Analaysis of Stress and Strain

CE 1812 Mechanics of Materials

Jan 2019
Lecture by: Mr. Isuru Nanayakkara

1 Analaysis of Stress

1.1 Introduction

In genereal, there will be a normal stress (σ) and a shear stress (τ ) on a plane.

1.2 Notation
• shear stress
τxy direction of shear stress

plane on which shear stress is acting (indicated by ⊥ direction)

• normal stress
σxx direction of normal stress

plane on which normal stress is acting (indicated by ⊥ direction)

Normal stresses would always have the same index repeating as the direction of the
stress is normal to the plane considered.

1.3 Stress tensor

Consider a body subjected to a certain loading system. Stress at an infinitesimal element

in the body can be represented by a stress tensor .

 
σxx τxy τxz
stress tensor = [σ] =  τyx σyy τyz 
τzx τzy σzz
Considering the principal of complementary shear ; τxy = τyx , τxz = τzx , τyz = τzy
Then;
 
σxx τxy τxz
[σ] =  τxy σyy τyz 
τxz τyz σzz

∴ stress tensor is symmetric. Thus, to fully define the stress at a point, we need
six independent stress components.

1.3.1 Plane stress condition

For plane stress condition; σzz = 0, τxz = 0, τyz = 0

Then,
 
σ τ
[σ] = xx xy
τxy σyy

Now, only three independent stress components required to fully define the stress at a point.

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1.4 Stress transformation relationship

We attempt to determine the stresses on any plane at a point when the stresses on two
perpendicular planes are known.

Consider the conditions for equilibrium for a prismatic element with faces perpendicular to
x, y and y1 , with a unit thickness perpendicular to xy plane.

Consider the equilibrium in the −x1 direction;

σyy δx sin θ + τ δs − τyx δx cos θ + τxy δy sin θ − σxx δy cos θ = 0

δy δx δy δx
σyy δx + τ δs − τyx δx + τxy δy − σxx δy =0
δs δs δs δs
δx δy δx δx δy δy δy δx (1)
σyy + τ − τyx + τxy − σxx =0
δs δs δs δs δs δs δs δs
σyy sin θ cos θ + τ − τxy sin2 θ + τxy cos2 θ − σxx cos θ sin θ = 0
(σyy − σxx ) sin θ cos θ − τxy cos2 θ − (sin2 θ) = −τ

σxx − σyy
τ= sin 2θ + τxy cos 2θ (A)
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Consider the equilibrium in the −y1 direction;

σδs = σyy δx cos θ + τxy δy cos θ + τyx δx sin θ + σxx δy sin θ

δx δx δy δx δx δy δy δy
σ = σyy + τxy + τyx + σxx
δs δs δs δs δs δs δs δs (2)
σ = σyy cos θ + τxy sin θ cos θ + τyx sin θ cos θ + σxx sin2 θ
2

1 + cos 2θ 1 − cos 2θ
σ = σyy + τxy sin 2θ + σxx
2 2
   
σyy + σxx σxx − σyy
σ= − cos 2θ + τxy sin 2θ (B)
2 2

1.5 Principal planes and principal stresses

1. There are two planes at right angles on which shear stresses are zero.

For τ = 0;
−2τxy
tan 2θ =
σxx − σyy
(3)
⇒ 2θ = α, (α + π)
θ = α/2, (α/2 + π/2)
These planes on which τ = 0 are reffered to as principal planes. The two principal
planes are normal to each other. The normal stresses on these planes are called the
pricncipal stresses.
2. The principal stresses correspond to the maximum and minimum values of direct stress
(σ).
For maximum or minimum value of direct stresses;
dσ
=0
dθ
σxx − σyy
sin 2θ + τxy cos 2θ = 0 (4)
2
−2τxy
tan 2θ =
σxx − σyy

This gives the directions of planes on which τ = 0.

The maximum and minimum value of principal stresses are called major principal
stress and minor principal stress, respectively. Direction of these principal stresses
are perpendicular to principal planes.

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3. A relationship between τ and σ acting on any plane can be represented by a circle on
τ − σ plane.

 2  2  
2 σyy + σxx σxx − σyy 2 2 2 σxx − σyy
(A) ⇒ σ − = cos 2θ + τxy sin 2θ − 2 τxy sin 2θ cos 2θ
2 2 2
 2  
2 2 σxx − σyy 2 2 2 σxx − σyy
(B) ⇒ τ = sin 2θ + τxy cos 2θ + 2 τxy sin 2θ cos 2θ
2 2
(5)
2 2
(A) + (B) ⇒

 2  2
σyy + σxx 2 σxx − σyy 2
σ− +τ = + τxy (C)
2 2

Expression in Equation (C) represent a circle on τ − σ plane. This is called Mohr’s

circle of stress for a point.

 
σxx + σyy
• center of Mohr’s circle: ,0
2
s 2
σxx − σyy 2
• radiun of Mohr’s circle: + τxy
2
This gives a very simple geometrical analysis of the state of stress at a point,
without refering to ellaborate formulae.

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1.6 Mohr’s Circle of Stress

Stresses acting on any plane at a point can be represented on the circumference of a circle
in τ − σ plane.

Sign convention:

• normal stresses - tensile (+)

• shear stresses - clockwise moment about a point inside element (+)

Proof:

1. O0 is the center of Mohr’s circle

CD = σxx − σyy
σxx − σyy (6)
O0 C =
2
but;
OO0 = OC + O0 C
σxx − σyy
= σyy + (7)
2
σxx + σyy
=
2
2. AB is a diameter of Mohr’s circle
R2 = (CO0 )2 + (CB)2
 2
σxx − σyy
= + (τxy )2
2 (8)
s 2
σxx − σyy 2
R= + τxy
2

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1.7 Pole of the Mohr’s circle

There exist a unique point on the circumferemce of the circle called the pole which is such
that a line drawn from the pole parallel to direct stress on a particular plane intersect the
Mohr’s circle again at the corresponding stress point (σ, τ ) of the plane.

Proof Construct: rotate BLO0 triangle to OM N

τ = OM sin 2θ + M N cos 2θ
= OL sin 2θ + LB cos 2θ
  (9)
σxx − σyy
= sin 2θ + τyx cos 2θ
2

σ = OO0 + M P
= OO0 + (−OM cos 2θ + M N sin 2θ)
    (10)
σxx + σyy σxx − σyy
= − cos 2θ + τyx sin 2θ
2 2

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1.8 Principal stress and maximum shear stress directions

At any point, there are two planes on which the shear stress is zero. These two planes are
called principal planes. Hence we can determine the inclination of the principal plane to x
axis.

Directions of the planes of maximum shear stresses are inclined 45o to the principal stress
directions.

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1.9 Principal stress trajectories

At each point in a loaded structure, there will be two families of principal stress trajectories
that intersect each other at right angle.