch (Ksi) 0.1450
Kilonewton/square meter Kip/square foot 0.0208
Kilonewton/square meter Pound/square foot 20.8000
9. Moments

Foot⋅kip Kilonewton⋅meter 1.3560

Inch⋅kip Kilonewton⋅meter 0.1130
Inch⋅kip Kilogram force⋅meter 11.5200
Kilonewton⋅meter Foot⋅kip 0.7375
 From From Value
1. Length

Inch 1
Foot 1
Yard 1
Meter 1
Meter 1
2. Area

Square inch 1
Square foot 1
Square yard 1
Square meter 1
3. Volume

Cubic inch 1
Cubic foot 1
Cubic yard 1
Cubic foot 1
Cubic meter 1
Cubic meter 1
4. Mass

Ounce 1
Pound (lb) 1
Pound 1
Short ton (2000 lb) 1
Long ton (2240 lb) 1
Kilogram 1
Slug 1
5. Density

Pound/cubic foot 1
Kilogram/cubic meter 1
6. Force

Pound (lb) or (lbs) 1

Kip (1000 lb) (kiloPound) 1
Newton (N) 1
Kilonewton (kN) 1
7. Force/length

Kip/foot 6
Kilonewton/meter 11.25
Kilonewton/meter 1
8. Force/area (stress)

Pound/square inch (psi) 1

Pound/square inch (psi) 60000
Kip/square inch (ksi) 1
Kip/square inch (ksi) 1
Pound/square foot 80
Pound/square foot 1
Kip/square foot 1
Newton/square millimeter 1
Kilonewton/square meter 1
Kilonewton/square meter 1
9. Moments

Foot⋅kip 1
Inch⋅kip 1
Inch⋅kip 1
Kilonewton⋅meter 1
 TO To Value

Millimeter 25.4
Millimeter 304.8
Meter 0.914
Foot 3.281
Inch 39.37

Square millimeter 645

Square meter 0.093
Square meter 0.836
Square foot 10.76

Cubic millimeter 16390

Cubic meter 0.028
Cubic meter 0.765
Liter 28.3
Cubic foot 35.31
Cubic yard 1.308

Gram 28.35
Kilogram 0.454
Gallon 0.12
Kilogram 907
Kilogram 1016
Pound (lb) 2.205
Kilogram 14.59

Kilogram/cubic meter 16.02

Pound/cubic foot 0.062

Newton (N) 4.448

Kilonewton (kN) 4.448
Pound 0.225
Kip (K) 0.225

Kilonewton/meter 87.54
Pound/foot 770.85
Kip/foot 0.069

Newton/square centimeter 0.69

Newton/square millimeter (MPa) 414 9 116 214 24,824 0.103 22.3 + 1
Meganewton/square meter 6.895 8 104 405 42,120 0.174 37.7
Newton/square millimeter 6.895 7 92 405 37,260 0.154 33.3
Kilonewton/square meter 3.83 6 80 405 32,400 0.134 29.0
Newton/square meter 47.88 5 68 584 39,712 0.164 35.5
Kilonewton/square meter 47.88 4 56 422 23,632 0.098 21.2
Kip/square inch (Ksi) 0.145 3 44 422 18,568 0.077 16.7
Kip/square foot 0.021 2 32 440 14,080 0.058 12.6
Pound/square foot 20.8 1 20 465 9,300 0.038 8.2

S =3,762 241,896 233.8

Kilonewton⋅meter 1.356
Kilonewton⋅meter 0.113
Kilogram force⋅meter 11.52
Foot⋅kip 0.738
9 116 214 24,824 0.103 22.3 + 17.3 = 39.6
8 104 405 42,120 0.174 37.7
7 92 405 37,260 0.154 33.3
6 80 405 32,400 0.134 29.0
5 68 584 39,712 0.164 35.5
4 56 422 23,632 0.098 21.2
3 44 422 18,568 0.077 16.7
2 32 440 14,080 0.058 12.6
1 20 465 9,300 0.038 8.2

S =3,762 241,896 233.8

76.9504
9 116 214 24,824 0.103 22.3 + 17.3
8 104 405 42,120 0.174 37.7
7 92 405 37,260 0.154 33.3
6 80 405 32,400 0.134 29
5 68 584 39,712 0.164 35.5
4 56 422 23,632 0.098 21.2
3 44 422 18,568 0.077 16.7
2 32 440 14,080 0.058 12.6 𝐹_𝑝𝑥=𝐹_(
1 20 465 9,300 0.038 8.2 76.9504 𝑡)+(∑𝐹_𝑖)/(∑
S =3,762 241,896 233.8
ht wt fx-kn sum wt sum fx Fpx
𝑊_𝑝𝑥
9 35.36585 951.872 99.1904 951.872 99.1904 176.1408 39.6
8 31.70732 1801.44 167.6896 2753.312 266.88 224.9617 50.57593
7 28.04878 1801.44 148.1184 4554.752 414.9984 194.5696 43.74316
6 24.39024 1801.44 128.992 6356.192 543.9904 175.9839 39.56473
5 20.73171 2597.632 157.904 8953.824 701.8944 225.954 50.79901
4 17.07317 1877.056 94.2976 10830.88 796.192 151.3208 34.01996
3 13.41463 1877.056 74.2816 12707.94 870.4736 139.9415 31.46167
2 9.756098 1957.12 56.0448 14665.06 926.5184 133.9176 30.10737
1 6.097561 2068.32 36.4736 16733.38 962.992 128.5415 28.89872

33663.77 529.7358
57118.83 518.5181
50528.2 458.6891
43937.56 398.8601
53853.35 488.8745
32047.3 290.9217
25180.02 228.5813
19093.85 173.3318
12611.71 114.4876
 = 39.6

𝐹_𝑝𝑥=𝐹_(
𝑡)+(∑𝐹_𝑖)/(∑𝑊_𝑖 )
𝑊_𝑝𝑥
ACI Code has separated the safety provision into
an overload or load factor and to an undercapacity (or strength reduction) factor,ϕ . A safe design
is achieved when the structure’s strength, obtained by multiplying the nominal strength by the
reduction factor,ϕ , exceeds or equals the strength needed to withstand the factored loadings (service
loads times their load factors). For example,
Mu ≤ ϕ Mn and Vu ≤ ϕ Vn (1.2)
where
Mu, Vu = external factored moment and shear forces, respectively
Mn, Vn = nominal lexural strength and shear strength of member, respectively
Given a load factor of 1.2 for dead load and a load factor of 1.6 for live load, the overall safety
factor for a structure loaded by a dead load, D, and a live load, L,is

Factor of safety = =(1.2 𝐷+1.6 =(1.2+1.6 (𝐿/𝐷))/(1+

𝐿)/(𝐷+𝐿) (1/𝜙) (𝐿/𝐷)) (1/𝜙)

The factors of safety for the various values of ϕ and L/D ratios are as follows:
 A safe design

loadings (service

verall safety

Divide numerator and denominator by D