RENEWABLE ENERGY Abdullahi Mohamed Samatar M.Eng (Electrical Engineering). Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM) B.Sc. (Electrical Engineering). Hormuud University (HU) Email: Banandiid@gmail.comLECTURE 4 SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC TECHNOLOGY Renewable Energy - Hormuud University By Lecturer Engr. SamatarQa SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC TECHNOLOGY Photovoltaic (PV) is a method of generating electrical power by converting solar radiation into direct current electricity using semiconductors that display the photovoltaic effect. Q The photovoltaic effect refers to photons of light exciting Qa Q electrons into a higher state of energy, allowing them to act as charge carriers for an electric current. The photovoltaic effect was first observed by Alexandre- Edmond Becquerel in 1839. Solar cells produce direct current electricity from sun light which can be used to power equipment or to recharge a battery. The first practical application of photovoltaic was to power orbiting satellites and other spacecraft.Q SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC TECHNOLOGY Driven by advances in technology and increases in manufacturing scale and sophistication, the cost of photovoltaic has declined gradually since the first solar cells were manufactured. Net metering and financial incentives, such as special feed-in costs for solar-generated electricity, have supported solar PV installations in many countries. Today the majority of photovoltaic modules are used for either grid connected power generation or off-grid application such as remote residential, vehicles, electric cars and roadside emergency telephones,SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC TECHNOLOGYSOLAR THERMAL TECHNOLOGYCont.. “Solar thermal power is usually used for water heating. It’s a_ simple technology: the panels on your roof are the collectors of sunlight, thus heating up the liquid in the tubes which is then transported into your cylinder ready for use.Difference B/w Solar Thermal And Solar PV “Solar thermal uses the heat of the sun to warm water which can be used to in radiators or directly in a bath or shower. Solar power uses solar cells to convert solar heat energy into electricity to power electrical appliances.SOLAR POSITION AT ANY TIME OF DAYSOLAR POSITION IN RELATION WITH PV MODULE Tilt angle of tmadule B ( LY y Altitude of SunSOLAR POSITION AT ANY TIME OF DAY Q The hour angle, H is the number of degrees that the earth must rotate before the sun will be directly over your local meridian (line of longitude). The difference between the local meridian and the sun’s meridian is the hour angle, with positive values occurring in the morning before the sun crosses the local meridian. Considering the earth to rotate 360° in 24 h, or 15°/h, the hour angle can be described as follows:SOLAR RADIATION Solar radiation may be discussed in terms of Irradiance, Irradiation and Peak Sun Hour. Solar Irradiance (G) is defined as intensity of solar power at a point of observation. Unit is Wm-2. Solar Irradiation (H) is defined as intensity of solar energy at a point of observation . Unit is Whm-2. All measurement and design calculations related to solar- based energy technologies use the integration of power intensities over time to get solar energy intensity. The energy intensity (irradiation) may be reported as daily, monthly or annually values.SOLAR RADIATION Q In terms of irradiance, solar radiation reaching Earth surface can be divided into following components: Gotopai = Gairect + Gaittuse Solar irradiance that reaches the top of Earth’s atmospheric is 1,367Wm-2 which is called solar constant (G,,). This radiation is largely reflected back into outer space which is called Albedo. When it enters the atmosphere, the solar radiation will be a combination of direct-beam radiation that passes in a straight line to the receiver, diffuse radiation that has been distributed by particles in the atmosphere, and reflected radiation that has bounced off the ground or other surface in front of the collector .SOLAR RADIATION The sun Solar radiation at top of atmosphere G, = 1,367 Wm? Reflected solar radiation (albedo) from atmosphere Diffuse solar Reflected solar radiation ee radiation from ground ‘Solar radiation at sea level G 1,000 WmSOLAR RADIATION Q The SI unit for energy is called joule (J). Since this unit is relatively small quantity, large energy quantities such as solar radiation data are often expressed in terms of Mega Joule (MJ). Q Normally, energy unit that often used in solar engineering is kilowatt hour (kWh). Q The conversion factor for MJ and kWh is | 1kWh = 3.6 MJ or 1MJ = 1/3.6 kWhSOLAR RADIATION 'Q Often in PV system sizing, a more _ practical | approach is using Peak Sun Hour (PSH) approach. Q Technically, PSH is defined as the equivalent number of hours in a day when the solar power intensity is L1O00Wm-, or Q The number of PSH for the day is the number of | hours for which energy at rate of 1kWm-? would give an equivalent amount of energy to the total energy for that day.PEAK SUN HOUR (PSH) Inradiance _ [kw / mt Inradiance varies during the di Hour of the day 7.00 am 10.00 am 2.00 pm. 5.30 pmSOLAR RADIATION Q = Monthly Global Irradiation (kWhm) received by collector at selected tilt angle facing South at Alor Setar (Azimuth = 0°) MONTH TILT ANGLE or 10° 20° 30° 40° JANUARY 162.9 174.6 182.2 185.3 184.0 FEBRUARY 169.9 177.6 181.0 179.9 174.5 MAC 180.0 181.6 178.9 172.4 161.3 APRIL 169.5 164.9 156.5 144.7 129.7 MAY 156.6 148.4 137-1 123.0 106.6 JUNE 144.5 135.3 123.2 108.7 92.6 JULY 150.0 141.1 129.3 114.9 98.6 AUGUST 145.4 140.1 131.9 121.0 107.6 SEPTEMBER 139.4 138.4 134.4 127.6 118.1 OCTOBER 135.5 138.5 138.5 135.6 129.8 NOVEMBER 126.7 133.2 136.7 137.3 134.7 DECEMBER 136.9 146.6 153.0 155.9 155.1 YEAR 1817.4 1820.4 1782.8 1705.8 1592.7TYPES OF SOLAR PV CELL i) Crystalline v¥ Mono-crystalline v_ Poly-crystalline Q Thin Film vy Amorphous Silicon Cells v Copper-indium-diselenide (CIS) y¥ Cadmium-Telluride Cells v_ Dye Cells v Microcrystalline and micromorphous cells Q Hybrid HIT Cells v Combination of monocrystalline and amorphous silicon cellsMAXIMUM EFFICIENCY (Source: Planning and Installing Photovoltaic Systems- German Solar _ Society) PV Cell Material at Rei ction) Monocrystalline Silicon 24.7% 18% Polycrystalline Silicon 19.8% 16% Ribbon Silicon 19.7% 14% Crystalline thin —film silicon 19.2% 9.5% Amorphous silicon 13.0% 10.5% Micromorphous silicon 12.0% 10.7% Hybrid HIT Solar Cell 20.1% 17.3% CIs, CIG 18.8% 14% Cadmium Telluride 16.4% 10% TII-V Semiconductor 35.8% 27.4% Dye-Sensitised cell 12.0% 7%POPULAR TYPES OF PV CELLS (Source IEA-PVPS 2004 Tends report) TYPES MW % Monocrystalline 322 28% Polycrystalline 513 44% Amorphous 41 4% Undefined 267 23% Others 17 1% Total 1160PHOTO - ELECTRIC EFFECT AND P-N JUNCTION r Electric field Metallic Z| | \ grid 4 Back metal contact Flow of n type 'p type electrons Direction of movement of free electrons Ammeter {A} Electrical loadTYPICAL I-V CHARACTERISTIC FOR PV CELL Current Is Voltage: Voc Isc (A) = Short Circuit Current - Current output from PV cell when the resistance is zero (short circuit). Voc (V) = Open Circuit Voltage - Voltage output from PV cell when the resistance is very large (open circuit).POWER CURVE FOR PV CELL Current (A) Power (W) P, UN mp Voltage (V) Vinp Voc Ip (A) = Current at Maximum Power Vip (A) foltage at Maximum Power Pryp (A) = Power at Maximum PowerPARAMETERS OF PV CELL From the I-V curve, notice that the curve has a knee where the maximum power point occurs. The maximum power that can be generated by the PV cell is given by: Pry = Ly XVinp Note that the curve at the P,,, also gives the largest possible rectangular or square under I-V curve which is the Fill Factor (FF) and it is calculated as: FR=—eme LipV np = Fup LV. IgV, sc" oc sc" ocPARAMETERS OF PV CELL /Q The efficiency of the PV cell is given by: | Prat — Emp*Vinp _ Lge XVoo X FF — Sout P,, GxA GxA Where n = efficiency Pout = Power output from PV cell (W) Pin = Power input into PV cell (W) G = Irradiance (Wm-2) A = Active area of PV cell (m2)TESTING STANDARDS The electro-physical output rating of PV cells and modules are given at specific condition which are called Standard Test Condition (STC). STC is defined as: Parameter Symbol Value | Unit Irradiance at normal G 1,000 Wor incidence Cell temperature T 25 °C Solar spectrum AM 1.5 - Each cell and module will undergo flash test at the STC value by manufacturer and then will datasheets at STC value according to their c! publish their haracteristics.TESTING STANDARDS In addition, manufacturers also declare a Nominal Operating Cell Temperature (NOCT). The NOCT value gives more practical indication of an effective cell temperature in real condition. The NOCT values are defined as below. Parameter Symbol | Value | Unit Irradiance at normal G 800 | Wm incidence Cell temperature T 20 °C Solar spectrum AM 1.5 - Wind speed ws 1.0 mstTESTING STANDARDS {Q The PV module in operation may exposed to extreme and harsh conditions especially weather. Therefore the module | needs to undergo several tests based on accepted | standards to make sure it could perform as expected such as vy Thermal cycling - module exposed to the variation in temperature from day to night. v Humidity and freezing v Cyclic pressure loads - caused by gusting winds vy Twisting of the mounting surface - caused by mounting the modules on a non-planar surface. v Hail testing - iced balls are projected at high speed onto the module surface.FACTORS AFFECTING OUTPUT Q The PV material depends on two most critical ambient parameters which are temperature and irradiance. Q Temperature - In summary, the influence of temperature on the PV module has: v¥ Amarginal effect on current v Adrastic effect on voltage Q Irradiance - In summary, the influence of irradiance on the PV module has: ¥ Almost linear effect on current vY Almost insignificant effect on voltageTEMPERATURE EFFECT ON PV CELL OUTPUT + Current (A) po - Decreasing maximtiiit power point, Pmp —\ Voltage (V) Increasing temperature will decrease the V,, and V,,, hence reducing the output power P,,,.IRRADIANCE EFFECT ON PV CELL OUTPUT Current 1.25 Kine 1.00 i 0.78 Kine 0.50 Wine 0.25 Wine L_ voltage Decreasing irradiance will significantly decrease the /,. and Imp hence significantly reducing the output power P,,.PV CELLS, MODULES AND ARRAYS PV module = PV cells connected in series Array Strings in parallel “8 Module 36 cells erent EER String Modules in seriesCREATING PV MODULES Current (A) 4 —{}— Voltage (V) 0.6 Single CellCREATING PV MODULES Current a} (A) Voltage 0.6 1.2 1.8 (v) Multiple CellsDISSIMILAR CELLS CONNECTED IN SERIES ‘Current (A) Current (A) ; coor] 5 Voltage (V) AB Voltage) A B Figure 6.32 The individual /V characteristics of two dissimilar cells. ¢ Figure 6.3b The combined /V characteristics of the two dissimilar cells connected inPV MODULES CONNECTED IN SERIES (PV STRING) current fin APV MODULES CONNECTED IN PARALLELPV MODULES CONNECTED IN SERIES AND PARALLEL (PV ARRAY) PV String 1 PV String f PV Array PV StringPA COMBINATION OF SERIES AND PARALLEL CIRCUIT xCRITICAL PROBLEM WITH PV MODULE (SHADING)CRITICAL PROBLEM WITH PV MODULE (SHADING) - SOLUTION BY USING BYPASS DIODES Bypass diode is placed in parallel to PV cells in a module to provide new current path to a damage or shaded cells. This will reduce the formation of hot spot.module current fin A EFFECT OF SHADING ‘module voltage VinVBLOCKING DIODE Blocking diode (or isolation diode) is installed in series with the module or string to prevent from current flowing backward to the module or string.UNDERSTANDING DATASHEET YINGLI SOLAR 60 Cell 40mm SERIES ELECTRICAL PERFORMANCE Electrical parameters at Standard Test Conditions (STC) Module type Power output YLOOP-29b (0X=P as) 260 I 255 250 245 240 oss 15.3 Power output tolerances Module efficiency Voltage at Prox Current at P.., 15.0 14.7 29.8 8.39 29.6 29.3 Open-circuit voltage 37.5 37.5 8.83 875 Short-circuit current STC: 1000W/m* tradiance, 25°C cell temperature, AM.Sg spectrum according to EN 60904-3, Average relative efficiency reduction of 3.3% at 200W/m? according to EN 60904-1UNDERSTANDING DATASHEET (YINGLI SOLAR 60 Cell 40mm SERIES) Electrical parameters at Nominal Operating Cell Temperature (NOCT) Power output 178.7 175.1 Voltage at P.... 26.8 54 Open-circuit voltage 34.6 7.14 7.07 Short-circuit current NOCT: open-circuit module operation temperature at S00W/? irradiance, 20°C ambient temperature, 1m/s wind speedUNDERSTANDING DATASHEET (YINGLI SOLAR 60 Cell 40mm SERIES) THERMAL CHARACTERISTICS Nominal operating cell temperature NocT °c 46 +/-2 Temperature coefficient of P,,., y %rC 0.42 Temperature cosfficient of V.. Bue %rC -0.32 Temperature coefficient of |, 4, %rC 0.05 Temperature coefficient of V,_. Brnwp %rC 0.42UNDERSTANDING DATASHEET (YINGLI SOLAR 60 Cell 40mm SERIES) OPERATING CONDITIONS Me m voltage 1000V, Max. series fuse rating 15A Limiting reverse current 15A Operating temperature range -40°C to 85°C Max. static load, front (¢.g., snow) 5400Pa Max. static load, back (0.g., wind) 2400Pa Max. hailstone impact (diameter / velocity) 25mm / 23m/sUNDERSTANDING DATASHEET (YINGLI SOLAR 60 Cell 40mm SERIES) CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS Front cover (materiel / thickness) lowiron tempered glass / 3.2mm Coll (quantity / material / dimensions / number of busbars) 60/ mutticrystalline silicon / 158mm x 156mm / 2 or 3 Encepsulent (material) ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) / color / anedization color / anodized aluminum alloy /siher / clear / silicone or tape ‘edge sealing) Junction box (protection degree) > IP65 Cable (length / cross-sectional area) 100mm / 4mm? Plug connector (type / protection degree) MC4/ P67 or YTO8-1 / 1P67 or Amphenol H4 /IP68 4 Due to contnuaus innovation, ecearch ard product impravement, the epesfieatons in this product information chest are subject ta change without pricr notice, The specifications may deviate slightly and are not guaranteed, +The dats do not referte 2 single macule and they are not gart of the after, they only serve for comsarson to diferent module typesUNDERSTANDING DATASHEET (YINGLI SOLAR 60 Cell 40mm SERIES) GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS Dimensions (L/ W/H) 1650mm / 990mm / 40mm Weight 18.5kg PACKAGING SPECIFICATIONS Number of modules per pallet 26 Number of pallets per 40° container: 28 Packaging box dimensions sw) 1710mm / 1160mm /1178mm Box weight 514kgQUANTIFYING OUTPUTS 'Q It has been discussed earlier that the PV module outputs are affected by temperature and irradiance. Hence it is important to include both parameters to quantify the outputs of the PV modules. Q The parameters are known as vy Temperature Factor (fremp) v Peak Sun Factor (PSF)TEMPERATURE FACTOR (fiemp) Q The Temperature Factor (f,.,,,,) is given by Fremp x =14 | «(Teen Te ) Where x = could be Isc, Voc, Imp,Vup, Pup fremp_x = temperature correction factor of parameter x for the module y = temperature coefficient of x (% per temperature change)TEMPERATURE FACTOR (fjemp) | In the case of NOCT value is not available: | Nominal Operating Cell Temperature (NOCT) Toot = Tay + 25 ceTEMPERATURE FACTOR (romp) Q In the case of NOCT and irradiance value are available T-2 Tet = Tame + (eo) x Co . 800Wm Where Tell = the temperature of cell during operation (°C) NOCT = given by the manufacturer (°C) Tamb = ambient average maximum temperature during operation (°C) average maximum irradiance at T,,,, (Wm-2) GambPEAK SUN FACTOR (PSF) /Q The Peak Sun Factor (PSF) is given by PSF= Garay _plane 1000Wm” Where PSF = Peak Sun Factor (dimensionless) Garray_plane = Solar irradiance in array plane (Wm)CORRECTED OUTPUT POWER Q_ The Peak Sun Factor (PSF) is given by Prap_comected = Pmp_ste * Stemp_roc * PSF Where Pmp_corrected = corrected output power of module (Wp) Feemp_ROC = temperature factor of module at ROC (ROC is instantaneous values of temperature and irradiance) Instantaneous Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC)END