Professional Documents
Culture Documents
سلامة الغذاء 2 PDF
سلامة الغذاء 2 PDF
א
Jאא
٢٠٧
א
אא
EF
١٦٥
١٦٥
Lאא א
W،،אא،א
א א אא א א א א א
א א ،א א א א א א א
אאאא
אאאאאא
K אאאאא
אאאאאא
א ،א אא א
א א א א ،
א،אאאא אאא
אאאאאא
א،א אאאאאאא
א ،א א א
Kא
?א??EFאא?אא
Kאאאאאאא
אאאאאא
،אאאאא
Kאאאאא،א
،אאא א
Kא
אאאא
Jאא
אא
אא
١
אא ١٦٥
אא Lאא א
א Wאא
Wאא
א،א،א א J١
KEאFא
Kאאא א J٢
אא א J٣
Kאא
Kאאא א J٤
Kאאא א J٥
Wאאא
Kאאאא -
Kאאאא -
Wאאאא
٣
Wאא
Kאאא -
Kאא -
Kאא -
Kאא -
Wאא
אאאא J
-١-
אא ١٦٥
אא Lאא א
אאאאאאא אאא
Kאאאא،א
א א אא א א א א א א
אא א א ،א א א א א
،אאא אאאאאKאאא
אאאאאאא
Kאאא
אאא -
Kאאאאאאאאאא
Kאאאאאאא
אא א-
K، אאאאאא
Kאאא،אאא
،אא אאא
Kאאאאאאא אא
،אאאאא
K אא
א -
א אא א א
אא،אא،אא
אא ، א אאא א
Kאאאאאאאאאא
-٢-
אא ١٦٥
אא Lאא א
אא א-
א א א א א א אא
K אאאא
אא א-
א אא א א א א
K
א א-
אא،
Kא
א -
א א ،א א אא א
Kא
אא א-
אאאא
א Kא
אאאאא،א،א،א
א ، א אא א
א א א א א
،אאאאאאאאאKא
Kאאאאאאאאאאא
-٣-
אא ١٦٥
אא Lאא א
אא א-
אא א א אא א א א א
אאאאאאאא
א א-
א א א א אא
Kאא
א-
Kאאא
א-
א א א E ، ،F א א א
א א אא א א
Kא
א-
Kאאאאא
Kאא
א א-
אאאא،אאא
Kאאאאאא
Kא
אאאאא -
،א،א،אא،אאאאא
Kא
-٤-
אא ١٦٥
אא Lאא א
אא א-
Eא F א א אא א
אא،אא،אאא
Kאאאא
א -
אא א ،א אא א א
אאאאא
Kאא
אאא -
אEאFאאאאאאאא
Kאאא
א-
Kאאאאאאאא
אא א-
אאאאאאאא אאאאא
،אאאא אאא
אאאאא
א אKאאאא
א אKESASOFאאא אאאא
אאאאKאאאאאא
א Eא אאFאאאא
Kאאאא
Wאאאאאא
-٥-
אא ١٦٥
אא Lאא א
אא
،א א אא א אא אא J
،א ،א א ،א א אא ،
Kא،EאFא،אאא،EאאFא
E ٤F א א א א א א אא J
אאא،אאאאאE ١٨ JFא
אאאאKא
אאאאאאא
Kאאא
אא א אאאא،אאאאא J
Kאא
א א א אא א J
Kאאאאאאא
אא
אאאאאאאאאאא J
KאאאאאאאאKאא
،אאאא J
א،אאא،א،
Kאאא
אאאא J
.א
אאא אאא J
א Kאאאא ،אאא
אאאאאאאאאא
אאאא Kאאאא
Kאאא
-٦-
אא ١٦٥
אא Lאא א
א א J
אאאא، אאא
Kאאאאאאאא
אא،אאאאאאאא
Wאאא
Kאאאאא
Kאא
Kאאאא
אאאאא
Kאאא
Wאאא J
אאKKKK א J
א J
א J
א J
אא–אKKK א J
JLDPEאא JHDPE אאF א J
Eא
J JFאאא J
KE
אאאא J
?א אא אא ? ١٩٩٥L١ א א אא
،אא א א אא אא א אא א אא
א א א א ،א אא א א
Kא،אא
-٧-
אא ١٦٥
אא Lאא א
Wאא א J
אאא א J
אאא J
א J
אאאאאאא א J
א J
אא J
Wא •
KאאאE––F
KאאאE–F
א J
Fאאאאאא •
KאאאאE
אאאאאאא •
Kא
אאאאאאאא J
אאאאאא J
Kאאא
א
אאאאאא
אאאאאאKא
Kאא،א
EאFאאא J
Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point
-٨-
אא ١٦٥
אא Lאא א
אא،אאאא
Kאאאאאא
אאאאאא אאאא
א אאא،אא
אאא אאא. אאא
אאא אK א
،א אא
אאאאאא
،אאא אאא
אאאא K א
،אאאא אCritical point א
אאאK אא
אא،אאאאא אא
אKאא אא،אא
אאאאא אא
.
Hazard Analysis (HA)א J
אא אאא א
אא ،א ، א א ،א ،אא א, א אא
Wאאאא
Fאא אא J
EאKKKאא אא
K אאאא J
-٩-
אא ١٦٥
אא Lאא א
- ١٠ -
אא ١٦٥
אא Lאא א
אאא
א א ، א •
א אאאא،אאא
אאאאא
אאא א ،אא •
אאאאא
.
אאא، CCP אא •
אאא،א א،א
.אא א
א א א• א
אאא،א
א
א א אא א• א
אאא א?א?
.אאא، אאאא
א אא ،א• א
: אא،אאא
. א א
אא ؛א אא o
(pH).א
.אאאאאא o
אאא o
Kא א،אא
א אאא ،א• א
א א
.אא א
- ١١ -
אא ١٦٥
אא Lאא א
- ١٢ -
אא ١٦٥
אא Lאא א
א،אאאאאא
KCAC/RCP 1-1969, Rev. 3 (1997FאEאFאא
- ١٣ -
אא ١٦٥
אא Lאא א
אא
Wא א J
אאאאאאא
אא
Wאא J
K א א א א א א א אא
Kאאא
Wא J
אאאאאאאאאאאא
Kאאאאאאאא
EFKאאאאאאא
Kא
W אאא J
א א א א א א א א
KEאאFאאאEאאאאFאא
א א א א א א א
Kא
א א א א א א א
Kאאאאאא
Wאאאא J
א
- ١٤ -
אא ١٦٥
אא Lאא א
אא
אאא
אאאאא
אא א J
א ،א ،א ،אא W אא
Kאא
אא J١
אאאאא
אאאאאא ٪٥٥א
Kאא
אא١ J١
א א אא ١ J١{١
Kאאאא
אא א א א א א אא٢ J١{١
Kאא
אאא ٢{١
א א אא אא W ١ J٢{١
אאאאאא،א
Kאא
אאאאאWאאא٢ J٢{١
אאאא،אא
א א א א ،א א
Kאאאאאאא
- ١٥ -
אא ١٦٥
אא Lאא א
אאא ٣{١
WEF١ J١{٣
א א Wא٣ J١ J١{٣
א א א א
Kאאא
אא
Wא٤ J١ J١{٣
א??א
Kאא
אא٢ J١{٣
Wאא אא
- ١٦ -
אא ١٦٥
אא Lאא א
EF٣ J١{٣
٥٠٠ J٣٠٠EאFאאא
אא،אאאא
Wאא
א א א א א Wא ١ J٣ J١{٣
Kאאאאא
- ١٨ -
אא ١٦٥
אא Lאא א
א א א א א א
، א א א א
א אאאאאאא
Kאאא،אאא
א ١{٢
.אא،א،אא
؟אא ٢{٢
א א א א א אא א١ J٢{٢
א
א א א א א א א١ J٢{٢
Kא אאא
אאאא٣{٢
אא١ J٣{٢
א٢ J٣{٢
א٣ J٣{٢
אאא٤ J٣{٢
אאא ٤{٢
ELeucineF ١ J٤{٢
(Isoleucine) ٢ J٤{٢
ELysineF ٣ J٤{٢
- ١٩ -
אא ١٦٥
אא Lאא א
- ٢٠ -
אא ١٦٥
אא Lאא א
א J٣
Kא אאאא
אאאאאא אאא
א א אא א א
אא אא ،א א א א
אאאKאא אאא ٢‚٣א
אאאאא٩،אאא
אא Kאאא ١אאאא ٤א
אא אאאא
אאא،א אא א ٣٥ J١٥א
Kא
א ١{٣
Kא ،א،אא،אאWאאא ١ J١{٣
،א،
אאא، ،א،א،אWאא٢ J١{٣
א،א،א،אא،א، א، א
אKKKאא
אאאאא ٢{٣
אאאא J
Kא
אאאאא J
Kא
- ٢١ -
אא ١٦٥
אא Lאא א
א ٣{٣
א א ElipaseF א א א
אאאאEBile saltFאא א אא
אאא אא
א Kאאאא K
א א א Kא EtriglyceridesF
Kאא
Wא K٤
אא
א א ، E F א
JWא١٣א
Wאאאא ١{٤
א،א אאאאEAF ١ J١{٤
Kאאא،א
אאאאWEDF ٢ J١{٤
אאאא ،
א،אא א
Kא
א א ،א א WEEF ٣ J١{٤
KאאאאKאא
אא،אאאאWEKF ٤ J١{٤
Kאאא
- ٢٢ -
אא ١٦٥
אא Lאא א
Wאאאא ٢{٤
אא W ١ J٢{٤
אא،אאאא
א،א אא א
Kאאא
Kאאאאאא W ١ ٢ J٢{٤
،א א א א א
Kאאאאאא
א א א א WE٢ F א ٣ J٢{٤
אאא ،א
Kאאאא
א אא ،א،אא W٣א ٤ J٢{٤
א EPellagraF אא K
KאEDiarrheaFא،EDermatitisFא،א
א א،אאWCא ٥ J٢{٤
אאא،אאא
אאאאאאא
Kאא،אאא
אאא אאא Wא ٦ J٢{٤
אאאאאאא KDNA
א א ،א
א א EHomocysteineF א Kא א
Kאאאאאא אא
א Kא א א
،אא א א EMacrocytic anemia F א
Kאא א א א א
- ٢٣ -
אא ١٦٥
אא Lאא א
- ٢٤ -
אא ١٦٥
אא Lאא א
KאאK
א א א
– א – אאא א א
– א אא א אא
א Jא א F א א א
Jא – א – – אאא
– א – א – א א – א
א – א א א א . אא
– א א א
– אא א א
א א אא א
.١٢٦
א אאאא א
K א א א
؟KKKKKK
Kאאא
א – א א ،א ،א א א
א אאא
– א – א א א א
אא – א Kאא אא
אאאא
– אא –
אא J א
א – א
- ٢٥ -
אא ١٦٥
אא Lאא א
– אא – א א א א א א
– א J א א
– אא – אאאא
K – א א א .א
אא
Kאאאאא
J אאא
אא אאא אא
א Jא א– א – א א
.א א– א – א J א
.אא
–אא א א א א א
J אא– א אאא
.אאא א א
א
אא
א .א
א א א
א א א אא
. אאאאא
א ،אאא א
א، א א
א א ،א א
אא א א א ،א
א ، א ، ،אאאא א
אא ، א ،א
- ٢٦ -
אא ١٦٥
אא Lאא א
- ٢٧ -
אא ١٦٥
אא Lאא א
- ٢٨ -
אא ١٦٥
אא Lאא א
- ٢٩ -
אא ١٦٥
אא Lאא א
א J
Kאאא
א J
אא אא
א אא Kאא אאא
،אא، א
אאKאאאאא
אKאאאא אאא א
- ٣٠ -
אא ١٦٥
אא Lאא א
،אאאאHClא
א א ، א א אא א
אKאאאאא
אא א א א א א א
Kאאאא،
KאאאאאאK١
Food Guide Pyramidאאאא J
KEאא אאאK٢F
Kאא אאאאא
،אא،א אאאאא
- ٣١ -
אא ١٦٥
אא Lאא א
א א א א א
אאאאאאKאאא
K אאאאאאא
Kא א א
- ٣٢ -
אא ١٦٥
אא Lאא א
א א א א א
Kאאא
א. אאא אא
.א אאא
א א א ،אא
.א א
אאאאא،א א אא
אא א Kא
.א א
אאא אאא
:אאא אא
١١ J٦אאאאא J
٥ J٣אא J
٤ J٢אא J
٣ J٢א J
٣ J٢אאא J
אאא،،א J
٦אאאאא •
٣א •
אא •
- ٣٣ -
אא ١٦٥
אא Lאא א
٣ J٢א •
٥א •
א٥٣אא •
٦אאא •
אאאאא ٢٢٠٠ -
.אאאאKא
٩א •
٤א •
٣אא •
٣ J٢א •
א٦א •
א٧٣אא •
١٢אאא •
١١א •
٥א •
٤אא •
٣ J٢א •
٧א •
א ٩٣אא •
١٨אאא •
- ٣٤ -
אא ١٦٥
אא Lאא א
: אאאאאא
.אאאאאא ١٦٠٠
א א،אא،אאא،א ٢٢٠٠
אאאKאא
.
אאא
، אא،אאא٢٨٠٠
. א
אאא אאאאK٢א
:אאאאא אאאא
K٢
אאאא א אא
א א א א אא
٢٨٠٠ ٢٢٠٠ ١٦٠٠
١١ ٩ ٦ א
٥ ٤ ٣ אא
٤ ٣ ٢ א
٣ J٢ ٣ J٢ ٣ J٢ א
٧ ٦ ٥ א
٩٣ ٧٣ ٥٣ Eא )א
Food
אאאאאאאא ٢٠٠٥
אMy PyramidאאGuide Pyramid.
- ٣٥ -
אא ١٦٥
אא Lאא א
- ٣٦ -
אא ١٦٥
אא Lאא א
אאאאאאאאא
אאא
:אאא
א،،،،،،א،א،אאWאא •
.אא
،א ،א ،א ،א ،א א Wא א •
Kא،א،א،א،א
אאא א אWאא •
.אא
אא אWאא •
.אאא
.אא אאEאFאאא •
KE ٣F
א א א ،א א
אא אאא
Kא
אאאאא. אא
Kא אא אא א א אא K
K אא א אא
.אאאאאא אאא،
W •
א א א אא א א אא
Kאאאאאא
- ٣٧ -
אא ١٦٥
אא Lאא א
Wאא •
Kאאאאאא
،אאא
Kא א א א א א א
אאאא אאא
א
Kאאא א
אKאאא
א א א א א
Kאא
Wאאא •
- ٣٨ -
Jאא
אאא
אאא
٢
אא ١٦٥
אאא Lאא א
א Wאא
אאאא K١ Wאא
אאאא K٢
אאא K٣
אאא K٤
אאא K٥
אא K٦
אאא K٧
א K٨
א K٩
Wאאא
Kאאאא -
אא -
Kאא،א א-
Wאאאא
٦
Wאא
אאא J
אא،אאא J
אאא J
אא،אאא J
Wאא
אאאאאאאא J
אאא אאאאאאא
Kא
- ٣٩ -
אא ١٦٥
אאא Lאא א
אאא J١
אא
אא،אא אאא
،אא ،א א Kא א א א
א א א Kא א ،אא
،אאאאKא
W
אא،אאאא •
א א א ،א א
Kאא
אאא •
Kאאאאא
Kאאאאא
א K٢
אאאאא
אאאאאא
אאאאאא،אאא
אאKאאאאאאאא
،אאאאאאאKא
،אאאאאאאא
אאאאK
אאאא
אאKאאאאא
אאאא،אאא
אאאאKאא
אK אאאאE٧ J٠F
אאאא
- ٤٠ -
אא ١٦٥
אאא Lאא א
אאאKאא
א אאאא
אאK אאא
אאאא،אאא
Kא אECACFאEICMSFF
Wאאא
WאאWאא١{٢
،
א،א،א،אאאאאא١ J١{٢
،א،א،א،א،א،א
א، אאאאאאא
Kאא
אאאאאאאאאא٢ J١{٢
Kאאאאאא
א،،אא٣ J١{٢
Kאאאאא
אא٢{٢
אאא،אאאאאאאא
אאאאאאא،
،Acinetobacterא،PseudomonasאKאא
, Moraxella א Flavobacteria א ،Alcaligenesא
אאאאא
אאKאאאא
KE ٧ J٠F ،א א א א
Kא אא אא א
אא אאאא
א א Kא א א א
אאאאא
- ٤١ -
אא ١٦٥
אאא Lאא א
אאאאאאא
אאאK
א אא
Kא
אאאאאאאא
א א א א Kאא אא
אא א א א
אKאאאא
،אKא אא
אאא אא
אא אאאא א
Film yeast Kא א Saccharomyces אאKא
Salt א אאאאאא
אא Kאאא tolerant
אאא אא
א א א א אא א ،א
א F א א א א KPenicillium א א
KEאאאא
- ٤٢ -
אא ١٦٥
אאא Lאא א
אאא
אAspergillus
אאRhizopus
- ٤٣ -
אא ١٦٥
אאא Lאא א
Mucorא
אPenicillium
- ٤٤ -
אא ١٦٥
אאא Lאא א
א ، א א
אKאאאאא،אא
، א א א א
אKאאאאאא
Kאאאאא
אSaccharomyces
אא
א
- ٤٥ -
אא ١٦٥
אאא Lאא א
א
א
אא
- ٤٦ -
אא ١٦٥
אאא Lאא א
א
- ٤٧ -
אא ١٦٥
אאא Lאא א
א
א
אא
- ٤٨ -
אא ١٦٥
אאא Lאא א
אא ٣{٢
א א א א אא א
א אא א
א א א אא אא אא
WאאKאא،א،אא
א א א ١ J٣{٢
א א א
א א א ،
K
Wאאאאא
: א •
א א א א
א ، אאא
א א J٪٢{٥ J ٢א
. א
- ٤٩ -
אא ١٦٥
אאא Lאא א
אא •
.אא אאא
א •
א،אאא אאא
. א א
א •
א א אא א א
Kאאאאא אאKאאא
א אא א א Kאא א
א،א،אאאאאא
אאאאאKא،א
،א א א
אא، אאאאא א
אא א אא
EF ،אאא
א א ، א אא ،
אאאאאאKאאא
WאאKאאא٧٢ J٨אאאא
Kאאאא J
אאאאאאאא J
Kא
KE٧٠Fאאא J
KEאFאאאאאא א J
Kאא J
א
Kא٣٠٠٠ J٢٥٠٠א •
KFood infectionאWא •
KאאאאאאWאא •
אאאאאאאאWאא •
Kאא
- ٥١ -
אא ١٦٥
אאא Lאא א
EאFאאK،،،،Wאא •
K٢٤١٢
א،א،אאאאW א •
KCross-contamination
אSalmonella
- ٥٢ -
אא ١٦٥
אאא Lאא א
א
Escherichia coliood Poisoningאאאאא ٢{٣
א אא א א א א א
א ، א Kא א א אא ، א
א،אאאאאאאא
KאאאאאאKא
Wאא
(Enteropathogenic E. coli א א א א ١ J٢{٣
אאאא "EPEC")
Kא
(Enteroinvasive E. coli א א א א א ٢ J٢{٣
אאאאאאא "EIEC")
- ٥٣ -
אא ١٦٥
אאא Lאא א
א ، א א א
אאKא٢٤ J٨אא
K א א א א א
Kאאאאאא،א
(Enterotoxigenic E. coli אאאא ٣ J٢{٣
א א א א "ETEC")
א ، ، אא א ،א
K ٣٠ J٢٤אא ٤٤ ٨א
א א א א א
Kאא،אאא
(Enterohemorrhagic E. coli אאאאא ٤ J٢{٣
א"(E. coli O157:H7) אא"EHEC")
אא אאאאאאא
(Enterohemorrhagic E. אאאא،אא
W(E. coli O157:H7)Kcoli)
אאאא א J
א א א א א J
א א א א א א
Kאאאא
EאאאFאאא א J
Kאא
אא אאאאאאאאא
،אא א א אא א א ،א
אKאאאאאאאא
אאאאאאא
אאאKאאאאאא
Kאאאאא
- ٥٤ -
אא ١٦٥
אאא Lאא א
א
E. coli 0157:H7אאאא
Haemolytic Uraemic אWא
KHamburgersא א،Syndroe (HUS)
KאאWאא
،אא،אא،אאאאWאא
Kאאא
K،אWאא
Kא،אא،אWא
אE.coli
- ٥٥ -
אא ١٦٥
אאא Lאא א
- ٥٦ -
אא ١٦٥
אאא Lאא א
אאK،،،،Wאא
KE٦٤Fא
אא،אאאאאאאWא
Kאאאאא
Bacillus cereus Food Poisoning אאא ٤{٣
،א ،אא א א א
א א ،א אא אא ،אא ،א ،א ،א
، ٤٨ J١٠אאאKאא
אאא، ٣٤ J٢٨אאאא
Kא א א א א א אא א א
אאאאאא
אאאאאאKא
א K ٢٤ J١٢ א אא ، ١٦ J٤
K٢٤ J١٢אא٥ J١אא
א ،אאאאאאא
א א Kא א
אאאKאאאא
אא، אאאאאאא
א א Kא א א א א א
א K א א א א Kא א
א אא ،אא א א א א אא
א٧אא،
Kאאאא،٦٠ J٥٥
- ٥٧ -
אא ١٦٥
אאא Lאא א
א
Bacillus cereusWא
KL٦١٠≤אExtotoxinsאא Wא
Kאא،א،אWאא
KאאEא٪٨٠FאאאWאא
K٦ J١א١٥ J٦א،Wאא
KאאאאWא
Campylobacter jejuniאאאאא٥{٣
אאאאאאאא
אא אאא
Kא א א א אא אא
אאKאאאאאאא
אאאKאא ، ،א
Guillain-Barre syndromeאא
WאאאאאKא
א א אא א אא א א J
Kאאא
Kאאאאא J
אא א א א א א אא אא J
K
אאאאאאא J
אאא אאאאא
Kאאאאא
Kאאאאאא J
- ٥٨ -
אא ١٦٥
אאא Lאא א
א
KאWא
Wאא
Kא،א،אא،אא،אאאWאא
،אאא٥ J٢אאK،،Wאא
Kאא א
Kאא،אWא
Botulism אא٦{٣
Colstridium א א א
אא א botulinum
אא א Kאאאאאא א
א אא א א א אא א ،
אאKאאאKאא
אאאאאאKbetulinum toxin א
SPORES אאאאא אא
Kא אאאא
א א א א
אאאאאא
אאאא
א אאאEFא
אKא E F
אK Infant botulismאאאא
אאKאאאאאא
אאאKא
אא، א،אא،אא ،
אאא،א אא،
- ٥٩ -
אא ١٦٥
אאא Lאא א
אאאאאא
، א א ، א ، א ، א א א
א،אאא،אא،א،א
Spores א א Kא אאא א א א א
KE١٠٠FאKאא
Betulinum K ١٢٠
٨٠١٠٠אtoxin
א אא ٣٨ J١٢ אא K ٣٠
אאKא،א،אא
א א א א K א אא א א
אא ،א K א א א א א א
אא،אא،א ،א
א،، א ،א
אKא،אאא
Kא
א א א א אא א א
אאא،Eא אFאאאא
אא،אאאא،אאא
אKאא
אאא
אאאאאא ، אא
Kאא
א
KNeurotoxinאא Wא
KאאWאא
KE،،FאאWאא
א،א،Wאא
K،א،אא
- ٦٠ -
אא ١٦٥
אאא Lאא א
home canningאאאWא
Colstridium perfringes Food אא א٧{٣
Poisoning
אאאאאא
Kאאאאאא
א،אאאא אא
אKאא،אא
אאאאא אא
،אאא
٤٥אאאKאאא
K ٢٠ א ٥٠ א
אא،אא،אאאאאאאאא
אא א א א א א אא א Kא
אאא،א
אאא، ٦٠אא،
א ١٠٠ J٧٠ ٧ א
Kאאא
א
Kאא
KאאאWא
KאאאאאWאא
אאאE FאW אא
K
K،، ،Wאא
אא،אאאWא
Kא
- ٦١ -
אא ١٦٥
אאא Lאא א
- ٦٢ -
אא ١٦٥
אאא Lאא א
Shigellosisא ٩{٣
א א א א א
א א אא א
אאאאאאאאא،אא
א، אאאאאאא K
א אא ،א א א א
א ، ، אא אא א א
א אא א K אא א Kא א
א א א א
א Kא א א א א ،אא
א א א א אא א א א אא
Kא
א
KEFWא
Wאא
،E Fא،אאא،אאW
אא
Kאא
KWאא
א אאאאWא
Kאאאאא،אא
Mycotoxinsאא ١٠{٣
אאאאא
אאEAspergillus flavusFאא
EAspergillusnominusFא(Aspergillus parasiticus)
B1, B2, G1, G2,א،
אאאאאאא
- ٦٣ -
אא ١٦٥
אאא Lאא א
K אאאK
אאאא،אאא
אא אאא א
אאאאאאאאאKא
אאאאאאא
،º٣٠–٢٦אא٪٨٥ J٨٠אא
K אאאאאא
א
אאא
אאKאאאא
אאאאאאא
אאאאאאאאKא
א א،٣٠אאאאE٢٦ J٢٣Fא
אאא،אאאא
אאאאאא
אאאאאא،אאא
אאאא אאאאא
، אאאאאKא
Kא
Wאא K٤
אאאאא
Wאאא
אאאאאאWאא ١{٤
אאאאאKאאא
Kאאא
Kאאאא(T-A)אא ٢{٤
Kאאא
- ٦٤ -
אא ١٦٥
אאא Lאא א
א،אאאא ٣{٤
אKClostridiumאא
Kאא
אא K٥
Wא،אאאא
אא א א א אא אא א ١{٥
Kאא
א א א ٢{٥
Kאא אאאאא
א א ٣{٥
Kאא אא
- ٦٥ -
אא ١٦٥
אאא Lאא א
- ٦٦ -
אא ١٦٥
אאא Lאא א
- ٦٧ -
אא ١٦٥
אאא Lאא א
אאאאאאא٥ J٤{٨
K
אאאאאאא٦ J٤{٨
K
אאאא٧ J٤{٨
אאאא
Kא
אאא K٩
א אא א א א אא
WאאאKא
א א א א א א١{٩
Kאאאא
א א א א א א ٢{٩
א א א א
Kא
א،אאאאאא ٣{٩
א א א א א א
Kאאאאאא،
Kאאא،א ٤{٩
אאאאאאאא ٥{٩
K
א א א א א ٦{٩
Kאא
אאאא
א א א אא א K
אאא،אאאא
- ٦٨ -
אא ١٦٥
אאא Lאא א
א א אא אא ،א
،אאאאאאK
אאאKאאאאאא
Kאאאאא
אאאאאאא K١٠
אא א אא א א א
אא،אא
אא א א א
א אא א א אא אא א א
אא אKאא
אא א א א א א א
Kאאאאאאא
אא K١١
،אאאאאWא ١{١١
Wאאאאא
Kאאאאאאאא ١ J١{١١
אאאאאאא ٢ J١{١١
Kאאאאאאא
אא אא Wאאא٢{١١
Kאאא
אאאא אאאאWאא٣{١١
Kאאאא
א K١٢
- ٦٩ -
אא ١٦٥
אאא Lאא א
Wאאאאאא
א ١{١٢
אאא ٢{١٢
אא ٣{١٢
Kאאאא ٤{١٢
Wאאאאאא אK١٣
Kאאאאאאאא ١{١٣
KEאאFאאא
Kאאא ٢{١٣
Kאאאאאאאאא ٣{١٣
Kאאאאאאא ٤{١٣
Kאאאא ٥{١٣
Kאאא ٦{١٣
Kאאאאא ٧{١٣
אאאאאא ٨{١٣
אאאא
אאא K١٤
אאאא ١{١٤
Kאא
אאאאאאאא ٢{١٤
אאאאאאאאאאא
אאא
Kאאאאא
א ٣{١٤
אאאאאאא
، א א א Kא א
- ٧٠ -
אא ١٦٥
אאא Lאא א
א א
אאאאKא
אאאא אא
Kאאא Kא
Kאא
٤{١٤
Wאא K١٥
אאאאאאאא ١{١٥
Kאאאא،א،א،
אאאאאאאאאא ٢{١٥
Kאאאא
אא K١٦
١٣٩٧L٤٨ ١٣٩٧L٣١אאאא
Wאאאאאאאא
Kאא ١{١٦
J–––אFאא ٢{١٦
א––א––
–אאאאאאא–אא
Eא
אאאאאאא K١٧
א א א א א אא א ١{١٧
٢א א
K٣
- ٧١ -
אא ١٦٥
אאא Lאא א
א١١אא ٢{١٧
אאK١אKא٣
KE١٩٧٦F١٣٩٦L٢٦א
K١٣٩٧L٤١אאאא ٣{١٧
אא אאאאא ١ J٣{١٧
Wא
אאאא
אאא אאא
3 500
4 501 - 1000
5 1001 – 5000
6 ٥٠٠٠
W?١?אאEאאFאאא ٢ J٣{١٧
אאא אאא
3 216
5 ٣٤٣
6 ٥١٢
7 ٧٢٩
7 ١٠٠٠
8 ١٠٠٠
W٢אאאא ٣ J٣{١٧
א٥٠٠אא٣
אא٥٠٠
٤ J٣{١٧?٥?
- ٧٢ -
אא ١٦٥
אאא Lאא א
W١אאאא ٤ J٣{١٧
אאא אאא
3 1000
8 ١٠{٠٠٠
١٠{٠٠٠
א א
W١אאא ٥ J٣{١٧
٦٠٠،٣٠٠
א٦٠٠١٠٠
K
W١אאא ٦ J٣{١٧
אאא אאא
3 500
4 ١٠٠٠
5 ٥٠٠٠
7 ٥٠٠٠
K١אאא٧ J٣{١٧
אאאאא
אK א٢٠٠
א א א א א א א
א ،א
אא אאאאא
Kא،א
- ٧٣ -
אא ١٦٥
אאא Lאא א
אאא אאא
3 2.5
4 26-50
5 51 - 100
8 ١٠٠
אאא K١٨
אא ١{١٨
א א א א א ٢{١٨
א א א
Kאא
אאא אא ٣{١٨
אא אא
Kאאאאא
אאאאאאא אא ٤{١٨
Kאאא
אאאאא ٥{١٨
KEאFאאאאא
אEאFאאא ٦{١٨
אאאאאEF
Kאאא
אא K١٩
Kא א١{١٩
Kאא א٢{١٩
Kא א٣{١٩
Kאאאא א٤{١٩
- ٧٤ -
אא ١٦٥
אאא Lאא א
אאKאאא א٥{١٩
Kאא
Wא K٢٠
א אאאאא
Kאאאאאאאאא
אאא١ J٢٠
Kאאאאא א-
Kאאאא -
אאאאאאא -
Kא
אאאאאאאא -
Kא
Kאאאא -
אא٢ J٢٠
Wאאא
Kא ١ J٢ J٢٠
EאFאאאאא ٢ J٢ J٢٠
אאאאא
Kאאא
אאא ٣ J٢ J٢٠
Kאאא
Kאאא ٤ J٢ J٢٠
אאא ٣ J٢٠
- ٧٥ -
אא ١٦٥
אאא Lאא א
Wאאאאא
Kאאאאא ١ J٣ J٢٠
אא אאא ٢ J٣ J٢٠
Kאאאא
אאאאא
אאאאא ٣ J٣ J٢٠
Kאא
אאאאאאאא ٤ J٣ J٢٠
Kאאא
אאאאאא ٥ J٣ J٢٠
Kאא
Kאאא ٦ J٣ J٢٠
Wא ٤ J٢٠
אאא ١ J٤ J٢٠
Kאא
Kאא ٢ J٤ J٢٠
אאאאא ٣ J٤ J٢٠
Kאאא
Kאאאא ٤ J٤ J٢٠
א אאא ٥ J٤ J٢٠
Kאאאא
א ٦ J٤ J٢٠
אאא
אאאא
Kאאאאא
אאאאאא ٧ J٤ J٢٠
Kאאא
- ٧٦ -
אא ١٦٥
אאא Lאא א
א K٢١
אאאאאאאאא
אאאא
Kא
אאא
אאאאא
K אאא אאאא
אאאEאFא
אאE JFאאא
אא אאאאאא
FאאאאאאKא
אאאאאאאאאEא J J
Kאאאאאאא
אא ١ J٢١
Wאאאא
Kאא ١ J١ J٢١
אאאאאאאאא ٢ J١ J٢١
Kאא
אא ٣ J١ J٢١
אאאאאאאאא
Kא
אאאאא ٤ J١ J٢١
Kאאאא
Kאא ٥ J١ J٢١
- ٧٧ -
אא ١٦٥
אאא Lאא א
אאאא٢ J٢١
Fאאאאאאא
WE
Wאא ١ J٢ J٢١
אא،אאאא
Kא٣٠
Wאא ٢ J٢ J٢١
Kאאא ٢{١ J٢ J٢١
א،אאא ٢{٢ J٢ J٢١
Kאאאאאאאא
אאאאא ٢{٣ J٢ J٢١
Kא
אאאא ٢{٤ J٢ J٢١
K
אאאאאא ٢{٥ J٢ J٢١
٣٠אא
Kא
Kאאא ٢{٦ J٢ J٢١
- ٧٨ -
אא ١٦٥
אאא Lאא א
Wאא ٣ J٢١
א אאאא
٣٠אא
Kא
אא ١{٢٢
- ٨٠ -
אא ١٦٥
אאא Lאא א
: אאא،א ٣{٢٢
א ٤{٢٢
א١ J٤{٢٢
א٢ J٤{٢٢
א٣ J٤{٢٢
אאאאאא K٢٣
אאאאא
אאאאאKאא
אא،אא
אאאאKאאא
אאאאאK
- ٨١ -
אא ١٦٥
אאא Lאא א
אאאאאאאKאא
אאאאאא
Kאאאאא
ﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻻﻨﻘﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺒﺕ
ﻟﻭﻏﺎﺭﻴﺘﻡ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺭﻴﺎ
ﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺕ
ﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻴﻊ
ﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻗﻠﻡ
( ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻡ، ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ،ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ ) ﺍﻟﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ
אאאאאK١
אאא K٢٤
אאאאאאא א١ J٢٤
Kא،א،א
Kאאאאאאאאא ٢ J٢٤
א א א א א א ٤ J٢٤
Kאאא
א ٧١אאא ٥ J٢٤
Kאאאא
אאאאא٦ J٢٤
Kאאא
- ٨٢ -
אא ١٦٥
אאא Lאא א
Kאאאאאא٧ J٢٤
Kאאאאאא ٨ J٢٤
אא
،אא ٩ J٢٤
אאא٦٠א
אאאא
K
- ٨٣ -
Jאא
אאא אא
אאאאא
٣
אא ١٦٥
אאאאא Lאא א
א Wאא
Wאא
אאאאאK١
אK٢
Wאאא
אאאאאא
Wאאאא
٥ J
Wאא
א
אאאא
K،אא
Wאא
אאאאא
- ٨٦ -
אא ١٦٥
אאאאא Lאא א
אאאאא K١
١{١
אא ١ J١{١
א א א א EאF אא א
א א א אאא
אאאאא Kא
אאאאאא
Kאאא
אא ٢ J١{١
א א א
א אא א
Kאא אא
אאאאא
.א
אא٣ J١{١
אאאאא
، ، ، א א א
אאאK א
אא.א א
א א א א
،א א א : א א ،א
،אאאא،אא
אא؛
. א ،אא
- ٨٧ -
אא ١٦٥
אאאאא Lאא א
- ٨٩ -
אא ١٦٥
אאאאא Lאא א
- ٩٠ -
אא ١٦٥
אאאאא Lאא א
Wאא ١٩ J١{١
אאאא
א א א
א א א א א ،א
،אאאא،א
Kאאא
Kאאאא ٢{١
א א א א١ J٢{١
א אא
Kא
אאאאאאא٢ J٢{١
א אא א א א
K
אאאא ٣ J٢{١
Kאאאאא
א א א ٤ J٢{١
אאא،
אאאא
K°٤٠א
א א א אא אא ٥ J٢{١
אאא
- ٩١ -
אא ١٦٥
אאאאא Lאא א
אאאא ٣{١
Wאאאאאאאאא١ J٣{١
א א א ١ J١ J٣{١
אא،אא
،E ١٨ JF א E ٤F א א א
אאא،אאאאא
אאאKא
אאא א
אא אא אא
Kא
אאאא אא ٢ J١ J٣{١
F א ،א ،א א ،א א
Kא،אא،אאא،Eאא
אא ٣ J١ J٣{١
א ٤{١
אא אאאאא١ J٤{١
Kאאאאאאא
Kאאאאא ٢ J٤{١
אאאא ٣ J٤{١
K
Kאא ٤ J٤{١
- ٩٢ -
אא ١٦٥
אאאאא Lאא א
- ٩٤ -
אא ١٦٥
אאאאא Lאא א
אא א א א א
Kאא
אאאאא
אאאא אאאKאא
אאאKאאאא
Kאאאאא
אאאאא אאאא
אאאא ،אא
א א ،א אא
Kאאאאא
א،אאאאאא
אא ،א א אא
K א א א א ٣ א
אאאאא
Kאאאא٦٣א
א ٣ J٠ א א א
K١٨ Jאא
א،אאאאאאא
Kאאאאאאאא
אאKאאא אאא
אאאא
א א Kא
Kאאאאאאא
K אא א א אא אא א א
אאאא
אא א אא א א K
Kאא א
- ٩٥ -
אא ١٦٥
אאאאא Lאא א
אאאאא
אאא
א אא
אא אאא
Kאא
אאא ٧{١
אאאאא ١ J٧{١
אאאאא
אאאאאאאא
אאאאא
L٥L٥٤٧١אאא
K١٤١٣L١٠L١٣
Kאאא ٢ J٧{١
Kאאאא ٣ J٧{١
Kאא ٤ J٧{١
אאאאאאא ٥ J٧{١
אא
א א א
Kאא
א ٦ J٧{١
א א א א א
Kאאאא
אאאאא ٧ J٧{١
Kאא
- ٩٦ -
אא ١٦٥
אאאאא Lאא א
א K٢
Wאאאאא
Kאאאא ١{٢
Kאא ٢{٢
א א אא אא א ٣{٢
Kא
Kאא ٤{٢
Wא K٢
Kאא אאאאא ١{٣
Kאאאאאא ٢{٣
א אא א א א ٣{٣
Kאא
Kאאאאא،אאאא ٤{٣
Kאאאאא ٥{٣
א K٣
Low Temperature Preservation of אאא ١{٤
Food
אאאאאאא
Temperature Preservation of Food א א א ٢{٤
High
אאאאאאא
אאא،א
אא ،א
אאאK١٥א٧١א
- ٩٧ -
אא ١٦٥
אאאאא Lאא א
א،אאאא
אאKאאא
אאאאW
Kאאא
א،אאאאא
١٢١ א א
אאאאאאאKא
אאאאאאאK
٦אאאאא Kא
אאW אאKאאאא
Kאאא،אאא
Wא ٣{٤
א ٤ J٠ א א
אאאאKאאא
א،אאאא
א א ،אא אא ، א א
Wא
אאE١٥ J١٠F א١ J٣{٤
Kאאא
٧ J٢ אא א EאF א٢ J٣{٤
Kאאאא
- ٩٨ -
אא ١٦٥
אאאאא Lאא א
Wא ٤{٤
אאאאאאא
אאאKאאא
א Kא א א א א
١٨ JאאאKאא
Wאא
אאאאא J
אאאאאא J
אא אאאאא
אאאאאא
אא ٢٩א ٣١ ٣٢ א
١٧ א ٢٥ ٢٦ ٢٨ א
. אא
א אאאאאאאאא -
א א א א אא אא א
. אאאאאאאא
א א א א א א א-
א אאא א א א א א אא
א א א א א א א
א א א א א אא א
א
א אאאאאאאא -
א אאאK،
. אאאאא
א -
א אא א אא אא א
אאא אא
- ٩٩ -
אא ١٦٥
אאאאא Lאא א
אאאאאא
Kאא
Wא ١ J٤{٤
אאא،א א١ J١ J٤{٤
אא ٢٠
אא ،E ١٠– ٥ JFא
א
אאאאאא
٪ ٢٠אאא
אא Kאאאא
אא
Kאא
אא א ،א א٢ J١ J٤{٤
٤٠ J ٣٠ J F א אא
א א א KE
אאאאאא
אאאא
Kאאאא ٪ ٠{٥
Kאא
א א ،א א٣ J١ J٤{٤
E ٥ – ١ F א א
E ٣٠ J ٢٠ JFאאא
E ٥٠٠ – ٣٠٠Fאא
א
Kאאאאא
- ١٠٠ -
אא ١٦٥
אאאאא Lאא א
אא
אאא
Wאא
א א א W א א J
Kא
KאאאאאאאWא J
KאאאWא J
אא ٥– ٣אאאWא J
אאאאאאא
Kא
א א א א א W א J
Kא
אאאאאאWאא J
אאאאאא
אאאאא
Kאאא
א ١٨ JאאאWא J
Kאאאא
א
Wאא
KאאWא א J
אאאאאאאאאWא J
Kא
- ١٠١ -
אא ١٦٥
אאאאא Lאא א
א א א א א Wא J
Kאאאאא
Kא אאאאWא J
אא Wאאאאא J
אאא ٥ – ٣א٪ ٠{٥א
K٤٠–٣٠١٧٠–١٥٠אא
א א א א א W א J
Kא
אאאאאWא J
Kאאאאאאא
א ١٨ JאאאWא J
Kאאאא
א א א Wא אWאא אWא J
Kא
KאאאאאאאWא J
KאאאWא J
אא ٥– ٣אאאWא J
אאאאאאא
Kא
א א א א א W א J
Kא
א א א א W א J
א אא א א אא
Kאאא
- ١٠٢ -
אא ١٦٥
אאאאא Lאא א
אאאאאא
א،אאאא
Kאאאא
אאא ٣ J٥{٤
،אאאאא
Kאאאאאא
א٤ J٥{٤
אאאאאאא
Kאאאאא
א٥ J٥{٤
א א א
Wא،א،א،א،אאא
א J
Kאאא
אאאאא J
א٦ J٥{٤
WאKאאאאא
Kאאאאאאאאא١ J٦ J٥{٤
Kאאאאאא٢ J٦ J٥{٤
Kאא٣ J٦ J٥{٤
Kא٤ J٦ J٥{٤
Wא
Kאא J
Kאא א J
- ١٠٤ -
אא ١٦٥
אאאאא Lאא א
א א א א א J
אאא Kא
Kאאאא
א٧ J٥{٤
אאאאא
א א א Kא א
Kאאאאאאאא
א٨ J٥{٤
،אאאאאאאא
א א א א א א אא
WאאKאאא
א١ J٨ J٥{٤
אאאאאאאאאא ٢ J٨ J٥{٤
אא
אאאאאא ٣ J٨ J٥{٤
א
Kאאאאאאא٤ J٨ J٥{٤
Kאאאאאאאא٥ J٨ J٥{٤
אא٩ J٥{٤
אאאאאא
WאאKאאאא
Kא١ J٩ J٥{٤
אאאאאאא٢ J٩ J٥{٤
Kאאאאאאא
- ١٠٥ -
אא ١٦٥
אאאאא Lאא א
א١٠{٤ J٥
אאאא
WHead Space א
אאאאאא١ J١٠ J٥{٤
אאאאא
Kאא
אאאאאא١ J١٠ J٥{٤
אאאאאאא
Kאאאאא
אא٣ J١٠ J٥{٤
א א
Kא
אא١١ J٥{٤
אאאא
אאא
אאא١٢ J٥{٤
אאאא אא
Wאא،א
אאאאא١ J١٢ J٥{٤
Kאא
Kאאאאאא٢ J١٢ J٥{٤
א١٣ J٥{٤
א،אאאאא
Kא
א١٤ J٥{٤
، אאא
אאאאאאא
- ١٠٦ -
אא ١٦٥
אאאאא Lאא א
אאא
Kאאאאא
א١٥ J٥{٤
، א א אא
EאFאאא
אא EאFאKא
א א ،א אא א א
KאאאאאEאF
א١٦ J٥{٤
א١٧ J٥{٤
Preservation of Food by Dryingא ٤{٦
אKאאאא
אאאאא
א א א אא Kאא א א
א אא א א אא א א
א א אא Kאא א
EאאF
Preservation of Food by Irradiationא ٧{٤
אKאאאאאא
א،אא،אאאאאא
Wא
Kאאאאא א١ J٧{٤
א א אא א א ٢ J٧{٤
Kאאאא
Kאאאאאאא ٣ J٧{٤
- ١٠٧ -
אא ١٦٥
אאאאא Lאא א
F אא א א א א ٤ J٧{٤
KEאא
Kאאאאא א٥ J٧{٤
- ١٠٨ -
١٦٥
אא
Lאא א
Wאאא
K١٤١٨א–א،אאLאאא אK١
،אLKאאא אK٢
KK٢٠٠٢אא–אL،אL
،L،אL،Lא K٤
Jאא Jא K א L
K٢٠٠٤ J٢٠٠٣א
KאאLKאאאאאאא אK٥
K١٩٩٨א
K١٩٩٠،אא Jאאאאאא K٦
KE١٤١٨Fאאאאא Jאאא K٧
א J א ، א א K ١٩٧٧ ، K אK٨
Kאא
K١٩٨٤، Jאא،אא K٩
א،אKאאאאא אK١٢
KEאF،אאא J
אאאאאWEHACCPFאאא K١٣
KEאF،אאא Jא،א،א
א א J א א J א K א K א א K١٤
Kא
?אאאא?א אK١٥
א Jאא JאאאאKאא
K١٩٩٠٢٤ J٢٢،
א א ، א K١٧
א K٧٦ א א א K٢٠٠٣،א
Kאאאא
Wאאא
Magda, R., El-Dairoty, R.K., Tawfek, N.F., and Sharaf, O.M. 1988. Food E٤
Kborne disease outbreaks due to specific bacteriological etiologies in Egypt
Egypt. J. Microbiology (under publication).
trends in food borne Salmonellosis in the Bryan, F.L. 1981. Current E٥
Kprot. 44, 394United States and Canada. J. Food
Hygiene . 2nd ed. page. 28. Hayes. P.R. 1992. Food Microbiology and E٨
KElsevier Applied Science, London and New York
Hobbs, B.C. and Roberts, D. 1993. Food poisoning and food hygiene . E٩
ed. Edward Arnold, London , Boston , Melbourne , Auckland . page 106th
Liska, B.J. 1986. New bacteria in the news . A special symposium . Food E١٠
Techn. 40:16-18.
borne Riemann, H. 1969. Botulism - types A, Band F. In ” Food E١١
infections and Intoxications ” . Ed. H. Riemann, New York, Academic press
Sakaguchi, G. 1969 . Botulism - type E. In : Food-borne infections and E١٢
Intoxications . Ed. H. Riemann, New York, Academic press
Dohnalek, M.I. and Marth, E.H. 1989. Staphylococcus Aureus JHalpin E١٣
extracellular compounds and behavior in foods - a review . J. : Production of
Food prot., 52:267-282.
Enterotoxigenicit of KHarvey, J., Patterson, J.T. and Gibbs, P.A. 1982 E١٤
poultry carcases as a Staphycoccus Aureus strains isolated from poultry : raw
Kpotential food poisoning hazard. J. Appl. Bact., 52: 251-258
١٦٥
אא
Lאא א
L.C. 1973. Effect of Selected Lactic acid ،Haines, W.C. and Harmon E١٦
Aureus and production of Enterotoxin , bacteria and growth of Staphylococcus
APPL. Microbiology, 25 (2) : 434 – 441
Tatini, S.R. 1973. Influence of food environment on growth of E١٧
staphylococcus Aureus and production of various Enterotoxin. J. Milk, Food
Techno. 36 (1) : 559 – 563
Poultry meat hygiene and KBremner, A. and Mac Johnston . 1996 E١٨
Philadelphia , Toronto , ،inspection . WB Saunders Company Ltd. , London
Tokyo
poisoning due to growth of Mcclung, L.S. 1945 . Human food E١٩
chickin , J. Bacteriol. , 50 Clostridium Perfringens (Welchii) in freshly cooked
: 229 – 231
and safe handling : USDA’S. 1989. A consumer guide to food quality E٢١
K St. NW. ١٧٥٠،Meat , Poultry , Seafood and Eggs . Food Marketing Institute
KWashington DC , 20006
١٦٥
א
Lאא א
א
א
٣٩ J١ אאWא א ١
٨٤ J٤٠ אאאWא א ٢
١٠٩ J٨٥ אאאאאWא א ٣
١١٤ J١١٠ א א ٤
١١٥ א ٥