Differentiation under Integral Sign.

 f (x,)dx,
b
Let a function f (x , ) be continuous for a  x  b and c    d . Then for any   [c, d ] , if I( )  then
a

 f '(x,)dx,
b
I' ( )  where I' ( ) is the derivative of I( ) w.r.t.  and f ' (x , ) is the derivative of f (x , ) w.r.t. , keeping x
a

constant. Now evaluate I' ( ) as by integrating f ' (x , ) with respect to x. Integrate I' ( ) to get I( ) .

Example
Example

(Answer C)
Example
Example
Problems based on Reduction

Example:
Example
Example

(Answer 5051)
Example
 Walli's Formula.
n 1 n  3 n  5 2
 /2  /2  . . ...... , when n is odd
 sin n xdx   cosn xdx   n n  2 n  4 3
n 1 n  3 n  5 3 1 
0 0
 . . ....... . . , when n is even
 n n2 n4 4 2 2
Proof

 /2
Example:
0
sin7 xdx has value

37 17 16 16
(a) (b) (c) (d)
184 45 35 45

7  1 7  3 7  5 6.4.2 16
Solution: (c) Using Walli’s formula,  I  . .  
7 7  2 7  4 7.5.3 35
/ 2 (m  1)(m  3).....(2 or 1)(n  1)(n  3).....(2 or 1)

0
sin m x cos n xdx =
(m  n)(m  n  2)....(2 or 1)
[If m, n are both odd +ve integers or one odd +ve integer]
(m  1)(m  3).....(2 or 1)(n  1)(n  3).....(2 or 1) 
=
(m  n)(m  n  2)....(2 or 1) 2
[If m, n are both are even +ve integers]

Proof

 /2 (m  1)(m  3)..........(n  1)(n  3)........

0 sin m x cosn dx  [If at least one of m, n is odd +ve integer]
(m  n)(m  n  2)
(m  1) (m  3)......... ...(n  1) (n  3) 
 . [If m, n are both are even +ve integers]
(m  n) (m  n  2) 2
  /2
Example: The value of
 0
sin4 x cos 6 xdx =

(a) 3 /312 (b) 5 / 512 (c) 3 / 512 (d) 5 / 312

(4  1).(4  3).(6  1).(6  3).(6  5)  3.1.5.3.1  3
Solution: (c) I .  . 
(4  6)(4  6  2)(4  6  4 )(4  6  6)(4  6  8 ) 2 10.8.6.4.2. 2 512