Experiment No.

01

Introduction to CAD
Computer Aided Drafting is a process of preparing a drawing of an object on the screen of a
computer. There are various types of drawings in different fields of engineering and sciences. In
the fields of mechanical or aeronautical engineering, the drawings of machine components and
the layouts of them are prepared. In the field of civil engineering, plans and layouts of the
buildings are prepared. In the field of electrical engineering, the layouts of power distribution
system are prepared. In all fields of engineering use of computer is made for drawing and
drafting.
The use of CAD process provides enhanced graphics capabilities which allows any designer to
❖ Conceptualize his ideas

❖ Modify the design very easily

❖ Perform animation

❖ Make design calculations

❖ Use colors, fonts and other aesthetic features.

REASONS FOR IMPLEMENTING A CAD SYSTEM

❖ Increase the productivity of the designer: CAD improves the productivity of the
designer to visualize the product and its component, parts and reduces the time required
in synthesizing, analyzing and documenting the design.
❖ Improves the quality of the design: CAD system improves the quality of the design. A
CAD system permits a more detailed engineering analysis and a larger number of design
alternatives can be investigated. The design errors are also reduced because of the greater
accuracy provided by the system.
❖ Improves communication: It improves the communication in design. The use of a CAD
system provides better engineering drawings, more standardization in the drawing, better
documentation of the design, few drawing errors and legibility.
❖ Create database for manufacturing: In the process of creating the documentation for
these products, much of the required database to manufacture the products is also created.
❖ Improves the efficiency of the design: It improves the efficiency of the design process
and the wastage at the design stage can be reduced.

APPLICATION OF CAD:

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There are various processes which can be performed by use of computer in the drafting
process.
Automated drafting: This involves the creation of hardcopy engineering drawings directly
from CAD database. Drafting also includes features like automatic dimensioning, generation of
cross-hatched areas, scaling of the drawing and the capability to develop sectional views and
enlarged views in detail. It has ability to perform transformations of images and prepare 3D
drawings like isometric views, perspective views etc.
Geometric modeling: concerned with the computer compatible mathematical description of
the geometry of an object. The mathematical description allows the image of an object to be
displayed and manipulated on a graphics terminal through signals from the CPU of the CAD
system. The software that provides geometric modeling capabilities must be designed for
efficient use both by computer and the human designer.

BENEFITS OF CAD: The implementation of the CAD system provides variety of benefits to
the industries in design and production as given below:
1. Improved productivity in drafting
2. Shorter preparation time for drawing
3. Reduced man power requirement
4. Customer modifications in drawing are easier
5. More efficient operation in drafting
6. Low wastage in drafting
7. Minimized transcription errors in drawing
8. Improved accuracy of drawing
9. Assistance in preparation of documentation
10. Better designs can be evolved
11. Revisions are possible
12. Colours can be used to customize the product
13. Production of orthographic projections with dimensions and tolerances
14. Hatching of all sections with different filling patterns
15. Preparation of assembly or sub assembly drawings
16. Preparation of part list
17. Machining and tolerance symbols at the required surfaces
18. Hydraulic and pneumatic circuit diagrams with symbols
19. Printing can be done to any scale

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LIMITATIONS OF CAD
1. 32 bit word computer is necessary because of large amount of computer memory and
time.
2. The size of the software package is large.
3. Skill and judgment are required to prepare the drawing.
4. Huge investment.

CAD SOFTWARES
The software is an interpreter or translator which allows the user to perform specific type
of application or job related to CAD. The following softwares are available for drafting.
1. AutoCAD
2. Pro – E
3. Catia
4. Ansys
5. Solid Works
6. Hypermesh
7. Fluent – Gambit
8. Creo
The above software is used depending upon their application.

AUTO CAD
Auto CAD package is suitable for accurate and perfect drawings of engineering designs. The
drawing of machine parts, isometric views and assembly drawings are possible in AutoCAD.
The package is suitable for 2D and 3D drawings.

Viva Voce Questions:

1. What do you mean by CAD?

2. How CAD software is different from conventional drawing?
3. What are the advantages and limitations of CAD software?
4. Why conventional drawing is implemented to computer-based software?
5. What are the different CAD software?

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 Experiment No. 02

Objective: Study of AutoCAD software basics - GUI, limits and units, drawing tools, editing
tools, annotations etc.

Requirement:
1. Computer System with required specification
2. AutoCAD 2020

Starting AutoCAD 2020

When you turn on your computer, the operating systems such as Microsoft® Windows
VistaTM, Windows® XP Home, and Professional (SP2), Windows® 2000 (SP4), Windows®
XP Professional x64 Edition, or Windows Vista® 64-bit will be automatically loaded on it and
the Windows screen is displayed with a number of application icons. You can start AutoCAD
by double-clicking on the AutoCAD 2020 icon on the desktop of your computer. You can also
load AutoCAD from the Windows taskbar by choosing the Start button at the bottom left-
corner of the screen (default position) to display the menu. In this menu, choose Programs to
display program folders. Now, choose Autodesk > AutoCAD 2020 folder to display AutoCAD
programs and then choose AutoCAD 2020-English to start AutoCAD.
When you start AutoCAD for the first time, the Welcome to AutoCAD 2020 page of
the Initial Setup wizard will be displayed, prompting you to specify the industry that closely
describes your work to start the default drawing environment, see Figure 1-2. Select the
industry that describes your work and choose the Next button; the Optimize your Default
Workspace page will be displayed, prompting you to optimize the default workspace, see
Figure 1-3. Select the options according to your requirement and choose the Next button; the
Specify a Drawing Template File page will be displayed, prompting you to specify the default
drawing template. If you have an existing drawing file template, select the Use my existing
drawing template file radio button and specify the location of the template file using the
Browse button. After setting all options, choose the Start AutoCAD 2020 button. From now
onward, AutoCAD will open according to the specified settings.

AutoCAD Screen Components:

Drawing area: The drawing area covers the major portion of the screen. Here, you can draw
the objects and use the commands. To draw the objects, you need to define the coordinate
points, which can be selected by using your pointing device. The position of the pointing
device is represented on the screen by the cursor. There is a coordinate system icon at the

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lower left corner of the drawing area. The window also has the standard Windows buttons such
as close, minimize, scroll bar, and so on, on the top right corner. These buttons have the same
functions as for any other standard window.
Command Window: The command window at the bottom of the drawing area has the
Command prompt where you can enter the commands. It also displays the subsequent prompt
sequences and the messages. You can change the size of the window by placing the cursor on
the top edge (double line bar known as the grab bar) and then dragging it. This way you can
increase its size to see all the previous commands you have used. By default, the command
window displays only three lines. You can also press the F2 key to display AutoCAD Text
window, which displays the previous commands and prompts.
Navigation Bar: In AutoCAD 2020, the navigation tools are grouped together and are
available in the drawing area. The tools in the Navigation Bar are discussed next.
1. Steering Wheels: The Steering Wheels has a set of navigation tools such as pan, zoom,
and so on. You will learn more about the Steering Wheel in the later chapters.
2. Pan: This tool allows you to view the portion of the drawing that is outside the current
display area. To do so, choose this tool, press and hold the left mouse button and then drag
the drawing area. Press ESC to exit this command.
3. Zoom: The tools to enlarge the view of the drawing on the screen without affecting the
actual size of the objects are grouped together. You will learn more about zoom in later
chapters.
4. Rotate: The tools to rotate the view in the 3D space are grouped together.
Show motion Choose this button to capture different views in a sequence and animate them
when required.
ViewCube: View Cube is available on the top right corner of the drawing area and is used to
switch between the standard and isometric views or roll the current view. The ViewCube and
its options are discussed in later chapters.
Status Bar: The Status Bar is displayed at the bottom of the screen and is called Application
Status Bar. It contains some useful information and buttons (see Figure 2.1) that make it easy
to change the status of some AutoCAD functions. You can toggle between the on and off states
of most of these functions by choosing them.

Drawing Coordinates:
The information about the coordinates is displayed on the left-corner of the Status Bar. You
can select this coordinate button to toggle between the on and off states. The COORDS system
variable controls the type of display of the coordinates. If the value of the COORDS variable is

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set to 0, the coordinate display is static, that is, the coordinate values displayed in the Status
Bar change only when you specify a point. If the value of the COORDS variable is set to 1 or
2, the coordinate display is dynamic. When the variable is set to 1, AutoCAD constantly
displays the absolute coordinates of the graphics cursor with respect to the UCS origin. The
polar coordinates (length<angle) are displayed if you are in an AutoCAD command and the
COORDS variable is set to 2. You can also click on the Drawing Coordinates area to change
the coordinate status from on to off and vice versa.

Fig. 2.1
Infer Constraints: If this button is chosen then some of the geometric constraints will be
automatically applied to sketch while it is drawn.
Snap mode: If the Snap Mode button is chosen, the snap mode is on. So, you can move the
cursor in fixed increments. The F9 key acts as a toggle key to turn the snap off or on.
Grid Display: The grid lines are used as reference lines to draw objects in AutoCAD. If the
Grid Display button is chosen, the grid display is on and the grid lines are displayed on the
screen. The F7 function key can be used to turn the grid display on or off. ortho mode If the
Ortho Mode: button is chosen, you can draw lines at right angles only. You can use the F8
function key to turn ortho on or off.
Polar Tracking: If you turn the polar tracking on, the movement of the cursor is restricted
along a path based on the angle set as the polar angle. Choose the Polar Tracking button to turn
the polar tracking on. You can also use the F10 function key to turn on this option. Note that
turning the polar tracking on, automatically turns off the ortho mode. object Snap When the
Object Snap: button is chosen, you can use the running object snaps to snap on to a point. You

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can also use the F3 function key to turn the object snap on or off. The status of OSNAP (off or
on) does not prevent you from using the immediate mode object snaps.
3D Object Snap: When this button is chosen, you can snap the key point on a solid or a
surface. You can also use the F4 function key to turn on or off the 3D object snap.
Object Snap Tracking: When you choose this button, the inferencing lines will be displayed.
Inferencing lines are dashed lines that are displayed automatically when you select a sketching
tool and track a particular keypoint on the screen. Choosing this button turns the object snap
tracking on or off.
Allow/Disallow Dynamic UCS: Choosing this button allows or disallows the use of dynamic
UCS. Allowing the dynamic UCS ensures that the XY plane of the UCS got dynamically
aligned with the selected face of the model. You can also use the F6 function key to turn the
DUCS button on or off.

Dynamic input
The Dynamic Input button is used to turn the Dynamic Input on or off. Turning it on facilitates
the heads-up design approach because all commands, prompts, and dimensional inputs will
now be displayed in the drawing area and you do not need to look at the Command prompt all
the time. This saves the design time and also increases the efficiency of the user. If the
Dynamic Input mode is turned on, you will be allowed to enter the commands through the
Pointer Input boxes, and the numerical values through the Dimensional Input boxes. You will
also be allowed to select the command options through the Dynamic Prompt options in the
graphics window. To turn the Dynamic Input on or off, use the CTRL+D keys.

Drawing Status Bar

The Drawing Status Bar is displayed in between the drawing area and the command window.
Choose the Application Status Bar Menu arrow and choose the Drawing Status Bar option
from the flyout; the Drawing Status Bar will be displayed, as shown in Figure 1-9. Turn on the
Drawing Status Bar; the Annotation Scale, Annotation Visibility, and Automatically Add Scale
buttons will move automatically to the Drawing Status Bar. If you turn off the Drawing Status
Bar, these buttons will move back to the Application Status Bar.

Ribbon
In AutoCAD, you can also invoke a command from the Ribbon. The tools for creating,
modifying, and annotating a 2D & 3D design are available in the panels instead of being spread
out in the entire drawing area in different toolbars and menus.

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 When you start the AutoCAD session for the first time, by default the Ribbon is
displayed horizontally below the Quick Access Toolbar. The Ribbon consists of various tabs.
The tabs have different panels, which in turn, have tools arranged in rows. Some of the tools
have small black down arrow. This indicates that the tools having similar functions are grouped
together. To choose a tool, click on the down arrow; a drop-down will be displayed. Choose
the required tool from the drop-down displayed. Note that if you choose a tool from the drop-
down, the corresponding command will be invoked and the tool that you have chosen will be
displayed in the panel. For example, to draw a circle using the 2-Point option, click on the
down arrow next to the Center, Radius tool in the Draw panel of the Home tab; a flyout will be
displayed. Choose the 2-Point tool from the flyout and then draw the circle. You will notice
that the 2-Point tool is displayed in place of the Center, Radius tool. In this textbook, the tool
selection sequence will be written as, choose the 2-Point tool from Home > Draw > Circle
drop-down.

Application Menu
The Application Menu is available at the top-left of the AutoCAD window. It contains some of
the tools that are available in the Standard toolbar. Click the down arrow on the Application
Menu to display the tools, as shown in Figure 1-12. You can search a command using the
search field on the top of the Application Menu. To search a tool, enter the complete or partial
name of the command in the search field; the possible tool list will be listed. If you click on a
tool from the list, the corresponding command will get activated.

Tool Palettes
AutoCAD has provided Tool Palettes as an easy and convenient way of placing and sharing
hatch patterns and blocks in the current drawing. By default, the Tool Palettes are not
displayed. Choose the Tool Palettes Windows button from the Palettes panel in the View tab
or choose the CTRL+3 keys to display the Tool Palettes as a window on the right of the
drawing area. You can resize the Tool Palettes using the resizing cursor that is displayed when
you place the cursor on the top or bottom extremity of the Tool Palettes.

Menu Bar
You can also select commands from the menu bar. Menu Bar is not displayed by default. To
display the menu bar, choose the down arrow in the Quick Access Toolbar; a flyout is
displayed. Choose the Show Menu Bar option from it; the menu bar will be displayed. As you
move the cursor over the menu bar, different titles are highlighted. You can choose the desired
item by left-clicking on it; the corresponding menu is displayed directly under the title. You

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can invoke a command by left-clicking on a menu. Some of the menu items display an arrow
on the right side, which indicates that they have a cascading menu. The cascading menu
provides various options to execute the same AutoCAD command. You can display the
cascading menu by choosing the menu item or by moving the arrow pointer to the right of that
item. You can then choose any item from the cascading menu by highlighting the item or
command and pressing the pick button of your pointing device. For example, to draw an ellipse
using the Center option, choose the Draw menu and then choose the Ellipse option; a cascading
menu will be displayed. From the cascading menu, choose the Center option. In this text, this
command selection sequence will be referenced as choosing Draw > Ellipse > Center from the
menu bar.

Toolbar
Toolbars are not displayed by default. To display a toolbar, choose the View tab in the Ribbon
and click on Toolbars in the Windows panel; a flyout will be displayed. Move the cursor over
the AutoCAD option; a list of toolbars will be displayed. Select the required toolbar.
Alternatively, display the menu bar and then choose Tools > Toolbars > AutoCAD from it; a
list of toolbars will be displayed. Select the required toolbar.

Graphical User Interface (GUI)

• A graphical user interface (GUI) is an interface through which a user interacts with
electronic devices such as computers, hand-held devices and other appliances.
• This interface uses icons, menus and other visual indicator (graphics) representations to
display information and related user controls, unlike text-based interfaces, where data
and commands are in text.
• GUI representations are manipulated by a pointing device such as a mouse, trackball,
stylus, or a finger on a touch screen.
The need for GUI became apparent because the first human/computer text interface was
through keyboard text creation by what is called a prompt (or DOS prompt). Commands were
typed on a keyboard at the DOS prompt to initiate responses from a computer. The use of these
commands and the need for exact spelling created a cumbersome and inefficient interface.

Unit Command
The word unit as used in AutoCAD refers to the standard measure of a quantity. For the
different drawing entities standard unit can be used. In AutCAD unit may be changed
accordingly as shown in figure 2.2. when you type unit command and enter then a dialog box
of unit will appear where you can change the unit as per requirement of the drawing.

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 Fig. 2.2

Limit Command
In AutoCAD, limits represent the drawing area and it is endless. Therefore, you need to define
the drawing area before starting the drawing. In the previous chapter, you learned to set limits
while starting a drawing by using the Use a Wizard option in the Startup dialog box. If you are
working in a drawing by using the default template, you need to change limits. For example,
the template Acad.dwt has the default limits set to 12,9. To draw a rectangle of dimension
150x75 in this template, you need to change its limits to 200x100. This can be done by using
the LIMITS command. The following is the prompt sequence of the LIMITS command for
setting the limits to 24,18 for the Acad.dwt template, which has the default limits 12,9.
Command: LIMITS [enter]
Reset Model space limits:
Specify lower left corner or [ON/OFF]<0.0000,0.0000>: 0,0 [enter]
Specify upper right corner <12.0000,9.0000>: 24,18 [enter]

Editing Command
While working with AutoCAD, you'll quickly run into situations that require you to use modify
tools. As the name suggests, modify tools are used to modify existing lines and objects.
AutoCAD has a whole range of modify tools. Some of the editing tools are discussed below:
1. Offset (o)
Create a duplicate object parallel with the original object. If this object is a Polyline or a Circle,
the duplicate shape will be transformed inwards or outwards. This option can be useful to make
closed steel profiles.

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To offset: First select the offset distance; [enter]; select the original object; specify on which
side you want to offset.
2. Trim (tr)
With the trim option objects can be shortened or lengthened with the edges of other objects.
Objects can exactly be fitted between these objects.
To trim an object: Type tr in the command line; optionally select the line(s) you want to
trim (otherwise all objects are used, which is fine in most cases); [enter]; select the objects to
trim.
To trim multiple objects at once you can drag a selection window.
3. Extend (ex)
With the extend option you can shorten or lengthen objects to meet the edges of other objects.
For example a line can be exactly fitted between objects. Extending a object works in the same
way as trimming.
To extend: Click the Extend command; optionally select the object you want to extend to;
select the line(s) you want to extend.
4. Move (m)
Moves one or more objects:
Select the objects and specify the base point.
The base point is essentially the point where you 'grab' the objects. So if you input coordinates,
the base point is the point where the coordinates relate to.
Moving an object can either be done with the aid of object snap, or by using relative
coordinates.
5. Rotate (ro)
You can rotate objects with an absolute or relative angle. When using an absolute angle:
Specify the base point and then specify the rotation angle.
6. Copy (co)
Copy's one or more objects.
Method: Select objects, press copy and specify a base point (in a similar fashion as with the
move tool). Now you can position the object in the same way as you would with a starting
point of a line.
7. Array (ar)
Create copies of objects in a rectangular or polar pattern. This is especially useful when you
need to duplicate several objects at the same distance from each other (columns in a parking
garage for instance).

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After clicking on the array button the following screen will appear:
In this screen we need to input the number of Rows (horizontal direction) and Columns
(vertical direction) and their respective offset.
For example:
We're going to create a grid of I-beams, lets first input the number of rows and columns (in this
case 3 and 4). Now input the row and column offset: 30 units to the right and 20 units upward.
AutoCAD automatically shows a preview of the array operation in the white square, try
experimenting with different values (for instance a negative value instead of a positive one) to
see what happens.
When you're satisfied with the settings, select the object to use in the row operation, by first
clicking on the 'Select Objects' button and then on the objects themselves.
Finish the selection by pressing [space] or [enter]
When the array window reappears, select either Preview or OK to execute the array command.
In the same manner it's possible to create a polar array:
The polar array rotates around the center point which you can select by clicking on the center
point button in the array window.
8. Mirror (mi)
Create a mirror image of a object. It is useful for creating symmetrical objects because you can
quickly draw half the object and then mirror it instead of drawing the entire object.
You flip the object about an axis called a mirror line to create a mirror image. First select the
object. To specify the temporary mirror line, you enter two points. You can choose whether to
delete [y] or retain the original [n] object.
9. Scale (sc)
To scale an object, you can specify a base point and a length, which will give a scale factor. A
scale factor greater than 1 enlarges the object. It is also possible to scale an object using a
reference object. This method scales the object equally in all directions.
Scaling using a scale factor: Select the object; type sc in the command line; scale factor; [enter]
Scaling using a reference: Select the object; type sc in the command line; specify base point;
choose r to use reference; specify the reference length of the original object; specify the new
length of the original object.
10. Fillet (f)
You can use the fillet tool to connect two objects with an arc with a specified radius. The inside
corner is called a fillet and an outside corner is called a round.

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To fillet: type f in the command line; type R for the radius (optional); specify the radius;
[enter]; select the first line; select the second line.
11. Chamfer: Chamfer is almost identical, but it will make a straight line instead of an arc.
12. Join (j)
You can use the join option to combine similar objects into one single object. It is also possible
to create complete circles from arcs.
The object you want to join is called the source object. And the objects you want to join have
to be located in the same plane.
To join: Type j in the command line; select the source object; select the lines to join to the
source object. If you use AutoCAD 2009 or older, you can only join lines when the endpoints
of the lines are on one point.
13. Explode (ex)
Polylines, hatches or blockes can be converted into individual elements with the explode
option.
If you explode a polyline every segment will become a separate line.
To Explode a block: First select the block; type ex; [enter]

Drawing Tools
1. Point
Creates a symbol on the drawing that is tied to a specific point. It is defined by coordinates
(x,y,z). It is not necessary to create points when you want to draw other geometric entities.
2. Construction line
Ray = A line with a defined starting point with infinite length at a specified slope, the
command for which is "RAY" and then you need to give the specifications.
Xline = An infinite line with no start or end point at a specified slope. Base point can be
snapped with middle point snap mode. Shortcut "xl"
3. Polyline
Polylines are the main business of most drawings. A polyline is made of numerous lines/arcs/or
both segmented together into one selectable object. Polylines are quite versatile and the PEDIT
(Polyline Edit) command can be used to access & edit many of the features associated with
them. Shortcut "pl"
4. Polygon
Polygons are regular, multisided shapes such as pentagons, hexagons etc. When this tool is
employed, AutoCAD requests the number of sides desired and then asks whether the shape is

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to be defined as sitting on a circle of specified radius, or by the length of a side. The objects
created from this command become "Closed Polylines" and can be edited using PEDIT.
5. Rectangle
This is a quick way of drawing a four-segment polyline with four right angles. Shortcut "rec".
6. Arc
An arc is a circle segment. When using this tool the user can define the arc by selecting three
points through which AutoCAD will generate an arc, or alternatively the user can define a
center point, a radius and a range of degrees to fill.
7. Circle
The only variables here are radius and centre point. Shortcut "c"
8. Spline
Splines are a particular form of curve generated by specific mathematical equations. The user
can select as many vertices as they wish, and AutoCAD will generate a spline curve that
incorporates all these points. Splines are generally used for cosmetic purposes, as their
mathematical complexity makes them hard to define from a technical design perspective.
Shortcut "spl"
9. Ellipse
Basically, an oval. Similar to a circle, except ellipses require a radius to be defined for both
their vertical and horizontal components. Shortcut "el"
10. Hatch
Hatches are area fills. They can be made up of a solid color, a gradient (in later versions of
AutoCAD) or more usually a specific pattern. Hatches can be applied to a particular object
such as a looped polyline, or any enclosed area. They can be (and usually should be) defined as
being "associative" which means that if the area in which they are contained is adjusted, the
hatching will update automatically.
11. Text
Inserts a text string into the drawing. AutoCAD uses two forms of text entry, single line and
multiline. These are known respectively as DTEXT and MTEXT. DTEXT is very much a
leftover from AutoCAD's early years and there is no real justification for using its very basic
system when the MTEXT option has features similar to a conventional text editor. you may
also select command TEXT for undefined area.

Viva Voce Questions:

1. What are the different screen component in AutoCAD?

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2. What do you mean by navigation bar? Discuss its different tools and commands?
3. Define drawing coordinates?
4. Define UCS and WCS?
5. Write the uses of 10 tools which is used extensively in AutoCAD 2020?
6. What are 2D modifying tools?
7. Enlist the drawing tools and write their uses?

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 Experiment No. 03

Objective: Study of Coordinate systems- Cartesian and Polar (absolute and relative system of
measurement) and practice drawing by using following tools: Grid, span, O-snap, Lines, Erase,
Zoom.

Requirement:
1. Computer System with required specification
2. AutoCAD 2020

Coordinate system in AutoCAD

In AutoCAD, the location of a point is specified in terms of Cartesian coordinates. In this
system, each point in a plane is specified by a pair of numerical coordinates. To specify a point
in a plane, take two mutually perpendicular lines as references. The horizontal line is called the
X axis, and the vertical line is called the Y axis. The X and Y axes divide the XY plane into
four parts, generally known as quadrants. The point of intersection of these two axes is called
the origin and the plane is called the XY plane. The origin has the coordinate values of X = 0,
Y = 0. The origin is taken as the reference for locating a point on the XY plane. Now, to locate
a point, say P, draw a vertical line intersecting the X axis. The horizontal distance between the
origin and the intersection point will be called the X coordinate of P. It will be denoted as P(x).
The X coordinate specifies how far the point is to the left or right from the origin along the X
axis. Now, draw a horizontal line intersecting the Y axis. The vertical distance between the
origin and the intersection point will be the Y coordinate of P. It will be denoted as P(y). The Y
coordinate specifies how far the point is to the top or bottom from the origin along the Y axis.
The intersection point of the horizontal and vertical lines is the coordinate of the point and is
denoted as P(x,y). The X coordinate is positive, if measured to the right of the origin and is
negative, if measured to the left of the origin. The Y coordinate is positive, if measured above
the origin and is negative, if measured below the origin, see Figure 2-6.

Fig. 3.1

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In AutoCAD, the default origin is located at the lower left corner of the drawing area.
AutoCAD uses the following coordinate systems to locate a point in an XY plane.
1. Absolute coordinates
2. Relative coordinates
a. Relative rectangular coordinates
b. Relative polar coordinates
3. Direct distance entry

Absolute coordinates system

In the absolute coordinate system, points are located with respect to the origin (0,0). For
example, a point with X = 4 and Y = 3 is measured 4 units horizontally (distance along the X
axis) and 3 units vertically (distance along the Y axis) from the origin, as shown in Figure 3.2.
In AutoCAD, the absolute coordinates are specified at the Command prompt by entering X and
Y coordinates, separated by a comma. However, remember that if you are specifying the
coordinates by using the Dynamic Input mode, you need to add # as the prefix to the X
coordinate value. For example, enter #1,1 in the dynamic input boxes to use the absolute
coordinate system. The following example illustrates the use of absolute coordinates at the
Command prompt to draw the rectangle shown in Figure 3.3.

Fig 3.2 Fig. 3.3

Command: Choose the Line tool [entre] (Ensure that the Dynamic Input button is not chosen)
_line Specify first point: 1,1 [entre] (X = 1 and Y = 1.)
Specify next point or [Undo]: 4,1 [entre] (X = 4 and Y = 1.)
Specify next point or [Undo]: 4,3 [entre]
Specify next point or [Close /Undo]: 1,3 [entre]
Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: C [entre]

Relative Rectangular Coordinates

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In the relative rectangular coordinate system, the location of a point is specified with respect to
the previous point and not with respect to the origin. To enter coordinate values in terms of the
Relative Rectangular Coordinate system, check whether the Dynamic Input is on or not. If the
Dynamic Input is turned on, then by default the profile will be drawn using the Relative
Rectangular Coordinate system. Therefore, in this case, enter the X coordinate, type comma (,),
and then enter the Y coordinate. However, if the Dynamic Input is turned off, the coordinate
values have to be prefixed by the @ symbol, so that the profile will be drawn using the Relative
Rectangular Coordinate system. For example, to draw a rectangle (see Figure 2-11) of length 4
units and width 3 units and the lower left corner at the point (1,1) using the Relative Rectangular
Coordinate system, you need to use the following prompt sequence:

Fig. 3.4
Command: Choose the Line tool [enter]
_line Specify first point: 1,1 [enter] (Start point)
Specify next point or [Undo]: @4,0 [enter]
Specify next point or [Undo]: @0,3 [enter]
Specify next point or [Close/Undo]:@-4,0 [enter]
Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: @0,-3 [enter]
Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: [enter]
Remember that if the Dynamic Input is on, you need to use a comma (,) after entering the first
value in the Dynamic Input boxes. Else, AutoCAD will take coordinates in relative polar form.

Relative Polar Coordinates

In the relative polar coordinate system, the location of a point is specified by defining the
distance of the point from the current point and the angle between the two points with respect to
the positive X axis. The prompt sequence to draw a line of length 5 units whose start point is at
1,1 and inclined at an angle of 30-degree to the X axis, as shown in Figure 3.5, is given below.
Command: Choose the Line tool [enter]

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Specify first point: 1,1 [enter]
Specify next point or [Undo]: @5<30 [enter]

Fig. 3.5
If the Dynamic Input is on, by default the relative polar coordinate mode will be activated.
Therefore, when you Invoke the Line tool and specify the start point, two input boxes will be
displayed. The second input box shows the angle value, preceded by the < symbol. Now, enter
the distance value, press the TAB key to shift to the second input box, and then enter the angle
value.

Direct Distance entry

The easiest way to draw a line in AutoCAD is by using the Direct Distance Entry method.
Before drawing a line by using this method, ensure that the Dynamic Input button is chosen in
the Status Bar. Next, choose the Line tool; you will be prompted to specify the start point. Enter
the coordinate values in the text box and press ENTER; you will be prompted to specify the
next point. Now, enter the absolute length of the line and its angle with respect to the current
position of the cursor in the corresponding text boxes, as shown in Figure 3.6. Note that you can
use the TAB key to toggle between the text boxes. If the Ortho mode is on while drawing lines
using this method, you can position the cursor only along the X or Y axis. If the Dynamic Input
button is not chosen, then you need to enter the length of the line at the Command prompt.
Therefore, position the cursor at the desired angle, type the length at the Command prompt, and
then press ENTER, as shown in Figure 3.6.

Fig. 3.6

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Command: Choose the Line tool [enter]
_line Specify first point: Start point.
Specify next point or [Undo]: Position the cursor and then enter distance.
Specify next point or [Undo]: Position the cursor and then enter distance.

Ex. 1 Draw the given object by using absolute coordinates method and also write the
code. The distance between the dotted lines is 1 unit.

Ex. 2 Draw the given object by using relative rectangular coordinates method and also
write the code. The distance between the dotted lines is 1 unit.

Ex. 3 Draw the profile shown in Figure below by using the relative polar coordinates. The
relative coordinate values of each point are given in the table. The start point is located at
1.5, 1.75. The dimensions and the numbering are for reference only.

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Viva Voce Questions:
1. What are different coordinate system to draw an object?
2. Explain following tools:-
a. Grid
b. O-snap
c. Erase
d. Zoom
3. Compare absolute coordinate and relative coordinate system.

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 Experiment No. 04

Objective: Create a 2D drawing of a given diagram by using drawing tools: circle, arc,
rectangle, polygon, ellipse, and Editing tools: trim, move, copy, rotate, and practice of drawing
using these commands.

Requirement:
1. Computer System with required specification
2. AutoCAD 2020
Ex. 1 Draw 2D drawing and write code as shown in Figure below by using the above
drawing tools. All dimensions in mm

Coordinates:
A=(290,100), B=(340,100), C=(390,150), D=(440,100),E=(490,100), F=(490,150),
G=(440,200), H=(490,250), I=(490,300), J=(440,300), k=(390,250), L=(340,300),
M=(290,300), N=(290,250), O=(340,200), P=(290,150).
Ex. 2 Draw 2D drawing and write code as shown in Figure below by using the above
drawing tools. All dimensions in mm.

Result: We have learnt all the required tools and commands and completed the 2D drawing of
given drawing.

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Viva Voce Questions:
1. Give the name of various drawing tools.
2. Enlist the name of different editing tools.
3. What is array tool?

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 Experiment No. 05

Objective: Study and create drawing by using Geometry modifying tools: fillet, chamfer, scale,
stretch.

Requirement:
1. Computer System with required specification
2. AutoCAD 2020
Ex. 1 Draw 2D drawing and write code as shown in Figure below by using the above
drawing tools. All dimensions in mm.

Ex. 2 Draw 2D drawing and write code as shown in Figure below by using the above
drawing tools. All dimensions in mm.

Result: We have learnt all the required tools and commands and completed the 2D drawing of
given drawing.

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Viva Voce Questions:
1. Write the name of various modifying tools used in AutoCAD.
2. What is scale and how can we incorporate scaling factor in drawing?
3. Define stretch tool and their use?

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 Experiment No. 06

Objective: Study and create drawing by using copying tools like array, mirror, block and offset.

Requirement:
1. Computer System with required specification
2. AutoCAD 2020
Ex. 1 Draw 2D drawing and write code as shown in Figure below by using the above
drawing tools. All dimensions in mm.

Ex. 2 Draw 2D drawing and write code as shown in Figure below by using the above
drawing tools. All dimensions in mm.

Ex. 3 Draw 2D drawing and write code as shown in Figure below by using the above
drawing tools. All dimensions in mm.

Result: We have learnt all the required tools and commands and completed the 2D drawing of
given drawing.

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Viva Voce Questions:
1. What are different copying tools?
2. How can you make block and how will you insert in any drawing?
3. when do you apply array and mirror tool?

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 Experiment No. 07

Objective: Draw regular solids: Cube, Prism, Pyramid, Cylinder, Cones.

Requirement:
1. Computer System with required specification
2. AutoCAD 2020
Ex. 1 Draw 3D drawing and write code of the following object: -
1. Cube of 100 mm side
2. Prism of base 50 mm side and height 150 mm
3. Pentagonal Pyramid of base 20 mm side and height 100 mm
4. Cylinder of diameter 50 mm and height 150 mm
5. Cones of base diameter 70 mm and height 150 mm
All dimensions in mm.

Ex. 2 Draw 3D drawing and write code of the following object: -

Result: We have learnt all the required tools and commands and completed the 2D drawing of
given drawing.

Viva Voce Questions:

1. Write the name of various regular solids used in drawing?
2. What do you mean by sectioning of solid?

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 Experiment No. 08

Objective: Study and draw 3D drawing of the given object by using AutoCAD commands and
tools.
Requirement:
1. Computer System with required specification
2. AutoCAD 2020
Ex. 1 Draw 3D drawing and write code of the following isometric view: -

Ex. 1 Draw 3D drawing and write code of the following isometric view: -

Result: We have learnt all the required tools and commands and completed the 2D drawing of
given problem.

Viva Voce Questions:

1. What are solid modifying tool?
2. What is isometric view and projection?
3. What do you mean by orthographic projection?

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 Experiment No. 09

Objective: Study and draw 3D drawing of the given object by using AutoCAD commands and
tools.
Requirement:
1. Computer System with required specification
2. AutoCAD 2020
Ex. 1 Draw 3D drawing and write code of the following isometric view: -

Ex. 2 Draw 3D drawing and write code of the following orthographic projection: -

Result: We have learnt all the required tools and commands and completed the 3D object of
given drawing.

Viva Voce Questions:

1. What are solid modifying tool?
2. What is isometric view and projection?
3. What do you mean by orthographic projection?

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 Experiment No. 10

Objective: Study and draw 3D drawing of the given object by using AutoCAD commands and
tools.
Requirement:
1. Computer System with required specification
2. AutoCAD 2020
Ex. 1 Draw 3D drawing and write code of the following isometric view: -

Ex. 2 Draw 3D drawing and write code of the following isometric view: -

Result: We have learnt all the required tools and commands and completed the 3D object of
given drawing.

Viva Voce Questions:

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1. What do you mean by solid editing tools? Also write their use?
2. What are presspull and extrude command?
3. What do you mean by layer? Why we use layer in AutoCAD?

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