Engineering Properties of Soft Clay Stab PDF

International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET)
Volume 7, Issue 5, September-October 2016, pp. 347–367, Article ID: IJCIET_07_05_039

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ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF SOFT CLAY

STABILIZED WITH LIME MATERIALS, EMULSIFIED
ASPHALT AND BENTONITE SODIUM FOR SUB
GRADE OF ROAD UNDER CONSTRUCTION IN HILLA
CITY-BABYLON GOVERNORATE
Jaffar H. A. Al-Zubaydi, Amer A.L. Al-Kaildy, Mohammed Q. K. Al-Rubaey
Applied Geology Department, College of Science, University of Babylon, Babylon, Iraq.
ABSTRACT
The aim of the research is to study the effect of the additives (Na-bentonite, Emulsion Asphalt,
Powder Lime Stone and Quick Lime) on the stability and the increase of bearing of selected soils in
Hilla City. under construction sites were selected in the Hilla City including( Wardiya Street), and
with depths of one meter, The physical, chemical and engineering properties of soil were studied
and the soils were treated with(5%,10%,15%) additives for the purpose of installiy the soils .The
following test were done for treated sample: atterberg limits (liquid limit, Plasticity index, and
Plastic limit, Standard compaction test, the California bearing test, the unconfined compressive test
and permeability test, all samples were treated with the same maturing condition ( moisture content
and temperature).
The results shown that the Plasiticity index (P.I) and Liquid limit (L.L) were decreased with
addition of Quick Lime, powder Lime Stone and Emulsion Asphalt) and they were increased with
the addition of Na-bentonite, The value of the California bearing ratio (C. B. R) were increased
with the addition (Quick Lime and powder limestone) and the highest value was obtained with
addition of(10%) powder limestone, while the value were decreased with the addition of (Na-
bentonite, and Emulsion Asphalt) and the lowest value was obtained with addition of 15% Na-
bentonite, The results are also showed that the values of the permeability were increased with the
addition of (Quick Lime and powder limestone) and the highest value was obtained when
adding(15%) powder limestone, The values of the permeability were decreased with addition of
(Na-bentonite, and Emulsion Asphalt) and the lowest value for the permeability was obtained when
adding (15%) Na-bentonite.
It was concluded that the value of the unconfined compressive test increased with the addition
of (Quick Lime and powder limestone) and the highest value was obtained when adding(10%)
powder limestone and slightly increased with the addition of (Na-bentonite, and Emulsion
Asphalt). It was found that the value of the maximum dry density is decreased and the optimum
moisture content is increased with the addition of (Quick Lime, Emulsion Asphalt and Na-bentonite
) and increase of the value of the maximum dry density value and the decrease of the optimum
moisture content with the addition of powder limestone (CaCo3).
The study showed that the best stabilizer for the case study (Hilla City) is the (lime stone dust)
and the best instally ratio is (10 % ).
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Engineering Properties of Soft Clay Stabilized with Lime Materials, Emulsified Asphalt and Bentonite Sodium
for Sub Grade of Road under Construction in Hilla City-Babylon Governorate
Key words: soil stabilization, Quick Lime, Emulsion Asphalt, powder lime stone, Na-bentonite.
Cite this Article: Jaffar H. A. Al-Zubaydi, Amer A.L. Al-Kaildy and Mohammed Q. K. Al-
Rubaey, Engineering Properties of Soft Clay Stabilized with Lime Materials, Emulsified Asphalt
and Bentonite Sodium for Sub Grade of Road under Construction in Hilla City-Babylon
Governorate. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 7(5), 2016, pp.347–367.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=7&IType=5
1. INTRODUCTION
The silty clayey soils predominate most of the Earth's natural Natural Area in the city of Hilla, and features
as soft of the weakness of cohesion and due to high groundwater levels in most of the central and southern
parts of Iraq in general and the study area in particular, numerous engineering problems emerged in
engineering structures such as roads, buildings, parking and airports., due to the change in the composition
of the soil structure, including: (hydro - consolidation) and (cracks) in the buildings , (swelling) and
(spongiform) (Al-Khaqani, 2006).
These soils characterized by high plastic characteristic are swelling when increasing the moisture
content (Weaver, 1973), Grim, 1968)). And it reflected the clay ratio in the soil and the presence of clay
minerals on the qualitative value of plasticity index (Khalidi, 2002)) (ALzory, 1993) Zubaidi, 2006). In
order to prevent problems, it is necessary for geological engineer to stabilize the existing soil before the
start of the establishment of the way through soil stabilization, and then mixed and stabilised with the
addition of limestone powder, asphalt emulsion, Na-bentonite and lime that these materials stabilizing
factor (Littlie, 1999) Road Research Labrotary, (1974).
2. SITE OF THE STUDY AREA

Hilla city occupies in central Iraq as part of the Mesopotamin plain and lies 100 km south of Baghdad, and
the study area is flat area not to exceed a height of 28 m above sea level and is located in the middle of
Babylon Governorate, the study area extends between longitudes (44 ° 24'00 "- 44 ° 26'00 ")E and latitudes
(32º30'00"-32º32'00 ")N. And an area of 100 km2( Figure (1) .
.

Jaffar H. A. Al-Zubaydi, Amer A.L. Al-Kaildy and Mohammed Q. K. Al-Rubaey
Figure 1 Location map of study area

3. AIM OF THE STUDY

The research aims to study the engineering properties to stabilise the clay soil loose with the addition of
limestone powder and the asphalt emulsion and Na-bentonite below the base of the road is under
construction in the city of Hilla, soft clay soil cause many types of failures, such as cracks, structural
deformation of the pavement and natural soil , as well as assess the engineering properties of soft clay,
which stables with different mixtures, such as lime and asphalt and natural Na-bentonite through the
following: -
• Identify the physical and engineering properties of soft clay, and evaluate the effectiveness of the
engineering properties of stabilizers with clay at an optimum moisture mixes with different content ratios
and different periods of maturation and uniaxial compressive strength test and C.B.R and permeability
properties of the mixture.
• Determine the best ratio stablise the stabilizers and determine the best quality for the stabilizers above.
4. GEOLOGY AND HYDROLOGY OF STUDY AREA

Hilla city is located geologically within the Mesopotamin plain in unstable shelf relative to the tectonic
division in Iraq (Buday and Jassim, 1984).
And revealed in the study area Quaternary deposits, characterized by the sediment of (Flood plain
Deposits) for each of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, and also contain the (Shallow depression deposits),
and these sediments composed accumulate as a result of the floods (The Study of the Euphrates Company,
1999). The marsh soils which is a salt flats occupies multiple regions of the lower part of the Mesopotamin
plain and one area study them.The hydrological study area mainly includes the existence of the Shatt al-
Hilla, as a water resource study area president, one of the Euphrates River sub when the branches of this
river south of Musayyib area into two sections: the Shatt Al-Hilla in the east, the Shatt Al-Hindiain
thewest, which is mediating the city of Hilla and the length of its course where (8) km, and there is a small
river is up drianage used for areas that are located downtown (west of the Shatt al-Hilla), Al-Hilla Driange.
5. GROUND WATER OF STUDY AREA

Hilla city suffer from the problem of high water tables which are led to the presence of water close to the
surface or appearance in some areas on the surface and throughout the year, and fluctuate in other places
during the one-year, putting the foundations of installations to cycles of wetting and drought (Al-Shker,
2000).
In (The Study of the Euphrates Company, 1999 ) confirmed that the salts of these groundwater belongs
to the group of sulfates that there are three families of a sodium sulfate, magnesium sulfate and the
calcium sulfate which is one of the main reasons for the increase in salinity in the groundwater, and there
chlorides are two families group are: sodium chloride, magnesium chloride, resulting from various human
activities which lead to the occurrence of engineering problems and shows its impact negatively on the
foundations of buildings.
6. METHODS OF RESEARCH
6.1. The Data Collection Stage
It was at this stage the work of field trips of the study area (Hilla city) starting from September to
December in 2014, where he was identified through under construction, a Wardiya street, was at this stage
to gather information , maps and reports on the study of geotechnical properties having to do related of
study area, was which stand on the most important engineering problems of some soils is the high water
table in the Babylon Governorate, where in some areas and during seasons rainfall groundwater becomes
superficial and that causes to do low bearing capacity for soil as a result of penetration into the soil, which
leads to change physical properties and engineering them.

6.2. The Field Work Stage

After conducting field tours and determine the number of sites for the extraction of sampels, where they were taking
the disturb samples and deeply (1) m where they were taken (4) a sample of the Wardiya street and kept the samples
in bags Nylon with plastic containers and transported to the laboratory to conduct their tests plate (1).
Plate 1 shows a method for taking samples for soils study area
6.3. The Laboratory Work Stage

Physical Tests of Soil
It included (Moisture content, Specific gravity, Density, Atterberg limits, Grain size analysis)
Engineering Tests of Soil

It included (Uniaxial Compressive Strength, Standard Compaction test, the Californian bearing test,
permeability).
Chemical Tests of Soil

It included (Sulfate, Total Dissolved Salts, Gypsum, Organic mater).
Mineralogical Tests of Soil

It was examined by X-ray diffraction device (XRD) in order to identify the mineral components.
7. MATERIALS USED INSTABILISE SOIL STUDY AREA

7.1. Na-Bentonite
It is one of the types of clay minerals, which belongs to (Semectite group),which is composed of
sodicmontmorillonite, calcium montmorillonite, nontrnite, saponite, hectorite, and bedillite, plate (2) that
the rock containing one or all or a portion of these minerals are called rock bentonite .The crystal structure
for these minerals is composed of a single layer into two layers (2: 1) which is composed of two layers of
silica tetrahedral surfaces and one layer central of octahedral surfaces ( weaver, 1973), (Grim, 1968)
figure (2).

Figure 2 the crystal structure of bentonite Alsodoa (Grim, 1968)
Plate 2 Sodic-bentonite used in the stabilization process
7.2. Emulsified Asphalt

It consists of water, asphalt and (Emulsifying agent) and asphalt which do not decompose in water, but in
the form of small-sized spherical mases of asphalt in diameter (2 microns) to be stabilised with water and
to prevent these pellets of healing in addition to the emulsion factor and that factor dissolves in the water
and have a cover preventive about these pellets that carry an electric charge on the surface positive or
negative depending on the type of emulsion (Young, 1998) used in the study and according to the
specifications in table(1) and plate(3) shows the type used for soil of the study area.

Plate (3) Emulsified asphalt used in the stabilization process
Table 1 shows the specifications of emulsified asphalt used in the study were examined in the laboratories of the
College of Engineering - University of Babylon, according to standard ASTM) (D244)
ASTM Specification Limits

Designa Test (D2397)for Css-1
Test tion Result
(D244) Min. Max.
Particle Charge Test (D244) Positive Positive
Viscosity , SayboltFurol at 25°c (77°F) D244 26 20 100
Residue By Distillation ,% D6997 55.3 57 ........
Residue By Evaporation D6934 54.9 50 ..........
Sieve Test D6933 0.02 ........ 0.10
Cement Mixing Test, % D6935 0.732 ....... 2.0
Settlement Test, 5days,% D6930 0.1 0 1
1 day storage stability Test, % D6930 0.04 0 1
Penetration, 25°c(77°F), 100g ,5s D5 133 100 250
Ductility , 25°c(77°F), 5 cm/mn D113 185 40 .......
Solubility in trichloroethylene, % D2042 99 97.5 ........
Specific Gravity at 25° D70 1.02 ......... .......

7.3. Lime Powder

It was the use of two types of lime are (Free lime) and ( limestone powder).
7.3.1. Free Lime

The free lime is a calcium oxide CaO where they are prepared to burn limestone, which is a calcium
carbonate inside the furnaces burning leads to the loss of carbon dioxide and remaining lime gypsum (non-
extinguisher CaO) (Angles & Matcalf,1972).The lime used in the study are the same specifications as
Table( 2) shows the chemical composition of lime used and their specifications were taken from Kufa
Cement factory and according to standard specifications Iraqi numbered (807) 2004.
Table 2 shows the chemical composition used for Lime, which were taken specifications of Kufa Cement factory
and according to standard specifications Iraqi numbered (807) 2004.
standard
Components % specifications Iraqi Properties
807 -2004.
At least 85%
96.28 CaO % +MgO
Not more than 5%

0.29 MgO
0.13 Fe2O3%
0.77 Al2O3%
1.08 SiO2%
Total oxides of no
1.98 Total oxides
more than 5%
0.19 SO3%
0.97 (L.O.I)
99.41 Total
94.01 Activity (CaO)
1.81 Not more than 5% CO2%
13 10-15 minutes Slacking time
89 Not less than 70 ° C Slacking tempreture
7.3.2. Powder Lime Stone

A type of sedimentary rock which is the most common sedimentary rock chemical composition is
(CaCO3). Called limestone rocks if the calcium carbonate ratio is more than 50% .Clay minerals and
quartz and various iron oxides and other minerals remaining part, which may up to 50%, the plate (4)
describes the limestone powder used in the stabilization process, which has been examined in the
laboratories of Kufa Cement factory either the table (3) represents the chemical composition of powdered
limestone used to stabilise the soil in the study area.

Plate 4 Powdered limestone, which has been examined in the laboratories of Kufa Cement factory.
Table 3 shows the chemical composition of powdered limestone, which was used to install the soil in the study area
Quality Control Row Material

Materials Limestone Kiln Feed
CaO % 54.24 54.32
MgO % 0.27 0.08
Al2O3 % 0.81 1.0
Fe2O3 % 0.0 0.0
SiO2 % 1.64 1.45
SO3 % 0.01 0.07
L.O.I % 42.90 43.01
Total % 99.87 99.93
8. PREPARE THE SAMPLES FOR THE PURPOSES OF TEST METHOD

Take the amount of dry soil (dried at a temperature laboratory) and crush well a sieve No. 4 and placed in a
container with a suitable size is sufficient to complete the mixing process to obtain the required form for
examination.
8.1. Mixing Mechanism

Add the percentages specified by the stabilizer (5-10-15)% used in soil stabilization is (quick lime-
emulsified asphalt - Na-bentonite - limestone powder) any relative to the dry weight of the soil weight
information previously been identified as percentages depending on the type of soil used. Mix well by
hand until the homogeneity of the soil with well-stabilizer for a period of time (15 minutes), then add water
to the mixing ratio specified by the amount of water to mix with the soil and the stabilizer (O.M.C)
calculated from the standard compaction test.
9. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

9.1. General Description of Soils

Were taken four samples from Wardiya street were using the symbol (W) of the samples taken from the
soil of this site, the sample (W1) is a clayey soil and a low-plasticity, where the percentage of clay is 53%,
silt 41% and sand 6%. Soil classified according to the unified soil classification system (USCS) as (CL).
Sample (W2) is a silty soil and a low plasticity, where the percentage of clay is 45%, silt 46% and sand
9%. Soil classified according to the unified soil classification system (USCS) on it (ML). Sample (W3) is a
silty soil and a low plasticity, where the percentage of clay is 73%, silt23% and sand 4%. Soil classified
according to the unified soil classification system (USCS) on it (CL). Sample (W4) is a high clay soil
plasticity, where the percentage of clay is 84%, silt 7% and sand 9%. Soil classified as unified
classification system (USCS) as (CH) Table (4) shows the physical, chemical and engineering tests of the
soil Wardiya street.
9.2. Study the Effect of Additives on the Soil Wardiya Street (W)
After making the physical, engineering and chemical tests and a knowledge of the natural soil (Table 4)
and know the type of soil, treated soil additives (Na-bentonite, powder limestone ,quick lime, emulsified
asphalt) and included the results in tables (5), (6), (7) and (8).
Table 4 shows the physical, chemical and engineering tests of the soil Wardiya Street
Properties of Soil Samples

W1 W2 W3 W4
Physical properties of soil
M.C % 20.58 19.35 27.5 25
G.S 2.73 2.73 2.75 2.75
L.L % 45 38 49 51
P.L % 32 28 30 30
P.I % 13 10 19 21
ɣwetgm/cm3 18.26 18.52 17.71 18.85
ɣdrygm/cm3 14.62 14.39 14.09 15.20
Clay % 53 45 73 84
Silt % 41 46 23 7
Sand % 6 9 4 9
Classification of soil USCS CL ML ML CH
Engineering properties of soil

C.B.R % 4.8 4.5 4.8 5.1
qukN/m2 64.46 32.91 62.88 87.47
-6
K cm/sec 4.42x10 1.26x10-6 2.73x10-6 1.95x10-6
Max ɣdrygm/cm3 1.79 1.76 1.75 1.78
O.M.C % 20.5 21 17.5 20
Chemical properties of soil
T.S.S % 5.6 1.13 2.40 3.31
SO3 % 0.81 0.5 1.88 1.42
Gyp.% 1.74 1.07 4.04 3.05
Org.% 1.39 1.67 1.55 1.70

Table 5 shows the soil through the rosy site properties model w1 after treatment of the soil additives
O.M.C (%) MAX ᵧ DRY P.I (%) P.L (%) L.L (%) C.B.R qu (kN/m2) K (cm/sec)
(gm/cm3) (%)
20.5 1.79 13 32 45 4.8 64.4 4.42x10-6 0% No addition
21 1.75 11 30 41 6.1 68.46 4.08x10-6 5% CaO
23.2 1.72 9.8 27.1 36.9 6.8 83.83 4.7x10-6 10%
24.2 1.7 11.2 26 37.2 6.3 46.81 5.1x10-6 15%
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19.2 1.81 11.14 24.86 36 6.8 78.63 4.92x10-6 5% CaCO3
357
w1
18.3 1.83 9.04 26.13 35.17 8.2 98.71 4.98x10-6 10%
18.8 1.82 11 25.2 36.2 7.8 80.42 5.3x10-6 15%
22.5 1.68 19.2 31.18 50.38 2.6 52.44 3.8x10-6 5% Na –

bentonite
22.8 1.67 25.1 29.93 55.03 1.9 68.2 4.58x10-7 10%
25.3 1.63 31.2 26.18 57.38 1.2 63.41 1.3x10-7 15%
22.1 1.74 11.9 28.96 40.86 4.5 65.07 1.24x10-6 5% Emulsion

Asphalt
24 1.66 8.58 30.1 38.68 4 80.07 8.6x10-7 10%
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Table 5 shows the soil through the rosy site properties model w1 after treatment of the soil additives
26 1.36 11.8 30.6 42.4 3.3 56.52 4.7x10-7 15%

Table 6 shows the soil through the rosy site properties model w2after treatment of the soil additives
O.M.C (%) MAX ᵧ P.I (%) P.L (%) L.L (%) C.B.R qu (kN/m2) K (cm/sec)
DRY (%)
(gm/cm3)
21 1.76 10 28 38 4.5 32.91 1.26x10-6 0% No addition
22.1 1.71 9.8 24.9 34.7 5.8 52.66 2.4x10-6 5% CaO
22.9 1.68 8.7 25.1 33.8 6.4 70.29 2.6x10-6 10%
24.8 1.65 9.2 25.2 34.4 6.9 44.2 3.5x10-6 15%
20 1.78 8 24.5 32.5 6 80.55 1.85x10-6 5% CaCO3
358
W2
19.8 1.79 7.22 22.79 30.01 7.7 114.43 2.8x10-6 10%
19.5 1.77 7.88 22.62 30.5 6.9 80.07 4.27x10-6 15%
23 1.69 12.02 27.98 40 2.7 69.7 2.06x10-6 5% Na –

bentonite
23.5 1.66 23 28.4 51.4 2.1 75.64 4.2x10-7 10%
25 1.61 23.63 31.05 54.68 0.9 39.28 2.8x10-8 15%
24 1.74 8.6 27.6 36.2 4 71.54 1.21x10-6 5% Emulsion

Asphalt
23.1 1.73 6.8 25.7 32.5 3.4 78.14 5.76x10-7 10%
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25.3 1.47 9.23 28.32 37.55 2.6 67.28 4.2x10-7 15%

O.M.C MAX ᵧ P.I (%) P.L (%) L.L (%) C.B.R qu (kN/m2) K (cm/sec)
(%) DRY (%)
(gm/cm3)
17.7 1.75 19 30 49 4.8 62.88 2.73x10-6 0% No addition
19.7 1.7 17.7 28.8 46.5 6.5 65.8 3.08x10-6 5% CaO
20.3 1.68 14.6 28 42.6 7.2 81.92 3.3x10-6 10%
21.3 1.65 16.28 28.32 44.6 6 76.63 4.13x10-6 15%
16.2 1.79 16.65 29.02 45.67 6.6 104.81 2.89x10-6 5% CaCO3
359
15 1.82 13.5 26.5 40 8.5 118.17 4.8x10-6 10%
W3
15.3 1.81 15.8 26.3 42.1 7.7 89.39 6.7x10-6 15%
20.2 1.67 22.02 29.64 51.66 2.9 68.3 1.13x10-6 5% Na –bentonite
22 1.64 25.76 28.44 54.2 2.3 71.25 5.7x10-8 10%
23.2 1.59 29.65 29.57 59.22 1.2 59.43 3.4x10-8 15%
19.5 1.73 17.8 27.45 45.25 4.3 63.14 2.2x10-6 5% Emulsion

Asphalt
20.1 1.72 13 29.9 42.9 3.8 70.65 1.69x10-6 10%
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23.8 1.43 18.2 29.8 48 3.5 52.48 8.2x10-7 15%
O.M.C MAX ᵧ DRY P.I (%) P.L (%) L.L (%) C.B.R qu (kN/m2) K (cm/sec)
(%) (gm/cm3) (%)
20 1.78 21 30 51 5.1 87.47 1.95x10-6 0% No addition
22.6 1.73 18.4 30.5 48.9 6.7 88.3 2.3x10-6 5% CaO
22.9 1.71 15 28.07 43.07 8.1 97.03 3.1x10-6 10%
23.7 1.68 12.1 33.49 45.59 8.3 66.52 4.5x10-6 15%
18.9 1.79 16.28 30.98 47.26 7.2 92.1 2.4x10-6 5% CaCO3
360
W4
17.3 1.82 14.86 27.38 42.24 9.3 125.3 4.8x10-6 10%
18.2 1.8 10.22 34.08 44.3 8.5 93.47 7.39x10-6 15%
22.8 1.69 25.01 27.01 52.02 3.2 83.59 1.56x10-6 5% Na –bentonite
23.1 1.68 29.49 32.14 61.63 2.1 88.2 2.59x10-8 10%
25.6 1.62 33.08 29.33 62.41 1.5 69.17 1.8x10-8 15%
22.3 1.76 19.3 30.1 49.4 4.1 86.41 9.69x10-7 5% Emulsion

Asphalt
23 1.74 17.6 29.4 47 3.5 91.32 7.8x10-7 10%
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25.9 1.51 20 32 52 2.3 43.7 3.9x10-7 15%
9.2.1. Study the effect of additives on the California Bearing Ratio (C.B.R) of the soil Wardiya Street (w)
When studing the figures (3), (4), (5), (6) we conclude that the highest value for the (CBR) reached when
adding limestone powder CaCO3 10%, reaching 8.2% of the sample W1 and 7.7% of the sample W2 and
8.5% of the sample W3 and 9.3% of the sample W4. The less value when adding Na-bentonite 15% where
1.2% to the sampleW1 and 0.9% of the sample W2 and 1.2% of the sample W3 and 1.5% of the sample
W4 and the following figures show the effect of additives on the value of (CBR).
Figure 3 the effect of additives on the value of (CBR) sample W1.
Figure 4 The effect of additives on the value of (CBR) sample W2

9.2.2. Study the effect of additives on the Permeability test of the soil Wardiya Street (W)
When studying the figures (7), (8), (9), (10) conclude that the lower value of the permeability reached
when adding Na-bentonite by 15%, reaching 1.3 x10-7(cm/sec)sample W1 and 2.8 x10- 8(cm/sec) of sample
W2 and 3.4x10-8(cm/sec)of sample W3 and 1.8 x10-8(cm/sec)of sample W4 and reached the highest value
when adding limestone powder CaCO3 15%, reaching 5.3 x10-6(cm/sec)sample W1 and 4.27 x10-
6
(cm/sec)sample W2 and 6.7 x10-6(cm/sec)sample W3 and 7.39x10- 6(cm/sec) of the sample W4 and the
following figures show the effect of additives on testing the permeability of the samples W1, W2, W3, W4,
respectively .
Figure7 the effect of additives on the value of the permeability of the sample W1
Figure 8 The effect of additives on the value of the permeability of the sample W2

9.2.3. Study the effect of additives on the uniaxial compressive strength test of the soil Wardiya street
(W)
When studying the figures (11), 12), (13), (14) conclude that the highest value for the uniaxial compressive
strength reached when adding limestone powder by 10% reached 98.71kN / m2 to the sample W1 and
114.43kN / m2 of thesample W2 and 118.17kN / m2 of sample W3 and 125.3 kN / m2 of sample W4, and
recorded the lowest value when adding Na-bentonite 15% of the sample W2 decreased to 39.28 kN / m2 .
The samples (W1 , W3, W4) recorded the lowest value of the uniaxial compressive strength when adding
emulsified asphalt by 15% of value decreased to 56.52 kN / m2 sample W1 and 52.48 kN / m2 sample W3
and 43.7 kN / m2 sample W4 and the following figures show the effect of additives on the value of
uniaxial compressive strength of soil study area.
Figure 11 The effect of additives on the value of the uniaxial compressive strength of the sample W1

9.2.4. Study the effect of additives on the maximum dry density and optimum moisture content of the
soil Wardiya Street (W)
From tables (5),(6),(7),(8) the highest value recorded maximum dry density is when adding limestone
powder CaCO3 10%, reaching 1.83gm / cm3 sample W1 and 1.79gm / cm3 sample W2 and 1.82 gm / cm3
for the two samples W3 and W4. The lowest value of the maximum dry density it when adding the
emulsion asphalt at 15 %. Where reached to 1.36 gm / cm3 sample W1 and 1.47 gm / cm3 sample W2 and

Jaffar H. A. Al-Zubaydi,
Zubaydi, Amer A.L. Al-Kaildy
Al Kaildy and Mohammed Q. K. Al-Rubaey
Al
1.43 gm / cm3 sample W3 and 1.51 gm / cm3 sample W4.The optimum moisture content, reaching the
highest percentage when adding emulsified asphalt by 15%, reaching 26% of the sample W1 and 25.3% of
thesample W2 and 23.8% of the sample W3 and 25.9%
25.9 of the sample W4. The lowest value recorded when
adding limestone powder CaCO3 10%, reaching 18.3% of the sample W1 and 19.8% of the sample W2
and 15% of the sample W3 and 17.3% of the sample W4. the following figures show the effect of additives
on the value of dry density and the optimum moisture content for soil study area.
9.2.5. Study the effect of additives on the atterberg limits test of the soil Wardiya street (W):-
From tables (5),(6),(7),(8)the
he value of liquid limit reached when adding Na-bentonite by 15%, reaching
57.38% of the sample W1 and 54.68% of the sample W2 and 59.22% of the sample W3 and 62.41% of the
sample W4, and the highest value of plastic limit reached when adding Na-bentonite
Na by 5%, reaching
31.18% while the samples W1 and W2, reaching the highest value of plastic limit when adding Na-
bentonite by 15% as the value of 31.05%, while the samples W3 reaching its highest value of plastic limit
when adding emulsified asphalt by 10%, reaching 29.9%; the sample of W4 and reaching its highest value
of plastic limit when adding limestone powder CaCO3 15%, reaching 34.08%.
The plasticity index,, reaching its highest value when adding Na-bentonite
bentonite by 15%, reaching 31.2% of
the sample W1 and 23.63% of the sample W2 and 29.65% of the sample W3 and a 33.08% of the sample
W4. The lower value of liquid limit recorded when adding limestone powder CaCO3 at 10 where% reached
to 35.17% of the sample W1 and 30.01% of the sample W2 and 40% of sample W3 and 42.24% of the
sample W4, either plastic limit recorded
recorded the lowest value when adding limestone powder by 10% where
the value reduce to 26.13% of the sample W1 and 27.38% of the sample , W4 and the sample W2,
reaching the lowest value of plastic limit when adding limestone powder CaCO3 By 15%, decreasing to
22.6%, and also the sample W3 scored lower value of plastic limit when adding limestone powder by 15%
as the value of plastic limit decreased to 26.3%, while for plasticity index recorded the lowest value when
adding powder emulsified asphalt by 10% as value plasticity index decreased to 8.58% of the sample W1
and 6.8% of the sample W2 and 13% of the sample W3, either sample W4 scored lowest value of plasticity
index when adding quick limeCaO CaO 15% where the plastic limit value decreased to 12.1%.
12.1%
10. MINERALOGICAL
ERALOGICAL STUDY OF SOIL
The results of X-Ray
Ray diffraction are presented in figure(15)
fig ) , to show the mineral content of the soil study
area .The
The soil composed mainly of the minerals Quartz ,calcite, Feldspar, and Clay minerals such as
(montimorillonite, and Kaolinite).
Figure
ure 15 Shows the results of XRD for soil study area

11. CONCLUSION
After studying the stabilization of selected soils of the study area materials (quick lime, limestone powder,
emulsifier Asphalt, Na-bentonite) conclude the following:-
• At least plasticity index (P.I) and liquid limit (L.L) when adding both quick lime, lime stone powder,
emulsified asphalt) and increase their values when you add Na- bentonite.
• Increase the value of California bearing ratio(CBR) When you add (quick lime and powdered limestone) and
the highest value obtained when adding limestone powder (10%), and lessvalue of California bearing
ratio(CBR) when you add of the ( Na-bentonite and emulsified asphalt) and less the value obtained when
adding Na-bentonite (15%).
• Increase the value of permeability when you add of the quick lime and powdered limestone and the highest
value of permeability was obtained when adding limestone powder (15%), and less than the value of
permeability when you add all of Na-bentonite and emulsified asphalt and the lowest value of the
permeability obtained are when you add Na-bentonite (15%).
• Increase the value of uniaxial compressive strength When you add (quick lime and limestone powder) and
the highest value obtained when adding limestone powder by 10% and increases to a low degree when you
add Na-bentonite and emulsified asphalt.
• The maximum dry density decreasing and optimum moisture content increasing when you add (quick lime,
asphalt emulsion, Na-bentonite) and increases the value of the maximum dry density and optimum moisture
content decreases when you add powdered limestone (CaCO3).
Recommendations
• Study the use of these stabilizers (quick lime, asphalt emulsion, Na-bentonite, limestone powder) at
different depths in the study area.
• Study the effect of groundwater levels on the engineering properties of the soil of the Governorate of
Babylon and develop appropriate solutions.
• study the effect of some non-traditional stabilizers (Polymers, magnesium chloride, resins, lignin,
phosphates, phosphoric acid) on the soil of the study area
REFERENCE
[1] Al-Kaildy, A. A. L.,( 2002). Geotechnical Assessment for Soil of Kerbala City, Ph. D. thesis, College of
Science, University of Baghdad, Iraq,(in Arabic),P-179.
[2] Al-Khaqani, M.O.K.,.(2006), study the phenomenon of swelling clay soils in thecity of Hilla,
Unpublished master's thesis, college of Science, University of Baghdad,Iraq,(in Arabic)P-117.
[3] AL-joulany,N.,(2012),Effect Of Stone Powder and Lime on Strength, Compaction and C.B.R
properties of Fine Soil, Jordan Journal.
[4] Al-Shkr, A.,K.,( 2000), the effect of ground water in the city of Hillaon the sustainability of the concrete
used in the foundations of its facilities, the University of Babylon Magazine, Engineering Science, Vol.
5, No. 5.15 Page
[5] Al- Zubaydi, J. H. A., (2006). Geotechnical study for selcted soil between Hilla and Kut cites (middle of
Iraq)PhD thesis, Baghdad university/Iraq.171 P (in Arabic).
[6] AL-Zory, E.A.,(1993) “ The effect of leaching on lime stabilized Gypseous soil”, M.Sc. Thesis , Mosul
university
[7] ASTM D422-63, "Standard Method For Particle –Size Analysis of Soils", Annual Book, Of ASTM
Standards.
[8] -Benzekri, M. and Marchand, , R. J., (1978) "Foundation Grouting of Moulay Youssef Dam". ASCE. J.
Geotech. Eng. Div., Sept

[9] Buday, T., and Jassim, S.Z., (1984) “The regional geology of Iraq” S.E. for geological survey and
mineral investigation, Baghdad, 352p.
[10] Diamond, S., and Knitter, E. B., (1965) "mechanisms of soil-Lime stabilization". Highway Research
Record –No. 92, pp. 83-96.
[11] Grim, R.E., (1968). “Clay Mineralogy”. McGraw-Hill Book Co.
[12] Furat State Company for studies and designs of irrigation projects, a project examining the reduction of
groundwater levels for the city of Hilla, March 0.1999
[13] Islam M. Abo Elnaga , The use of Urea-Formaldehyde Resin in Sandy Soil Stabilization. International
Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), 5(6),2014, pp.01–09.
[14] Little, D. N., (1999) "Evaluation of structural properties of stabilization”
[15] Lambe, T. W., and Whitman, R. V., (1979) "Soil Mechanics" SI Version, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, Publisher John Wiley & Sons. New York.P. 533 - Punmia, B. C., Jain, A. K., and Jain, AR.
K . (1994) "Soil Mechanics and foundation" 13 th Edition, Laxmi Publications, New Delhi.
[16] Road Research Laboratory (1974) “ Soil Mechanics for Road Engineering”, Her Majesty’s Stationery
Office , London .
[17] Smith. I.G.N(1998), "Element Of Soil Mechanics", Napier University, Edinburgh, Seventh Edition,493
P.
[18] The Iraqi standards (807) 2004.
[19] Farag Khodary, Comparative Study of using Steel Slag Aggregate and Crushed Limestone in Asphalt
Concrete Mixtures. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), 6(3), 2015,
pp.73–82.
[20] Weaver, Charlese, (1973), The Chemistry Of Clay Minerals,School of Geophysical Sciences, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Ga. (U.S.A.).
[21] Young, J. F., Mindess, S., Gray, J. R., and Bentur, A. (1998) . "The science and Technology of Civil
Engineering Materials" prentice Hall. New Jersey.

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET)

Volume 7, Issue 5, September-October 2016, pp. 347–367, Article ID: IJCIET_07_05_039

ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF SOFT CLAY

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2. SITE OF THE STUDY AREA

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Figure 1 Location map of study area

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3. AIM OF THE STUDY

4. GEOLOGY AND HYDROLOGY OF STUDY AREA

5. GROUND WATER OF STUDY AREA

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6.2. The Field Work Stage

6.3. The Laboratory Work Stage

Engineering Tests of Soil

Chemical Tests of Soil

Mineralogical Tests of Soil

7. MATERIALS USED INSTABILISE SOIL STUDY AREA

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Figure 2 the crystal structure of bentonite Alsodoa (Grim, 1968)

Plate 2 Sodic-bentonite used in the stabilization process

7.2. Emulsified Asphalt

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Plate (3) Emulsified asphalt used in the stabilization process

ASTM Specification Limits

Particle Charge Test (D244) Positive Positive

Viscosity , SayboltFurol at 25°c (77°F) D244 26 20 100

Residue By Distillation ,% D6997 55.3 57 ........

Residue By Evaporation D6934 54.9 50 ..........

Sieve Test D6933 0.02 ........ 0.10

Cement Mixing Test, % D6935 0.732 ....... 2.0

Settlement Test, 5days,% D6930 0.1 0 1

1 day storage stability Test, % D6930 0.04 0 1

Penetration, 25°c(77°F), 100g ,5s D5 133 100 250

Ductility , 25°c(77°F), 5 cm/mn D113 185 40 .......

Solubility in trichloroethylene, % D2042 99 97.5 ........

Specific Gravity at 25° D70 1.02 ......... .......

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7.3. Lime Powder

7.3.1. Free Lime

Not more than 5%

1.81 Not more than 5% CO2%

13 10-15 minutes Slacking time

89 Not less than 70 ° C Slacking tempreture

7.3.2. Powder Lime Stone

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Quality Control Row Material

8. PREPARE THE SAMPLES FOR THE PURPOSES OF TEST METHOD

8.1. Mixing Mechanism

9. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

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9.1. General Description of Soils

Properties of Soil Samples

Classification of soil USCS CL ML ML CH

Engineering properties of soil

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20.5 1.79 13 32 45 4.8 64.4 4.42x10-6 0% No addition

21 1.75 11 30 41 6.1 68.46 4.08x10-6 5% CaO

23.2 1.72 9.8 27.1 36.9 6.8 83.83 4.7x10-6 10%

24.2 1.7 11.2 26 37.2 6.3 46.81 5.1x10-6 15%

18.3 1.83 9.04 26.13 35.17 8.2 98.71 4.98x10-6 10%

18.8 1.82 11 25.2 36.2 7.8 80.42 5.3x10-6 15%

22.5 1.68 19.2 31.18 50.38 2.6 52.44 3.8x10-6 5% Na –