Professional Documents
Culture Documents
BIG IDEAS
from
Coming
April 2009!
Dr. Small
Creating a Comfort Zone for Teaching Mathematics
This sample chapter is from Big Ideas from Dr. Small, Grades K–3. Also available:
FACILITATOR’S GUIDE
FACILITATOR’S GUIDE
NEL
Teaching Idea 3.1 Attributes and Properties
Sometimes it is useful to As students become more familiar with the geometric attributes of various
direct students when they
describe the attributes
shapes, they will gradually gain an awareness of the specific attributes that
of shapes, in order to get define each class of shape.A specific attribute that helps define a particular class
them to attend to both of shape is a property of that shape and applies to all shapes within that classifi-
quantitative and qualitative
cation. For example, as students become more familiar with different types of
attributes. Ask students
to look at a variety of triangles, they will eventually realize that all triangles have three sides. So if they
2-D shapes, including several see a shape with three sides, they will “classify” or identify it as a triangle. The
squares in different orienta- focus in the early grades is on developing an awareness of the different geo-
tions and sizes and several
circles in different sizes. metric attributes; in the later grades students classify shapes by their properties.
To focus on BISP 1, ask:
Can you use a number to
describe something that is
Mathematical Language in Geometry
true about all of the squares?
[e.g., 4 sides] Can you use a Students at the K to 3 level are generally not expected to use formal mathe-
word to describe something matical language to talk about shapes, but you should seize opportunities
that is true about all of the to model correct language. For example, if a student says, “The box has 8 cor-
circles? [e.g., round]
ners,” the teacher might say, “Yes, this prism does have 8 vertices, or corners.”
curved surface
side
angle corner/vertex
circumference
Parts of a polygon Parts of a circle
You can choose whether to introduce the terms 3-D and 2-D, but it is
hard to explain to a young student what the 3 and the 2 are all about. If you
decide to introduce the terms 3-D and 2-D, students will get a sense that a
3-D shape has height and a 2-D shape is flat. However, we often confuse stu-
We often confuse students dents when we use a concrete, or 3-D representation for a 2-D shape
when we use a concrete, or 3-D in order to allow students to manipulate the shape, for example, a yellow
representation for a 2-D shape,
for example, a yellow pattern pattern block for a hexagon. The pattern block represents a 2-D shape, but it
block for a hexagon. is actually a 3-D shape because it has three dimensions.
In some jurisdictions, teachers use the word shape to refer only to 2-D
items. They use figure or object or solid to refer to 3-D items. In this resource,
the word shape refers to both 2-D and 3-D items.
Shape Hunt
Shapes we Names of things
looked for we found
Cube
Young students may not recognize all three shapes as triangles.
It is for this reason that you should expose students to shapes in many
orientations and positions. In later grades, when students refer to specific
Cylinder
properties of shapes to identify what class of shape they are—they will
know that a shape is a triangle if there are three sides and three corners,
To focus on BISP 4, ask:
regardless of how it is turned. Why did you call one shape
Students also need to see many examples of a shape in order to identify it a square and another shape
as a type of shape. For example, they need to see scalene, isosceles, right, and a rectangle? [e.g., The sides
of the square all looked the
equilateral triangles so they recognize any three-sided shape as a triangle and same, but the rectangle had
they need to see narrow, wide, tall, and short rectangle-based prisms so they some longer sides.]
can recognize any type of rectangle-based prism as the same type of shape.
Many young students will name cubes as squares (or vice versa) and
Teaching Idea 3.4 spheres as circles. It is likely that the similarities between the two shapes
Show students a sphere and (cube and square or circle and sphere) are so overwhelming that students
a circle.
associate the name of the shape with one attribute of the shape. As they
To focus on BISP 2, ask:
repeatedly hear the correct term applied to the correct shape/object and dis-
Suppose you are standing at
the centre of the circle and cuss how the shapes/objects differ, students will begin to make the appro-
the rest of the students in priate distinctions. For example, if a child calls a cube a square, you might
your class are standing say, “Why does that cube remind you of a square?” or you might point to
around the outside of the
circle. Which students are one face of the cube and say, “I agree that this part of the cube is a square.”
closest to you? [I’d be the
same distance from all
of them.] How is a sphere Exploring Geometric Attributes and Properties
like the circle in that way?
[If I were at the centre, I’d Young students can take part in activities to explore the attributes of shapes.
be the same distance from all As mentioned earlier, the focus at this point is on exploring and comparing
the parts around the outside
shapes to become more aware of the different geometric attributes rather
of the sphere.] Are there
other ways spheres and than on classifying shapes formally using their properties. For example, for
circles are alike? [e.g., 3-D shapes, they might consider whether or not the shape can roll or how
They are both round.] many corners it has. For example, for 2-D shapes, they might consider whether
all the corners of the shape look the same or how many sides it has.
Here are some activities that help students focus on geometric attributes:
• comparing shapes
• sorting shapes
• patterning
• representing shapes
• combining shapes
• dissecting shapes
Here are some geometric attributes that young students will observe:
Comparing Shapes
COMPARING 3-D AND 2-D SHAPES COMPARING 2-D SHAPES Teaching Idea 3.5
A sphere is like a circle because both A rectangle is like a square because It is important for students
are round, but a circle is flat and a both have the same kind of corners, to recognize that certain
sphere is not. but the rectangle is longer and geometric attributes apply
thinner than the square. both to 2-D shapes and to
3-D shapes. Ask students to
compare a triangle to a
square-based pyramid.
COMPARING THE FACES OF A TRIANGLE-BASED PRISM WITH THE FACES OF A SQUARE-BASED PRISM
5 faces 6 faces
This sort shows that 5 faces are a property of triangle-based prisms and 6 faces
are a property of rectangle-based prisms.
There are 6 shapes, each There are 5 shapes in 2 sizes, You can sort 3-D solids using
a different colour. 2 thicknesses, and 3 colours. many geometric attributes.
Patterning
Shape patterns are founded on experience with sorting and classifying Shape patterns are founded
according to attributes. To prepare for patterning, students can sort items on experience with sorting
and classifying according to
using attributes such as the direction in which a shape points or properties attributes.
such as number or lengths of sides (for 2-D shapes) or faces, which are flat,
versus curved surfaces (for 3-D shapes). These activities help students focus
on what makes one element in a pattern like or different from another.
Then they can create, identify, describe, compare, and extend patterns.
Students usually begin with simple repeating patterns like the one shown
below, which accentuates the difference between a triangle and a quadrilateral.
Skeleton Models
Another type of concrete model is a skeleton—a physical representation
Teaching Idea 3.9
that allows students to focus on the edges and vertices of a 3-D shape, or Create a skeleton of a
square-based pyramid and
just the sides and vertices of a 2-D shape. Materials for constructing hold it behind your back.
skeletons include sticks and balls of modelling clay, Wiki sticks, or straws Display several pyramid
connected with bent segments of pipe cleaners. Toothpicks are especially solids with different-shaped
bases. Tell students that you
useful for modelling regular shapes because they have a uniform
have made a skeleton of a
length. Commercial construction toys such as Frameworks, Geostrips, pyramid using 8 sticks.
Tinkertoys, K’nex, Zoob, Geomag, and D-stix are also suitable. To focus on BISP 1, ask: What
do you know about the faces
Materials for Creating Skeletons of the pyramid? [I know it
has triangle faces because
GEOSTRIPS STRAWS AND PIPE CLEANERS it’s a pyramid, so if it has
8 sticks, the other face has
to be a square.]
In the early grades, you might give students a net to assemble to create a
simple shape, for example, a square-based prism or cube. The net might be
made of plastic pieces that interlock. For example, the net below is made
from Polydron pieces.
It is difficult for students to create nets on their own. However, some stu-
dents might enjoy rolling a shape and tracing its faces to create a net.
STEPS 5 AND 6
Continue rolling, tracing, and marking faces until you have traced all 6 faces. Make sure that the arrangement of
squares will form a net.
Another style of puzzle has students fit shapes such as pattern blocks or
attribute blocks into an outline to create a picture or to cover a design. As
they work on these puzzles, students explore many geometric concepts.
Students also enjoy creating puzzles like these to exchange with classmates.
Tangrams
Tangram pieces (sometimes called tans)
are formed by dissecting a square into
seven smaller shapes as shown here. You
can combine the pieces to reconstruct the
original square (a challenge best reserved
for older students), as well as to create
many other shapes.
The seven tangram shapes
OR =
Dissecting Shapes
The idea that shapes can be dissected, or divided into parts, is fundamental
Teaching Idea 3.13
to many geometry concepts students will explore in later grades. Ask students to choose an
attribute or pattern block,
Many interesting geometry problems revolve around dissecting a shape
trace it, and cut it out. Ask
to create other shapes. For example, the problem below is accessible to very them to cut the shape into
young students, although they will not yet be able to name all the shapes only triangles. For example,
that result from the cuts.
What shapes can you make by cutting a rectangle into two parts with
one straight cut?
Not symmetrical
Some young children might not consider the blue shape to be a triangle
because it is not symmetrical.
Word Walls
Another good way to build positional vocabulary is to create a Math Word
Wall to record terms as they come up in classroom activities. To help stu-
dents see relationships among positional words, you can group words that
belong together, such as over and under.
Our Math Word Wall for Words that Tell Where Things Are
over
far inside
under
near outside
in back of
between
above left
beside
up
right
down
backward forward
below in front of
As students use and discuss these terms, they will learn that they can
combine or modify terms to give a more exact idea of where an object is
located. For example, younger students might discuss why it is more useful
to say that the Slinky is behind the duck and to the right than to say that the
Slinky is behind the duck.
7 ALBERTA
4 Edmonton
3
Calgary
2
1
A B C D E F G H
Calgary is in square C2.
Students can also create designs on grids and then describe their designs
by identifying which grid squares to colour. Alternatively, you can give stu-
dents grid locations and colours and ask them to show the design on a grid.
Transformations
Sometimes shapes move and change location. Students need to think about
Students work with transforma- how those shapes do and do not change when their location is changed.
tions because they are the best Often, it is slides, flips, or turns of shapes that change their locations. These
way to describe and understand
many mathematical concepts. motions are called geometric transformations.
A geometric transformation is a motion that affects a shape in a specified
way. K to 8 students work with transformations because transformations are
the best way to describe and understand many mathematical concepts, such
as symmetry, and because students see many examples of transformations in
everyday situations.
This rug shows examples of slides, flips, and turns. K to 3 students focus on slides and flips.
Orientation
Informally, when we talk about a change in orientation, we mean that the
shape has been turned or has changed position. This is how the term has
been used in this chapter up until this point. It is also how the term is used in
many elementary curriculums. Mathematically, it means something quite Instead of talking about a
different and is understood by looking at examples of transformations that change in the orientation of
a shape, elementary students
change and do not change a shape’s orientation. One way to tell whether the will use phrases such as “Now
orientation of a shape has changed after a motion is by comparing the order it faces the other way.” or “It’s
of the vertices in the original shape with the order of the vertices in its backwards now.” or “It’s like
it would be in a mirror.”
image. If the order stays the same, clockwise or counterclockwise, then the
orientation has not changed. The examples below show that a slide does not
change the orientation of a shape, but a flip does.
A′ B′
D C
D D′
D′ C′ C C′
A slide image has the same orientation as A flip image has the opposite orientation to
the original shape. the original shape.
Slide Directions
A VERTICAL SLIDE A HORIZONTAL SLIDE
A DIAGONAL SLIDE
Students are often introduced to horizontal and vertical slides in the con-
Teaching Idea 3.18 text of patterns.
Show students several
samples of wallpaper, fabric,
or scrapbooking paper
where slides are apparent.
To focus on BILM 3, ask:
Where do you see slides in
these designs? Where else do
you see slides around you?
[e.g., If I look at the bulletin
boards, it looks like I could
slide the board on the left In this pattern, a triangle has been slid horizontally the same amount repeatedly.
over and it would cover the
board on the right.] Sometimes students meet diagonal slides in patterns.
In this pattern, a triangle has been slid diagonally up and then down the same
amount repeatedly.
1
A B C D E F
“The light green triangle was slid to a place that is 3 spaces right and 1 space up.”
Flips (Reflections)
You can think of a flip (or reflection) as the result of picking up a shape and
turning it over so it faces the other way (has the opposite orientation), as
Teaching Idea 3.19
shown by the front (light green) and back (dark green) of the shape below. Cut out two copies of a non-
symmetrical shape and flip
The flip or reflection image is the mirror image of the original shape. one copy. For example,
A flip is like turning a shape over in space. To focus on BILM 2, ask: Did I
flip the shape on the left to
get the shape on the right,
Young students are normally more comfortable with horizontal or ver- or did I slide it? How do you
tical flips, as shown below. know? [Flip; I can tell it was
flipped since it’s facing the
A VERTICAL FLIP … A HORIZONTAL FLIP … other way.] Did the size of
the shape change? [no]
You can flip the shape below to You can flip an asymmetrical right
make a symmetrical design. triangle to create a symmetrical triangle.
FACILITATOR’S GUIDE
Book
ID M
S RO
9780176105556 $44.95
E
IN D -
V
D
Kit (Book, Facilitator’s Guide, and DVD)
9780176110789 $129.95
Facilitator’s Guide with DVD
9780176105570 $89.95
Jan. 2009
ISBN-10 0-17-611579-X
ISBN-13 978-0-17-611579-1
9 780176 115791
Prices are subject to change without notice.