سلامة الغذاء 2 PDF

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﻔﻨﻲ واﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 J‫א‬‫א‬
٢٠٧
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
EF
١٦٥
 ١٦٥  
 
 L‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 
 W،،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ 
 
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬        ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ،    
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬  ،‫א‬   ‫א‬      ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
?‫א‬??EF‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬       

 J‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
١
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  L‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫ א‬ J١
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٢

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٥
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٣  
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬ -
 K‫א‬‫א‬ -

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
-١-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  L‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
K، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬ -
    ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬      ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ،        ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-٢-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  L‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬       ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
    ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 K
‫א‬‫ א‬-
‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬ -
     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   
 K‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
        ‫א‬      K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬  ،     ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
       ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
-٣-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  L‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫ א‬-
‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫ א‬-
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫ א‬-
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  E ، ،F ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬      
 K‫א‬
 
‫ א‬-
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫ א‬-
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
-٤-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  L‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
E‫א‬ F  ‫א‬     ‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬    ،‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫ א‬-
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬KESASOF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  E‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
-٥-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  L‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬     J
 ،‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬   ، 
K‫א‬،E‫א‬F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
 E  ٤F ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E ١٨ JF‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫ א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬         J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
.‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  L‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫ א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
 
‫א‬‫א‬KKKK‫ א‬ J
‫ א‬ J
‫ א‬ J
‫ א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬KKK‫ א‬ J
 JLDPE‫א‬‫א‬ JHDPE ‫א‬‫א‬F‫ א‬ J
E‫א‬
 J JF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
 KE
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
   ?‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ? ١٩٩٥L١  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ،‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  L‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
‫א‬  J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
‫א‬  J
‫א‬‫א‬  J
W‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E––F
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E–F
‫א‬  J
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
 Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point
-٨-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  L‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(‫ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺨﺎﻃﺮ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻧﻘﺎط اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ اﻟﺤﺮﺟﺔ )ﻧﻈﺎم اﻟﻬﺎﺳﺐ‬ J

(HACCP)(Critical Control Points & Hazard Analysis
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬.‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K  ‫א‬
   ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫ א‬Critical point ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 .
 
Hazard Analysis (HA)‫א‬  J
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫ א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬  ،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬, ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬  J
E‫א‬KKK‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  L‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  Critical control points (CCP)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J

‫א א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫ א‬
 :‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J

‫ א‬‫א‬  J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
:‫ א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
.‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ •
.‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ •
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  E‫א‬‫ א‬   F     
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬.‫א‬
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬   
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Critical control points ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K‫א‬
‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (CCP) .
           ‫א‬   ‫א‬
  .‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K Zero defects‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
- ١٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  L‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
    ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ،  ‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬ •
  ‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
.  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، CCP  ‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬
.‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
    ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬         ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬?‫א‬?
.‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫• א‬
: ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
. ‫א‬‫ א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫؛‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  o
(pH).‫א‬
.‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ o
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ o
K‫א‬‫ א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫• א‬
 ‫א‬           ‫ א‬
.‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
- ١١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  L‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
- ١٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  L‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 
 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KCAC/RCP 1-1969, Rev. 3 (1997F‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
- ١٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  L‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫ א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬  J
 K ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬  J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EFK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬
KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬
K‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
‫א‬
- ١٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  L‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬ W     ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٪٥٥‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬١ J١
‫א‬         ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ١ J١{١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬٢ J١{١
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢{١
   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  W  ١ J٢{١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٢{١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ،‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  L‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٣{١
 WEF١ J١{٣
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬١ J١ J٣{١

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬٢ J١ J١{٣

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬     ‫א‬  W‫א‬٣ J١ J١{٣
‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬٤ J١ J١{٣
‫א‬??‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬W‫א‬٥ J١ J١{٣

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬٢ J١{٣
 W‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
،HWE‫א‬F‫א‬١ J٢ J١{٣

‫א‬        ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  L‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬WE‫א‬F ‫א‬ ١ J٢ J١{٣

 H
،HWE‫א‬F‫א‬ ٢ J٢ J١{٣

 ‫א‬
 EF٣ J١{٣
٥٠٠ J٣٠٠E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   W‫א‬ ١ J٣ J١{٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ ٢ J٣ J١{٣

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
    ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬
،   ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ،
  ‫א‬     ‫א‬  
‫א‬  ‫א‬   ،  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬  ،‫א‬ ،‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    
 K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬EF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٤{١

 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١ J٤{١
 K
- ١٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  L‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ ٢ J٤{١

 ‫א‬ ٣ J٤{١
 K‫א‬‫א‬ ٤ J٤{١
 K‫א‬‫א‬WEMaltaseF‫א‬  ٥ J٤{١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
    K‫א‬     ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 E Glucose MetabolismFF‫א‬ ٥{١
‫א‬EPancreasF‫א‬‫א‬EInsulinF ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 ‫ א‬K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
،‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
          K‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬ ١٠٠ J٨٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  L‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
  ،  ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬ ١{٢
.‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢{٢
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬١ J٢{٢
 ‫א‬
    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬١ J٢{٢
K‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣{٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬١ J٣{٢
  ‫א‬٢ J٣{٢
  ‫א‬٣ J٣{٢
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤ J٣{٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

. ،‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫ א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٤{٢
  ELeucineF ١ J٤{٢
  (Isoleucine) ٢ J٤{٢
 ELysineF  ٣ J٤{٢
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  L‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 EMethionineF  ٤ J٤{٢

  ECystineF  ٥ J٤{٢
 EPhenylalanineF ‫א‬ ٦ J٤{٢
 ETyrosineF  ٧ J٤{٢
 EThreonineF  ٨ J٤{٢
 ETryptophanF  ٩ J٤{٢
EValineF ١٠ J٤{٢
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٥{٢
 W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 EGlycineF ١ J٥{٢
EGlutamicacidF ٢ J٥{٢
EHistidineF  ٣ J٥{٢
EProlineF ٤ J٥{٢
 EArginineF ٥ J٥{٢
ESerineF  ٦ J٥{٢
EAlanineF  ٧ J٥{٢
 EAspartic acidF  ٨ J٥{٢
  EAsparagineF‫ א‬٩ J٥{٢
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬ ٦{٢
   ،‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬   KE‫א‬ ‫א‬F ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬     K‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
- ٢٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  L‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ J٣
K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬  ‫א‬      ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬     ،‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢‚٣‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٩،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٤‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ٣٥ J١٥‫א‬
K‫א‬
 
‫א‬ ١{٣
 K‫א‬ ،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١ J١{٣
،‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬٢ J١{٣
‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬، ‫א‬، ‫א‬
‫א‬KKK‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢{٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬
 
- ٢١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  L‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ٣{٣
‫א‬  ‫א‬   ElipaseF   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EBile saltF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    K‫א‬      EtriglyceridesF 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬ K٤
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬       ‫א‬   ، E F    ‫א‬
  JW‫א‬١٣‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١{٤
‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EAF ١ J١{٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WEDF ٢ J١{٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ،
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ،‫א‬   ‫א‬    WEEF  ٣ J١{٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WEKF ٤ J١{٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
- ٢٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  L‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢{٤
‫א‬‫א‬ W ١ J٢{٤
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W ١ ٢ J٢{٤
  ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   WE٢ F ‫א‬  ٣ J٢{٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  W٣‫א‬ ٤ J٢{٤
‫א‬   EPellagraF ‫א‬‫א‬      K
 K‫א‬EDiarrheaF‫א‬،EDermatitisF‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬WC‫א‬ ٥ J٢{٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬ ٦ J٢{٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ KDNA
‫א‬ ‫א‬      ،‫א‬   
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  EHomocysteineF ‫א‬  K‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬     K‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    
،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ EMacrocytic anemia F ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
- ٢٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  L‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ، ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬    WEPyridoxine B6F W‫א‬ ٧ J٢{٤
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ،‫א‬
   ،‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬ W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬ .‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬
–‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬ – ‫א‬ – ‫א‬ ‫ א‬ – ‫א‬  – ‫א‬  – ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬KKKKKKK‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
   ١٠٠F     ‫א‬  ‫ א‬‫א‬ ١ J١{٥
 K‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬، ‫א‬E L
       ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ٢ J١{٥
،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬W 
 K‫ א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
 
- ٢٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  L‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬K
 
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
– ‫א‬ – ‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
– ‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  J‫א‬ ‫ א‬ F   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 J‫א‬ – ‫א‬ –  –‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬
– ‫א‬ – ‫ א‬ –  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ – ‫א‬
‫א‬ – ‫א‬ ‫ א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   .‫ א‬‫א‬
– ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫ א‬ 
 ‫ – א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬   
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 .١٢٦
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  K ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 ‫؟‬KKKKKK
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ – ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ،‫א‬  ،‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
– ‫א‬ – ‫ א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ – ‫ א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
–  ‫א‬‫א‬ –
‫א‬‫א‬  J ‫א‬
‫א‬ – ‫א‬
 
- ٢٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  L‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
– ‫א‬‫א‬ – ‫ א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬
– ‫א‬  J‫ א‬   ‫א‬      
– ‫א‬‫א‬ – ‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫ – א‬‫ א‬   ‫א‬  .‫א‬   
 ‫א‬‫א‬
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 J‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ J‫א‬‫ א‬– ‫א‬  – ‫א‬     ‫א‬
 .‫א‬ ‫ א‬– ‫א‬ – ‫א‬   J‫ א‬
 .‫א‬‫א‬
–‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫ א‬  ‫א‬
 J ‫א‬‫א‬–‫ א‬ ‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 .‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ ‫א‬     
‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ .‫א‬ 
‫ א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 .‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫ א‬،  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ،‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ،‫א‬
‫א‬ ، ‫א‬ ،  ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ،   ‫א‬     ،‫א‬
- ٢٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  L‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬   B ‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ،‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬c‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 K‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  L‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
– ‫א‬ J‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬

–‫א‬–‫ א‬ ٢٠      ‫א‬ 
–‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
–‫א‬‫ א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 .‫ א‬‫א‬–‫ א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬   ،‫א‬
 .‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫ – א‬‫ א‬ ‫א‬ ‫ א‬   ‫א‬
 J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬– ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ –‫א‬
 .‫ א‬‫ א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫ א‬   ‫א‬    K    ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 .‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
–‫א‬–  ‫א‬
–‫א‬‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫ א‬   ‫א‬     ‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬  K‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬ K٦
   ‫א‬    ‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬     ،‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  L‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  ،‫א‬٪٧٥‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬
  ،‫א‬ ‫א‬    ،‫ א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ، ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
K‫א‬،‫ א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬   ١٠ ‫א‬  ‫ א‬   ‫א‬   K‫א‬
‫א‬٪١٠٥‫א‬K ٨٦‫א‬
١{٥،‫א‬‫א‬.٪٢٠ J١٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 .‫א‬٢{٥
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ١{٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١ J١{٧
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J١{٧
 K‫א‬‫א‬،
 
 ‫א‬  J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
- ٢٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  L‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ٢٠‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  W       ١٢       ‫א‬  ‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬         ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬٥‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٦
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬     
‫א‬٢٤‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 ‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  L‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬HCl‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ، ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬ 
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١
 
 
 
Food Guide Pyramid‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 KE‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٢F
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  L‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 :
 
 ٢
 
 
‫א‬     ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫ א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  L‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬. ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
.‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ،‫א‬‫א‬ 
.‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬   K‫א‬   
.‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
:‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
١١ J٦‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
٥ J٣‫א‬‫א‬ J
٤ J٢‫א‬‫א‬ J
  ٣ J٢‫א‬ J
  ٣ J٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،،‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬  ?‫א‬ ?   " ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬        .    ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬ ١٦٠٠ -
 .‫א‬،‫א‬
٦‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
٣‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬ •
- ٣٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  L‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ٣ J٢‫א‬ •
٥‫א‬ •
‫א‬٥٣‫א‬‫א‬ •
 ٦‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٠٠ -
.‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
٩‫א‬ •
٤‫א‬ •
٣‫א‬‫א‬ •
٣ J٢‫א‬ •
‫א‬٦‫א‬ •
‫א‬٧٣‫א‬‫א‬ •
 ١٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٨٠٠ -

.‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
١١‫א‬ •
٥‫א‬ •
٤‫א‬‫א‬ •
 ٣ J٢‫א‬ •
٧‫א‬ •
‫א‬ ٩٣‫א‬‫א‬ •
 ١٨‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 
- ٣٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  L‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
: ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 .‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١٦٠٠
‫א‬‫ א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ٢٢٠٠
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 .
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫ א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢٨٠٠
. ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٢‫א‬
 :‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬
‫ א‬‫ א‬‫ א‬‫ א‬‫ א‬‫א‬
٢٨٠٠  ٢٢٠٠ ١٦٠٠
١١ ٩ ٦ ‫ א‬
 ٥ ٤ ٣ ‫א‬‫א‬
٤ ٣ ٢ ‫ א‬
٣ J٢ ٣ J٢ ٣ J٢ ‫ א‬
٧ ٦ ٥ ‫ א‬
٩٣ ٧٣ ٥٣ E‫א‬ )‫א‬
 
 
 
 
Food 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٠٠٥ 
 ‫א‬My Pyramid‫א‬‫א‬Guide Pyramid.
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  L‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 .  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬My Pyramid‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K٣‫א‬K‫א‬‫ א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬
 
 K٣
 ‫א‬‫ א‬ ‫א‬٦‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  L‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
:‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،،،،،،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ •
E ١١ J٨F

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   W‫א‬ ‫א‬ •
.‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ،‫א‬  ‫א‬   W‫א‬ ‫א‬ •
K‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫ א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ •
.‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ •
.‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
.‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
KE ٣F
    ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،‫א‬    ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬.‫ א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬    K
K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
.‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
W •
‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٣٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  L‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬     ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬    
  K‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ،‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬    
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
- ٣٨ -

 J‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  L‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١  W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢   
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣   
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥   
 ‫א‬‫א‬ K٦   
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧   
 ‫א‬ K٨   
 ‫א‬ K٩   
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ -
  K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫ א‬-
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٦
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
- ٣٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  L‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬     ‫א‬ K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬   ‫א‬  ،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 W
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬   ‫א‬     ‫א‬    ،‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧ J٠F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٤٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  L‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ ‫א‬ECACF‫א‬EICMSFF
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬١{٢
،
 ‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J١{٢ 
،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J١{٢ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،،‫א‬‫א‬٣ J١{٢ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬٢{٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
،Acinetobacter‫א‬،Pseudomonas‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 , Moraxella ‫א‬ Flavobacteria ‫א‬ ،Alcaligenes‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
    KE  ٧ J٠F ،‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬     ‫א‬
   K‫א‬        ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  L‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬ 
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
Film yeast K‫א‬ ‫א‬ Saccharomyces ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
Salt  ‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ tolerant
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬  
‫א‬ F ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ KPenicillium  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  
- ٤٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  L‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬Aspergillus
 
‫א‬‫א‬Rhizopus
- ٤٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  L‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 Mucor‫א‬
 
‫א‬Penicillium
 
- ٤٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  L‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ،         ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
     ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬  
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬Saccharomyces
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
- ٤٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  L‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
‫א‬
 
   
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
- ٤٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  L‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
‫א‬ 
 
 
 
- ٤٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  L‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬
 
 
 ‫א‬
 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
- ٤٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  L‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٣{٢
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 
W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬        ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ١ J٣{٢
 ‫א‬      ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ، 
K
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
: ‫א‬ •
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  J٪٢{٥  J ٢‫א‬
. ‫א‬
- ٤٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  L‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ •
.‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ •
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬
. ‫א‬ ‫א‬
  ‫א‬ •
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(Millard Reaction) ٢ J٣{٢

‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F carbonyl‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬Amine‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ ٣ J٣{٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Salmonellosis  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١{٣
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
- ٥٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  L‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬   
‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬،‫א‬
 ،‫א‬    ‫א‬         ‫ א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 EF ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،    ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬   ،   
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٧٢ J٨‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
K‫א‬
KE٧٠F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬  J
 
 
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬٣٠٠٠ J٢٥٠٠‫א‬ •
 KFood infection‫א‬W‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬
- ٥١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  L‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬K،،،،W‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K٢٤١٢
‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬ •
KCross-contamination
‫א‬Salmonella
 
 
 
 
 
 
- ٥٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  L‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 Escherichia coliood Poisoning‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢{٣
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬   ،  ‫א‬  K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ، ‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
(Enteropathogenic E. coli    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ١ J٢{٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  "EPEC")
 K‫א‬
(Enteroinvasive E. coli  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ٢ J٢{٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ "EIEC")
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  L‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬  ، ‫א‬       ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬٢٤ J٨‫א‬‫א‬
  K ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
(Enterotoxigenic E. coli ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٣ J٢{٣
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬    "ETEC")
‫א‬  ، ،   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ،‫א‬ 
K ٣٠ J٢٤‫א‬‫א‬ ٤٤ ٨‫א‬
‫א‬      ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(Enterohemorrhagic E. coli ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٤ J٢{٣
‫א‬"(E. coli O157:H7) ‫א‬‫א‬"EHEC")
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(Enterohemorrhagic E. ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
W(E. coli O157:H7)Kcoli)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
      ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫ א‬ J
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ،‫א‬ 
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  L‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 E. coli 0157:H7‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Haemolytic Uraemic ‫א‬W‫א‬
 KHamburgers‫א‬ ‫א‬،Syndroe (HUS)
 K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K،‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬W‫א‬
 
‫א‬E.coli
 
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  L‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 Staphylococcal Food Poisoning ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٣

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٣‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،   ‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ،‫א‬  ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K A, B, C1,C2, C3, D, E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٨ J١  ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬      K‫א‬ ‫א‬   
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 J١،،‫א‬،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٦
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K‫א‬‫א‬    ٤٨ J٢٤   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬K‫א‬  W‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬٪٥٠‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 KMastitis‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  L‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K،،،،W‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٦٤F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Bacillus cereus Food Poisoning ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٤{٣
،‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬     ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
‫א‬   ‫א‬  ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ،‫א‬
، ٤٨ J١٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ٣٤ J٢٨‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬   K ٢٤ J١٢     ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ ،   ١٦ J٤
K٢٤ J١٢‫א‬‫א‬٥ J١‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
   ‫א‬    ‫א‬    K‫א‬  ‫א‬   
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬    K ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   K‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ،‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬٧‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،٦٠ J٥٥
 
- ٥٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  L‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 Bacillus cereusW‫א‬
 KL٦١٠≤‫א‬Extotoxins‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬٪٨٠F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K٦ J١‫א‬١٥ J٦‫א‬،W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 
 Campylobacter jejuni‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥{٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ ، ،‫א‬
Guillain-Barre syndrome‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   J
K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
- ٥٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  L‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥ J٢‫א‬‫א‬K،،W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬W‫א‬
 
 Botulism ‫א‬‫א‬٦{٣
Colstridium       ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬          ‫א‬    botulinum
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬   ، 
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Kbetulinum toxin ‫א‬
SPORES ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬        ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬ E F
‫א‬K Infant botulism‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،
- ٥٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  L‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،  ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬  ،  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
 Spores  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
KE١٠٠F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
Betulinum    K     ١٢٠      
٨٠١٠٠‫א‬toxin
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    ٣٨ J١٢  ‫א‬‫א‬     K ٣٠   
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬   K ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ،‫א‬
‫א‬،، ‫א‬ ،‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬ ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ، ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 KNeurotoxin‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 KE،،F‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬،W‫א‬‫א‬
 K،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
- ٦٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  L‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 home canning‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 
Colstridium perfringes Food ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬٧{٣
 Poisoning
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
٤٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K  ٢٠  ‫א‬        ٥٠   ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ٦٠‫א‬‫א‬، 
 ‫א‬  ١٠٠ J٧٠      ٧ ‫א‬      
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E F‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 K،، ،W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 K‫א‬
- ٦١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  L‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
Listeriosis Listeria monocytogenes‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٨{٣

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬ ،‫א‬   ‫א‬     K‫א‬   ‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬    J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
 
 ‫א‬
 KlisteriosisW‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫• א‬
 KCold meats‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬W‫א‬‫• א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫• א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬W ‫א‬ •
 K
 
 
- ٦٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  L‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
Shigellosis‫א‬ ٩{٣
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬       ‫א‬   
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
      ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬       ،  ،  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   K    ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  K‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬         ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬   K‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬
 KEFW‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
،E F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬W
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 KW‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
Mycotoxins‫א‬‫א‬ ١٠{٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬EAspergillus flavusF‫א‬‫א‬
EAspergillusnominusF‫א‬(Aspergillus parasiticus)
B1, B2, G1, G2,‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٦٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  L‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،º٣٠–٢٦‫א‬‫א‬٪٨٥ J٨٠‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬،٣٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٦ J٢٣F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ ١{٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(T-A)‫א‬‫א‬ ٢{٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٦٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  L‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٣{٤
‫א‬KClostridium‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬ ٤{٤

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
 W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫ א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬   ١{٥
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬       ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ٢{٥
K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
        ‫א‬ ‫א‬        ٣{٥
K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
- ٦٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  L‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
،‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫ א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬
‫ א‬  ،‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫ א‬،‫א‬‫ א‬ ‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫ א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١{٦
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢{٦
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣{٦
 K‫א‬‫א‬٤{٦
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١{٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢{٧
- ٦٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  L‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬٣{٧

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤{٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥{٧
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦{٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٧{٧
 K 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٨{٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬٩{٧
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٠{٧
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
W‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ K٨
K‫א‬ ١{٨
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢{٨
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬٣{٨
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤{٨
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J٤{٨ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٤{٨ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٤{٨ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤ J٤{٨ 
- ٦٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  L‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥ J٤{٨
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦ J٤{٨
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٧ J٤{٨
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٩
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫ א‬١{٩
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ٢{٩
 ‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٣{٩
‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ٤{٩
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٥{٩
K 
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ٦{٩
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
    ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   K 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٦٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  L‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٠
‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬     
‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ K١١
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ ١{١١
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١ J١{١١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢ J١{١١
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢{١١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬٣{١١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬ K١٢
- ٦٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  L‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ١{١٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢{١٢
‫א‬‫א‬ ٣{١٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٤{١٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١{١٣
KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢{١٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٣{١٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٤{١٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٥{١٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٦{١٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٧{١٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٨{١٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١{١٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢{١٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬         ٣{١٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬   K‫א‬ ‫א‬
- ٧٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  L‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬        ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
 ٤{١٤
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬ K١٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١{١٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢{١٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ K١٦
  ١٣٩٧L٤٨ ١٣٩٧L٣١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ ١{١٦
 J–––‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ ٢{١٦
‫א‬––‫א‬––
–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٧
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ١{١٧
٢‫א‬    ‫א‬
K٣
- ٧١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  L‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬١١‫א‬‫א‬ ٢{١٧
‫א‬‫א‬K١‫א‬K‫א‬٣
KE١٩٧٦F١٣٩٦L٢٦‫א‬
K١٣٩٧L٤١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٣{١٧
 
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١ J٣{١٧
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
3 500
4 501 - 1000
5 1001 – 5000
6 ٥٠٠٠
 W?١?‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢ J٣{١٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
3  216
5 ٣٤٣
6 ٥١٢
7   ٧٢٩
7 ١٠٠٠
8 ١٠٠٠
 W٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٣ J٣{١٧
‫א‬٥٠٠‫א‬‫א‬٣
‫א‬‫א‬٥٠٠
 ٤ J٣{١٧?٥?
- ٧٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  L‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 W١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٤ J٣{١٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
3  1000
 8 ١٠{٠٠٠

   ١٠{٠٠٠
‫א‬‫ א‬
 W١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٥ J٣{١٧
٦٠٠،٣٠٠
‫א‬٦٠٠١٠٠
K
W١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٦ J٣{١٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
3 500
4 ١٠٠٠
5 ٥٠٠٠
7 ٥٠٠٠
 K١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٧ J٣{١٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬٢٠٠
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬  ،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬
- ٧٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  L‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
3 2.5
4 26-50
5 51 - 100
8 ١٠٠
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٨
‫א‬‫א‬ ١{١٨
‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ٢{١٨
‫א‬         ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ٣{١٨
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ٤{١٨
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٥{١٨
KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٦{١٨
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ K١٩
K‫א‬‫ א‬١{١٩
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬٢{١٩
K‫א‬‫ א‬٣{١٩
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬٤{١٩
- ٧٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  L‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬٥{١٩
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬ K٢٠
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J٢٠
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٢٠
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ ١ J٢ J٢٠
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢ J٢ J٢٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٣ J٢ J٢٠
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٤ J٢ J٢٠
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٣ J٢٠
- ٧٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  L‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١ J٣ J٢٠
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢ J٣ J٢٠
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٣ J٣ J٢٠
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٤ J٣ J٢٠
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٥ J٣ J٢٠
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٦ J٣ J٢٠
 
 W‫א‬ ٤ J٢٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١ J٤ J٢٠
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ ٢ J٤ J٢٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٣ J٤ J٢٠
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٤ J٤ J٢٠
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٥ J٤ J٢٠
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ٦ J٤ J٢٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٧ J٤ J٢٠
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٧٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  L‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٨ J٤ J٢٠

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ K٢١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬E JF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬ J J

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١ J٢١
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ ١ J١ J٢١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢ J١ J٢١
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ٣ J١ J٢١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٤ J١ J٢١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ ٥ J١ J٢١
- ٧٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  L‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٦ J١ J٢١

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
٢٢٠٠٠‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٧ J١ J٢١
‫א‬ FEHACCPF‫א‬،E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
KE‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ ٨ J١ J٢١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٢١
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬ ١ J٢ J٢١
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬٣٠
 W‫א‬‫א‬ ٢ J٢ J٢١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢{١ J٢ J٢١
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢{٢ J٢ J٢١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢{٣ J٢ J٢١
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢{٤ J٢ J٢١
K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢{٥ J٢ J٢١
٣٠‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢{٦ J٢ J٢١
 
- ٧٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  L‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬ ٣ J٢١
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٣٠‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫ א‬٤ J٢١

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٥ J٢١
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١ J٥ J٢١
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢ J٥ J٢١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٣ J٥ J٢١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٤ J٥ J٢١
K‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٥ J٥ J٢١
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٦ J٥ J٢١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٧ J٥ J٢١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
- ٧٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  L‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٨ J٥ J٢١

K‫א‬،
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٦ J٢١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١ J٦ J٢١
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١ J١ J٦ J٢١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢ J١ J٦ J٢١
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ٣ J١ J٦ J٢١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ ٤ J١ J٦ J٢١
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬        ‫א‬  ،‫א‬
W‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١{٢٢
 °٤٥‫א‬‫א‬°٧٥ J٧٠‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ١ J١{٢٢

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬°٦٠ J٥٥‫ א‬ ‫א‬
Clostridum thermosaccharolyticum : 
‫א‬ °٣٧ J٣٠ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ٢ J١{٢٢

Enterobacteriaceae (E. ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬
coli and Salmonella paratyphi)
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  L‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬ °١٠ J٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ٣ J١{٢٢

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
Achromobacter
 K‫א‬KKKKK‫ א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢{٢٢
: ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ٣{٢٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J٣{٢٢

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢ J٣{٢٢

‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 ‫א‬K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
. ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ٤{٢٢
 ‫א‬١ J٤{٢٢
 ‫א‬٢ J٤{٢٢
 ‫א‬٣ J٤{٢٢
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  L‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
‫ﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻻﻨﻘﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺒﺕ‬  
 
 
‫ﻟﻭﻏﺎﺭﻴﺘﻡ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺭﻴﺎ‬
‫ﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺕ‬
‫ﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻴﻊ‬
 
 
‫ﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻗﻠﻡ‬
 
 
 
(‫ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻡ‬،‫ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ‬،‫ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ ) ﺍﻟﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ‬
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬١ J٢٤
 K‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢ J٢٤
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ٤ J٢٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ٧١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٥ J٢٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦ J٢٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٨٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  L‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٧ J٢٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٨ J٢٤
‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬ ٩ J٢٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦٠‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
- ٨٣ -

 J‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  L‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١ 
 ‫א‬K٢ 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٥  J
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K،‫א‬‫א‬
  
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
- ٨٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  L‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K١
 
  ١{١
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١ J١{١
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ E‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢ J١{١
      ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    
‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬   
K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 .‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬٣ J١{١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،  ،  ، ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫ א‬
‫א‬‫א‬.‫א‬‫ א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫ א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ 
 ،‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  : ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬  
 . ‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬
- ٨٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  L‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ٤ J١{١ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫ א‬،‫א‬  
،‫א‬‫א‬ . ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ،‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
K‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٥ J١{١
   ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٦ J١{١

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬
     ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ،‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٧ J١{١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  L‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ٨ J١{١

   ‫א‬‫א‬        
 K‫א‬
 
 
 ‫א‬ ٩ J١{١
‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬      ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬ ١٠ J١{١
‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬   ،     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬ ١١ J١{١
  W‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬ ١٢ J١{١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Good Manufacturing practices ( GMPF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١٣ J١{١

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Good Hygienic Practices ( GHP )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١٤ J١{١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  L‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ١٥ J١{١

‫א‬ ‫א‬
?‫?א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 ‫א‬ ١٦ J١{١
‫א‬ ،‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ ١٧ J١{١
،‫א‬،‫א‬،
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  F  ‫א‬  ‫א‬      
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  E‫א‬
‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ?‫?א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬ ١٨ J١{١
 ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ،‫א‬  ‫א‬     
‫א‬‫א‬  ، ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬    F 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬   K‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٩٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  L‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬ ١٩ J١{١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،‫א‬  
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢{١
 ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫ א‬١ J٢{١
         ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٢{١
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٣ J٢{١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬          ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ٤ J٢{١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K°٤٠‫א‬
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ٥ J٢{١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٩١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  L‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٣{١
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J٣{١
 ‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ١ J١ J٣{١
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
  ،E ١٨ JF ‫א‬  E ٤F ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬        ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢ J١ J٣{١
F ‫א‬  ،‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬  
K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ٣ J١ J٣{١
 ‫א‬ ٤{١
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J٤{١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢ J٤{١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٣ J٤{١
K 
K‫א‬‫א‬ ٤ J٤{١
- ٩٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  L‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٥ J٤{١

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٦ J٤{١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٧ J٤{١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E25F‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٥{١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١ J٥{١
KE١٨ JF‫א‬E٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢ J٥{١
KE‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٣ J٥{١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٤ J٥{١
F‫א‬‫א‬
KE‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٥ J٥{١
K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٦ J٥{١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٧ J٥{١
‫א‬‫א‬ ٨ J٥{١
K‫א‬‫א‬٣٠‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٩ J٥{١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١٠ J٥{١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١١ J٥{١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢ J٥{١
- ٩٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  L‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١٣ J٥{١

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٦{١
‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K‫א‬     ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬
   K‫א‬     ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ،‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  L‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬      
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬    ،‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬    
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ،‫א‬ ‫א‬       ‫א‬‫א‬  
K ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬  ٣  ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦٣‫א‬
‫א‬   ٣ J٠   ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
 K١٨ J‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬       K‫א‬   
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬    K 
 K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
- ٩٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  L‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٧{١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١ J٧{١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
L٥L٥٤٧١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K١٤١٣L١٠L١٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢ J٧{١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٣ J٧{١
 K‫א‬‫א‬ ٤ J٧{١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٥ J٧{١
‫א‬‫א‬
     ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ٦ J٧{١
          
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٧ J٧{١
 K‫א‬‫א‬
- ٩٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  L‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ K٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١{٢
K‫א‬‫א‬ ٢{٢
    ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ٣{٢
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ ٤{٢
 W‫א‬ K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١{٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢{٣
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ٣{٣
K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٤{٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٥{٣
 
 ‫א‬ K٣
 
Low Temperature Preservation of  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١{٤
 Food
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
Temperature Preservation of Food  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ٢{٤
 High
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
    ‫א‬‫א‬        ،‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١٥‫א‬٧١‫א‬
- ٩٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  L‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
      ١٢١    ‫א‬    ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ٦‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
W‫א‬ ٣{٤
      ‫א‬  ٤ J٠ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ، ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 W‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬E١٥ J١٠F‫ א‬١ J٣{٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ٧ J٢  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  E‫א‬F  ‫ א‬٢ J٣{٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٩٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  L‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
W‫א‬ ٤{٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬    K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 ١٨ J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٩‫א‬   ٣١ ٣٢ ‫א‬
١٧ ‫א‬ ٢٥  ٢٦  ٢٨  ‫א‬
. ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬  ‫ א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
. ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫ א‬-
‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫ א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K،
.   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
        ‫א‬       -
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬
‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
- ٩٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  L‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
 
W‫א‬ ١ J٤{٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫ א‬١ J١ J٤{٤
‫א‬‫א‬          ٢٠
‫א‬‫א‬ ،E ١٠– ٥ JF‫א‬
         ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٪ ٢٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬    ،‫א‬ ‫ א‬٢ J١ J٤{٤
 ٤٠ J  ٣٠ J F  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  KE
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٪ ٠{٥
K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ،‫א‬ ‫ א‬٣ J١ J٤{٤
  E  ٥ – ١ F  ‫א‬     ‫א‬
E ٣٠ J ٢٠ JF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E ٥٠٠ – ٣٠٠F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
- ١٠٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  L‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
     ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    W ‫א‬ ‫א‬   J
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬  J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬  J
‫א‬‫א‬ ٥– ٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬  J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   W ‫א‬   J
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬  J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ١٨ J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬  J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬  J
K‫א‬
- ١٠١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  L‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   W‫א‬   J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬  J
‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٥ – ٣‫א‬٪ ٠{٥‫א‬
K٤٠–٣٠١٧٠–١٥٠‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   W ‫א‬   J
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬  J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ١٨ J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬  J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   W‫א‬ ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬W‫א‬   J
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬  J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬  J
‫א‬‫א‬ ٥– ٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬  J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   W ‫א‬   J
K‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  W ‫א‬   J
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  L‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬ ١٨ J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬  J

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
Preservation of Food by Canning ‫א‬ ٥{٤
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ ١٢١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J٥{٤ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ W
     ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K J
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬٢ J٥{٤
‫א‬ 
   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬     ،‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
- ١٠٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  L‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٣ J٥{٤
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬٤ J٥{٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬٥ J٥{٤
‫א‬        ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
 W‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
          ‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J   
 ‫א‬٦ J٥{٤
 W‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J٦ J٥{٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٦ J٥{٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٦ J٥{٤
 K‫א‬٤ J٦ J٥{٤
 W‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  L‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬٧ J٥{٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   K‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬٨ J٥{٤
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬١ J٨ J٥{٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢ J٨ J٥{٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٣ J٨ J٥{٤
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤ J٨ J٥{٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥ J٨ J٥{٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬٩ J٥{٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬١ J٩ J٥{٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٩ J٥{٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٠٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  L‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬١٠{٤ J٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WHead Space ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J١٠ J٥{٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J١٠ J٥{٤ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬٣ J١٠ J٥{٤
‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬١١ J٥{٤
  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٢ J٥{٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J١٢ J٥{٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J١٢ J٥{٤  
 ‫א‬١٣ J٥{٤
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬١٤ J٥{٤
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٠٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  L‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬١٥ J٥{٤ 
 ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬  
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ E‫א‬F‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬    ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F
 ‫א‬١٦ J٥{٤
 ‫א‬١٧ J٥{٤
 
 Preservation of Food by Drying‫א‬ ٤{٦
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   K‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬F
 
Preservation of Food by Irradiation‫א‬ ٧{٤
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬١ J٧{٤
‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ٢ J٧{٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٣ J٧{٤
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  L‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 F ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ٤ J٧{٤
KE‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬٥ J٧{٤
 by Salting and Sugar Preservation of Food‫א‬‫א‬٨{٤

Salting Preservation of Food‫א‬ ١ J٨{٤ 
   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
   ٪١٠  ‫א‬     K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 Sugar Preservation of Food‫א‬١ J٨{٤
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Food Additive Preservation of Food‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤{٩
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬
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 ١٦٥  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 L‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K١٤١٨‫א‬–‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
،‫א‬LK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
KK٢٠٠٢‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬L،‫א‬L
K١٤١٤‫א‬ J‫א‬،LK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
،L،‫א‬L،L‫א‬ K٤
  J‫א‬‫א‬   J‫א‬     K    ‫א‬ L
K٢٠٠٤ J٢٠٠٣‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬LK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٥
K١٩٩٨‫א‬
K١٩٩٠،‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
KE١٤١٨F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
‫א‬  J ‫א‬  ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K ١٩٧٧ ،  K ‫ א‬K٨
K‫א‬‫א‬
K١٩٨٤، J‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ K٩
K‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٠١٩٧٦،٠‫ א‬K١٠
K‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١٩٧٤،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١١

 ١٦٥  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 L‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١٢
KE‫א‬F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WEHACCPF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٣
KE‫א‬F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  J ‫א‬ ‫א‬  J ‫א‬  K ‫א‬  K ‫א‬  ‫א‬ K١٤
K‫א‬
?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫ א‬K١٥
‫א‬  J‫א‬‫א‬  J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
K١٩٩٠٢٤ J٢٢،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،١٩٩٤،‫א‬K‫ א‬K١٦

K‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ، ‫א‬   K١٧
‫א‬      K٧٦  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K٢٠٠٣،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
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 ١٦٥  
 ‫א‬
 L‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
   ‫א‬  
 ٣٩ J١  ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬ ١
٨٤ J٤٠  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬ ٢
١٠٩ J٨٥  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬ ٣
١١٤ J١١٠  ‫א‬‫ א‬ ٤
 ١١٥  ‫א‬  ٥
 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﻔﻨﻲ واﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ‬

(‫ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺨﺎﻃﺮ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻧﻘﺎط اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ اﻟﺤﺮﺟﺔ )ﻧﻈﺎم اﻟﻬﺎﺳﺐ‬ J

  Critical control points (CCP)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J

 ‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬١ J١ J٣{١

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬٢ J١ J١{٣

‫א‬W‫א‬٥ J١ J١{٣

،HWE‫א‬F‫א‬١ J٢ J١{٣

‫א‬‫א‬WE‫א‬F ‫א‬ ١ J٢ J١{٣

،HWE‫א‬F‫א‬ ٢ J٢ J١{٣

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ ٢ J٣ J١{٣

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٤{١

 K‫א‬‫א‬ ٢ J٤{١

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 EMethionineF  ٤ J٤{٢

،‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ، ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬   B ‫א‬

– ‫א‬ J‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬

  ،‫א‬٪٧٥‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٨٠٠ -

E ١١ J٨F

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

(Millard Reaction) ٢ J٣{٢

 Staphylococcal Food Poisoning ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٣

Listeriosis Listeria monocytogenes‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٨{٣

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬ ٤{٤

،‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬٣{٧

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٨ J٤ J٢٠

‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٦ J١ J٢١

 W‫א‬‫ א‬٤ J٢١

 °٤٥‫א‬‫א‬°٧٥ J٧٠‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ١ J١{٢٢

‫א‬ °٣٧ J٣٠ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ٢ J١{٢٢

‫א‬ °١٠ J٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ٣ J١{٢٢

 K‫א‬KKKKK‫ א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢{٢٢

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J٣{٢٢

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢ J٣{٢٢

‫א‬‫א‬ ٤ J١{١ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٦ J١{١

 ‫א‬ ٨ J١{١

 Good Manufacturing practices ( GMPF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١٣ J١{١

 ‫א‬ ١٥ J١{١

 K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٥ J٤{١

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١٣ J٥{١

‫א‬ ١٨ J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬  J

 by Salting and Sugar Preservation of Food‫א‬‫א‬٨{٤

K١٤١٤‫א‬ J‫א‬،LK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣

K‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٠١٩٧٦،٠‫ א‬K١٠

K‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١٩٧٤،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١١

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،١٩٩٤،‫א‬K‫ א‬K١٦

Bryan, F.L. 1982. Microbiological hazards of feeding systems. In E١

waterborne disease outbreaks : Annual summary 1976.  Food borne and E٢

Netherlands : Beckers, H.H. 1979. Incidence of food borne disease in the E٣

infections . PHLS Palmer, S.R. and Rows, B. 1986. Trends in Salmonella E٦

Progress in food safety” , ed. O. YMorris, G.K. 1986. Salmonella. In E٧

Public WBryan, F.L. 1976 . Staphylococcus Aureus. In food Microbiology E١٥

Psychotropic strains of Bacillus Cereus producing KVan Netten, P. 1990 E٢٠

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