Answers PDF

Answers
Chapter 1 Functions
1.1 Functions, Domain, and Range b) domain {–6, –5, –4, –3}, range {2},
1. a) Yes, no vertical line will pass through function; for every element of the
more than one point. domain there is only one corresponding
b) No, any vertical line between x = – 6 element of the range
and x = 6 will pass through two points. c) domain {5}, range {–4, –2, 0, 2, 4}; not
2. a) function a function; the single element of the
domain corresponds with more than
y
one element of the range
6
4. a) not a function; there are more range
4 values than domain values
b) function; each domain value has only
2
one range value
y = —3x + 1
5. a) domain {x ∊ ℝ, –7 ≤ x ≤ 7},
—2 0 2 4x
range {y ∊ ℝ, –7 ≤ y ≤ 7}
—2
b) domain {x ∊ ℝ, x ≠ 5},
—4 range {y ∊ ℝ, y ≠ 0}
6. Answers may vary.
—6
7. a) A = –2x2 + 60x
b) domain {x ∊ ℝ, 0 < x < 30},
b) not a function range {y ∊ ℝ, 0 < y < 450}
4
y 8. a) range {8}
x = y2 — 2 b) range {–27, –18, –11, –6, –3}
2
{ 8 8 __
c) range __, 2, __
3
8
4 __
5, 3, 7 }
—2 0 2 4 6 8 x 9. a) domain {x ∊ ℝ}, range {y ∊ ℝ}
—2 b) domain {x ∊ ℝ}, range {y ∊ ℝ, y ≥ –1}
c) domain {x ∊ ℝ, x ≤ 3}, range {y ∊ ℝ}
—4 d) domain {x ∊ ℝ, x ≠ 4},
range {y ∊ ℝ, y ≠ 0}
c) function
10. a) the graph is not a function; there are fewer
y elements in the domain than in the range
6 b) the graph is a function; for each value in
the domain there is exactly one value in
4
the range
y = 3(x + 1)2 — 5
2 11. a) i) domain {x ∊ ℝ, –4 ≤ x ≤ 4},
range {y ∊ ℝ, –4 ≤ y ≤ 4}; not a
—2 0 2 4 6x function
—2 y
x2 + y2 = 16
—4 4
3. a) domain {2, 3, 4, 5, 6},

x
range {4, 6, 8, 10, 12}; function; for every —4 —2 0 2 4
element of the domain there is only one —2

corresponding element of the range —4
Functions 11 Exercise and Homework Book • MHR 187

ii) domain { x ∊ ℝ, –4 ≤ x ≤ 4}, b) 0
range { y ∊ ℝ, 0 ≤ y ≤ 4}, function
y
y= 16 — x2
4
c) –2
—4 —2 0 2 4 x
—2
—4
iii) domain { x ∊ ℝ, –4 ≤ x ≤ 4},

range { y ∊ ℝ, –4 ≤ y ≤ 0}; function d) –1
y
4
—4 —2 0 2 4 x
e) –12
—2
—4
y = — 16 — x2
b) Together, the semicircles in graphs ii)

and iii) form the circle in graph i).
12. a) domain { x ∊ ℝ}, 15
f) ___
range { y ∊ ℝ, –3 ≤ x ≤ 7}; function 2
b) domain { y ∊ ℝ, x ≤ –3 or x ≤ 3},
range { y ∊ ℝ}; not a function
1.2 Functions and Function Notation

16 __ 17
7 ___ 3
__
1. a) ___
5 , 5, 10 ; f : x → – 5x + 2 3. x = 2
5
b) 35, 5, __; f : x → 6x2 – 4x + 3 4. a) a = –3; f(x) = –3x + 2
2
35
c) –5, –14, – ___; f : x → –3(x + 1)2 – 2 b) a = 6; f(x) = 6x + 2
4
d) 7, 7, 7; f : x → 7 c) a = 1.5; f(x) = 1.5x + 2
1 __
1, __ 1 1 d) a = –6.2; f(x) = –6.2x + 2
e) – __ , ; f : x → ______
7
__ 5 3
__ 4x +1
______ 5. a)
f) √7 , 1, √2 ; f : x → √3 – 2x −4 18
−3 14
2. a) –1 −2 10
−1 6
0 2
1 —2
Domain Range
188 MHR • Chapter 1 978-0-07-031875-5

b) −3 3
d) function; each element of the domain
corresponds with only one element of
the range
−2
e) function; each element of the domain
−1 −3
the range
Domain Range
9. a) f : x → –7x + 1
c) 2 + 7x – 5
b) g : x → x______
2 1
3 c) h : b → √9b + 9
1
4
3 d) r : k → ______
5 5k – 3
6 10. a) Substitute ℓ = 1.8 in each equation.
7 5 Earth: ___
Domain Range T = 2√1.8
d) ≐ 2.7
6
On Earth the period is approximately
9 2.7 s.
−7
12 Moon: ___
T = 5√1.8
15
≐ 6.7
Domain Range On the moon the period is
6. a) function; each element of the domain approximately 6.7 s.
corresponds with only one element of the Pluto: ___
range T = 8√1.8
b) not a function; some elements of the ≐ 10.7
domain correspond with more than one On Pluto the period is approximately
element of the range 10.7 s.
c) function; each element of the domain b) Substitute T = 3 in each equation and
corresponds with only one element of solve for ℓ.
the range Earth: __
d) function; each element of the domain 5 = 2√__ℓ
2.5 = √ℓ Square both sides.
the range
6.25 = ℓ
7. a) {(–8, 3), (–3, 1), (–1, 3), (2, 5), (2, –9)} On Earth the length of the pendulum is
b) {(0, 3), (2, 8), (5, 7), (11, 3)} 6.25 m.
c) {(–5, –2), (–2, 4), (0, 4), (7, –7), (7, –2)} Moon:__
d) {(–5, 0), (–4, 2), (–3, 5), (–2, 6), (0, 7)} 5 = 5__√ℓ
e) {(–1, –3), (2, –3), (5, –3), (9, –3)} 1 = √ℓ
8. a) not a function; some elements of the 1=ℓ
domain correspond with more than one On the moon the length of the
element of the range pendulum is 1 m.
b) function; each element of the domain Pluto: __
corresponds with only one element of the 5 = 8√ℓ
range 5 √__
__
= ℓ Square both sides.
c) not a function; some elements of the 8
domain correspond with more than one 25
___
= ℓ or ℓ ≐ 0.4
element of the range 64

______
80 – h
On Pluto the length of the pendulum is
approximately 0.4 m.
14. a) Earth: t : h → √ ______
______
4.9
;
80 – h
c) domain {ℓ ∊ ℝ, ℓ ≥ 0}, Jupiter: t : h → √______
12.8
range {T ∊ ℝ, T ≥ 0} b) In each case, the expression under
d) 44
T T=8 ᐍ the radical sign cannot be less than
zero. Since the denominators are both
40 constants, 80 – h ≥ 0. Both h and t must
36 be positive.
80 – h ≥ 0 and h ≥ 0
32
–h ≥ –80 and h ≥ 0
28 T=5 ᐍ 0 ≤ h ≤ 80
Period (s)
24 For both relations, the domain is

{h ∊ ℝ, 0 ≤ h ≤ 80} and the range is
20 {t ∊ ℝ, t ≥ 0}.
16 c) Yes; both relations are square root
functions. For each relation, every value
12 T=2 ᐍ
of the domain has exactly one value
8 in the range.
d) Substitute h = 10 in each equation and
4 solve for t.
ᐍ Earth: _______
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28
80 – 10
Length (m) √
t(10) = _______
4.9
≐ 3.8
e) all are functions; each x-value
Jupiter: _______
corresponds__ with one y-value
80 – 10
f) T : ℓ → 2√ℓ__
T : ℓ → 5√__ℓ
√
t(10) = _______
12.8
T:ℓ→8 ℓ √ ≐ 2.3
On Earth, the object reaches a height of
11. a) 60 000 b) i) 76 552 ii) 77 727
10 m after 3.8 s. On Jupiter, the object
c) 2020 d) Yes
reaches a height of 10 m after 2.3 s.
12. a)
15. a) Answers may vary. Sample answer:
f(x) = 4x2 – 3
b) f(x) = –0.5x2 + 3
16. a)
Function Domain Range
b)
f(x) = 2x {x ∊ ℝ} {y ∊ ℝ}
g(x) = 2x {x ∊ ℝ} {y ∊ ℝ, y ≥ 0}
h(x) = x2 {x ∊ ℝ} {y ∊ ℝ, y ≥ 0}
c) y = 3x2 – 2x + 1 x
d) f(–4) = 57, f(0) = 1, f(6) = 97 q(x) = __ {x ∊ ℝ} {y ∊ ℝ}
2
13. a) domain {i ∊ ℝ, i ≥ 0}, 2
p(x) = __
x {x ∊ ℝ, x ≠ 0} {y ∊ ℝ, y ≠ 0}
range {A ∊ ℝ, 0 ≤ A ≤ 500}
b) Yes c) i) $462.28 ii) $428.67
d) i) 19.5% ii) 11.8%
190 MHR • Chapter 1 978-0-07-031875-5

b) y D(x) = (ticket price)
h(x) = x2
x
4 q(x) = × (number of tickets sold)
2
D(x) = (31.25 – 1.25x)(104 + 8x)
2 2
g(x) = 2x p(x) = x Since the equation is in factored form,
solve D(x) = 0.
—4 —2 0 2 4 6 x
0 = (31.25 – 1.25x)(104 + 8x)
—2
31.25 – 1.25x = 0 or 104 + 8x = 0
f(x) = 2x x = 25 or x = –13
c) all are functions The maximum occurs at the average of
d) f(2) = g(2) = h(2) = 4; q(2) = p(2) = 1 the two zeros.
e) f(0) = h(0) = q(0) = 0; 25 – 13
x = _______
f(1) = g(1) = p(1) = 2; 2
g(–0.77) = h(–0.77) ≐ 0.59; =6
h(0.5) = q(0.5) = 0.25; Tickets sold = 104 + 8x
q(–2) = p(–2) = –1; = 104 + 8(6)
h(1.26) = p(1.26) ≐ 1.6; = 152
f(–1) = p(–1) = –2 The maximum donation occurs when
–2 152 tickets are sold.
17. a) g(x) = _____; h(x) = 4x2 – 5x b) ticket price = 31.25 – 1.25x Substitute
x+3
b) i) –2 ii) –8 iii) 3 iv) 7 x = 6.
18. f(x) = 2x2 – 3x + 5 = 31.25 – 1.25 × 6
= 23.75
1.3 Maximum or Minimum of a The ticket price that maximizes the
Quadratic Function donation is $23.75.
1. a) y = (x – 4)2 – 16 c) D(6) = 23.75 × 152
b) f(x) = (x + 8)2 – 68 = 3610
52 3
c) f(x) = x + __ + __
2 ( 4 ) The maximum donation is $3610.
7. a) 3.7 m b) after 0.8 s
d) g(x) = x –
2
+(
1 2 __
__ 7
4 ) 8. 10 m by 20 m
e) y = (x – 4) – 22
2
9. a) Let x represent the larger number and let
(
7 2 89
f) y = x – __ – ___
2 4 ) y represent the smaller number.
x – y = 8, so y = x – 8
2. a) (–2, –3); minimum
Let p(x) represent the product of the
b) (3, 25); maximum
two numbers.
c) (–1, 8); maximum
p(x) = xy
5
( )
d) __, –4 ; minimum
2 = x(x – 8)
e) (2, 3); minimum = x2 – 8x
f) (–1, –1); maximum Complete the square to determine the
3. a) (1, –3); minimum maximum product.
b) (–3, 2); maximum p(x) = x2 – 8x
c) (–4, 5); maximum = x2 – 8x + 16 – 16
d) (1, 3); minimum = (x – 4)2 – 16
e) (6, 0); minimum The maximum product is –16.
f) (5, 11); maximum b) The maximum product occurs when
4. Answers may vary. x = 4.
5. $850 over cost y=4–8
= –4
6. a) Let x represent the number of $1.25 price
The two numbers that produce the
decreases and D(x) represent the amount
maximum product are 4 and –4.
of the donation, in dollars.
1
10. a) 13 and 13 b) 338 9. a) A = __ bh
2 ___
11. 28.1 cm2 1 ( 3√5__ )( √15
= __ )
12. a) 66.25 m b) 1.5 s c) 55 m 2
3 ___
13. a) $15.50 b) $4805 = __ ( √75 )
2
3 ______
__
14. a) 34.52 m b) 55 m = √25 × 3
2
13
___
15. a) y = – x(x – 10) 3 __
16 = ( 5√3 )
__
2 __
b) 20.3 m 15√3
= _____
16. a) 10.125 b) 2.25 2
ν 2 b) A = ℓ w__ __
17. ___ + h0
2g = 7√6 ( 3√8 )
___
18. a) minimum = 1.875 V; maximum = 17 V = 21√48
b) minimum: 2.25 min; maximum: 5 min ______
= 21√16 × 3
__
19. b must be an even integer = 21( 4√3 )
__
20. b must be divisible by 8 = 84√3
h
1.4 Skills You Need: Working With c) A = __ (b1 + b2)
2___
Radicals √20 ____ ___
__ ___ ___ = ____ ( √147 + √48 )
2
1. a) 14√3___ b) 3√30__ c) – 4___
√33 _____
√4 × 5 ______ ______
d) –16___
√21 e) –15√6___ √
f) 6 22 = ______ ( √49 × 3 + √16 × 3 )
__2
g) –6√35 h) –49√30 2 √5 __ __
__ __ __ = ____ ( 7√3 + 4√3 )
2. a) 3√6__ b) 7√2 c) 12__√2 2
__ __
= √5 ( 11√3 )
d) 5√__3 e) 6 √
2
___
f) 5√__5 __ ___
g) 4√6 h) 3√14 i) 4√2 j) 6√5 = 11√15
__ __ d) A = s2 ___ ___
3. a) 13√2___ b) 14√3__ __ = ( √28 + √54 )2
c) – 2√11 d) – 4√5 + 31√6 _____ _____
__ __ __
= ( √4 × 7 + √9 × 6 )2
__ __
4. a) – 33__√3 b) –37__
√2 c) –23
__
√5
__ = ( 2√7 + 3√6 )2
__ __ __ __
__ e) –5 3
d) 31√__2 √ √3 – 5√5
__ f) __ = ( 2√7 )2 + 2( 2√7 ) ( 3√6 ) + ( 3√6 )2
___
g) –6√3 – 9√2 h) 47√2 – √7 = 4(7) + 12___
√42 + 9(6)
___ __ __
5. a) 5√10 __ b) –30√2 c) 70√2 = 82 + 12√42
___
d) –240___
√3 e) –126 f)__ –28 10. 12√35 ; explanations may vary
___
g) –30√10 h) –162√2 11. 6√21 cm
__ __ ___ __ __
3 – √6___
6. a) 2√__ b) 2√15___– 4√3___ 12. x2 + x2 = ( 32√2 )2
√5 – 3√10
c) 6___ d) –2√___
15 – 6√21___ 2x2 = 2048
__
e) √30___– 5√2 ___ f) 12√22 + 20__√26 x2 = 1024
__ x = 32
g) 6√10 – 8√15 h) 36 3 – 72√2
√
__ __
The side length of the square game board
7. a) 1 – 5√7 b) 2 + 6√3 __ is 32 cm.
c) –43 __
d) 52 – 38√2 Divide by 4 to determine the number of
e) 67 – 42√2 f) 33 small squares along each side.
__
3 __ __ 32 ÷ 4 = 8
8. a) –3√3 – __√2 b) – 4√2 Each side has 8 squares, so there are
2
64 squares in total.
192 MHR • Chapter 1 978-0-07-031875-5

________
13. √100 – 64 According to BEDMAS, 7. a) k = ±4
subtract first, then take the b) k > 4 or k < –4
___ square root. c) –4 < k < 4
= √36 8. a) x y = f(x)
=6 ___ –2 –12
100 – √64 According to BEDMAS, take
√
the square root then subtract. –1 –4
= 10 – 8 0 2
=2 1 6
The order of the operations is reversed, so 2 8
the answers are not the same. 3 8
___
+ √11
4_______ 7 – 2 √6 ___ 4 6
14. a) b) _______ c) √13
6 __ 8 __ 5 2
5 + 2√7
_______ –2 + √5
_______
d)
9
e)
4 6 –4
3
15. a) i) 4 √5
3
ii) 5 √7 iii) 14 7 –12
4 4 4
√
b) i) 2 15 √
ii) 3 10 iii) 6 √ 7 b) f(x)
__ __ ____ f(x) = −x2 + 5x + 2
16. a) 25√m
____ ___17√c – √7ab
b) 8
c) 8a√5ab
____
+ 10mn
__
√3n
6
d) 4b√3ab + 9c√d
4
1.5 Solving Quadratic Equations
2
1. a) –3, 2 b) –3, –4 c) –5, 5
5 2
d) –9, 3 e) – __, 3 f) __, –5 x
3 3__ 0 2 4 6
3 1 –3 ± √ 6
2. a) x = __ or – __ b) x = _______ —2
2 3__ 3
–3 ± 3√ –7 ± √ 13 —4
c) x = _______ d) x = _________
2 __ 6 —6
e) x = –3 ± √5
3. a) no roots b) two roots —8
c) two roots d) one root

e) no roots f) no roots c)
___ f(x)
–5 ± √17 f(x) = −x2 + 5x + 2
4. a) x = ________ b) x = 3 ± √2 ___ 8
4
10 ± 2√10
c) x =3 ± √ 21 d) x = _________ 6
3 y=4
24 ± 4 √
41 4
e) x = __________
5
2
5. a) two distinct real roots
b) two equal real roots
0 2 4 6 x
c) no real roots
d) two distinct real roots —2
e) two equal real roots —4

6. Methods may vary.
3 9 –5 ± 2 √
41 —6
a) – __, 4 b) ± __ c) __________
2 2 4
—8
3 2
d) 0, __ e) 3.78, –1.15 f) __, 1
2 __ 3
5 ± √7 3
g) ______ h) – __, 1 d) x ≐ 0.5, x ≐ 4.5 e) (0.4, 4), (4.6, 4)
2 4

9. a) k = ±9, ±15 b) k = ±3, ±9 1.6 Determine a Quadratic Equation
c) Answers may vary. Possible values of Given Its Roots
k are –4, –6, 14. 1. a) f(x) = a(x – 1)(x + 4)
10. Find the values of t when the height is 0. f(x)
Solve h(t) = 0. 12
–4.9t2 + 21.8t + 1.5 = 0
8
Use the quadratic formula.
_________________
f(x) = (x — 1)(x + 4)
–21.8 ± √ 21.8 2 – 4( –4.9 )( 1.5 ) 4
t = _________________________ f(x) = 2(x — 1)(x + 4)
2( –4.9 )
≐ – 0.068 or 4.517 —12 —10 —8 —6 —4 —2 0 2 x
f(x) = —2(x — 1)(x + 4)
Time must be positive, so the ball will be —4
f(x) = —(x — 1)(x + 4)
in the air for approximately 4.5 s.
—8
11. a) approximately 50 km/h
b) approximately 70 km/h —12
c) 100 km/h
12. Let x represent one of the numbers and let y b) f(x) = a(x + 3)(x + 6)
represent the other number. f(x)
The sum of the numbers is 24, f(x) = (x + 3)(x + 6) 8
so x + y = 24.
f(x) = 2(x + 3)(x + 6) 6
Isolate y: y = 24 – x ➀
The sum of the squares of the numbers is 4
306, so x2 + y2 = 306. ➁
2
Substitute ➀ in ➁.
x2 + (24 – x)2 = 306 Expand and
—10 —8 —6 —4 —2 0 x
simplify.
x2 + (576 – 48x + x2) = 306 —2
2x2 – 48x + 270 = 0 Divide by 2. —4
x – 24x + 135 = 0
2
(x – 9)(x – 15) = 0 f(x) = —2(x + 3)(x + 6) —6

x = 9 or x = 15 —8
f(x) = —(x + 3)(x + 6)
The two numbers are 9 and 15.
13. a) 498 m b) 10 s
c) f(x) = a(x – 5)(x + 2)
c) 20 s d) 8 m
f(x)
14. 9 cm, 12 cm f(x) = —2(x — 5)(x + 2)
24
15. 5 cm
18
16. 11 and 12 f(x) = —(x — 5)(x + 2)
17. 7.2 m by 7.2 m 12
18. 7, 8, 9 or –7, –8, –9 6
19. 18.6 A and 5.4 A

__ —4 —2 0 2 4 6 8x
20. a) x = ±3, ±1 b) x = –1 ± √3
___ —6
–1 ± √37
________
c) x = —12
6 __
2 f(x) = (x — 5)(x + 2)
21. a) x = –1 ± √3 b) x = __ —18
__
3 __
22. a > 3 + 2√2 and a < 3 – 2√2 , a ≠ 0 —24
f(x) = 2(x — 5)(x + 2)
194 MHR • Chapter 1 978-0-07-031875-5

2. a) f(x) = a(x2 + 3x – 4) –16 and 16. A point that is 8 m from one
b) f(x) = a(x2 + 9x + 18) end of the arch and 18 m high is (8, 18);
c) f(x) = a(x2 – 3x – 10) another point on the other side is (–8, 18).
3. a) y = 2(x – 4)(x + 3) The height of the arch is unknown.
b) y = –0.5(x + 2)(x – 5) y
c) y = 4x(3x – 2)
24
4. a) y = 2x2 – 2x – 24
b) y = –0.5x2 + 1.5x + 5 20
(−8, 18) (8, 18)
c) y = 12x2 – 8x 16
5. a) y = –3x2 + 12x + 3
b) y = –2x2 – 12x – 6 12
c) y = 3x2 – 24x + 52 8
d) y = –0.5x2 – x + 6
6. a) y = 3(x – 2)2 – 27 4
( )
1 2 49
b) y = –2 x + __ + ___
2 2 —12 —8 —4 0 4 8 12 x
c) y = 2(x + 1)2 – 8
d) y = –3(x + 2)2 + 48 b) Use the x-intercepts and the coordinates
49
1 x2 + ___
7. a) y = – ___ of the known point, (8, 18), to
32 8 determine the factored form of the
49
___
b) m or 6.125 m equation.
8
c) 14 m 1 x2 + __
d) y = – ___
7
x y = a(x – 16)(x + 16) Substitute
32 8 (8, 18) to find
1 x2 + __7
e) The graph of y = – ___ x is the the value of a.
32 8
49 18 = a(82 – 256)
graph of y = – ___1 x2 + ___
32 8
translated 18 = –192a
3
14 m to the right. a = – ___
32
f) 3
f(x) = – ___ (x – 16)(x + 16) is the
32
factored form of the equation.
The standard form, which in this
case is also the vertex form, is
3
3
8. a) y = – ___x2
1(
b) y = __ f(x) = – ___x2 + 24.
5 x–3
)2 32
16
c) y = –(x + 6)2 d) y = – __ 2 ( x – 4 )2 c) The vertex is (0, 24), so the maximum
3 height of the arch is 24 m.
e) y = 5(x + 1)2
9. a) y = –5x2 – 5x + 10 13. a) In this situation the x-intercepts are 0 and
b) y = 2x2 – 2x – 12 32, and a point that is 8 m from one end
3 of the arch is (8, 18). Use this information
c) y = __x2 – 3x – 9
4 to write the factored form of the equation.
10. If my graphs pass through the given points y = ax(x – 32) Substitute x = 8
and have the same vertex and direction of and y = 18.
opening as the given graphs, I know my 18 = a(8)(8 – 32)
equations are correct.
18 = a(8)(–24)
11. ac > 9
18 = –192a
12. a) The width of the arch is 32 m, so half
18
of the width is 16 m. When the vertex is a = – ____
on the y-axis, the x-intercepts are 192

3
a = – ___ b)
32
The factored form of the equation is
3
y = – ___x(x – 32).
32
In standard form the equation is
3
y = – ___x2 + 3x. c)
32
b) The maximum height occurs at the
vertex, which is halfway between the
x-intercepts. The x-coordinate of the
vertex is x = 16.
Substitute this value into the equation d)
and solve for y.
3
y = – ___x2 + 3x
32
3
= – ___( 16 )2+ 3( 16 )
32
41
5. a) – ___
= 24 8
b) 3 c) 5 d) 8
The maximum height of the arch is 6. Answers may vary.
24 m. The height is the same as the one 7. (4, 12), (–5, 57)
found in question 12, which makes sense 8. To determine if the two paths intersect, set
since only the orientation has changed, the equations equal.
not the size of the arch represented by –8x2 + 720x + 56 800 = –960x + 145 000
the function. –8x2 + 1680x – 88 200 = 0 Divide by –8.
14. Yes. Explanations may vary. x2 – 210x + 11 025 = 0 Factor or use
15. a) f(x) = –2(x – 2)(x + 1)(x – 4); the quadratic
f(x) = –2x3 + 10x2 – 4x – 16 formula.
b) f(x) = a(2x – 1)(x + 2)(x – 3) (x – 105)2 = 0
22
4 x3 + 2x2 + ___ x = 105
c) f(x) = – __ x–4 Substitute x = 105 into y = –960x + 145 000
3 3
and solve for y.
1.7 Solve Linear-Quadratic Systems y = –960(105) + 145 000
( )( )
5 __
4, –9 , __
1. a) (3, 24), (–2, –1) b) – __
3
,
2 2
5 = 44 200
The paths will intersect at (105, 44 200).
( )
3 5
c) __, __ , (–1, 2)
4 8
d) (–7, –15), (2, –6) 9. Answers may vary.
4 4 4
2. Answers may vary. 10. a) k > – __ b) k = – __ c) k < – __
3 3 3
3. a) no intersection 11. Equate the expressions and simplify.
b) two points of intersection kx2 + 3x + 10 = –5x + 3
c) one point of intersection kx2 + 8x + 7 = 0 Use the discriminant;
d) two points of intersection a = k, b = 8, c = 7.
4. a) b2 – 4ac
= 82 – 4(k)(7)
= 64 – 28k
a) Two points of intersection occur when
the discriminant is positive.
64 – 28k > 0
64 > 28k
16
k < ___
7
196 MHR • Chapter 1 978-0-07-031875-5

b) One point of intersection occurs when Chapter 1 Review
the discriminant is zero.
1. a) Yes; vertical line test is satisfied
64 – 28k = 0
b) No; vertical line test is not satisfied
64 = 28k
16 2. a) Yes; each domain value has only one
k = ___
7 range value
c) No points of intersection occur when b) No; the domain value has four range
the discriminant is negative. values
64 – 28k < 0 3. a) domain {x ∊ ℝ}, range {y ∊ ℝ, y ≤ 2}
64 < 28k
16
k > ___7
{4
b) domain x ∊ ℝ, x ≤ __ ,
3 }
range {y ≤ 0, y ∊ ℝ}
12. (–16.8, –2.2), (24.5, 0.7)
13. Answers may vary. Sample answer: The line
x = 3 is a vertical line that intersects or cuts 5. a) range {–5, –1, 3, 4, 11}
through the parabola such that part of the b) range {–7, –5, 1}
line is above the parabola and part of it is 6. a) 16
below.
y
8
14. a) y
28 4
24
—2 0 2 4x
20 —4 y = 7x — 5
16 —8
12 y = −x2 + 11x
b) –1
8 y
4 y = 4x − 18 2
0 2 4 6 8 10 x —6 —4 —2 0 2 4 6 x
—2 y = —1
b) (9, 18)
15. 10:30 < x < 14:30, or between 10:30 a.m. c) 9
and 2:30 p.m.
y
16. a) 7.1 s b) 112.8 m 8
17. 90 m by 160 m
6
18. y = x – 10
4
19. Two parabolas may have two, one, or no
points of intersection. Equations and 2 y = 4x2 — 12x + 9
sketches will vary.
20. a) Estimates will vary. Sample answer: 0 2 4 6 8 x
(–8, 6), (9.6, –2.8)

b) Estimates will vary. Sample answer:
(3.5, 0.9), (1.5, –3)
21. There are no real roots.

d) 0 c) (–6, 1); minimum
y
8
1
( )
10. a) __, –3 ; minimum
2
6
(3
)
b) – __, 2 ; minimum
4
11. a) $25 000 b) $3000
4 __ ___
12. a) 7√3 b) 2√15
2 __ __ __ __
13. a) 2√7 –__2√3 __ b) 41√6 + 36 __ √7
c) –16__√2 – 2√__7 d) 36
___– 40 √3
—2 0 2 4 6 8 x
e) 48√__3 – 96√2 – 96 f) √10 – 2
—2
g) 3√5
—4 14. A = 128
1 1
—6
y = 2(x — 3)(x + 1)
15. x = __ or – __
3 6
__
—8 3± 7 √
16. x = ______
2
17. two distinct real roots
7. a) function; each domain value has a single
range value 18. 68.4 m by 131.6 m
19. a) y = –24x2 + 42x + 45
−7 8
b) y = –x2 + 10x – 22
−5 7
−3 6 20. Answers may vary. Sample answer:
−1 3 h = –4.8(x – 5)2 + 120
1 1
3 21. y = 5(x + 1)2
Domain Range (5
)
22. – __, –17 , (1, –3)
2
b) not a function; the values 2 and 3 in
23. one
the domain each have two values in the
range 24. –3
25. after 8.3 s
1 1
2 2 Chapter 1 Math Contest

3 3 1. B
4 4 2. D
Domain Range
3. A
4. B
8. a) the width of the pool 5. C
b) domain {x ∊ ℝ, x > 0.2},
6. A
range {w ∊ ℝ, x ≥ 0}, where w is the
width of the pool 7. C
c) Yes; each element of the domain 8. B
corresponds with one element of the 9. D
range 10. C
d) w = 18 ft
9. a) (–3, 29); maximum
(
3
)
b) __, 16 ; maximum
2
198 MHR • Chapter 2 978-0-07-031875-5

Chapter 2 Transformation of 2. a) f(6) = –32; g(0) = 4
Functions b) Answers may vary.
2.1 Functions and Equivalent c) f(0) = –12; g(0) = 10
d) s(0) = –23; t(0) = 30
Algebraic Expressions
e) f(1) = –20; g(0) = –5
1. a) f) Answers may vary.
3. a) x ≠ –3
b) x ≠ –4
4. a) x ≠ 3, x ≥ 2
No. The functions do not appear to be b) x ≠ –2, x ≠ 2
equivalent. 5. a) Yes; x ≠ –5
x+6
b) No; g(x) = _____; x ≠ –6; x ≠ –3
b) x+3
c) No; g(x) = x + 1; x ≠ –5
d) Yes; x ≠ –3; x ≠ – __1
3
1
6. a) _____; x ≠ –3, x ≠ 7
x+3
Yes. The functions appear to be x+3
b) – _____; x ≠ –3, x ≠ 4
equivalent. 2
x + 5 3
c) c) _____ ; x ≠ __, x ≠ –3
x+3 2
x+4
_____
d) x + 5; x ≠ –5, x ≠ 9
x
e) _____; x ≠ –1, x ≠ 2
x+1
2x – 1 2
No. The functions do not appear to be f) ________; x ≠ –1, x ≠ __
2(x + 1) 3
equivalent.
2x + 1
______ 1
__ 1
__
g) ;x≠– ,x≠
d) 2x – 1 2 2
x – 17
______
h) ; x ≠ –3, x ≠ 0, x ≠ 3
3–x
7. a) x y
No. The functions do not appear to be −4 7
equivalent. −2 19
e) 0 31
3 49
10 91
b) x y
No. The functions do not appear to be
−4 undefined
equivalent.
−2 undefined
f)
0 0
72
___
3 5
75
___
10
2
Yes. The functions appear to be
equivalent. x ≠ –4, x ≠ –2

c) x y c) 25.875 m3, 57.875 m2; 84 m3, 125 m2;
149.625 m3, 183.5 m2
−4 0
−2 1 11. Expand and simplify each function.
−__
6
0 undefined
[ 1
f(x) = x2 + __ (x – 1)(x + 1)
2 ]
2
3 − __
7
2
[ 1
= x2 + __ (x2 – 1)
2 ] 2
1
10
7
__ = x2 + __ (x2 – 1)2
6 4
1
__
x≠0 = x + (x4 – 2x2 + 1)
2
4
d) 1 1 1
x y = x + x4 – __ x2 + __
2 __
4 2 4
−4 39 1 1 1
= __ x4 + __ x2 + __
−2 −11 4 2 4
0 9 [1
g(x) = __ (x2 + 1)
2 ]
2
3 24 1 2
__
= (x + 1)2
10 −11 4
1
= __ (x4 + 2x2 + 1)
8. a) Area of large circle is A = πr2 4
The diameter of the small circle is 8 cm, 1 1 1
= __ x4 + __ x2 + __
so the radius is 4 cm. 4 2 4
The area of the small circle is f(x) and g(x) are equivalent expressions.
A = π(4)2
12. The graph of f(x) is the line y = 2x + 1,
= 16π with slope 2, y-intercept 1, and two holes,
Subtract the area of the small circle from
the area of the large circle. ( 2, – __
one at – __
3 3 )
1 and the other at (4, 9).
Shaded Area = πr2 – 16π

b) Shaded Area = πr2 – 16π 2.2 Skills You Need: Operations
= π(r2 – 16) With Rational Expressions
= π(r – 4)(r + 4) 16y2
1. a) ____ ;x≠0
c) Since this function represents area, it is x2
restricted to positive r-values that result b) 48x ; x ≠ 0
4
in positive area. The domain is c) 12b3; b ≠ 0

{ x ∊ ℝ, x > 4}. 1
d) ___; x ≠ 0, y ≠ 0
3x
9. a) V = π(2x + 1)2(x – 2);
e) 16ab; a ≠ 0, b ≠ 0
V = π(4x3 – 4x2 – 7x – 2)
b) SA = 2π(2x + 1)2 + 2π(2x + 1)(x – 2); f) 18pr2; p ≠ 0, q ≠ 0, r ≠ 0
SA = 2π(6x2 + x – 1) 2. a) 4; x ≠ 6
c) 56.5 m3; 245.0 m2 b) 9; x ≠ –2, x ≠ 0
d) { x ∊ ℝ, x > 2} x–8
c) _____; x ≠ –2, x ≠ 6
x–6
10. a) V(x) = (3x + 2)(2x – 0.5)(x + 1) 7x 1, x ≠ 0
d) _____; x ≠ –4, x ≠ – __
b) SA(x) = 2(3x + 2)(2x – 0.5) x+4 2
+ 2(2x – 0.5)(x + 1) 4x
_____
e) ; x ≠ –6, x ≠ 0, x ≠ 5
+ 2(3x + 2)(x + 1) x+6
x+1
f) _____; x ≠ –8, x ≠ –4, x ≠ –3
x+3
200 MHR • Chapter 2 978-0-07-031875-5

4x2 – 37x + 21
1
g) _____; x ≠ –2, x ≠ –1, x ≠ 1, x ≠ 4 h) _____________; x ≠ –7, x ≠ 2, x ≠ 5,
x–4 (x + 7)(x – 10)
x–3 x ≠ 10
h) _____; x ≠ –6, x ≠ –2, x ≠ 4
x+6 d
6. a) Use the formula for time: t = __v .
3. a) 2; x ≠ –1, x ≠ 0 The total distance is 40 km, so half the
b) x; x ≠ 3 total distance is 20 km.
x–5 Let t1 represent David’s time for the
c) ______; x ≠ –12, x ≠ –10, x ≠ 5
x + 10 first half of the race and let t2 represent
x + 15
d) ______; x ≠ –6, x ≠ 0 David’s time for the second half of the
4
1
__ race. Let t represent the total time for the
e) ; x ≠ 0, x ≠ 9 race.
6
5x(x + 13) The time for the first half of the race is
f) __________
x – 5 ; x ≠ –2, x ≠ 0, x ≠ 5 20
represented by t1 = ___x.
3
g) _____; x ≠ –2, x ≠ –1, x ≠ 2 The time for the second half of the race is
x+1
20
x+7 represented by t2 = _____.
h) _____
x + 5 ; x ≠ –5, x ≠ –2, x ≠ 1, x ≠ 4
x–8
t = t1 + t2
5x – 2 20 _____20
4. a) ______ = ___
x +x–8
12
–2x + 75 20(x – 8) + 20x
b) ________ = ______________
21 x(x – 8)
1 ;x≠0
c) – ____ 20x – 160 + 20x
28x = ______________
x(x – 8)
8 + 9a
d) ______; a ≠ 0, b ≠ 0 40x – 160
2ab = _________
x(x – 8)
44a – 21b2
e) _________ ; a ≠ 0, b ≠ 0 The total time taken for the race is given
48a2b2
40x – 160
3 + 7a by t = _________.
f) ______; a ≠ 0 x(x – 8)
10a b) Substitute x = 35 in t.
–3(x – 7) 40(35) – 160
g) ____________; x ≠ –3, x ≠ 3 t = ___________
(x – 3)(x + 3) 35(35 – 8)
9(2x + 1) ≐ 1.3
h) ____________; x ≠ –4, x ≠ 5
(x + 4)(x – 5) David completed the race in
20x + 37 approximately 1.3 h, which is 1 h and
i) ____________; x ≠ –5, x ≠ 2
(x – 2)(x + 5) 18 min.
2x2 – 3x + 3 2
5. a) ___________; x ≠ 3, x ≠ 6 7. a) _____
(x – 6)(x – 3) x – 5; x ≠ 5
–3x2 – 8x – 7 x+4
b) ____________; x ≠ –3, x ≠ 5 b) _____; x ≠ 4
(x – 5)(x + 3) x–4
2x2 + 4x – 3 2a –3 5
c) ____________; x ≠ –2, x ≠ 2 c) ______; a ≠ __
(x – 2)(x + 2) 5 – 2a 2
3x2 + 4x b–4 3
d) ____________; x ≠ –2, x ≠ 1 d) ______; b ≠ __
(x – 1)(x + 2) 2b – 3 2
–x – 10 5x + 2
______
e) _____________; x ≠ –8, x ≠ –6, x ≠ –5, e) ;x≠2
(x + 8)(x + 6) x–2
x ≠ –3 –x – 1 3
f) ______; x ≠ __
4x – 7 4x – 3 4
____________
f) ; x ≠ –7, x ≠ –5, x ≠ 4 5b – 8
(x – 4)(x + 5) g) ______; x ≠ –2
1 b+2
g) _____; x ≠ –3, x ≠ –2, x ≠ 1 –3c + 1
x+2 h) _______ 1
; x ≠ __
5c – 1 5

–19x 4,
8. a) The dimensions of the box are 11. _______; x ≠ –4, x ≠ –3, x ≠ – __
ℓ = 120 – 2x, w = 100 – 2x, and h = x. 3(x – 1) 3
3
V = ℓwh x ≠ –1, x ≠ 0, x ≠ __, x ≠ 1, x ≠ 4
2
V(x) = (120 – 2x)(100 – 2x)x x + y
b) SA(x) = ℓw + 2ℓh + 2wh 12. a) _____
y – x ; x ≠ 0, y ≠ 0, x ≠ y
SA(x) = (120 – 2x)(100 – 2x) x2 + y2
b) _______ ; x ≠ 0, y ≠ 0, y ≠ ±x
+ 2(120 – 2x)x + 2(100 – 2x)x y2 – x2
c) The side length of the square must be –2a – 3
positive, so x > 0. The shortest side is 13. a) _______2; a ≠ –2
(a + 2)
100 cm, so x < 50 cm, since it would 2a + 3 5
be impossible to cut two squares with b) ______; a ≠ –2, a ≠ – __
3a + 5 3
sides larger than 50 cm from a side that
is only 100 cm long. The domain is 2.3 Horizontal and Vertical
{ x∊ , 0 < x < 50 }.
Translations of Functions
V
___ = 1. a) x f (x) = √__
SA x r(x) = f (x) – 4 s(x) = f (x + 5)
x(120 – 2x)( 100 – 2x )
_______________________________________ __
( 120 – 2x )( 100 – 2x ) + 2x( 120 – 2x ) + 2x( 100 – 2x ) 0 0 –4 √5
__
4x( 60 – x )( 50 – x ) –3
= _________________________________ 1 1 √6
4 60 – x 50 – x ) + 4x( 60 – x ) + 4( 50 – x )
( )(
4 2 –2 3
x( 3000 – 60x – 50x + x2 ) ___
= __________________________________ 9 3 –1 √14
3000 – 6x – 50x + x2 + 60x – x2 + 50x – x2
x3 – 110x2 + 3000x
= _______________ b)
x2 + 3000
e) The denominator cannot be_____
zero.
The restrictions are x ≠ ±√3000 ,
or x ≠ ±54.77.
6x2 + x – 12
9. a) ____________ c) r(x) translates the points 4 units down.
10x – 2 s(x) translates the points 5 units to the left.
3 1
b) x ≠ – __, x ≠ __
2 5 2. a) A′(–8, 3), B′(–5, 1), C′(–2, 1), D′(1, 10),
10. a) E′(3, 10), F′(6, 8), G′(8, 8)
b) A′(–8, –7), B′(–5, –9), C′(–2, –9),
D′(1, 0), E′(3, 0), F′(6, –2), G′(8, –2)
c) A′(–5, –3), B′(–2, –5), C′(1, –5),
D′(4, 4), E′(6, 4), F′(9, 2), G′(11, 2)
2x d) A′(–9, –3), B′(–6, –5), C′(–3, –5),
b) f(x) = ____________
(x – 4)(x + 4) D′(0, 4), E′(2, 4), F′(5, 2), G′(7, 2)
e) A′(–7, 6), B′(–4, 4), C′(–1, 4), D′(2, 13),
E′(4, 13), F′(7, 11), G′(9, 11)
f) A′(–10, –7), B′(–7, –12), C′(–4, –12),
D′(–1, –3), E′(1, –3), F′(4, –5), G′(6, –5)
3. a) f(x) = x; y = f(x) – 7; translate the graph
c) Answers may vary. Sample answer: of f(x) down 7 units;
The two graphs are the same. The f(x): domain {x ∊ ℝ}, range {y ∊ ℝ};
restrictions for both graphs are g(x): domain {x ∊ ℝ}, range {y ∊ ℝ}
x ≠ –4 and x ≠ 4. These are the vertical
asymptotes of the graph.
202 MHR • Chapter 2 978-0-07-031875-5

__
b) f(x) = x2; y = f(x) + 3; translate the f) f(x) = √x ; y = f(x + 3); translate the
graph of f(x) up 3 units; graph of f(x) left 3 units;
f(x): domain {x ∊ ℝ}, f(x): domain {x ∊ ℝ, x ≥ 0},
range {y ∊ ℝ, y ≥ 0}; range {y ∊ ℝ, y ≥ 0};
g(x):domain {x ∊ ℝ}, g(x): domain {x ∊ ℝ, x ≥ –3},
range {y ∊ ℝ, y ≥ 3} range {y ∊ ℝ, y ≥ 0}
__
c) f(x) = √x ; y = f(x) + 9; translate the 1
g) f(x) = __
x ; g(x) = f(x – 8); translate the
graph of f(x) up 9 units; graph of f(x) right 8 units;
f(x): domain {x ∊ ℝ, x ≥ 0}, f(x): domain {x ∊ ℝ, x ≠ 0},
range {y ∊ ℝ, y ≥ 0}; range {y ∊ ℝ, y ≠ 0};
g(x): domain {x ∊ ℝ, x ≥ 0}, g(x): domain {x ∊ ℝ, x ≠ 8},
range {y ∊ ℝ, y ≥ 9} range {y ∊ ℝ, y ≠ 0}
d) f(x) = x2; y = f(x – 5)2; translate the 4. a) translate f(x) left 3 units and up 1 unit;
graph of f(x) right 5 units; g(x) = f(x + 3) + 1;
f(x): domain {x ∊ ℝ}, f(x): domain {x ∊ ℝ},
range {y ∊ ℝ, y ≥ 0}; range {y ∊ ℝ, y ≥ 0};
g(x): domain {x ∊ ℝ}, g(x): domain {x ∊ ℝ},
range {y ∊ ℝ, y ≥ 0} range {y ∊ ℝ, y ≥ 1}
b) translate f(x) right 4 units and down
7 units; g(x) = f(x – 4) – 7;
f(x): domain {x ∊ ℝ, x ≥ 0},
range {y ∊ ℝ, y ≥ 0};
g(x): domain {x ∊ ℝ, y ≥ 4},
1 range {y ∊ ℝ, y ≥ –7}
e) f(x) = __
x ; y = f(x) + 2; translate the c) Answers may vary. Sample answer:
graph of f(x) up 2 units; translate f(x) down 6 units;
f(x): domain {x ∊ ℝ, x ≠ 0}, g(x) = f(x) – 6; f(x): domain {x ∊ ℝ},
range {y ∊ ℝ, y ≠ 0}; range {y ∊ ℝ}; g(x): domain {x ∊ ℝ},
g(x): domain {x ∊ ℝ, x ≠ 0}, range {y ∊ ℝ}
range {y ∊ ℝ, y ≠ 0}

1
5. a) translate f(x) right 4 units and up 3 units; d) n(x) = _____ – 7
g(x) = f(x – 4) + 3; x–3
1
f(x): domain {x ∊ ℝ, x ≠ 0}, e) r(x) = _____ + 6
x+4
range {y ∊ ℝ, y ≠ 0}; 1
g(x):domain {x ∊ ℝ, x ≠ 4}, f) s(x) = _____ – 8
x+2
range {y ∊ ℝ, y ≠ 3} 1
g) t(x) = _____
x–5+1
b) translate f(x) left 2 units and down
2 units; g(x) = f(x + 2) – 2; 10. a) False. The order does not matter. For
f(x): domain {x ∊ ℝ}, example, if the base function y = x2 is
range {y ∊ ℝ, y ≥ 0}; translated left 2 units and then up 1 unit,
g(x): domain {x ∊ ℝ}, the image of the point (2, 4) is (0, 5).
range {y ∊ ℝ, y ≥ –2} Similarly, if (2, 4) is translated up 1 unit
c) translate f(x) left 3 units and up 5 units; and then left 2 units, the image point is
g(x) = f(x + 3) + 5; also (0, 5). This will be true for all points
f(x): domain {x ∊ ℝ, x ≥ 0}, on y = x2.
range {y ∊ ℝ, y ≥ 0}; b) True. Consider the point (2, 2) on the
g(x): domain {x ∊ ℝ, x ≥ –3}, graph of y = x. A translation of 2 units
range {y ∊ ℝ, y ≥ 5} right results in the image point (4, 2),
6. a) b(x) = x + 2 which is on the graph of y = x – 2. If
the same point is translated 2 units
b) h(x) = x – 5
down, the resulting point is (2, 0), which
c) m(x) = x + 9
is also on the graph of y = x – 2. Thus,
d) n(x) = x – 10 when translated horizontally the image
e) r(x) = x + 10 points of the points on the line y = x
f) s(x) = x – 6 lie on the line y = x – 2. Similarly, when
g) t(x) = x – 4 translated vertically the image points of
7. a) b(x) = (x + 2)2 the points on the line y = x lie on the
b) h(x) = x2 – 5 line y = x – 2.
c) m(x) = x2 + 9 11. When f(x) = x is translated 5 units to the left
d) n(x) = (x – 3)2 – 7 the transformed function is
e) r(x) = (x + 4)2 + 6 g(x) = f(x + 5)
f) s(x) = (x + 2)2 – 8 g(x) = x + 5
g) t(x) = (x – 5)2 + 1 a) Equivalent; the transformed function is
_______ g(x) = f(x) + 5
8. a) b(x) = √(x + 2)
__ =x+5
b) h(x) = √x – 5
__ b) Not equivalent; the transformed
c) m(x) = √____
x+9 function is
d) n(x) = √_____
x –3 – 7 g(x) = f(x) – 5
e) r(x) = _____
√ x+4+6 =x–5
f) s(x) = √x_____
+2–8 c) Not equivalent; the transformed
g) t(x) = x – 5 + 1
√ function is
g(x) = f(x – 2) + 3
1
9. a) b(x) = _____ = (x – 2) + 3
x+2
1 =x+1
b) h(x) = __
x–5 d) Equivalent; the transformed function is
1
c) m(x) = __ g(x) = f(x + 3) + 2
x+9 = (x + 3) + 2
=x+5
204 MHR • Chapter 2 978-0-07-031875-5

e) Not equivalent; the transformed 2.4 Reflections of Functions
function is 1. a) y
g(x)
g(x) = f(x – 4) + 1 4 f(x)
= (x – 4) + 1 2
=x–3
—2 0 2 x
12. a) base function: f(x) = x; transformed
function: g(x) = x + 3 —2
b) base function: f(x) = x2; transformed f(x): domain {x ∊ ℝ}, range {y ∊ ℝ};
function: g(x) = (x + 1)2 + 2 g(x): domain {x ∊ ℝ}, range {y ∊ ℝ}
1
c) base function: f(x) = __
x; transformed b) y
f(x) g(x)
1
function: g(x) = _____ + 3 4
x–2
__
= √x ; transformed
d) base function: f(x)_____ 2
function: g(x) = √x – 1 + 4
—2 0 2 x
13. a) domain {x ∊ ℝ, x ≥ 0}, the number
of units of the product; f(x): domain {x ∊ ℝ},
range {y ∊ ℝ, y ≥ 400}, the cost range {y ∊ ℝ, y ≥ 0};
associated with producing x number g(x): domain {x ∊ ℝ},
of units _____ range {y ∊ ℝ, y ≥ 0}
b) g(x) = √x – 8 + 400 c) y
c) translate right 8 units
d) domain {x ∊ ℝ, x ≥ 8}, 2
range {y ∊ ℝ, y ≥ 400}
—4 —2 0 2 4x
14. a) translate 6 units left and 5 units up f(x) —2 g(x)
f (x) g(x) = f (x + 6) + 5
f(x): domain {x ∊ ℝ, x ≠ –1},
f(x) = x g(x) = x + 11
range {y ∊ ℝ, y ≠ 0};
f(x) = x2 g(x) = (x + 6)2 + 5 g(x): domain {x ∊ ℝ, x ≠ 1},
_____
f(x) = √x
__
g(x) = √x + 6 + 5 range {y ∊ ℝ, y ≠ 0}
1 1 d) y
f(x) = __
x g(x) = _____ + 5 g(x) f(x)
x+6 2
b) translate 4 units right and 3 units down
—4 —2 0 2 4x
g (x) h(x) = g (x - 4) - 3
—2
g(x) = x + 11 h(x) = x + 4
g(x) = (x + 6)2 + 5 h(x) = (x + 2)2 + 2 f(x): domain {x ∊ ℝ, x ≥ –1},
_____ _____ range {y ∊ ℝ, y ≥ 0};
g(x) = √ x + 6 + 5 h(x) = √ x + 2 + 2
g(x): domain {x ∊ ℝ, x ≤ 1},
1 1
g(x) = _____ + 5 h(x) = _____ + 2 range {y ∊ ℝ, y ≥ 0}
x+6 x+2
e) y
c) p(x) = f(x + 2) + 2; Answers may vary.
g(x) 2 f(x)
—8 —4 0 4 8x
—2

f(x): domain {x ∊ ℝ, –4 ≤ x ≤ 7}, e) y
f(x)
range {y ∊ ℝ, 0 ≤ y ≤ 3}; 2
g(x): domain {x ∊ ℝ, –7 ≤ x ≤ 4},
range {y ∊ ℝ, 0 ≤ y ≤ 3} —8 —4 0 4 8x
2. a) y
—2
h(x)
2 f(x)
f(x): domain {x ∊ ℝ, –4 ≤ x ≤ 7},
—2 0 2 x range {y ∊ ℝ, 0 ≤ y ≤ 3};
—2 h(x) h(x): domain {x ∊ ℝ, –4 ≤ x ≤ 7},
range {y ∊ ℝ, –3 ≤ y ≤ 0}
f(x): domain {x ∊ ℝ}, range {y ∊ ℝ}; 3. A reflection in the x-axis is represented by
h(x): domain {x ∊ ℝ}, range {y ∊ ℝ} k(x) = –f(–x).
b) y a) y f(x)
2 f(x) 2
k(x)
—4 —2 0 2x —2 0 2 x
—2 h(x) —2
f(x): domain {x ∊ ℝ}, f(x): domain {x ∊ ℝ}, range {y ∊ ℝ};

range {y ∊ ℝ, y ≥ 0}; k(x): domain {x ∊ ℝ}, range {y ∊ ℝ}
h(x): domain {x ∊ ℝ}, b) y
range {y ∊ ℝ, y ≤ 0} f(x)
2
c) y
h(x)
2 —4 —2 0 2x
f(x)
—2
—4 —2 0 2x k(x)
—2
f(x): domain {x ∊ ℝ},
range {y ∊ ℝ, y ≥ 0};
f(x): domain {x ∊ ℝ, x ≠ –1}, k(x): domain {x ∊ ℝ},
range {y ∊ ℝ, y ≠ 0}; range {y ∊ ℝ, y ≤ 0}
h(x): domain {x ∊ ℝ, x ≠ –1},
c) y
range {y ∊ ℝ, y ≠ 0} k(x)
d) y 2
f(x)
2
—4 —2 0 2 4x
—2
—2 0 2 4x
f(x)
—2
h(x)
f(x): domain {x ∊ ℝ, x ≠ –1},
f(x): domain {x ∊ ℝ, x ≥ –1}, range {y ∊ ℝ, y ≠ 0};
range {y ∊ ℝ, y ≥ 0}; k(x): domain {x ∊ ℝ, x ≠ 1},
h(x): domain {x ∊ ℝ, x ≥ –1}, range {y ∊ ℝ, y ≠ 0}
range {y ∊ ℝ, y ≤ 0}
206 MHR • Chapter 2 978-0-07-031875-5

d) y 6. a) i) (0, 8)
f(x)
2 ii) (–4, 0) and (–2, 0)
iii) There are no invariant points.
—4 —2 0 2 4x b) Answers may vary. Sample answer: The
—2 graph of y = ax2, {a ∊ ℝ, a ≠ 0}, will
k(x) have (0, 0) as an invariant point under
each type of reflection.
f(x): domain {x ∊ ℝ, x ≥ –1},
7. a) No
range {y ∊ ℝ, y ≥ 0};
b) Yes; –f(x)
k(x): domain {x ∊ ℝ, x ≤ 1},
c) Yes; f(–x)
range {y ∊ ℝ, y ≤ 0}
d) Yes; –f(–x)
e) y
e) No
2 f(x) f) Yes; f(–x)
8. a) Use a graphing calculator.
—4 —2 0 2 4x
k(x) —2
f(x): domain {x ∊ ℝ, –4 ≤ x ≤ 7},

range {y ∊ ℝ, 0 ≤ y ≤ 3};
k(x): domain {x ∊ ℝ, –7 ≤ x ≤ 4},
b) g(x) = f(–x)
range {y ∊ ℝ, –3 ≤ y ≤ 0}
______ g(x) = (–x + 3)2 – 2
4. a) g(x) = –√x – 21 – 9
b) g(x) = (–x + 8)2 – 17
c) g(x) = –(x + 1)2 – 11
1
d) f(x) = _____ + 5
x–6
Since g(x) = –f(–x), replace x with –x in
f(x) and multiply f(x) by –1. c) translate f(x) 6 units to the right
d) f(x – 6) = (x + 3 – 6)2 – 2
1
[
g(x) = – _______ + 5
(–x) – 6 ] = (x – 3)2 – 2
g(x) = (–x + 3)2 – 2 Common
[ 1
= – ______ + 5
–x – 6 ] = [–1(x – 3)]2 – 2
factor –1.
[ 1
= – ________
–( x + 6 )
+5Common ] = (–1)2(x – 3)2 – 2 Apply the laws
factor –1 in the of exponents
denominator. for powers.
1
= – ________ – 5 Multiply each = (x – 3)2 – 2
–( x + 6 ) = f(x – 6)
term in the
A reflection of f(x) in the y-axis is
brackets by –1.
1
_____ equivalent to a translation of 6 units
= –5 Simplify.
x+6 right, f(x – 6).
1
Therefore, g(x) = _____ – 5. e) This would not be true for reflections
______ x + 6
e) g(x) = –√–x + 4 + 19 in the x-axis because the direction of
1 opening of the parabola would change,
f) g(x) = _____ – 3
8–x whereas translations do not change the
g) g(x) = x – 18 direction of opening.
5. a) g(x) = f(–x); reflection in y-axis f) This would work for functions that
b) g(x) = –f(x); reflection in x-axis have a vertical line as axis of symmetry.
c) g(x) = –f(–x); reflection in x- and y-axes In this case reflection in the y-axis can

______ ______
be obtained by applying a translation. 11. a) f(–x) = √16______
– x2 ; f(–x) = –√16 – x2 ;
For example, the quadratic function in
–f(–x) = –√16 – x2 ;
part a) has a vertical line that passes
through the vertex (–3, –2) as an axis of f(x) = f(–x) and –f(x) = –f(–x) are
symmetry. A cubic function such as equivalent
f(x) = (x + 3)3 – 2 does not have b) invariant points: (–4, 0) and (4, 0)
a vertical line of symmetry, and so y f(x) = 16 − x2
a reflection in the y-axis cannot be 4 f(−x) = 16 − x2
expressed as a translation.
1 2
9. a) i) f(x) = __
x __
ii) f(x) = √x —4 —2 0 2 4 6 x
b) i) translate 9 units right and 4 units up —2
ii) translate 5 units left and 7 units down
1 –1 —4 −f(x) = 16 − x2
c) i) k(x) = _____ – 4; p(x) = _____ + 4;
9–x x+9 −f(−x) = 16 − x2
1 ______ ______
q(x) = _____ – 4
9
x +_____ c) f(x) = √ 16 – x2 and f(–x) = –√ 16 – x2 :
ii) k(x) =______
– x + 5 + 7;
√ ______ domain {x ∊ ℝ, –4 ≤ x ≤ 4},
p(x) = √–x + 5 – 7; q(x) = –√–x + 5 + 7
________
range {y ∊ ℝ, 0 ≤ y ≤ 4}
______ ______
10. a) i) g(x) = √–(x +2) –f(x) = –√ 16 – x2 and –f(–x) = –√ 16 – x2 :
domain {x ∊ ℝ, –4 ≤ x ≤ 4},
range {y ∊ ℝ, –4 ≤ y ≤ 0}
12. a) All points are invariant under each
_______
reflection.
ii) g(x) = √ –(x +4) b) only true for circles with centre (0, 0)
2.5 Stretches of Functions

( )
1. a) 3 3
x f (x) = x2 g(x) = __ f(x) h(x) = f __x
4 4
–4 16 12 9
_______
iii) g(x) = √ –(x +6) –2 4 3 9
__
4
0 0 0 0
9
__
2 4 3
4
4 16 12 9
__
b) i) a reflection of f(x) = √x in the y-axis b)
and a translation of 2 units left
__
ii) a reflection of f(x) = √x in the y-axis
and a translation of 4 units left
__
iii) a reflection of f(x) = √x in the y-axis
and a translation of 6 units left c) g(x) represents a vertical compression
3
c) Yes; explanations
________ may vary;
of f(x) by a factor of __; h(x) represents a
4 4
g(x) = √–( x – 2a ) horizontal stretch of f(x) by a factor of __
3
208 MHR • Chapter 2 978-0-07-031875-5

2. a) c) g(x) is a horizontal
__
stretch by a factor
of 6 of f(x) = √x
b)
d) g(x) is a vertical stretch by a factor of 7

1
of f(x) = __
x
c)
e) g(x) is a horizontal compression by a

d) 1 __
factor of ___ of f(x) = √x
25
3. a) a = 8; g(x) is a vertical stretch by a factor

of 8 of f(x)
b) k = 6; g(x) is a horizontal compression f) g(x) is a vertical compression by a factor
1
by a factor of __ of f(x) 1
2
6 of __ of f(x) = x
c) a = __; g(x) is a vertical compression by 8
3
2
a factor of __ of f(x)
3
1
d) k = __; g(x) is a horizontal stretch by a
9
factor of 9 of f(x)
4. a) g(x) is a vertical stretch by a factor of
12 of f(x) = x 5. a) g(x) = 2x2
b) g(x) is a horizontal compression by a ___

3
1
factor of __ of f(x) = x2
4
b) g(x) = √2x
__

________
2 1
c) g(x) = x __
√
d) g(x) = 25 – __x2 ;
4
domain {x ∊ ℝ, –10 ≤ x ≤ 10},
range {y ∊ ℝ, 0 ≤ y ≤ 5}
6. a) The base function is f(t) = t2.

a
b) vertical stretch by a factor of __
2
c) Earth: d(t) = 4.9t2; 9. a)
Neptune: d(t) = 5.7t2;
Mercury: d(t) = 1.8t2
d) For all three planets, the domain is
{t ∊ ℝ, t ≥ 0} and the range is
{d ∊ ℝ, d ≥ 0}.
b) g(x) = 2x4 – 2x2; h(x) = 2(2x)4 – 2(2x)2
7. a) compress f(x) horizontally by a factor c)
___
1
of __; g(x) = √8x
8
b) stretch f(x) vertically by a factor of 7;
7
g(x) = __x
_______
8. a) g(x) = 2 √25 – x2 ; d) No; simplified, h(x) = 32x4 – 8x2
domain {x ∊ ℝ, –5 ≤ x ≤ 5},
10. The value of the parameter c is 18 in both
range {y ∊ ℝ, 0 ≤ x ≤ 10}
f(x) and g(x).
In g(x), the term –10x2 may be written as
follows:
–10x2 = –(0.4 × 25x2)
= –0.4(25x2)
= –0.4(5x)2
________
So g(x) = f(5x),
b) g(x) = √25 – 4x2 ;
since f(5x) = –0.4(5x)2+ 18.
domain {x ∊ ℝ, –2.5 ≤ x ≤ 2.5},
f(5x) = –0.4(25x2) + 18
range {y ∊ ℝ, 0 ≤ x ≤ 5}
= –10x2 + 18
To obtain the graph of g(x), apply a
horizontal compression by a factor of
1
__
5 to the graph of f(x).
_______ 2.6 Combinations of Transformations

1√
__
c) g(x) = 25 – x2 ;
2 1. a) a = 3, d = 5; vertically stretch f(x) by a
domain {x ∊ ℝ, –5 ≤ x ≤ 5}, factor of 3, then translate 5 units right
range { y ∊ ℝ, 0 ≤ x ≤ 2.5} 1
b) a = __, c = 4; vertically compress f(x) by
4
1
a factor of __, then translate 4 units up
4
c) d = –6, c = 2; translate f(x) 6 units left
and 2 units up
210 MHR • Chapter 2 978-0-07-031875-5

1
d) k = __, c = 7; horizontally stretch f(x) by
3
a factor of 3, then translate 7 units up
e) k = 2, c = –8; horizontally compress f(x)
1
by a factor of __, then translate down
2
8 units
c) horizontally stretch by a factor of 2,
f) a = 5, c = –3; vertically stretch f(x) by
then translate 1 unit left;
a factor of 5, then translate down 3 units 1
g(x) = __ (x +1)2
2. a) a = 4, k = 3, c = –2; vertically stretch 4
by a factor of 4, horizontally compress
1
by a factor of __, and then translate
3
2 units down
b) a = –5, c = 6; vertically stretch by a
factor of 5, reflect in the x-axis, and
then translate 6 units up d) vertically stretch by a factor of 4, reflect
1 in the x-axis, and then translate 6 units
c) a = __, d = 8, c = 1; vertically compress down; g(x) = –4x – 6
3
1
by a factor of __, then translate 8 units
3
right and 1 unit up
d) k = –2, c = 6; horizontally compress by
1
a factor of __, reflect in the y-axis, and
2
then translate 6 units up 1
4. a) vertically compress by a factor of __,
1 3
e) a = –1, k = __, c = –1; reflect in the reflect in the x-axis, horizontally compress
4 1
x-axis, horizontally stretch by a factor by a factor of __, and then translate
of 4, and then translate 1 unit down 3
2 units left and 4 units down;
2
f) a = __
5 , k = 5, c__= –7; vertically compress g(x) = –x – 6
2
by a factor of 5 , horizontally compress
1
by a factor of __
5 , and then translate
7 units down
3. a) vertically stretch by a factor of 2 and
horizontally compress by a factor of
1 ___ b) vertically stretch by a factor of 4,
__
; g(x) = 2√4x reflect in the x-axis, horizontally
4
1
compress by a factor of __, and then
2
translate 1 unit right and 6 units up;
g(x) = –16(x – 1)2 + 6
b) vertically stretch by a factor of 3, reflect

in the x-axis, and then translate 1 unit
–3
right and 7 units up; g(x) = ____ + 7
x –1 1
c) vertically compress by a factor of __,
3
horizontally compress by a factor of

1
__
, and then translate 5 units left and
2
1 ________
4 units up; g(x) = __√2(x + 5) + 4
3
1
e) f(x) = __
x; f(x): domain {x ∊ ℝ, x ≠ 0},
range {y ∊ ℝ, y ≠ 0};
d) vertically stretch by a factor of 5, reflect g(x): domain {x ∊ ℝ, x ≠ –9},
in the y-axis, and then translate 1 unit range {x ∊ ℝ, x ≠ 0}
5
right and 2 units up; g(x) = _____ + 2
1–x
1
f) f(x) = __
x; f(x): domain {x ∊ ℝ, x ≠ 0},
range {y ∊ ℝ, y ≠ 0};
5. a) f(x) = x; f(x): domain {x ∊ ℝ}, g(x): domain {x ∊ ℝ, x ≠ 4},
range {y ∊ ℝ}; range {x ∊ ℝ, x ≠ 6}
g(x): domain {x ∊ ℝ}, range {y ∊ ℝ}
6. y
b) f(x) = x2; f(x): domain {x ∊ ℝ},
12
range {y ∊ ℝ, y ≥ 0}; d)
g(x): domain {x ∊ ℝ}, 8
range {y ∊ ℝ, y ≥ –3}
4
b)
—20 —16 —12 —8 —4 0 4 8 x
c)
f(x) —4
a)
—8
c) f(x) = x2; f(x): domain {x ∊ ℝ}, —12

range {y ∊ ℝ, y ≥ 0};
g(x): domain {x ∊ ℝ},
range {y ∊ ℝ, y ≥ 0} 2
7. a) y = _____ – 3; graph ii)
x+4
1 ______
b) y = __√–x + 4 + 3; graph iv)
2
1 ______
The equation y = __√–x + 4 + 3 may be
2
1 _______
__
expressed as y = √–(x – 4) + 3.
2
__ This equation matches graph iv) because
d) f(x) = √x ; f(x): domain {x ∊ ℝ, x ≥ 0},
the base__function for graph iv) is
range {y ∊ ℝ, y ≥ 0};
f(x) = √x . The graph of
g(x): domain {x ∊ ℝ, x ≥ 3}, __
f(x) = x is reflected in the y-axis,
√
range {y ∊ ℝ, y ≥ 0}
212 MHR • Chapter 2 978-0-07-031875-5

vertically compressed by a factor of 10. a) domain {t ∊ ℝ, t ≥ 0},
1
__
, and then translated right 4 units and range {V ∊ ℝ, 0 ≤ V ≤ 4000}
2
up 3 units. The point (0, 4) satisfies the
equation._____
c) y = 3√x – 2 + 1; graph i)
[ 1
]2
d) y = __(x – 5) + 2; graph iii)
4
2 + 1; graph ii)
8. a) y = – _____ b) $4000
x+3 c) i) $3429
_______
b) y = 2√ –x + 4 – 1; graph i) ii) $2667
iii) $1846
4
c) y = ______ + 1; graph iv) 11. i)
–x + 2
1 _____ 5
d) y = __ √x + 5 – __; graph iii)
2 2
9. a) Since s is in the denominator, each time
function is a reciprocal function, so the
1 ii)
base function is f(s) = __s .
24
b) In t1 = ___
s , a = 24, so t1 is a vertical
stretch by a factor of 24 of f(s).
18
In t2 = ____ , a = 18 and d = 4, so t2 is a
s–4
vertical stretch of f(s) by a factor of 12. a)
18 and a translation of 4 units right.
36
In t3 = _____ , a = 36 and d = –3, so t3
s+3
is a vertical stretch of f(s) by a factor of
36 and a translation of 3 units left.
c) b) i) g(x) = 4(–x + 5)4
d) Substitute s = 6 in each time function.

24 1
t1 = ___ ii) h(x) = – ____(x – 4)4 + 3
6 256
=4 It will take Andrew and David
4 h to travel across the lake.
18
t2 = _____
6–4
9 h to travel up the river.
36
_____ 13. a) translate 3 units right and 5 units up
t3 =
6+3
4 h to travel down the river.

b) translate 2 units left and 7 units up function: domain {–6, –3, 2, 5, 8},
range {–4, 0, 1, 2, 5};
inverse: domain {–4, 0, 1, 2, 5},
range {–6, –3, 2, 5, 8}
b)
2.7 Inverse of a Function

1. a) {(6, 2), (1, 3), (–1, 4), (2, 5)};
function: domain {2, 3, 4, 5},
range {6, 1, –1, 2}; function: domain {–7, –4, –1, 2, 6, 8},
inverse: domain {6, 1, –1, 2}, range {–5, –1, –2, 4, 5, 7};
range {2, 3, 4, 5} inverse: domain {–5, –1, –2, 4, 5, 7},
range {–7, –4, –1, 2, 6, 8}
b) {(7, –3), (5, –2), (–2, –1), (–6, 0)};
function: domain {–3, –2, –1, 0}, 3. a) y f(x)
range {7, 5, –2, –6};
4
inverse: domain {7, 5, –2, –6}, f −1(x)
range {–3, –2, –1, 0}
—4 0 4 x
c) y=x
−8 −3 —4
−3 −1
2 1
0 3 function
1 5 b) y y=x
5 7
4
Domain Range f(x)
function: domain {–3, –1, 1, 3, 5, 7}, —4 0 4 x

range {–8, –3, –2, 0, 1, 5}; —4 f −1(x)
inverse: domain {–8, –3, –2, 0, 1, 5},
range {–3, –1, 1, 3, 5, 7}
not a function
d) −2 0 c) y
y=x
3 1 f −1(x)
4
7 2
11 3
17 4 —4 0 4 x
23 5 —4
f(x)
Domain Range
function: domain {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, not a function

range {–2, 3, 7, 11, 17, 23}; x
4. a) f –1(x) = __
5
inverse: domain {–2, 3, 7, 11, 17, 23},
x+3
range {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5} b) f (x) = ______
–1
4
2. a) c) f –1(x) = –x + 7
–3x + 1
d) f –1(x) = ________
2
_____
5. a) f –1(x) = ±√x – 5
__
x
b) f (x) = ± __
–1
7 √
214 MHR • Chapter 2 978-0-07-031875-5

___
__ S
c) f –1(x) = ±√x – 3
________
b) r(S) = √4π ; domain {S ∊ ℝ, S ≥ 0},
___
d) f –1(x) = ±√ 3(x + 4) range {r ∊ ℝ, r ≥ 0}

6. a) f(x) = (x – 2)_____
2–1 9. a) Let s represent Aubrey’s weekly sales and
f –1(x) = 2 ±√x + 1 let e represent her weekly earnings.
The equation that represents her weekly
b) f(x) = –(x – 7) 2 + 10
_______ earnings is e = 450 + 0.08s, where
–1
f (x) = 7 ± √ –x + 10 450 corresponds to the $450 she earns
c) f(x) = 2(x + 4)______
2–2 each week and 0.08s represents 8% of
x+2 her sales.
√
f –1(x) = –4 ± _____
2 b) To find the inverse, solve the equation
4)2 – 52
d) f(x) = –3(x + _______ for s.
–x – 52 e = 450 + 0.08s
√
f –1(x) = –4 ± _______
3 e – 450 = 0.08s
–x + 5 e – 450
7. a) i) f –1(x) = ______ ______ =s
4 0.08
ii) s = 12.5e – 5625
c) The inverse represents Aubrey’s weekly
sales.
d) Substitute 1025 in s.
s = 12.5(1025) – 5625
iii) function = 7187.50
b) i) f –1(x) = 2x + 12 Aubrey’s sales for the week were
$7187.50.
ii)
10. a) u = 0.89c
b) c = 1.12u; the value of the Canadian
dollar in U.S. dollars
c) $280.00
11. a) Since time must be positive, the domain is
iii) function _____ restricted to t ≥ 0.
c) i) f –1(x) = 3 ± √x – 8
domain {t ∊ ℝ, t ≥ 0},
ii)
range {h ∊ ℝ, 0 ≤ h ≤ 100}
iii) not a function

______
d) i) f –1(x) = 8 ± √ –x + 3
b) Isolate t to determine the inverse.
ii) h = 100 – 4.9t2
h –100 = –4.9t2
100 – h
t2 = _______
4.9
_______
100 – h
iii) not a function
√
t = _______ Time is positive, so
4.9
ignore the negative
8. a) domain {r ∊ ℝ, r ≥ 0}, root.
range {S ∊ ℝ, S ≥ 0} domain {h ∊ ℝ, 0 ≤ h ≤ 100},
range {t ∊ ℝ, t ≥ 0}

c) The inverse represents the time for an Chapter 2 Review
object to fall from a height of 100 m 1. a) No
above the ground. b) Yes
d) The object hits the ground when the c) No
height is 0 m. Substitute h = 0 in the 1
2. a) Yes; x ≠ __, x ≠ 0
inverse function and solve for t.
_______ 4
2x +1
100 – 0 b) No; g(x) = ______x ; x ≠ 2, x ≠ 0
√
t = _______
4.9 1
= 4.5 3. a) _____; x ≠ –8, x ≠ –2
x+2
The object hits the ground after 4.5 s. 2x – 3 3
b) ______; x ≠ – __, x ≠ –6
12. a) Yes; g(x) is a reflection of f(x) in y = x x+6 4
b) Yes; g(x) is a reflection of f(x) in y = x 4. a) 24a b; a ≠ 0, b ≠ 0
2
c) No; g(x) is a reflection of f(x) in the x-axis 5ab

b) ____; a ≠ 0, b ≠ 0, c ≠ 0
18c
x2 + 5 c) 2; x ≠ –9, x ≠ __
4
13. a) f –1(x) = ______ 3
2
x–8
{ 5
b) f(x): domain x ∊ ℝ, x ≥ __ ,
2 } d) _____
x+4
; x ≠ –4, x ≠ –3, x ≠ 5
range {y ∊ ℝ, y ≥ 0}; e) –2; x ≠ 4, x ≠ 3
f –1(x): domain {x ∊ ℝ, x ≥ 0}, x+8
f) _____; x ≠ –3, x ≠ 1, x ≠ 8
x–8
{
range y ∊ ℝ, y ≥ __
5
2 } 19
5. a) ____; x ≠ 0
c) 15x
7a + 4a – ab
b) ___________ ; a ≠ 0, b ≠ 0
12ab2
2x2 + 8x + 23
c) _____________; x ≠ –2, x ≠ 1
(x – 1)(x + 2)
–2x2 + 13x
___________
d) ; x ≠ 3, x ≠ 4
2+x (x – 3)(x – 4)
14. a) f –1(x) = _____
3x 4x – 10x – 9
2
e) ____________; x ≠ –3, x ≠ 3
{ 1
b) f(x): domain x ∊ ℝ, x ≠ __ ,
3 } (x – 3)(x + 3)
–5
range {y ∊ ℝ, y ≠ 0}; f) _______; x ≠ –5, x ≠ –2, x ≠ 2
(x + 2)
f –1(x): domain {x ∊ ℝ, x ≠ 0},
6. a) s(x) = x – 6
{
range y ∊ ℝ, y ≠ __
1
3 } b) t(x) = x – 4
7. i) a) s(x) = (x + 2)2 – 8
360
_______ b) t(x) = (x –_____
5)2 + 1
15. a) n(a) =
180 – a
b) function: domain {n ∊ ℕ, n ≥ 3}, ii) a) s(x) =_____
√x + 2 – 8
range {a ∊ ℝ, 60 ≤ a < 180}; b) t(x) = √x – 5 + 1
inverse: domain {a ∊ ℝ, 60 ≤ a < 180}, 1
iii) a) s(x) = _____ – 8
x+2
range {n ∊ ℕ, n ≥ 3} 1
b) t(x) = _____
x–5+1
c)
1
8. a) base function: f(x) = __
x; transformed
1
function: g(x) = _____ – 3
x + 6 __
= √x ; transformed
b) base function: f(x)_____
function: g(x) = √x + 4 + 1
9. a) No
b) Yes; g(x) = f(–x)
216 MHR • Chapter 2 978-0-07-031875-5

1
c) No b) a = __
5, c =__ –3; compress vertically by a
d) Yes; g(x) = –f(x) 1
factor of 5, then translate 3 units down
_____
10. a) g(x) = –√x – 1 – 8 c) d = –9, c = 8; translate 9 units left and
b) g(x) = –(x + 3)2 – 10 8 units up
1
c) g(x) = _____
x–7+2
1
d) k = __, c = 10; stretch horizontally by a
2
11. a) a = 9; vertical stretch by a factor of 9 factor of 2, then translate 10 units up
___
b) k =3; horizontal compression by a 14. a) g(x) = 3√2x
1
factor of __
3
2
__
c) a = 5 ; vertical compression by a factor
2
of __
5
1
d) k = __7 ; horizontal stretch by a factor
of 7 1
b) g(x) = _____+ 9
12. a) vertical stretch of f(x) = x by a factor x–4
of 13
1
c) g(x) = ___(x + 5)2
b) horizontal compression of f(x) = x2 by 16
1
a factor of __
5
d) g(x) = –2x – 7
__
c) horizontal stretch of f(x) = √x by a
factor of 3
15. a) y y=x
8
1
d) vertical stretch of f(x) = __
x by a factor f −1(x) 4
of 6
—4 0 4 8x
f(x)
—4
function: domain {–4, –1, 3, 6, 8},

range {–6, –2, 0, 3, 4};
13. a) a = 7, d = 1; stretch vertically by a factor inverse: domain {–6, –2, 0, 3, 4},
of 7, then translate 1 unit right range {–4, –1, 3, 6, 8}

b) y b) Yes. For each additional day the ant
f(x)
y=x population increases by a common
4
factor of 3.
—4 0 4 x c) The ratio of the first differences is 3.
—4
The ratio of the second differences is
f −1(x) also 3.
d) Answers may vary. Sample answer: Yes,
function: domain {x ∊ ℝ, –7 ≤ x ≤ 7}, the pattern will continue.
range {y ∊ ℝ, –4 ≤ x ≤ 5};
e)
inverse: domain {x ∊ ℝ, –4 ≤ x ≤ 5}, First Second Third Fourth
Day Population Differences Differences Differences Differences
range {y ∊ ℝ, –7 ≤ y ≤ 7}
0 25
–x + 7
______
16. a) f –1(x) = 1 75 50
2
–1 4x + 3
______
b) f (x) = 5 2 225 150 100
_____
c) f –1(x) = 3 ± √_____
x–1 3 675 450 300 200
–1
d) f (x) = ±2√9 – x 4 2025 1350 900 600 400
5 6075 4050 2700 1800 1200
Chapter 2 Math Contest
2. a) The value 5 and the variable x have
1. C different positions in each function. In
2. C particular the value 5 is the coefficient in
3. B y = 5x, the exponent in y = x5, and the
4. D base in y = 5x. The variable x is multiplied
5. C with the 5 in y = 5x, is the base in
6. A y = x5 and is the exponent in y = 5x.
7. D The graph of y = 5x is a straight line
8. A with slope 5. The graph of y = x5 is a
9. C polynomial function of degree 5 and
10. B extends from quadrant 3 to quadrant 1.
11. 8 The graph of y = 5x is an exponential
4b – 3a
12. _______ function that extends from quadrant 2
8a – 6b to quadrant 1.
13. 50; 50 = 1 + 49; 50 = 25 + 25
b) y = 5x: domain {x ∊ ℝ}, range {y ∊ ℝ}
14. –25
y = x5: domain {x ∊ ℝ}, range {y ∊ ℝ}
15. 540
y = 5x: domain {x ∊ ℝ},
range {y ∊ ℝ, y > 0}
Chapter 3 Exponential
Functions 3. Justifications may vary.
3.1 The Nature of Exponential a5 a × a × a × a × a
4. a) __5 = ________________
a×a×a×a×a
Growth a
b) 1
1. a) First Second c) a0 d) a0 = 1
Day Population Differences Differences
5. a) B
0 25
b) The constant 15 is the initial population.
1 75 50 The power 4n represents the daily
2 225 150 100 quadrupling.
3 675 450 300
6. a)–e) 1 f) –1
4 2025 1350 900
5 6075 4050 2700
218 MHR • Chapter 3 978-0-07-031875-5

7. a) exponential: f(x) = 8x is of the form c) First Second
y = ax, where the base a is a constant, x y Differences Differences
such that a > 0, and the exponent is a
–4 –18
variable
b) linear: f(x) = 11 – 9x can be rewritten as –3 –11 7
f(x) = –9x + 11, which is of the form –2 –6 5 –2
y = mx + b
–1 –3 3 –2
c) none of linear, quadratic,
__
or
exponential: f(x) = √x is a square root 0 –2 1 –2
function 1 –3 –1 –2
d) quadratic
2 –6 –3 –2
8. Determine the first and second differences
for each table of values. The table represents a quadratic function
a) Ratio of First because the second differences are
First Second and Second constant.
x y Differences Differences Differences
d) Ratio of First
–4 16 First Second and Second
–3 8 –8 x y Differences Differences Differences
–4 625
–2 4 –4 4
–3 125 –500
–1 2 –2 2 0.5
0 1 –1 1 0.5 –2 25 –100 400
1 0.5 –0.5 0.5 0.5 –1 5 –20 80 0.2

0 1 –4 16 0.2
2 0.25 –0.25 0.25 0.5
1 0.2 –0.8 3.2 0.2
The table represents an exponential 2 0.04 –0.16 0.64 0.2
function. Neither the first differences
nor the second differences are constant; The table represents an exponential
however, the ratio of the first and second function. Neither the first differences
differences is constant. nor the second differences are constant;
b) however, the ratio of the first and second
x y First Differences differences is constant.
–4 13
e) First Second
–3 10 –3 x y Differences Differences
–2 7 –3 –4 2.2
–1 4 –3 –3 0.8 –1.4
0 1 –3 –2 –0.2 –1 0.4
–1 –0.8 –0.6 0.4
1 –2 –3
0 –1 –0.2 0.4
2 –5 –3
1 –0.8 0.2 0.4
The table represents a linear function 2 –0.2 0.6 0.4
because the first differences are
constant. The table represents a quadratic
function because the second differences
are constant.

9. a) Answers may vary. b) Number of
b) Answers may vary. First 4 terms are Compounding
1, 4, 16, 64. Periods (years) Amount ($)
c) i) 1024 ii) 4 194 304 0 200.00
d) 5 terms e) 6 terms 1 209.00
f) The answers differ by 1 term. This is an 2 218.41
exponential function in which each term 3 228.23
is multiplied by 4.
4 238.50
10.a) The initial population is 32; since it 5 249.24
doubles every 30 minutes, multiply 6 260.45
32 by 2 for each 30-min interval. The
equation is p(t) = 32 × 2t. c) Number of
b) P(t) Compounding Amount First Second
Periods (years) ($) Differences Differences
500
0 200.00
400
Population
P(t) = 32 × 2t
1 209.00 9.00
300 2 218.41 9.41 0.41
200 3 228.23 9.82 0.41
4 238.50 10.27 0.45
100
5 249.24 10.74 0.47
0 1 2 3 4 t 6 260.45 11.21 0.47
Time (30-minute intervals)
Neither. The first differences are not equal,
c) Answers may vary. Sample answer: nor are the second differences.
Since there are two 30-min intervals in d) The ratio of the first differences and
each hour, 1 h on the graph corresponds second differences is approximately
to t = 2. By moving up to the curve and 1.04. The function is exponential.
then across to the vertical axis, it can be e) In the equation the constant ratio is
estimated that at t = 2 the population is represented by the value 1.045.
approximately 130 bacteria. f) No. The amount remains the same
This can be checked in the equation. between compounding periods and
To use the equation, substitute t = 2 to increases only at the end of each
obtain p(2) = 32 × 22 = 128, which is very compounding period.
close to 130. 12. a) $1663.08 b) $1975.21
d) Since the graph does not extend to 13. a) i) 500 ii) 12 500
3.5 h, it is easier to use the equation. In b) r(n) = 4 × 5n, where r is the number of
3.5 h, there are seven 30-min intervals. residents called in each interval, n
Substitute t = 7 in p(t) = 32 × 2t: c) approximately 5.4 intervals
p(7) = 32 × 27 d) This is an example of exponential
= 4096 growth, because the number of residents
notified increases by a factor of 5 with
After 3.5 h there are 4096 bacteria.
each interval.
11. a) A(n) = 200(1.045)n 14. a) approximately 13 years; Answers may
vary. Sample answer: Systematic trial.
b) 5.18 or approximately 6 more years (since
the interest is paid at the end of the year)
220 MHR • Chapter 3 978-0-07-031875-5

15. Prize A. The value of Prize A at week 26 8. a) Number of 20-day Amount Remaining
alone is $335 544.32. The value of Prize B Intervals, n (mg)
for all 26 weeks is only $260 000.
0 40
16.a) 6 days; population of A is 6400; 1 20
population of B is 8192
2 10
b) 2 days sooner, on the 4th day
3 5
17. a)
4 2.5
5 1.25
Half the amount remains after each
20-day interval.
b) approximately 14 h
c) For h = 14, M ≐ 99.9.
1n
()
b) A = 40 __ , where n is the number of
2
half-life periods, in 20-day intervals,
d) approximately 107 h
and A is the amount of polonium-210
remaining, in milligrams
3.2 Exponential Decay: Connecting c) Plot the points from the table. Connect
to Negative Exponents them with a smooth curve.
1 1 1
1. a) __
7 b) ___2 c) __4 A
10 a
50
1 1 1
d) ___
mn e) − __ f) ___
4 2b Amount (mg)
40
2. a) a–3 b) 2x–5
30
2 –6
c) –x–9 d) __
5b 20 n
3. a)
1
___ 1
b) ___ c)
1
_____ ( 21 )
A = 40
25 81 1000 10
1 1 1
d) ___ e) −___ f ) −___ n
16 16 64 0 2 4 6 8
Half-Life Period
4 5
g) ___ h) ___
81 48 The graph starts at point (0, 40),
1
4. a) 25 b) ____ c) 729 1
decreases by a factor of __ with each
512 2
1 20-day interval, and has a horizontal
d) ___ e) 24 f ) 64
36 asymptote, y = 0.
5. a) a4 12
b) −___ d) Since there are 7 days in a week,
v7
10 weeks = 70 days. This represents
3
c) a10 d) ___2 3.5 half-life periods. Substitute
m
n = 3.5 into the equation to determine
49
6. a) 6 b) ___ the amount remaining:
16
64
c) ___
27
81
d) ____
625
A = 40 __
1 3.5
2 ()
= 3.54
7. a) x3y3 b) 121b2
Approximately 3.54 mg of
b8 8n12
c) ___ d) ______6 polonium-210 will remain after
a12 125m 10 weeks.

e) Answers may vary. Sample answer: 11. a) The initial deposit was made 5 years ago,
Determine 8% of 40 mg: so determine the amount in the account
8% = 0.08, so 0.08(40) mg = 3.2 mg when n = 5.
Substitute A = 6 into the equation and Substitute A = 4200, i = 0.075, and
solve for n: n = 5 in the formula P = A(1 + i)–n.
P = 4200(1 + 0.075)–5
()1n
3.2 = 40 __ Divide each side by 40.
2 ≐ 2925.55
()
0.08 = __
1
2
n Denise’s initial deposit was $2925.55.
b) Substitute A = 4200, i = 0.075, and
Use systematic trial to solve for n. n = 2 in the formula P = A(1 + i)–n.
Observe the chart in part a). Note that P = 4200(1 + 0.075)–2
when n = 3 the amount remaining ≐ 3634.40
is 5 mg, and when n = 4 the amount The amount in the account 2 years ago
remaining is 2.5 mg. Therefore, for was $3634.40.
3.2 mg, the value of n is between c) Use the formula A = P(1 + i)n to
3 and 4. determine the amount in the account
() ()
1 n 1 3.5
Try n = 3.5 in __ : __
2 2
≐ 0.088,
2 years from now. Substitute P = 4200,
i = 0.075, and n = 2, and solve for A.
which is a bit high. A = 4200(1 + 0.075)2
()
Try n = 3.64 to get __
1 3.64
2
≐ 0.0802, ≐ 4853.63
Two years from now the amount in the
which is very close, so n = 3.64. account will be $4853.63.
Multiply to find the number of days. To determine the total interest earned,
3.64(20) ≐ 73 days subtract the initial deposit from the
Therefore, it takes approximately amount at this point.
73 days for polonium-210 to decay to $4853.63 – $2925.55 = $1928.08
8% of its initial mass. The total interest earned up to this
1 point is $1928.08.
f) Since __ = 2–1, an equivalent way to write
2 12. approximately 17.3%
the equation is A = 40(2–1)n or
13. a) c = 100( 2– 5 )
t
__
A = 40(2–n).
1
Since __ = 0.5, another equivalent way b) i) 16 h 36 min ii) 33 h 12 min
2
to write the equation is A = 40(0.5)n.
14. a) T = 80( ) + 20 b) 15 min
t
__
2– 5
9. a) In the formula 13 500 represents the initial
value of the motorcycle. Since the value 3.3 Rational Exponents
depreciates by 20% per year, 80% of the
value remains. This amount is represented 1. a) 6 b) –11
by the decimal 0.8. 5 4
c) __
7 d) __
b) i) $10 800 ii) $3538.94 9
c) Answers may vary. Sample answer: 2. a) 5 b) 2
The equation is of the form f(x) = abx, c) 3 d) –4
where 0.8 is the constant ratio. This
3. a) 325 = ( 325 )
3
__ 1 3
__
value is less than 1, so the initial amount
is decreasing. =( √32 )
5 3
d) 3.1 years, or approximately 3 years
=2 3
1 month
=8
10. $2720.63
222 MHR • Chapter 3 978-0-07-031875-5

b) (–64)3 = ( – 643 ) ( )
2 1 2 3
__ __
1024 – __ 1
d) _____ 5= _______
243
( 243 )
3
__
1024
_____ 5
= ( √
–64 )
3 2
= (–4)2 1
= _________
( )
= 16 5
√
1024
3
_______
c) 646 = ( 646 )
5
__ 1 5
__ 5
√243
= ( √64
)5 1
6
= ____3
=2 5 4
__
3 ()
= 32 1
___
=
d) 65618 = ( 65618 )
5
__ 1 5
__ 64
___
27
= ( √
6561 )
8 5
27
___
=
= 35 64
= 243 1
__ 2
__
5. a) 83 × 83
1
__ 1 1
__ 2
__
4. a) 1728– 3 = _______1 = 83 + 3 Use the product rule for
17283 3
exponents.
__
1
________ = 83
= 3
( √
1728 ) =8
1
= ___ 1
__
b) 164 ÷ 162 × 164
1
__ 3
__
12
1
__ 1
__ 3
__
= 164 − 2 + 4
3
__ 1
b) 36– 2 = ___
3
__
Find a common
362 denominator for the
1 fractional exponents.
= ______ 1
__ 1
__ 3
__
( 36__12 )3 = 164 − 2 + 4
2
__
1
= ______
___ = 164 Reduce the exponent.
( √36 )3 1
__
= 16 2
___
1
= __3 = √16
6
1 =4
= ____
216 1
__ 1
__ 2
__
c) 643 × 646 ÷ 643
( )
5
__
8 1
c) – ____ 3 = __________5 1 1 2
( )
__ __ __
125 8
– ____ 3 = 643 + 6 − 3 Find a common
125 denominator for the
1
= _________ exponents.
( )
1 5 2
__ 1
__ 4
__
= 646 + 6 − 6
__
83
_____
– 1
__ 1
__
1253 = 646
1 1
= ___________ = _____ Take the reciprocal.
( ( 8)
)
3 5 1
__
√ 646
– _______
(√3
125 )
1
= _____
6
1 √
64
= _____5
2
5( )
– __ =
1
__
2
1
______ 2 4
=
__ __
32
_____ d) 33 × 279
− 2
__ 4
__
3125 = 33 × ( 33 )9
3125
= – _____
32

2 4 9
c) ___
__ __
= 33 × 39 7m
2
__ 4
__ 1
= 33 × 33 d) _______
6b9x + 1
=9 5x
___
e) a 8
2
__ 7
__ t
___
6. a) x3 b) a6 15. a) P = P0(10)20
8
__
8 b) approximately 3.2 times greater
a3
__ ___
c) 3
__
d) z15 16. a) No. Answers may vary.
b2 b) No. Answers may vary.
2
___ 1
7. a) b15 b) ___
13
___
a12
3.4 Properties of Exponential
4
___ 1
__ Functions
w11 d) 2a2
()
c) 1x
1. Graph a) matches B y = 3 __
3
8. 1652.7 cm3 Graph b) matches D y = –3x
1
y = __(3x)
( )
1 1
9. a) C = 2π __A __2 b) C = 2
__
( πA )2 Graph c) matches C
3
π
c) i) 62.8 cm ii) 108.0 cm iii) 136.1 cm Graph d) matches A y = 3(3x)
d) Answers may vary. 1
2. Graph a) matches C y = __ (4)x
2
10. a) 400 b) approximately 2 h 40 min Graph b) matches A y = –4(2)x
c) Yes. The exponents are equivalent
t
because ___ = 2t.
0.5
1x
Graph c) matches D y = 4 __
2 ()
d) Answers may vary. Graph d) matches B y = –2(4)x
t
__
11. a) N = 1000(23), where t is the time, in 3. a) Answers may vary.
minutes b) No. The conditions are satisfied by any
b) 32 000 c) approximately 18 min curve whose equation is of the form
y = 2bx, where b > 1.
12. a) i) 23 beats per min ii) 43 beats per min
iii) 159 beats per min 4. a) Answers may vary.
b) i) 5 breaths per min ii) 10 breaths per min b) No. The conditions are satisfied by any
iii) 35 breaths per min curve whose equation is of the form
y = –3bx, where b > 1.
c) i) 5.08 kg ii) 0.987 kg or 987 g
iii) 0.03 kg or 30.4 g 5. y = 6 × 2x
()
x
d) i) the larger the animal, the fewer beats 1
6. y = 8 × __
per min 2
ii) the larger the animal, the fewer 7. a) C b) 9.5 mg
breaths per min 8. a) y
iii) the larger the animal, the greater the
8
brain mass
e) Answers may vary. 6
2
__
13. a) f −1(x) = x3 ; 16 4
5
__
b) f −1(x)
= (x + 2)4; 243
2 x
4
c) f −1(x) = √x 3 + 4 ; 268.014
f(x) = ( 41)
29
___ —2 0 2 4 6 x
14. a) x30
1
b) ___
37
___
x12
224 MHR • Chapter 3 978-0-07-031875-5

i) domain {x ∊ ℝ} 9. a) y
ii) range {y ∊ ℝ, y > 0} 6

iii) The y-intercept is 1. There is no
4
x-intercept.
iv) The y-values are getting closer to zero f(x) = 3x 2
as the x-values increase, so the graph is
decreasing for x ∊ ℝ. —6 —4 —2 0 2 4 6 x
v) The equation of the horizontal —2
3
asymptote is y = 0, which is the x-axis. g(x) = x
—4
b) y
—6
8
6
b) i) They have the same horizontal
4 asymptote, y = 0. Both graphs pass
through the point (1, 3). The curves
2
y = 3 × 2.5x have a similar shape, one end near the
x-axis and the other end moving away
—6 —4 —2 0 2 x
from it, either upward or downward.
ii) Differences:
i) domain {x ∊ ℝ} • the graph of f(x) = 3x increases as
ii) range {y ∊ ℝ, y > 0} x increases, it has only one branch,
iii) The y-intercept is 3. There is no and has no vertical asymptotes
x-intercept. 3
• the graph of g(x) = __x decreases as
iv) The y-values are increasing as the
x increases, it has two branches,
x-values increase, so the graph is
and has a vertical asymptote, x = 0
increasing for x ∊ ℝ.
v) The horizontal asymptote is y = 0, c) Both graphs have y = 0 (the x-axis) as
which is the x-axis. a horizontal asymptote. The graph of
3
c) g(x) = __x also has a vertical asymptote at
y
x = 0 (the y-axis).
—2 0 2 4 6 8 x 10.a) y
—2 6
x
—4
y=− ( 51 ) f(x) =
1x
() 4
3
—6
2
—8
—6 —4 —2 0 2 4 6 x
—2
i) domain {x ∊ℝ} 3
g(x) = x
ii) range {y ∊ ℝ, y < 0} —4
iii) The y-intercept is –1. There is no —6
x-intercept.
iv) The y-values are increasing as the
x-values increase, so the graph is b) i) Both graphs decrease as x increases.
increasing for x ∊ ℝ. They have the same horizontal
v) The horizontal asymptote is y = 0, asymptote, y = 0. The curves have a
which is the x-axis. similar shape, one end near the x-axis
and the other end moving away from
it, either upward or downward.

ii) Differences: d) domain {t ∊ ℝ, t ≥ 0},
1x
• the graph of f(x) = __ has
3 () range {P ∊ ℝ, 0 < P ≤ 100}
only one branch and no vertical e) As time passes the percent remaining
asymptotes of the substance decreases, becoming
3
• the graph of g(x) = __
x has two closer to 0 but never actually reaching 0.
branches and a vertical asymptote,
f) i) Answers may vary. Approximately 3%
x=0
of the initial amount of the substance
c) Both graphs have y = 0 (the x-axis) as
remains.
a horizontal asymptote. The graph of
3 ii) P(4) = 3.6%
g(x) = __
x also has a vertical asymptote at
x = 0 (the y-axis). 13. a)
11. a) The graphs are the same.
b) y
8
6 b) 27 m
4 14. a) 372 m3
2
__ 1
__
2 1 x b) S(V) = (3V)3(4π)3
g(x) =
4 () c) 137 m2
—2 0 2 4 6 x
15. a) 8 days
b) A(t) = 320( 2– 8 ); A(t) = 320 __ ()
t t
__
__ 1 8
c) f(x) = 4−x 2
1 c)
= ___ A(t)
4x
()
300
1x
= __
4
Amount (milligrams)
250
= g(x)
( )
200
10 t
12. a) P(t) = 100 ___ t
23 150 A(t) = 320( 2− 8 )
10
b) The common ratio ___ is a proper
23 100
fraction (value is between 0 and 1), so
when multiplied with 100 will make the 50
value smaller.
c) P(t) 0 10 20 30 40 50 t
Time (years)
100
domain {t ∊ ℝ, t ≥ 0},
80
range {A ∊ ℝ, 0 < A ≤ 320}
Percent
60 10 t d) 20 days. Answers may vary (estimating

P(t) = 100 ( 23 ) from the graph or using systematic trial
40
in the equation).
20 1
__
(3V)2
_____
16. a) r = 1
__
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 t
Time (years)
5π2
b) Answers may vary. Sample answer:
The graph falls from left to right, which domain {V ∊ ℝ, V > 0}
means that as time passes the percent c) The radius__of the base will increase by a
of radioactive substance remaining is factor of √2 .
decreasing.
226 MHR • Chapter 3 978-0-07-031875-5

3.5 Transformations of Exponential 2. a) translate y = 5x up 3 units
Functions b) translate y = 5x right 2 units
1. c) translate y = 5x left 1 unit
The Roles of the Parameters a, k, d, and c d) translate y = 5x right 4 units and down
in Exponential Functions of the Form 6 units
y = abk(x – d) + c (b > 0, b ≠ 1) 3. a) y
Role of c Transformation on Graph of 8
y = bx
6
c>0 Translation c units up
y = 5x + 3 4
c<0 Translation c units down y = 5x
Role of d 2
d>0 Translation d units right

—4 —2 0 2 x
d<0 Translation d units left
Role of a b) y
a>1 Vertical stretch by a factor of a 8
0<a<1 Vertical compression by a 6

factor of a
4
–1< a < 0 Vertical compression by a
factor of |a| and a reflection in 2 y = 5x − 2
the x-axis y = 5x
Vertical stretch by a factor of —4 —2 0 2 4 x

a < –1
|a| and reflection in the x-axis
Role of k c) y
k>1 Horizontal compression by a 8

1
factor of __ 6
k
0 < k < 1 Horizontal stretch by a factor 4
1
of __ y = 5x
k 2
y = 5x + 1
–1 < k < 0 Horizontal stretch by a factor
1
of ___ and a reflection in the —4 —2 0 2 x
|k|
y-axis
d) y
k < –1 Horizontal compression by a
1 4
factor of ___ and a reflection in
|k|
2 y = 5x
the y-axis
Domain and Range of y = abk(x – d) + c —4 —2 0 2 4 6 x
The i) When the graph is below its −2
domain horizontal asymptote the
−4
is always range is {y ∊ ℝ, y < c}.
{x∊ℝ}. ii) When the graph is above its −6 y = 5x − 4 − 6
horizontal asymptote the
range is {y ∊ ℝ, y > c}.

1
4. a) vertical compression by a factor of __ 7. a) Compare y = –3[42(x + 1)] + 5 to
3
1 y = abk(x – d) + c. The parameters are
b) horizontal compression by a factor of __
2
c) reflection in the x-axis a = –3, k = 2, d = –1, and c = 5.
d) horizontal stretch by a factor of 3 and a i) k = 2 corresponds to a horizontal

1
reflection in the y-axis compression by a factor of __. Divide
2
5. a) y
the x-coordinates of the points in
column 1 by 2.
6
y = 4x y = 42x
4
2
(–1, 0.25) ( – __12, 0.25 )
y = 7x y= ( 31 )7 x
(0, 1) (0, 1)
( )
—4 —2 0 2 4 x 1
(1, 4) __
,4
2
b) y (2, 16) (1, 16)
2x
6 (3, 64) 3
__
2
, 64 ( )
y=7 4 y= 7x
ii) a = –3 corresponds to a vertical stretch
2 by a factor of 3 and a reflection in the
x-axis. Multiply the y-coordinates of
—4 —2 0 2 x the points in column 2 by –3.
y = 4x y = 42x y = –3[42x ]
c) y
6
(–1, 0.25) ( 1, 0.25
– __
2 ) ( 1, 0.75
– __
2 )
4 y = 7x (0, 1) (0, 1) (0, –3)
2 (1, 4) ( __12, 4 ) 1
__
2 (
, –12 )
(2, 16) (1, 16) (1, –48)
—4 —2 0 2 x
—2 (3, 64) ( 3
__
2
, 64 ) 3
__
2 (
, –192 )
—4 y= —7x
iii) d = –1 corresponds to a translation of
—6 1 unit to the left, so add –1 to each
x-value in column 3. c = 5 corresponds
to a translation of 5 units up, so add
d) y 5 to each y-value in column 3.
8
y=
y=
6 y = 4x y = 42x –3[42(x + 1)]
–3[42x ]
+5
4 y = 7x
y=
1
− x
7 3
2
(–1, 0.25) ( – __12, 0.25 ) ( – __12, 0.75 ) ( 3
– __, 4.25
2 )
(0, 1) (0, 1) (0, –3) (–1, 2)
( __12, 4 ) ( ) ( )
—4 —2 0 2 4 x
1
__ 1 , –7
(1, 4) , –12 – __
2 2
6. a) y = 11__–x
x b) y = 4(11x) (2, 16) (1, 16) (1, –48) (0, –43)
c) y = 11 3 d) y = –115x (3, 64) (3
__
2
, 64 ) ( 3
__
2
, –192 ) (1
__
2
, –187 )
228 MHR • Chapter 3 978-0-07-031875-5
1
__ ⎞
10. a) f(x) =– ⎪⎝2– 5(x – 1)⎥⎠ – 3
⎛
To sketch the graph, plot the points
in column 4 and draw a smooth curve
b) domain {x ∊ ℝ},
through them.
range {y ∊ ℝ, y < –3}; The equation of
y the horizontal asymptote is y = –3.
—4 —3 —2 —1 0 1 x 11. a)
—20 T
126
Temperature (degrees Celsius)

—40
108
—60
90
y = —3[42(x + 1)] + 5 —80
72
—100
54
—120
36
—140
18
—160
—180 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 t
Time (minutes)
b) T = 18, the initial temperature that the

b) The domain is {x ∊ ℝ}. Since the graph bar will cool down to
is below its horizontal asymptote, which c) approximately 33 min
is y = 5, the range is {y ∊ ℝ, y < 5}.
8. y y = 2–4x; y = 4–2x; y = 16–x
b) For y = 2–4x, the base function y = 2x
—6 —4 —2 0 2 x
is compressed horizontally by a factor
—2 1
of __ and reflected in the y-axis.
4
—4 For y = 4–2x, the base function y = 4x
—6 is compressed horizontally by a factor
1
of __ and reflected in the y-axis.
—8 2
( 51 )5
y=— x+4 —2 For y = 16–x, the base function y = 16x
is reflected in the y-axis.
9. a) Compare the transformed equation with 13. a) Answers may vary. Sample answer:
y = abk(x – d) + c to determine the values Equations of the form y = 8(2x) – 5
of a, k, d, and c. satisfy the given conditions.
For y = –f(4x) – 7 the parameters are b) No. Equations of the form
a = –1, k = 4, d = 0, and c = –7. y = 8(ax) – 5, where a > 0, will satisfy
The function f(x) = 3x is reflected in the given conditions. The y-intercept
the x-axis, compressed horizontally indicates that the base function is
1 stretched vertically by a factor of 8, and
by a factor of __, and shifted down 7
4 the asymptote indicates that the base
units. The equation of the corresponding function is translated down 5 units.
transformed function is f(x) = –(34x) – 7.
() ()
t
____ t
___
b) The domain is{x ∊ ℝ}. Since a is 1 1
14. a) A = 250 __ 138; A = 175 __ 16
2 2
negative, the graph will be below its
()
1 t
horizontal asymptote, which is y = –7, b) A = __
2
so the range is {y ∊ ℝ, y < –7}.

()
t
1 ____
c) For A = 250 __ 138, the base function 5. a) t P(t)
2
()
A = __1 t is stretched vertically by a
2
0 7.4
factor of 250 and stretched horizontally 1 11.8
by a factor of 138. 2 18.7
()
1 ___t
For A = 175 __ 16, the base function
2
3 29.8
()
1
__
t 4 47.3
A= is stretched vertically by a
2 5 75.2
factor of 175 and stretched horizontally
by a factor of 16. 6 119.6
t
____ t
___ 7 190.2
d) A = 250(2) 138; A = 175(2) 16
8 302.3
i) A = 2t
9 480.6
ii) The vertical stretch and horizontal
stretch remain the same. 10 764.2
iii) The new transformation is a b) P(t)
reflection in the y-axis.
700
e) 123.8 g; 0.4 g
f) 458.4 days; 53.2 days 600
Profit ($ millions)
()
t 500
15. a) A = A0 __1 __h
2
()
400
1t
b) The base function A = __ is stretched P(t) = 7.4(1.59)t
2 300
vertically by a factor of A0 and stretched
horizontally by a factor of h. 200
t
– __
c) A = A0 ( 2 ) h 100
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 t
3.6 Making Connections: Tools Time (years since 1995)
and Strategies for Applying c) The profit in 1995 corresponds to t = 0.
Exponential Models Substitute t = 0 in the equation. Solve
1. Graph A: y = 2 × 2.2x; Graph B: for P.
y = 6 × 1.6x; Graph C: y = 9 × 0.8x P(0) = 7.4(1.59)0
= 7.4
The profit was $7.4 million.
3. a) Yes. The points increase at a constant d) 2015 is 20 years from 1995. Substitute
ratio. t = 20 in the equation. Solve for P.
b) Answers may vary. P(20) = 7.4(1.59)20
c) V(n) = 150 × 1.12n = 78 917.66
d) $584.40 In 2015 the predicted profit is
$78 917.66 million (or approximately
e) approximately 17 years
$79 billion).
4. a) C(t) = 100(0.98)t e) Substitute P = 500 in the equation.
b) i) 60% ii) 36% iii) 22% iv) 13% Solve for t.
c) The half-life of the battery is 34 days. 500 = 7.4(1.59)t Divide each side by 7.4.
67.6 = (1.59)t
230 MHR • Chapter 3 978-0-07-031875-5

Use systematic trial to find a value of t d) To determine the altitude when the air
so that (1.59)t = 67.6. From the table of pressure is 20 kPa, substitute
values in part a), h = 500 lies between p = 20 into the equation and solve for
t = 9 and t = 10, so the nearest whole a. From the table we know that p = 24
number is t = 9. when a = 16 and also p = 16.8 when
Add 9 years to 1995 to find the answer. a = 20. Since p = 20 is between 16.8
1995 + 9 = 2004 and 24, try values of a between 16 and
The profit reached $500 million in 2004. 20. Try a = 18. 100(0.9147)18 = 20.09.
6. a) P(a)
This value is very close to 20. Therefore,
the air pressure is 20 kPa at an altitude
90
of approximately 18 km above sea level.
7. a) P
80
t (% caffeine
Air Pressure (kiloPascals)
70 (hours) remaining)
60 0 100
2 75.7
50
P(a) = 100(0.9147)a 4 57.3
40 6 43.4
30 8 32.8
10 24.8
20
12 18.8
10 14 14.2
16 10.8
0 8 16 24 32 40 48 a
Altitude (kilometres) 18 8.2
b) Use an exponential regression. The 20 6.2
equation p(a) = 100(0.9147)a represents 22 4.7
the air pressure, measured in kiloPascals 24 3.5
(kPa), at an altitude of a km above sea
level. b) exponential decay
c) Use the equation to determine air pressure P
for each location. Convert each altitude
to kilometres. Since 1000 m = 1 km, then 90
1
1 m = _____ or 0.001 km. Multiply each 80
1000
altitude by 0.001.
70
i) Mount Logan, 6050 m = 6.050 km
Percent Caffeine
p(6.050) = 100(0.9147)6.050 60
= 100(0.583 090 6)
50
= 58.309 06 P = 100(0.87)t
Therefore, the air pressure on Mount 40
Logan is approximately 58.3 kPa.
ii) Mount Everest, 8848 m = 8.848 km 30
p(8.848) = 100(0.9147)8.848 20
= 100(0.454 353 4)
= 45.435 34 10
Therefore, the air pressure on Mount
Everest is approximately 45.4 kPa. 0 4 8 12 16 20 t
Time (hours)

______
______
√( ____
343 ) 49
1 1 2
; ___
3
c) i) 87% ii) 28.6% iii) 12.4% 10. a) √
5
(–32)4 ; 16 b)
d) approximately 5 h _______
3
c) √(–125)2 ; 25
8. a) l = p(1.20)n 1 1
__ 3
__ 1
__
b) t = q(0.83)n 11. a) 16– 2; __ b) 812; 729 c) 2568; 2
4
c) l = p(1.20)n represents exponential 12. a) s12
5
___
b) m7n15
__ 8
2 ___ 1
c) ___
3
___
growth; the ratio 1.20 is greater than 1. k14
9
2 ___
t = q(0.83)n represents exponential d) ___v10
32 __
decay; the ratio 0.83 is between 0 and 1.
2____
√A
d) l = 2.00(1.20)n; t = 0.50(0.83)n 13. a) s = __1 b) 5.39 m
e) l = 12.38 m; t = 0.08 m 34
f) 13 passes; approximately 0.04 m 14.a) y
g) 33 passes; approximately 820 m 12
10
Chapter 3 Review
8
1. a) C
b) 85 is the initial population; 3n represents 6
the constant ratio for tripling
4
2. a)–c) 1 d) –1 x
3. a) i) exponential ii) linear

2 f(x) = ( 61 )
iii) quadratic
—6 —4 —2 0 2 4 6 x
b) i) For exponential functions the
—2
constant ratio of the first and second
differences is equal. —4
ii) For linear functions the first
differences are equal.
i) domain {x ∈ ℝ}
iii) For quadratic functions the second
ii) range {y ∈ ℝ, y > 0}
differences are equal.
iii) y-intercept is 1; no x-intercept
1 3
4. a) __3 b) __2 iv) decreasing for x ∈ ℝ
x b v) horizontal asymptote y = 0
5. a) w–4 b) –3b–8 b) y
1 6
6. a) ____ b) ____ 12
216 125
1 10
c) ___ d) 8
12
8
125 49
e) ____ f) ___
216 64 6
b10 b6
7. a) ___ b) – ___6 4
9 8a
x18 243d10 2
c) ____ d) ______ y = 4 × 3.5x
729 32c20
—6 —4 —2 0 2 4 6 x
16 2187
8. a) ___ b) _____ —2
9 128
c) –5 d) 9 —4
4
__ 3
__
9. a) ( –3125 )5 b) 325
232 MHR • Chapter 4 978-0-07-031875-5

i) domain {x ∊ ℝ} 17. a) The function f(x) = 0.5x is stretched
ii) range {y ∊ ℝ, y > 0} vertically by a factor of 2, stretched
iii) y-intercept is 4; no x-intercept horizontally by a factor of 3, and
iv) increasing for x ∊ ℝ shifted right 5 units. The corresponding
transformed equation is f(x) = 2( 0.53(x – 5) ).
v) horizontal asymptote y = 0 1
__
c) y
range {y ∊ ℝ, y > 0}. The equation of
2
the horizontal asymptote is y = 0.
—6 —4 —2 0 2 4 6 x 18. a) The equation of the transformed function
1 x is
—2 y=− ( )
—4
4
[( )
f(x) =– __
3 4
1 2( x + 4 )
1 __
] +6
—6
range {y ∊ ℝ, y < 6}. The equation of
—8 the horizontal asymptote is y = 6.
19. a) t P
i) domain {x ∊ ℝ} (years (population
ii) range {y ∊ ℝ, y < 0} since 1981) in millions)
iii) y-intercept is –1; no x-intercept 0 24.0
iv) increasing for x ∊ ℝ 2 24.7
v) horizontal asymptote y = 0 4 25.4
()
1 __t
15.a) A = 28 __ 5
2
6
8
26.1
26.8
b) Answers may vary. Sample answer: In
10 27.6
5 days half the amount, or 14 grams,
12 28.4
of the sample remain. The amount is
14 29.2
reduced as time passes.
c) The graph falls to the right, since the 16 30.0
amount of radioactive sample decreases. 18 30.8
The first point on the graph is (0, 28) 20 31.7
and the x-axis, or line y = 0, is b) P(t) = 24.0(1.014)t c) 31.3 million
the horizontal asymptote. d) 36.9 million
domain {t ∊ ℝ, t > 0}, e) approximately 2018
range {A ∊ ℝ, A > 0}
d) 4 mg Chapter 3 Math Contest
16. y 1. D
10 2. B
3. C
8 4. D
6
5. A
6. 6
4
y = 4−1.5x + 3 7. x = 0, 1
8. D
2
9. C
10. –20
—2 0 2 4 6 8 x
11. A
—2
12. D
13. {y ∊ ℝ, y < 2}

Chapter 4 Trigonometry 5. a) 60° b)__120°, 240°
4.1 Special Angles √3 1
c) sin 300° = – ___, cos 300° = __,
2
__ 2
1. θ sin θ cos θ tan θ tan 300° = –√__3
√3 1
0° 0 1 0 d) sin 120° = ___, cos 120° = – __,
__ 2 2 __
__ √3
1
__ √3
___ 1__
___ tan 120° = –√3 , sin 240° = – ___,
30° __ 2
2 2 √3 1
1__ 1__ cos 240° = – __, tan 240° = √3
45° ___ ___
1 2
√2__ √2 6. Answers may vary. Sample answer:
__
√3
___ 1
__ √3 sin 70° = 0.94, cos 70° = 0.34,
60°
2 2
tan 70° = 2.75
90° 1 0 undefined
7. Answers may vary. Sample answer:
180° 0 –1 0 sin 220° = –0.64, cos 220° = –0.77,
tan 220° = 0.84
270° –1 0 undefined
8. a) The CAST rule identifies the quadrant in
360° 0 1 0 which each trigonometric ratio is positive.
In the first quadrant, all the trigonometric
2. θ sin θ cos θ tan θ ratios are positive. The sine ratio is
0° 0 1 0 positive in the second quadrant. The
tangent is positive in the third quadrant,
30° 0.5000 0.8660 0.5774
and the cosine is positive in the fourth
45° 0.7071 0.7071 1 quadrant.
60° 0.8660 0.5000 1.7321 b) Positive in Negative in
90° 1 0 undefined Ratio Quadrants: Quadrants:
180° 0 –1 0 sin first and second third and fourth
270° –1 0 undefined cos first and fourth second and third
360° 0 1 0 tan first and third second and fourth
3. a) 45° b) 135°, 315° 9. a)

1__, cos 225° = – ___
c) sin 225° = – ___ 1__,
ladder
√2 √2
tan 225° = 1 wall 60° 3.0 cm
1__ 1__
d) sin 135° = ___ , cos 135° = – ___ ,
√2 √2
1__
tan 135° = –1, sin 315° = – ___ ,
√2 __
1
cos 315° = _____, tan 315° = –1
b)
3√3
____
m c) 1.5 m
√2 2
__
4. a) 30° b) 210°, 330° __ 10. a) 14√2 km b) Pythagorean theorem
1
__ √3
___
c) sin 150° = , cos 150° = – , 11. a)
2 2
1__
tan 150° = – ___
√3 __
1
__ √3
___
d) sin 210° = – , cos 210° = – ,
2 2
1__
___ 1
__
tan 210° = , sin 330° = – ,
√3 __
2
√3 60° 60°
1__
cos 330° = ___, tan 330° = – ___
2 √3 10 m
234 MHR • Chapter 4 978-0-07-031875-5

4, cos θ = – __3 4
b) Let h represent the height of the hydro c) sin θ = – __ , tan θ = __
pole. The wires are of equal length, 5 5 3
12
___ 5 12
so the large triangle formed by the d) sin θ = , cos θ = – , tan θ = – ___
___
13 13 5
two wires is isosceles. The pole, which 3 7 3
represents the altitude of the triangle, is e) sin θ = ____
___, cos θ = ____
___, tan θ = __
√58 √58 7
halfway between the two points where 9
____ 1
____
f) sin θ = – ___, cos θ = ___, tan θ = –9
the wires are secured to the ground. √82 √82
Therefore, the distance from the bottom 15 15
of the pole to one of the secured points 3. a) sin A = ___, tan A = – ___
17 18
is 5 m. 3 4
h b) cos B = – , tan B = __
__
Solve tan 60° = __5.
5 3
__ 12 5
Substitute tan 60° =√3 . c) sin C = – , cos C = ___
___
__ 13 13
√3 = h
__ 6 7
5 __ d) cos D = _______ , tan D = __
h = 5(√3 ) √85___ 6 ___
__
4 √10 4√10
The pole is 5(√3 ) m tall. e) sin E = _____, tan E = – _____
c) Let w represent the length of each wire. 13 3
8
_____ 13
_____
To determine the length of each wire, f) sin F = – ____, cos F = ____
√233 √233
find the length of the hypotenuse of one
of the right triangles. From part a) we 4. Answers may vary. Sample answers:
now know the height of the pole. a) sin 120°, sin (–240°)
h b) cos 150°, cos (–210°)
Solve sin 60° = __ w . __
__ c) tan 135°, tan (–45°)
√3
Substitute__sin 60° = ___ and h = 5(√3 ). d) sin 40°, sin (–220°)
__ 2
5√3
√3 = ____
e) cos 75°, cos (–75°)
__ w __ Multiply each side by 2w.
f) tan 10°, tan (–170°)
√3 w = 10(√3 ) Simplify.
Each wire is 10 m long. 5. a) To determine three positive angles that are
__ co-terminal with 205°, add multiples of
12. 96√3 cm2
__ 360° to 205°. The expression
–(1+√3 ) 1__ __
1__ 205° + n360°, where n is a positive integer,
13. a) ________ b) ____ c) 3√3 + ___
2 2√3 √2 will result in positive co-terminal angles.
14. Answers may vary. Let n = 1 to obtain one angle:
15. a) 60°, 120° b) 45°, 135°, 225°, 315° 205° + (1)360° = 565°.
c) 150°, 330° Let n = 2 to obtain a second angle:
__ 205° + (2)360° = 925°.
16. 15 + 5√3 m __ __ Let n = 3 to obtain a third angle:
3√3 √3
17. b) i) A = s2 ii) A = ____ s2 iii) A = ___ s2 205° + (3)360° = 1285°.
2 4
b) To determine three negative angles that
4.2 Co-terminal and Related Angles are co-terminal with 310°, subtract
4 3 4 multiples of 360° from 310°. The
1. a) sin θ = __ __
5, cos θ = 5, tan θ = 3
__
expression 310° – n360°, where n is a
7
2 , cos θ = – ____ 2
b) sin θ = – ____
___ ___ , tan θ = __ positive integer, will result in negative
√53 √53 7
3 co-terminal angles.
6 1
c) sin θ = ____
___ , cos θ = – ____
___ , tan θ = – __ Let n = 1 to obtain one angle:
√45 √45 2
5 2 5 310° – (1)360° = –50°.
d) sin θ = – ___, cos θ = ___ , tan θ = – __
____ ____
Let n = 2 to obtain a second angle:
√29 √29 2
5 3 5 310° – (2)360° = –410°.
2. a) sin θ = ____
___ , cos θ = – ____
___ , tan θ = – __ Let n = 3 to obtain a third angle:
√34 √34 3
8
___ 15
___ 8
___ 310° – (3)360° = –770°.
b) sin θ = , cos θ = – , tan θ = –
17 17 15

3 2 3
6. a) not co-terminal; Their difference is not a 14. a) sin E = ____
___ , cos E = – ____
___ , tan E = – __;
multiple of 360°. √13 √13 2
3
____ 2
____ 3
__
b) co-terminal; Their difference is 360°. sin F = – ___ , cos F = ___ , tan F = –
√13 √13 2
c) co-terminal; Their difference is a
multiple of 360°. b) ∠E = 124°, ∠F = 304°
d) not co-terminal; Their difference is not 15. a) θ = 229° or θ = 311°
a multiple of 360°. b) θ = 66° or θ = 294°
e) co-terminal; Their difference is 360°. c) θ = 144° or θ = 324°
f) co-terminal; Their difference is a
multiple of 360°. 16. a) 27.7 square units
g) not co-terminal; Their difference is not b) 304.0 square units
a multiple of 360°. c) 1383.9 square units
h) co-terminal; Their difference
__
is 360°. 17. 146.3°
( )
1 √3 1__
7. a) sin A = – __, cos A = ___, tan A = – ___ 3
18. a) P – ____
___ 7
, – ____
___
2__ 2 √3 √58 √58
√3 __
1
b) sin B = ___, cos B = – __, tan B = –√3 b) sin θ = ____
7
___ 3
, cos θ = – ____
___
2 2 √58 √58
c) sin C = 0, cos C = –1, tan C = 0 c) The corresponding trigonometric ratios
1__ 1__ are equal.
d) sin D = ___ , cos D = ___ , tan D = 1
√2 __ √2
1 √3 1__ 4.3 Reciprocal Trigonometric Ratios
e) sin E = __, cos E = ___, tan E = ___ 7 25 24
2 2 __ 1. sin C = ___, csc C = ___ ___
7 , cos C = 25 ,
√3
1 √3 1__ 25
f) sin F = – __, cos F = – ___, tan F = ___
2 2 √3 25 7 24
sec C = ___, tan C = ___, cot C = ___ 7
24 24
8. From the CAST rule we know that sine is
24 7 24
negative in the third and fourth quadrants. 2. sin A = ___, cos A = ___, tan A = ___ 7,
25 25
From our special triangles we know that 25 25 7
1__ csc A = ___, sec A = ___
7 , cot A = 24
___
sin 45° = ___ . 24
√2 5 __
In the third quadrant, the angle A that 3. a) csc θ = __ b) sec θ = √2 __
3
results in sin A = – ___1__ is A = 225°. 3
__ √6 1
√2 c) cot θ = 7 d) sec θ = – ____
6
In the fourth quadrant, the angle B that 1
__ 13
___
1__ is B = 315°. e) cot θ = – 5 f) csc θ = –
results in sin B = – ___ 12
√2 g) sec θ = undefined
9. 45°, 225° h) csc θ = 1
10. 240°, 300° 3 4
4. a) cos θ = __ b) sin θ = __
5
11. 0°, 180°, 360°; sine 8
__
15
7 5 7 c) tan θ = –√3 d) cos θ = – ___
12. a) sin A = – ____
___ , cos A = ____
___ , tan A = – __
5;
17
√74 √74 1__ 4
e) csc θ = ___ f) tan θ = – __
7 5 7 √2 9
sin B = – ____
___ , cos B = – ____
___ , tan B = __
5 g) cos θ = –1 h) sin θ = 0
√74 √74
b) ∠A = 306°, ∠B = 234° 5. a) sin 40° = 0.643, cos 40° = 0.766,
1
13. a) sin C = – ____
___ 6
, cos C = – ____
___ 1
, tan C = __; tan 40° = 0.839, csc 40° = 1.556,
√37 √37 6 sec 40° = 1.305, cot 40° = 1.192
1 6 1 b) sin 36° = 0.588, cos 36° = 0.809,
sin D = ___ , cos D = – ___ , tan D = – __
____ ____
√37 √37 6 tan 36° = 0.727, csc 36° = 1.701,
b) ∠C = 189°, ∠D = 171° sec 36° = 1.236, cot 36° = 1.376
236 MHR • Chapter 4 978-0-07-031875-5

5 13 12
c) sin 88° = 0.999, cos 88° = 0.035, b) sin θ = – ___, csc θ = – ___ ___
5 , cos θ = – 13,
13
tan 88° = 28.636, csc 88° = 1.001, 13 5 12
sec 88° = 28.654, cot 88° = 0.035 sec θ = – ___, tan θ = ___, cot θ = ___ 5
12 12
d) sin 110° = 0.940, cos 110° = –0.342, 15
___ 17
___
c) sin θ = , csc θ = , cos θ = – ,
8
___
tan 110° = –2.747, csc 110° = 1.064, 17 15 15
15 15 8
sec 110° = –2.924, cot 110° = –0.364 sec θ = – , tan θ = – , cot θ = – ___
___ ___
8 8 15
e) sin 237° = –0.839, cos 237° = –0.545, 1 ___
3
d) sin θ = ____
___ , csc θ = √10 , cos θ = ____ ___ ,
tan 237° = 1.540, csc 237° = –1.192, √10___ √10
sec 237° = –1.836, cot 237° = 0.649 √10 1
sec θ = ____, tan θ = __, cot θ = 3
f) sin 319° = –0.656, cos 319° = 0.755, 3 3
tan 319° = –0.869, csc 319° = –1.524, 3
____ 2 , tan θ = – ____3
e) sin θ = – ___ , cos θ = _______ ___ ,
sec 319° = 1.325, cot 319° = –1.150 √13 √13___ √13
3 √13 2
g) sin 95° = 0.996, cos 95° = –0.087, csc θ = – _______ , sec θ = ____, cot θ = – __
√13 2 3
tan 95° = –11.430, csc 95° = 1.004, 12 7
f) sin θ = – _____
____ , cos θ = – _____
____ 12,
, tan θ = ___
sec 95° = –11.474, cot 95° = –0.087 √193 √ 7
____ 193
____
h) sin 67° = 0.921, cos 67° = 0.391, √ 193 √ 193 7
tan 67° = 2.356, csc 67° = 1.086, csc θ = – _____, sec θ = – _____, cot θ = ___
12 7 12
sec 67° = 2.559, cot 67° = 0.424 5 1 , tan θ = 5,
g) sin θ = ____
___ , cos θ = ____
___
i) sin 124° = 0.829, cos 124° = –0.559, √26___ √26
tan 124° = –1.483, csc 124° = 1.206, √26 ___
1
sec 124° = –1.788, cot 124° = –0.675 csc θ = 5 , sec θ = √26 , cot θ = __
____
5
11
_____ 6 11,
6. a) 38° b) 56° c) 19° d) 61° h) sin θ = ____, cos θ = ____, tan θ = ___
_____
√157 √157 6
e) 41° f) 50° g) 15° h) 74° ____ ____
__ √157
_____ √157
_____ 6
√3
1 , cos 210° = – ___ csc θ = , sec θ = , cot θ = ___
7. sin 210° = – __ , 11 6 11
2 2 1__ 1__, tan θ = –1,
1__, csc 210° = –2, i) sin θ = ___ , cos θ = – ___
tan 210° = ___ √2 √2
√3 __ __
2__, cot 210° = √3__
sec 210° = – ___
csc θ = √2 , sec θ = –√2 , cot θ = –1
√3 3 8 3
j) sin θ = – ____
___ , cos θ = ____
___, tan θ = – __,
1__ 1__ √73 √73 8
8. sin 225° = – ___ , cos 225° = – ___ , ___ ___
√2 √
__ 2 √73 √73 8
tan 225° = 1, __
csc 225° = – √2 , csc θ = – ____, sec θ = ____, cot θ = – __
3 ___
8 3
sec 225° = – √2 , cot 225° = 1 ___ √37
14. a) csc θ = √37 , sec θ = ____, cot θ = 6;
9. sin 90° = 1, cos 90° = 0, 6
θ = 9° ___ ___
tan 90° = undefined, csc 90° = 1, √29
____ √29
____ 2
sec 90° = undefined, cot 90° = 0 b) csc θ = 5 , sec θ = , cot θ = __
5;
2
θ = 68° ____ ____
10. 240°, 300° √113
_____ √113
_____ 8
c) csc θ = 7 , sec θ = , cot θ = __
7;
11. a) 33° b) 37° 8
θ = 41° ___ ___
c) 69° d) 44° √73 √73
____ ____ 8
e) 51° f) 33° d) csc θ = , sec θ = , cot θ = __;
3 8 3
g) 71° h) 35° θ = 21° ____ ____
√202 √202 9
12. 45°, 225° e) csc θ = _____, sec θ = _____, cot θ = ___;
11 9 11
4
13. a) sin θ = __
5
__ 3
__ θ = 51° ___
5, csc θ = 4, cos θ = – 5,
___
√65
____ √65 7
5 4 3 f) csc θ = , sec θ = 7 , cot θ = __;
____
sec θ = – __, tan θ = – __, cot θ = – __ 4 4
3 3 4 θ = 30°

15. First determine the value of the smallest x 2 + y2
= _______ Substitute x2 + y2 = r2
positive angle θ such that csc θ = 3.5. r2 in the numerator.
1 2
Solve sin θ = ___ to get θ = 17°. Using r
= 2
__
3.5 r
the CAST rule we know that cosecant is
negative where sine is negative, that is, in =1
the third and fourth quadrants. = R.S.
The name is appropriate because the
In the third quadrant, the angle is
identity represents the Pythagorean
180° + 17° = 197°.
theorem in terms of the trigonometric
In the fourth quadrant, the angle is
ratios.
360° – 17° = 343°. 1
The two angles are 197° and 343°. b) Substitute sin θ = _____ and
cos θ
1
16. 99°, 261° cos θ = _____ in sin2 θ + cos2 θ = 1.
sec θ
17. 14°, 194°
24 7 25 An equivalent equation is
18. sin θ = – ___, cos θ = ___, csc θ = – ___, 1
______ 1
25 25 24
2 + ______ = 1.
25
___ 7
___ cos θ sec2 θ
sec θ = 7 , cot θ = – ______
24 √a2 – b2 b
4 3 4 26. sin θ = – _______ __
a , cos θ = – a ,
19. sin θ = __ __ __
5, cos θ = – 5, tan θ = – 3, ______
√a2 – b2 a ,
5
sec θ = – __, cot θ = – __
3 tan θ = _______, csc θ = – _______
______
3__ 4 b √a2 – b2
__ b
√8 3__
20. sin θ = – ___, tan θ = √8 , csc θ = – ___ , cot θ = _______
______
3 √8 √a2 – b2
1__ ___________ ___________
sec θ = –3, cot θ = ___ √5x2 +2x +1 √5x2 +2x +1
___ √8 ___ 27. csc θ = ____________, sec θ = ____________
√ 33
____ 4
__ √33
____ x+1 2x
21. sin θ = 7 , cos θ = 7, tan θ = ,
4
7 4 4.4 Problems in Two Dimensions
csc θ = ____
___ , cot θ = _______
√33 √33 1. a) Because ΔABC is a right triangle, use the
w cosine ratio.
22. a) sec 48° = ____ , where w represents the
16.7 b) Because ΔPQR is a right triangle, use
length of the wire the tangent ratio.
b) 25.0 m c) ΔABC is an oblique triangle where three
r
23. a) csc 14.5° = ___, where r represents the sides are known, so use the cosine law.
1.3
length of the ramp d) ΔDEF is an oblique triangle where
b) 5.2 m, or 5 m and 20 cm two sides and the contained angle are
171 known, so use the cosine law.
24. a) ____ e) ΔXYZ is a right triangle, so use the
196
16 tangent ratio.
b) ____
153 2. a) a = 10.6 cm b) r = 7.3 m
25 c) ∠B = 44.0° d) d = 16.3 cm
c) ____
169 e) ∠Y = 51.7°
153
d) ____ 3. 61.1°
16 y x 4. a) a = 8.6 cm, ∠B = 85°, ∠C = 60°
25. Substitute sin θ = __r and cos θ = __r into the
left side of the given equation. b) ∠A = 117.3°, ∠B = 26.4°, ∠C = 36.3°
L.S. = sin2 θ + cos2 θ c) b = 19.8 m, c = 17.7 m, ∠C = 63°
( )
y2
= __r + ( __ r)
x2 5. 4.7 m
2 6. 6.0 km
y
__ x2
__
= r2 + r2 7. a) 4.5 km b) 92.4°
238 MHR • Chapter 4 978-0-07-031875-5

8. a) This triangle has only one solution, 4.5 Problems in Three Dimensions
a = 14.7 cm. 1. 43°
C
2. a) 18.8 m b) 74.4°
3. a) 3.4 m b) 6.8 m c) 9.6 m
4. 14.8 cm
b = 11 cm
5. 4.2 km
6. a) 13.7 cm b) 21°
7. a) T
48°
A c = 9 cm B
B 18° C
b) c = 10.0 m or c = 2.6 m 35°
C C
b = 7.8 m a = 5.9 m b = 7.8 m

a = 5.9 m
36° 36°
A B A B
400 m
9. a) ∠C = 39°, b = 4.7 cm, ∠C = 141°,
b = 1.0 cm 27°
b) ∠F = 56°, e = 6 cm, ∠F = 124°,

e = 2.7 cm A
10. a) b sin A = 2.7 sin 32° b) There is insufficient information in

= 1.4 ΔTBC to find the height TB directly;
b) Since a = 1.2 and 1.2 < 1.4, however, since BC is in common to
then a < b sin A, so there is no solution. ΔABC and ΔTBC, use ΔABC to find
11. a) 2.4 b) one solution the length of BC. Then, find the height
12. a) 4.3 b) two solutions TB in ΔTBC.
In ΔABC, ∠B = 180° – 27° – 35°
13. 8.1 km
= 118°
14. 147.5 km or 64.4 km Use the sine law to find the length of BC.
15. 122 m BC
______ 400
= _______
16. Aqua: 31.6 km; Belli: 22.8 km sin 27° sin 118°
400 sin 27°
17. 5.8 km or 50.1 km BC = __________
sin 118°
18. 9.2 units, 12.4 units BC 205.7
19. ∠A = 49°, ∠C = 101°, AB = 7.8 cm OR ΔTBC is a right triangle. Use the
∠A = 131°, ∠C = 19°, AB = 2.6 cm tangent ratio to determine the
20. Answer may vary. height TB.
TB
tan 18° = _____
21. a) Two solutions will occur when a < b and 205.7
a > b sin A. Substitute ∠A = 40° and TB = 205.7 tan 18°
b = 50.0 to get a > 50 sin 40°, where
66.8
50 sin 40° = 32.1. Note, however, that
since b = 50.0 and a < b, then a < 50. The The height of the cliff is approximately
range of values for a is 32.1 < a < 50.0. 67 m.
b) a < 104.2 c) a = 61.8 or a > 73.7 8. 120 m

9. First draw a diagram to represent this b) ΔP1BF is a right triangle. Use the
situation. cotangent ratio to determine the
Let P1 represent the initial position of the distance BF.
BF
balloon before it rises. cot 28° = ____
Let P2 represent the balloon’s position after 83.7
it rises vertically. BF 157.4
Let B represent the barn and let F represent The barn is approximately 157.4 m
the farmhouse. from the farmhouse.
Mark the angles of depression. 10. 37.1 m
Use parallel lines to determine that 11. 37.4 m
∠BFP2 = 42° and ∠BFP1 = 28°.
12. 43.7 m
Subtract 42° – 28° to determine that
∠P1FP2 = 14°. 13. 1.36 km
P2
42° 4.6 Trigonometric Identities
58.0 m 1. Answers may vary. Sample answers:
a) 1 – cos2 θ b) sec2 θ – 1 c) 1 + tan2 θ
P1 d) cos2 θ e) –cot2 θ f) –1
28°
–1
g) _________ h) cot2 θ
1 + cot2 θ
1
2. a) 1 b) sin θ c) _________
sin θ cos θ
14°
2
d) | sin θ | e) –1 f) _____
42° cos θ
B F 3. a) sin2 θ
a) There is insufficient information to b) tan2 θ + sin2 θ
determine the initial height of the c) 4(1 + 2 cos θ sin θ)
balloon, P1B. d) sin2 θ – cos2 θ or 1 – 2 cos2 θ or
In ΔP1P2F, 2 sin2 θ – 1
∠P2P1F = 90° + 28° 4.– 5. Answer may vary.
≐ 118° 6. Technology may be used to graph each side
Determine the distance P2F by using of the identity. If the graphs are the same,
the sine law in ΔP1P2F. then the identity is verified.
58
______ P2F
= _______ 7. Answer may vary.
sin 14° sin 118°
1 + cot θ
58 sin 118° 8. L.S. = ________
P2F = __________ csc θ
sin 14°
cos θ
= 211.7 1 + _____
= sin θ
_________
ΔP2BF is a right triangle. Use the sine 1
_____
ratio to determine the distance P1B. sin θ
P1B + 58
sin 42° = _________
211.7
= sin
_____
1
θ
(
× sin θ + cos θ
____________
sin θ )
P1B = 211.7 sin 42° – 58 = sin θ + cos θ
83.7 Therefore, L.S. = R.S., and the statement
The balloon is at a height of is true for all θ.
approximately 83.7 m before it rises. 9. Answers may vary.
240 MHR • Chapter 5 978-0-07-031875-5

___
20
10. Prove sin4 θ+2 cos2 θ– cos4 θ = 1 for all θ. 4. √
___
__ cm
√3
L.S. = θ+2 θ– 12 5 12
sin4 cos2 θ cos4 5. a) sin θ = ___, cos θ = – ___, tan = – ___
5
13 13
= (sin2 θ)2 + 2 cos2 θ – cos4 θ 3 4 3
__ __ __
= (1 – cos2 θ)2 b) sin = – 5, cos = 5, tan =–
___ 4
+ 2 cos2 θ √96 5
– cos4 θ Substitute 6. a) cos G = – ____, tan G = _______
11
___ √96
___
sin2 θ = 1 – cos2 θ. √33 √33
____ ____
= 1 – 2 cos2 θ b) sin E = 7 , tan E =
4
+ cos4 θ
+ 2 cos2 θ 7. a) θ = 39° or θ = 141°
– cos4 θ Expand (1 – cos2 θ)2. b) θ = 110° or θ = 250°
c) θ = 24° or θ = 204°
=1 Simplify. __
Therefore, L.S. = R.S., and the statement √3 1
8. sin 120° = ___, cos 120° = – __,
is true for all θ. 2 __ 2
2
___
tan 120° = – √3 , csc 120° = __,
11. Answers may vary. √3
1__
12. 1 + cot2 θ sec 120° = –2, cot 120° = – ___
√3
13.–14. Answers may vary. 7 25 24
cos θ 9. a) sin θ = – ___, csc θ = – ___ ___
7 , cos θ = 25,
15. When θ = 90°, sin 90° = 1, so _______ has 25
1 – sin θ 25 7 24
a value of 0 in the denominator. Therefore, sec θ = ___, tan θ = – ___, cot θ = – ___ 7
24 24 ___
this part of the expression is undefined. 3 √ 34
b) sin θ = – ____
___ , csc θ = – ____,
Similarly, when θ = 270°, √34 3___
cos θ 5 √ 34
sin 270° = –1 , so ________ has a cos θ = – _______ , sec θ = – ____ 5 ,
1 + sin θ √34
value of 0 in the denominator. 3 5
tan θ = __
5, cot θ = 3
__
___
Therefore, this part of the expression is 9 √ 97
____ ____
undefined. c) sin θ = – ___, csc θ = – ,
√97 ___9
16.–25. Answers may vary. 4 √97
cos θ = _______ , sec θ = ____,
√97 4
26. a) No b) Yes 9 4
c) Yes d) No tan θ = – __, cot θ = – __
4 9 ___
3 √10
27. b) Answers may vary. Sample answer: d) sin θ = ____
___ , csc θ = ____ ,
Substitute an angle value and show that √10 3
___
1
the left side is not equal to the right side. cos θ = ____
___ , sec θ = √10 ,
√10
1
28.–34. Answers may vary. tan θ = 3, cot θ = __
3
35. cot2 θ (1 + tan2 θ) = csc2 θ 10. a) one solution; ∠B = 62°, ∠C = 47°,
36.–39. Answers may vary. c = 9.4 m
b) no solution
40. 1
c) two solutions; ∠B = 67°, ∠C = 69°,
Chapter 4 Review c = 12.5 mm or ∠B = 113°, ∠C = 23°,
1. Answers may vary. c = 5.2 mm
__ __
1__
2. a) – ____ b) 1 – √3 c)√3 + 1 d) one solution; ∠E = 103°, ∠F = 35°,
2√__
6 e = 12.4 km
√
3. a) i) 6 2 m ii) 6 m e) two solutions; ∠D = 50°, ∠F = 92°,
12 6__ f = 21.8 mm or ∠D = 130°, ∠F = 12°,
b) i) ___
__ m ii) ___ m f = 4.5 mm
√3 √3__
c) i) 12 m ii) 6√3 m f) no solution

11. 10.3 km or 1.0 km e) period is 6; amplitude is 3.5
12. a) 9.2 m b) 49° g) period is 3; amplitude is 3.5
13. 97.6 m 3.–5. Answers may vary.
14. 111.0 km 6. a) 6
b) –4
15. 84 km c) 3
16. a) 1 – sin2 θ b) 1 + cot2 θ d) 2
c) csc2 θ – 1 d) tan2 θ 7. Answers may vary.
1
e) 1 f) _________ 8. No, the period is not necessarily 6. For
1 + tan2θ instance, the following graph shows a
17. Answers may vary. periodic function with f(3) = f(9) = 2,
but the period is 10.
Math Contest
1. 2:1 y
__
2. 3√3 :4π 4
__
10√3
_____ 2
3. cm
3
4. D —8 —4 0 4 8 x
5. B —2
6. C
—4
7. B
8. A
9. B 9. a) y
10. D ON 2
11. C
1
Chapter 5 Trigonometric
Functions OFF 0 4 8 12
Time (s)
16 x
5.1 Modelling Periodic Behaviour b) It is periodic because the pattern for the
1. a) periodic; pattern of y-values repeats at length of the flashes repeats at regular
regular intervals intervals.
b) non-periodic; pattern of y-values does c) 8 s
not repeat at regular intervals d) 1
c) non-periodic; pattern of y-values does
10. a) No
not repeat at regular intervals
b) Yes
d) periodic; pattern of y-values repeats at
c) Yes
regular intervals
e) periodic; pattern of y-values repeats at 11. Answers may vary.
regular intervals 12. a) y
Distance From Entrance (m)
f) non-periodic; pattern of y-values does 800

not repeat at regular intervals
g) periodic; pattern of y-values repeats at 600
regular intervals 400
h) non-periodic; pattern of y-values does
not repeat at regular intervals 200
2. a) period is 6; amplitude is 1.5

0 8 16 24 32 x
c) period is 360; amplitude is Time (min)
approximately 5
242 MHR • Chapter 5 978-0-07-031875-5

b) period is 12 min; amplitude is 400 m 3. a)
c) Let t represent the time, in minutes, and
let d represent the distance from the
entrance, in metres.
The domain is {t ∊ ℝ, 0 ≤ t ≤ 36}.
The range is {d ∊ ℝ, 25 ≤ d ≤ 825}. b)
13. The length of the interval that gives the
domain is a whole number multiple of the
period. Examples may vary.
14. The amplitude is half the length of the
interval that gives the range. Examples c) 4 cycles
may vary. d) 48 cycles
15. Yes; period is 10 4. a)
5.2 The Sine Function and the Cosine

Function
1. a)
b)
A cosine function models the horizontal

displacement, because the horizontal c) Similarities: The amplitude for each
displacement starts at 10 m and graph is 1. The period for each graph is
decreases to 0 m at 90°, a characteristic 360°. The range for each graph is
of the cosine function. {y ∊ ℝ, −1 ≤ y ≤ 1}. The zeros, or
b) x-intercepts, of each graph are the same.
Differences: The graph of y = –sin x is
a reflection in the x-axis of the graph of
y = sin x. The minimum points on
y = –sin x are the maximum points on
A sine function models the vertical y = sin x, and the maximum points on
displacement, because the vertical y = –sin x are the minimum points on
displacement starts at 0 m and moves y = sin x.
through to a maximum at 90°, a 5. a)
characteristic of the sine function.
2. The graph has zeros at 0°, 180°, and 360°,
and reaches the highest point, 10, at 90°, and
the lowest point at 270°, so a sine function
models the vertical distance.
b)

c) Similarities: The amplitude for each f) Similarities: The graphs of the two
graph is 1. The period for each graph is functions both begin at 1. They have
360°. The range for each graph is a maximum of 1 and the same
{y ∊ ℝ, −1 ≤ y ≤ 1}. The zeros, or x-intercepts.
x-intercepts, of each graph are the same. Differences: The amplitude, range, and
Differences: The graph of y = –cos x is period of the two functions are different.
a reflection in the x-axis of the graph of 8. a) Answers may vary. Sample answer:
y = cos x. The minimum points on The graphs are the same because
y = –cos x are the maximum points on sin x
_____
y = cos x, and the maximum points on cos x = tan x.
y = –cos x are the minimum points on b)
y = cos x.
6. a) The y-intercept of the function
y = (sin x)2 is the same as that of
y = sin x, which is 0.
b) The x-intercepts occur when y = 0. 9. a) Answers may vary. Sample answer:
Solve (sin x)2 = 0. This is equivalent to The graphs are the same because
solving sin x = 0. The x-intercepts are cos x
_____
= cot x.
x = 0°, 180°, 360°, 540°, and 720°. sin x
b)
c) Since (sin x)2 is always positive, the
minimum value of y = (sin x)2 is 0 and
the maximum value is 1.
d) The range is {y ∊ ℝ, 0 ≤ y ≤ 1}. The
1−0
amplitude is half of _____, or 0.5.
2
e) 5.3 Investigate Transformations of
Sine and Cosine Functions
1. a) vertical stretch by a factor of 5,
amplitude 5
f) Similarities: The graphs of the two

functions both begin at 0, they have a
maximum of 1, and they have the same
x-intercepts.
Differences: The amplitude, range, and 4
b) vertical compression by a factor of __
5,
period of the two function are different. 4
__
amplitude 5
7. a) 1
b) 90°, 270°, 450°, and 630°
c) The minimum value is 0 and the
maximum value is 1.
d) The range is {y ∊ ℝ, 0 ≤ y ≤ 1}. The
amplitude is 0.5.
e) c) vertical stretch by a factor of 4,
amplitude 4
244 MHR • Chapter 5 978-0-07-031875-5

4
d) vertical stretch by a factor of __, e) horizontal compression by a factor
3
4 1
amplitude __ of __ , period 120°
3 3
f) horizontal compression by a factor
1
of __
5 , period 72°
4
g) horizontal stretch by a factor of __ ,
3
period 480°
2. a) vertical stretch by a factor of 6, h) horizontal compression by a factor

2
amplitude 6 of __ , period 240°
3
4. a) The amplitude of the graph is 1, since
this is half the difference between the
maximum value of –2 and the minimum
value of –4. The graph of y = sin x has
a maximum value of 1 and a minimum
3 value of –1, so this graph represents a
b) vertical stretch by a factor of __,
2
3 vertical shift down of 3 units of the graph
amplitude __
2 of y = sin x. The equation that matches
this graph is B, y = sin x – 3.
b) The amplitude of the graph is 1, since
this is half the difference between
the maximum value of 3.5 and the
minimum value of 1.5. The graph of
c) vertical stretch by a factor of 3, y = sin x has a maximum value of 1 and
amplitude 3 a minimum value of –1, so this graph
represents a vertical shift up of 2.5 units
of the graph of y = sin x. The equation
that matches this graph is A,
y = sin x + 2.5.
5. a) Since the point (0°, 1) on the graph of
1
__ y = cos x is now located at (–60°, 1), the
d) vertical compression by a factor of ,
2 equation that matches this graph is B,
1
amplitude __
2 y = cos (x + 60°).
b) Since the point (0°, 1) on the graph of
y = cos x is now located at (30°, 1), the
equation that matches this graph is A,
y = cos (x – 30°).
6. a) phase shift right 40°; vertical shift up
3. a) horizontal compression by a factor of 2 units
1
__ b) phase shift left 60°; vertical shift down
, period 180°
2 3 units
b) horizontal stretch by a factor of 2,
period 720° c) phase shift right 38°; vertical shift up
3 5 units
c) horizontal stretch by a factor of __ ,
2 d) phase shift left 30°; vertical shift down
period 540°
d) horizontal stretch by a factor of 4, 6 units
period 1440°

7. a) phase shift left 70°; no vertical shift iii) vertical shift up 1 unit, amplitude 1
b) phase shift right 82°; vertical shift up iv) vertical shift down 4 units, amplitude 5
8 units b) i)
c) phase shift left 100°; vertical shift down
1 unit
d) phase shift right 120°; vertical shift up
9 units
8. Answers may vary. Sample answers:
ii)
a) y = 4 sin 2x; y = 4 cos [2(x − 45°)]
b) y = −2 sin 3x; y = −2cos [3(x − 30°)]
c) y = 8 sin 6x; y = 8 cos [6(x − 15°)]
a) y = 5 cos 3x; y = 5 sin [3(x − 90°)]
b) y = −4 cos 2x; y = 4 sin [2(x − 45°)] iii)
c) y = 10 cos 8x; y = 10 sin [8(x + 11.25°)]
10.a) i) phase shift left 140°, vertical shift up 5
units
ii) no phase shift, vertical shift up 2 units iv)
iii) phase shift left 55°, vertical shift
down 8 units
iv) phase shift right 90°, vertical shift up
7 units
b) i) 12. a) Since the amplitude is 30, the graph would
fluctuate between 30 and –30. However,
there is a vertical shift up of 45, making
the lowest value –30 + 45, or 15.
So, 15 cm is the lowest vertical position
ii) that the point reaches.
b) Since the amplitude is 30, the graph
would fluctuate between 30 and –30.
However, there is a vertical shift up
of 45, making the highest value
30 + 45, or 75.
iii) So, 75 cm is the highest vertical position
that the point reaches.
360 2
c) The period is ____ , or __ s.
540 3
d) The value of k will change from 540 to
270, so the equation becomes
iv) y = 30 sin (270t) + 45.
13. a) Since d = –90° and c = –2, the graph of
y = sin x must be shifted left 90° and
down 2 units.
b) Since a = –1, d = 60°, and c = 4, the
11.a) i) no vertical shift, amplitude 1 graph of y = sin x must be reflected in
ii) vertical shift down 2 units, amplitude 3 the x-axis, and shifted right 60° and up
4 units.
246 MHR • Chapter 5 978-0-07-031875-5

14. a) The horizontal shift is 25° to the left, c) amplitude 8, period 6°, phase shift
so d = –25°. The vertical shift is 12° right, vertical shift 7 units up
5 units up, so c = 5. The equation of 5
d) amplitude __ , period 900°, phase shift
the transformed graph is 9
3
y = sin (x + 25°) + 5. 85° right, vertical shift __ units up
8
b) The graph is reflected in the x-axis, so 3. a) Answers may vary. Sample answer: Apply
a = –1. The horizontal shift is 42° to the the amplitude of 5, apply the vertical shift
right, so d = 42°. The vertical shift is of 3 units down, and apply the horizontal
2 units down, so c = –2. The equation 1
compression by a factor of __ .
of the transformed graph is 3
y = –sin (x – 42°) – 2.
15. a) amplitude 3, period 180°, phase shift right
30°, vertical shift up 1 unit
1
b) amplitude __ , period 120°, phase shift
2
left 120°, vertical shift down 6 units b) f(x): domain {x ∊ ℝ},
c) amplitude 4, period 1440°, phase shift range {y ∊ ℝ, −1 ≤ y ≤ 1};
left 45°, vertical shift down 3 units g(x): domain {x ∊ ℝ},
d) amplitude 0.6, period 300°, phase shift range {y ∊ ℝ, −8 ≤ y ≤ 2}
right 90°, vertical shift up 2 units c) h(x) = 5 sin [3(x + 45°)] − 3
16. f = 490 cos (90°t) + 610
17. a) 2.7 m
b) 0.3 m
c) 1.2 s
d) 2.1 m
18. a) 25 cm 4. a) Answers may vary. Sample answer: Apply
b) 5 cm the amplitude of 3, apply the vertical shift
c) 1 s of 1 unit up, and apply the horizontal
d) at approximately 0.5 s, 1.0 s, 1.5 s, 1
compression by a factor of __ .
2.0 s, etc. 4
5.4 Graphing and Modelling with

y = a sin [k(x – d)] + c and
y = a cos [k(x – d)] + c
1. a) amplitude 2, period 120°, phase shift 15°
right, vertical shift 4 units up b) f(x): domain {x ∊ ℝ},
b) amplitude 5, period 30°, phase shift 60° range {y ∊ ℝ, −1 ≤ y ≤ 1};
left, vertical shift 2 units down g(x): domain {x ∊ ℝ},
c) amplitude 6, period 20°, phase shift 45° range {y ∊ ℝ, −2 ≤ y ≤ 4}
left, vertical shift 1 unit up c) h(x) = 3 cos [4(x − 45°)] + 1
2
d) amplitude __ , period 600°, phase shift
3
4
30° right, vertical shift __5 units up
4
__
2. a) amplitude 7 , period 36°, phase shift
16° left, vertical shift 9 units up
b) amplitude 11, period 10°, phase shift
a) y = 6 sin [2(x + 45°)] − 4
75° left, vertical shift 3 units down
b) y = 6 cos 2x − 4

6. Answers may vary. Sample answers: b) f(x): domain {x ∊ ℝ},
3
[ 1
]
a) y = __ sin __(x + 270°) + 2
4 3
range {y ∊ ℝ, −1 ≤ y ≤ 1};
3
__ 1
__
b) y = cos x + 2
4 3 { 5
range y ∊ ℝ, __ ≤ y ≤ ___
4
11
4}
7. a) amplitude 8, period 120°, phase shift 20°
13. The equation of the cosine function is of the
left, vertical shift down 8 units
form g(x) = a cos [k(x − d)], since the sine
b) maximum 0, minimum –16
function does not have a vertical shift. The
c) 10°, 130°, 250°
cosine function will have the same amplitude
d) –1.07
and period as the sine function, so a = 6 and
8. a) amplitude 6, period 72°, phase shift 60° k = 5. Thus far the equation is
right, no vertical shift y = 6 cos [5(x − d)].
b) maximum 6, minimum –6 Determine the phase shift. Sketch a graph
c) 6°, 42°, 78° of the sine function to find d.
d) 3
10. The graph is reflected in the x-axis, and
vertically stretched by a factor of 3,
so a = –3.
The graph is horizontally compressed by a Since the first maximum occurs at 6°, the
1 phase shift is 6° to the right, so d = 6°.
factor of __ , so k = 4.
4 A cosine equation that models this
The graph is shifted 35° to the left,
so d = −35°. function is y = 6 cos [5(x − 6°)].
The vertical shift is 8 units down, 14. a) y = 4 sin [3(x − 30°)] + 1
so c = –8. b) y = 4 cos [3(x − 60°)] + 1
The equation of the transformed graph is 15. Answers may vary. Sample answers:
y = −3 sin [4(x + 35°)] − 8. a) y = 5 cos 30x + 11
11. a) Apply the amplitude of 3, y = 3 sin x; b) y = 5 sin [30(x + 3)] + 11
apply the reflection in the x-axis, c) y = 5 sin [30(x − 3)] + 11
y = –3 sin x; apply the vertical shift of
d) y = 5 cos [30(x − 6)] + 11
7 units up, y = –3 sin x + 7; apply the
horizontal stretch of factor 4, e) Answers may vary.
1 16. Answers may vary. Sample answers:
y = –3 sin __ x + 7; translate the function
4 a)
50° right,
[ 1
]
g(x) = −3 sin __(x − 50°) + 7.
4
b) f(x): domain {x ∊ ℝ},
range {y ∊ ℝ, −1 ≤ y ≤ 1};
range {y ∊ ℝ, 4 ≤ y ≤ 10} b), c) The square root function will
produce only positive y-values, so
_____
3 3
12. a) Apply the amplitude of __, y = __ cos x; the graph of y = √cos x will have
4 4
apply the vertical shift of 2 units down, missing sections where the graph of
3 y = cos x has negative y-values.
y = __ cos x − 2; apply the horizontal
4
1
compression of factor __,
6
3
y = __ cos 6x − 2; translate the function
4
3
45° left, g(x) = __ cos [6(x + 45°)] − 2
4
248 MHR • Chapter 5 978-0-07-031875-5

_________
d) The graph of y = √cos x + 1 will not e) y = 1.5 sin 150x + 2
have any missing parts, since no part f) y = 1.5 cos [150(x – 0.6)] + 2
of the graph will be below the x-axis. g)
e)

17. a) maximum: y = a + c for a) The maximum value on the graph is
90°(1 + 4n) 8 m and the minimum value is 2 m.
x = d + __________, where n is an integer Subtract and divide by 2 to find the
k
b) minimum: y = c – a for 8−2
amplitude, _____, or 3.
90°(3 + 4n) 2
x = d + __________, where n is an b) Since the amplitude is 3, the horizontal
k
integer reference line is y = 5, which is 3
n360° below the maximum and 3 above the
18. a) maximum: y = a + c for x = d + _____,
k minimum. The value of the horizontal
where n is an integer
reference line indicates that the graph
b) minimum: y = c – a for has been shifted up 5 units, so c = 5.
180°(1 + 2n)
x = d + ___________, where n is an c) Since the y-intercept is at (0, 5) and the
k
integer points (6, 5) and (12, 5) are all on the
horizontal reference line, there is no
5.5 Data Collecting and Modelling phase shift, so d = 0.
360
d) Since the period is 12 s, ____ = 12 and
1. a) maximum 10.5 m, minimum 1.5 m k
k = 30.
b) high tide at 7 a.m. and 7 p.m.;
e) Substitute the values a = 3, k = 30,
low tide at 1 a.m. and 1 p.m.
d = 0, and c = 5 in
c) 3.75 m y = a sin [k(x − d)] + c. A sine equation
d) 4 a.m., 10 a.m., 4 p.m., 10 p.m. that models the motion is
2. a) maximum 9100 tourists; minimum 2100 y = 3 sin 30x + 5.
tourists f) The part of the graph from 3 s to 12 s
b) maximum in November, at t = 11; represents a cosine function. The values
minimum in May, at t = 5 of a, k, and c remain the same but
d = 3, since the first maximum occurs at
c) 3850
(3, 8). A cosine equation that models the
d) March 18 (3 months, 18 days), June 12 motion is y = 3 cos [30(x − 3)] + 5.
(6 months, 12 days)
g)
a) maximum 3.5 m, minimum 0.5 m,
a = 1.5
b) c = 2
c) d = 0
d) period 2.4 s, k = 150

5. a) Substitute each value of x from the first d) From the graph and the table, the
column to determine the corresponding maximum height of the rider is 52 m and
height value in the second column. the minimum height of the rider is 2 m.
e) From the graph, the height of the rider
x h(x) = 25 sin (x – 90°) + 27 is 40 m in 4 places: approximately 120°,
0° 25 sin (0° – 90°) + 27 = 2 240°, 480°, and 600°.
f) The start of the first cosine wave is
30° 25 sin (30° – 90°) + 27 = 5.35
at 180°, so the phase shift is 180° to
60° 25 sin (60° – 90°) + 27 = 14.50 the right. The period, amplitude, and
90° 25 sin (90° – 90°) + 27 = 27 vertical shift remain the same as in
the given sine function. A cosine
120° 25 sin (120° – 90°) + 27 = 39.50 equation that models the height is
150° 25 sin (150° – 90°) + 27 = 48.65 h(x) = 25 cos (x – 180°) + 27.
__
180° 25 sin (180° – 90°) + 27 = 52 6. a) √3
b) multiply by a factor of 4
210° 25 sin (210° – 90°) + 27 = 48.65
7. a) The period of the graph is 360 days, so
240° 25 sin (240° – 90°) + 27 = 39.50 the equation will be of the form
270° 25 sin (270° – 90°) + 27 = 27 y = a sin (x – d) + c. The maximum value
is 20 and the minimum value is 16. So,
300° 25 sin (300° – 90°) + 27 = 14.50 a = 2. The horizontal reference line is
330° 25 sin (330° – 90°) + 27 = 5.35 y = 18, which means there is a vertical
shift of 18 units up, so c = 18. There is no
360° 25 sin (360° – 90°) + 27 = 2 phase shift, since the first point is at
(0, 18), on the horizontal reference line.
b) The cycle will repeat itself after A sine equation that models the time of
1 revolution, so the values will follow sunset in Saskatoon is y = 2 sin x + 18.
the pattern in the above table. b) The first point on the cosine wave is
x h(x) = 25 sin (x – 90°) + 27 at 90 days, so a cosine equation that
390° 5.35 models the time of sunset in Saskatoon
is y = 2 cos (x – 90) + 18.
420° 14.50
c) The range of the function is
450° 27 {y ∊ ℝ, 16 ≤ y ≤ 20}.
480° 39.50 8. a) y = 9 sin (x + 230°) + 12
510° 48.65 b) y = 9 cos (x + 140°) + 12
540° 52 c) The phase shift of the curves will be
570° 48.65 altered by an additional 10°;
y = 9 sin (x + 220°) + 12;
600° 39.50
y = 9 cos (x + 130°) + 12
630° 27
9. a) y = 9 sin (x + 230°) + 14.5
660° 14.50 b) y = 9 cos (x + 140°) + 14.5
690° 5.35 1
10. a) ___ s
720° 2 25
b) maximum 63 cm, minimum –27 cm,
c) amplitude 45
1 3
c) maximum at ____ s, minimum at ____ s
100 100
d) 63 cm
250 MHR • Chapter 5 978-0-07-031875-5

11. 59.8 cm b) First, determine how many days
12. h(t) = 8 cos (19.9t) + 9.5 September 1 falls after March 21.
March 21–31 = 10 days
13. a) y = 1100 sin (93 600t)
April = 30 days
b) y = 550 sin (70 200t)
May = 31 days
June = 30 days
5.6 Use Sinusoidal Functions to July = 31 days
Model Periodic Phenomena Not August = 31 days
Involving Angles September = 1 day
1. a) maximum height 7 m, minimum height Total = 164 days
–7 m Substitute x = 164 in
b) high tide at 5:30 a.m. and 5:30 p.m.; low 72
y = 4.5 sin ___x + 12 to find y.
tide at 11:30 a.m. and 11:30 p.m. 73
c) h(t) = 7 cos [30(t + 6.5)] 72
___
y = 4.5 sin (164) + 12
73
2. a) h(t) = 4.5 sin [30(t + 4)] 11 808
b) low tide at 5 p.m.; high tide at 11 a.m. = 4.5 sin ______ + 12
73
and 11 p.m. ≐ 13.4
c) h(t) = 4.5 sin [30(t + 3.5)] Determine the number of minutes.
d) h(t) = 4.5 cos [30(t + 0.5)] 0.4 × 60 = 24
There are approximately 13.4 h, or 13 h
3. a) maximum 1050, minimum 250, 24 min of daylight on September 1.
amplitude 400
b) c = 650 12 − 2
6. a) The amplitude is ______, or 5. So, a = 5.
2
c) d = 0 The period is 12 h.
d) 5 years, k = 72 360
____
e) y = 400 sin 72x + 650 = 12
k
f) Answers may vary, but all graphs should k = 30
match the shape of the graph given. The vertical shift is 2 + 5, or 7.
4. For 8 years, k = 45. The new equation is So, c = 7.
y = 400 sin 45x + 650. Since x represents the hours after
5. a) The graph begins at March 21. There midnight, the first maximum point is
are 31 days in March, so April 1 occurs (6, 12) and the point at the beginning of
11 days after March 21. Substitute x = 11 the first sine wave is (3, 7), so the phase
72 shift is d = 3.
into y = 4.5 sin ___x + 12 to find y.
73 Substitute the values a = –5, k = 30,
72
___ d = 3, and c = 7 into the equation
y = 4.5 sin (11) + 12
73
792 y = a sin [k(x − d)] + c.
= 4.5 sin ____ + 12 A sinusoidal equation that represents
73
≐ 12.8 the depth of the water is
Convert 12.8 h to hours and minutes. y = 5 sin [30(x − 3)] + 7.
0.8 × 60 = 48
b) 4:15 a.m. occurs 4.25 h after
There are about 12.8 h, or 12 h 48 min
12 midnight. Substitute x = 4.25 into
of daylight on April 1.
the equation and solve for y.
y = 5 sin [30(4.25 − 3)] + 7
≐ 10.0
At 4:15 a.m., the depth of the water is
approximately 10.0 m.

3:30 p.m. occurs 15.5 h after c) 0.029 min, 0.046 min
12 midnight. Substitute x = 15.5 into 13. a) Graph ①: y = 10 sin 2400x + 12
the equation and solve for y. Graph ②:
y = 5 sin [30(15.5 − 3)] + 7 y = 10 sin [2400(x − 0.05)] + 12
≐ 8.3 Graph ③:
At 3:30 p.m. the depth of the water is y = 10 sin [2400(x − 0.1)] + 12
approximately 8.3 m. b) 0.15 cycles per second
c)
Chapter 5 Review
1. a) Yes; pattern of y-values repeats at regular
intervals
b) No; pattern of y-values does not repeat
7. a) maximum 18 m, minimum 4 m at regular intervals
b) 12 h c) No; pattern of y-values does not repeat
c) at regular intervals
3. a) x 2x y = sin 2x
0° 0° 0
d) midnight, 2 a.m., 12 noon, and 2 p.m. 45° 90° 1
90° 180° 0
1
8. a) __
5s
135° 270° –1
b) k = 1800 180° 360° 0
c) 8 V 225° 450° 1
d) V = 8 sin 1800t 270° 540° 0
315° 630° –1
360° 720° 0
[
72
]
y = 3 cos ___ (x − 172) + 12.3
73 b)
b) 12.8 h
c) Answers may vary. Sample answer:
April 26
10. a) period 0.017 s, amplitude 160 V
b) 160 V
360
c) V = 160 sin _____ t c) Similarities: The amplitude for each
0.017 graph is 1. The range for each graph is
11. a) y = 6.9 sin [15(x + 4)] + 22
b) Plot the points in the table and sketch a {y ∊ ℝ, −1 ≤ y ≤ 1}.
graph of the equation on the same set Differences: The period for y = sin x
of axes. Then, check to see if the points is 360°, but the period for y = sin 2x is
lie on the graph of the equation. 180°. The zeros, or x-intercepts, of
c) i) 15.3 °C y = sin x are 0°, 180°, and 360°. The
ii) 28.7 °C x-intercepts of y = sin 2x are 0°, 90°,
iii) 22.9 °C 180°, 270°, and 360°.
12. a) y = 3.5 sin 7200x + 11.5 4. a)
b)
252 MHR • Chapter 6 978-0-07-031875-5

2
b) y = __ cos 5x − 4; translate the function
3
2
28° left, g(x) = __ cos [5(x + 28°)] − 4.
3
b) f(x): domain {x ∊ ℝ},
range {y ∊ ℝ, −1 ≤ y ≤ 1};
c) Similarities: The period of each graph
is 360°. The vertical asymptotes for {
range y ∊ ℝ, −___ 14 ≤ y ≤ −___
3 3}
10
each graph are x = n180°, where n is an
integer. The range for each graph is
a) y = −7 sin [2(x − 30°)]
{y ∊ ℝ, y ≤ −1 or y ≥ 1}.
b) y = −7 cos [2(x − 75°)]
Differences: The graph of y = –csc x is
a reflection of the graph of y = csc x in 11. Answers may vary. Sample answers:
the x-axis, so each branch of the graph a) y = 18 sin [30(x − 4.4)] + 8
opens in the opposite direction. b)
3 3
y = __ sin 4x; y = __ cos [4(x − 22.5°)]
4 4
y = 6 cos 4x; y = 6 sin [4(x − 67.5°)] c) There is a good fit because the graph
7. a) amplitude 5, period 120°, phase shift right passes through most of the points.
40°, vertical shift up 6 units 12. a) Answers may vary. Sample answer:
1
b) amplitude __ , period 90°, phase shift left The depth of the water at low tide is a
4 minimum of 2 m, which is 6 m below
100°, vertical shift down 2 units
c) amplitude 7, period 540°, phase shift left average sea level. So, average sea level is
75°, vertical shift down 1 unit 2 + 6, or 8 m. This represents the
720° horizontal reference line of the graph.
d) amplitude 0.4, period ____ 7 , phase shift At high tide the maximum depth of the
right 60°, vertical shift up 5.6 units
water is 14 m.
8. a) Apply the amplitude of 7, y = 7 sin x; Since the maximum and minimum
apply the reflection in the x-axis, values are 6 m from the horizontal
y = –7 sin x; apply the vertical shift of reference, the amplitude is a = 6.
1 unit up, y = –7 sin x + 1; apply the The cycle takes 12 h to complete, so the
horizontal stretch by a factor of 2, period is 12 h and k = 30. At times 0 h,
1
y = −7 sin __x + 1; translate the 6 h, and 12 h, the water depth is 8 m.
2
function 30° right, Since the tide is coming in, it is high
tide 3 h past midnight, so the water
[
1
]
g(x) = −7 sin __ (x − 30°) + 1.
2 depth is 14 m. Low tide occurs
b) f(x): domain {x ∊ ℝ}, 3 h before the end of the 12-h cycle, so
range {y ∊ ℝ, −1 ≤ y ≤ 1}; at 9 h the water depth is 2 m. The graph
g(x): domain {x ∊ ℝ}, represents a 24-h period, so there will
range {y ∊ ℝ, −6 ≤ y ≤ 8} be 2 cycles on the graph.
2 2 Points on the graph will be (0, 8),
9. a) Apply the amplitude of __ , y = __ cos x;
3 3 (3, 14), (6, 8), (9, 2), (12, 8), (15, 14),
apply the vertical shift of 4 units down, (18, 8), (21, 2), (24, 8). Plot these points
2
y = __ cos x − 4; apply the horizontal and draw a sine curve to obtain the
3 following graph.
1
compression by a factor of __ 5,

c) 6
1
d) ___
64
3. a) The first term is 5. Multiply each term by
5 to get the next term. Next three terms:
3125, 15 625, 78 125
b) i) y = 6 sin 30x + 8
b) The first term is 9. Subtract 2 from each
ii) y = 6 cos [30(x − 3)] + 8
term to get the next term. Next three
c) Answers may vary. Sample answer: In terms: 1, –1, –3
this situation the depth of the water at c) The first term is –4. Multiply each term
3 a.m. is 8 m, the average sea level, and by 2 to get the next term. Next three
the tide is coming in, so the maximum terms: –64, –128, –256
will occur 3 h later at 6:00 a.m. d) The first term is 300. Divide each term
This indicates that the graph is now by 10 to get the next term. Next three
translated 3 units to the right, so terms: 0.03, 0.003, 0.0003
d = 3, but all the other values remain e) The first term is 3. Multiply each term
the same. A sine equation that by 3 to get the next term. Next three
represents this situation is terms: 729, 2187, 6561
y = 6 sin [30(x − 3)] + 8, and a cosine f) The first term is ar3. Divide each term
equation is y = 6 cos [30(x − 6)] + 8. by r to get the next term. Next three
a a a
Math Contest terms: __r , __2 , __3
r r
1. B g) The first term is 0.11. Multiply each
2. D term by –3 to get the next term. Next
3. x = 3, y = 2, z = 5 three terms: 8.91, –26.73, 80.19
4. A 4. a) f(n) = 6n; domain {n ∊ ℕ}
5. 8, 9, 10 Term
6. C Number, First
7. D n Term, tn Differences
8. C 1 6
9. A 6
2 12
10. B 6
3 18
11. A 6
4 24
12. D __
13. 3√2 b) f(n) = 10 – 3n; domain {n ∊ ℕ}
14. B
Term
Number, First
Chapter 6 Discrete Functions n Term, tn Differences
6.1 Sequences as Discrete Functions 1 7
1. a) 3, 5, 7 –3
2 4
b) 1, –2, –5 –3
c) –1, 1, 3 3 1
–3
d) 9, 11, 13 4 –2
e) 1, 2, 4
f) –18, –54, –162
2. a) –27
b) 50
254 MHR • Chapter 6 978-0-07-031875-5

c) f(n) = n2 + 1; domain {n ∊ ℕ} d) The first term is 8 and further odd terms
are multiplied by 0.1. All even terms
Term are –1. The next four terms are 0.008,
Number, Term, First Second –1, 0.0008, –1.
n tn Differences Differences
9. a) Yes; a multiple of 9
1 2 b) No; not a multiple of 9
3
2 5 2 c) No; not a multiple of 9
5 d) Yes; a multiple of 9
3 10 2
7 −16
4 17 10. a) tn = −16(−2)−n + 1 or tn = _______ ;
(−2)n −1
d) f(n) = 2n2 + 3n – 1; domain {n ∊ ℕ} −16
t15 = ______
(−2)15
Term n
______ 15
b) tn = ; t = ___
Number, Term, First Second 2n − 1 15 29
2__ 2
n tn Differences Differences c) tn = ___
√n
; t15 = ____
___
√15
1 4 d) tn = 3n − 1; t15 = 315
9
2 13 4 n+1 16
13 e) tn = _____
n ; t15 = 15
___
3 26 4
17
4 43 11. Answers may vary. Sample answers:
a) 9, 5, 1, –3; f(n) = 13 – 4n
5. a) f(n) = 15n; domain {n = 1, 2, 3, 4}
b) –3, 9, –27, 81; f(n) = –3(–3)n – 1
b) f(n) = n2 – 3; domain {n = 1, 2, 3, 4}
1 12. a) The sales on the first day are $20, so the
c) f(n) = 1 – __n; domain {n = 1, 2, 3, 4}
2 first term is 20.
1 2
__ Since the sales triple each day, multiply
6. a) f(n) = – n ; domain {n = 1, 2, 3, 4}
4 the first term and subsequent terms by
b) f(n) = n2 + 3n; domain {n = 1, 2, 3, 4} 3 to obtain the sequence 20, 60, 180,
c) f(n) = –3n; domain {n = 1, 2, 3, 4} 540, 1620.
7. a) discrete; set of disconnected points b) Since 20 is repeatedly multiplied by 3,
b) continuous; line is made up of the explicit formula is f(n) = 20(3n − 1).
connected points c) Substitute n = 14 to obtain the 14th term.
c) discrete; set of disconnected points f(14) = 20(314 − 1)
d) continuous; curve is made up of = 31 886 460
connected points Since this is a new small business, it is
8. a) The first term is 2 and further odd terms unreasonable to expect sales of
are multiples of 2. The second term is –5 $31 886 460 on the 14th day. It is
and further even terms are multiples of –5. unlikely that sales will triple every day
The next four terms are –25, 12, –30, 14. for 2 weeks. Most likely sales will level
off at a certain amount.
b) The first term is –7 and further odd
terms increase by 6. The second term is 13. a) f(n) = 3400 − 260(n − 1)
9 and further even terms decrease by 7. b) f(6) = 2100
The next four terms are –12, 17, –19, 23. c) 9 years ______
_____ _____
____
___
__ ____
___
__
c) The first term is 4 and further odd terms
1
14. a) √√√√5 , √√√√√5
increase by 5. The second term is ___ and 1
__ 1
__ 1
__ 1
___ 1
___
27 b) 52 , 54 , 58 , 516 , 532
further even terms are multiplied by 3. 1
__
The next four terms are 1, 24, 3, 29. c) f(n) = 52n
−n
d) f(n) = 52
−50
e) f(50) = 52

15. a) tn = (2n − 1) × (3n − 2) 7. a) 42, 51, 65, 84
b) Answers may vary. Sample answer:
(2n − 1) × (2n + 1)
b) tn = _________________ There are 42 seats in the row 1. The
(2n) × (2n + 2) number of seats in row 2 is equivalent
6.2 Recursive Procedures to the number of seats in row 1 reduced
by 1 and then increased by 5 times the
1. a) 2, 8, 14, 20 b) 4, 10, 28, 82 row number. The number of seats in
c) –1, 0, 0.5, 0.75 d) 500, 100, 20, 4 each subsequent row is found by taking
640
e) 3, 0, 9, –6 f) 90, 120, 160, ____ the number of seats of the previous row,
3
reduced by 1, and then increased by 5
2. a) –3, 1, 5, 9 b) 0.25, –0.50, 1.0, –2.0 times the row number.
4 1 1
c) 4, __ , __ , ___ d) –7, 10, –7, 10 c) t1 = 42, tn = tn − 1 + 5n − 1
3 3 15
e) –1.5, 0.5, 3.5, 7.5 8. a) The number of bacteria doubles every
3. a) f(1) = 2, f(n) = 2f(n − 1) + 1 hour. Multiply each term by 2 to obtain
b) f(1) = 3, f(n) = f(n − 1) − 2n the next term, starting with 12. The first
c) f(1) = −2, f(n) = f(n − 1) − n + 1 seven terms of the sequence are 12, 24,
48, 96, 192, 384, and 768.
4. a) 32, 16, 8, 4; f(1) = 32; f(n) = 0.5f(n − 1)
b) 2, –3, 7, –13; f(1) = 2; f(n) = 1 − 2f(n − 1) b) Since each term is multiplied by 2 to get
the next term, the terms of the sequence
5. a) f(n) = 3.14 may be written as follows:
b) 3.14, 3.14, 3.14, 3.14, 3.14 t1 = 12(20), t2 = 12(21), t3 = 12(22),
6. a) 0.035 t4 = 12(23), ….
b) Year House Value ($) By following the above pattern, the
0 275 000 explicit formula for the nth term is
tn = 12(2n − 1).
1 275 000 + 0.035 × 275 000
c) Each subsequent term is found by
= 284 625
multiplying each preceding term by 2,
2 284 625 + 0.035 × 284 625 so the recursion formula is t1 = 12,
= 294 586.88 tn = 2tn − 1.
3 294 586.88 + 0.035 × 294 586.88 d) Answers may vary. Sample answer: It
= 304 897.42 is easier to find the recursion formula
4 304 897.42 + 0.035 × 304 897.42 because the pattern depends on the
= 315 568.83 preceding term.
5 315 568.83 + 0.035 × 315 568.83 e) Answers may vary. Sample answer:
= 326 613.74 Substitute n = 12 in the explicit formula.
6 326 613.74 + 0.035 × 326 613.74 t12 = 12(212 − 1)
= 338 045.22 = 12(1211)
7 338 045.22 + 0.035 × 338 045.22 = 24 576
= 349 876.80 After 12 h, there are 24 576 bacteria.
I used the explicit formula because the
8 349 876.80 + 0.035 × 349 876.80
number of bacteria can be found by
= 362 122.49
substituting n = 12. To use the recursion
c) 275 000, 284 625, 294 586.88, 304 897.42, formula it is necessary to find the
315 568.83, 326 613.74, 338 045.22, previous 11 terms.
349 876.80, 362 122.49 f) Since the number of bacteria is known,
d) t1 = 275 000, tn = 1.035tn − 1 find n.
e) $547 191.94 Substitute tn = 1 572 864 into
tn = 12(2n − 1) and solve for n.
256 MHR • Chapter 6 978-0-07-031875-5

1 572 864 = 12(2n – 1) d) –2, 5, 26, 89
131 072 = 2n – 1 1 1
e) __ , − __ , −3, −13
Use systematic trial to find n. 8 2
f) a – 2b, a + b, a + 4b, a + 7b
When n = 18, 218 − 1 = 217 = 131 072.
g) 2c + 3d, c + 3d, 3d, 3d − c
There are 1 572 864 bacteria after
h) m − 5n, 3m − 4n, 5m − 3n, 7m − 2n
approximately 18 h.
12. a) 4, −3, −10, −17; tn = 11 − 7n
9. a) 1, 7, 13, 19, 25; t1 = 1, tn = tn − 1 + 6
b) 81, –27, 9, −3; tn = 81(−3)1 − n
b) 2, 5, 8, 11, 14; t1 = 2, tn = tn − 1 + 3
c) 0, 3, 8, 15; tn = n2 − 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
c) − __ , __ , − __ , ___ , − ___ ; t1 = − __ , d) –5, –2, 1, 4; tn = 3n − 8
2 4 8 16 32 2
1
__ 13. a) 2, –5, 16, –47, 142
tn = − tn − 1
2 b) 17, 13, 7, –1, –11
d) –1, 0, 3, 8, 15; t1 = −1, tn = tn − 1 + 2n − 3
14. Yes. Examples may vary. Sample answer:
10. a) 1, 1, 2, 3, 5
Example: 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, …
b) It is given that f(1) = 4 and f(2) = –1, so
t1 = 2, tn = 2tn − 1 or t1 = 2,
the first two terms are 4, –1.
tn = tn − 1 + 2n − 1
To find the third term, substitute n = 3
into f(n) = f(n –1) – 2f(n –2).
f(3) = f(3 – 1) – 2f(3 – 2) 6.3 Pascal’s Triangle and Expanding
= f(2) – 2f(1) Substitute Binomials
f(2) = –1 and 1. a) Due to the symmetry of Pascal’s triangle,
f(1) = 4. there is an equivalent hockey stick pattern
= –1 – 2(4) that begins with the first 1 in row 3 and
= –9 ends with the first 35 in row 7, as shown.
To find the fourth term, substitute n = 4 1
into f(n) = f(n – 1) – 2f(n – 2). 1 1
1 2 1
f(4) = f(4 – 1) – 2f(4 – 2) 1 3 3 1
= f(3) – 2f(2) Substitute 1 4 6 4 1
f(3) = –9 and 1 5 10 10 5 1
1 6 15 20 15 6 1
f(2) = –1. 1 7 21 35 35 21 7 1
= –9 – 2(–1) 1 8 28 56 70 56 28 8 1
= –9 + 2
b)
= –7
1
To find the fifth term, substitute n = 5
1 1
into f(n) = f(n – 1) – 2f(n – 2).
1 2 1
f(5) = f(5 – 1) – 2f(5 – 2)
1 3 3 1
= f(4) – 2f(3) Substitute
1 4 6 4 1
f(4) = –7 and
1 5 10 10 5 1
f(3) = –9.
1 6 15 20 15 6 1
= –7 – 2(–9)
1 7 21 35 35 21 7 1
= –7 + 18
1 8 28 56 70 56 28 8 1
= 11
1 9 36 84 126 126 84 36 9 1
The first five terms of the sequence are 4, –1,
1 10 45 120 210 252 210 120 45 10 1
–9, –7, and 11.
c) 2, 3, 3, 6, 3 d) –1, 4, 6, –2, –14 i) 84 = 56 + 21 + 6 + 1
e) 3, –2, –3, 10, –25 f) 5, 1, –1, 2, 5 ii) 120 = 84 + 28 + 7 + 1
iii) 56 = 35 + 15 + 5 + 1
11. a) 1, 0, 1, 0 b) 64, –16, 4, –1
iv) 252 = 126 + 70 + 35 + 15 + 5 + 1
c) –3, 15, –75, 375

2. a) 2048 b) 524 288 a)
c) 4 194 304 d) 1 073 741 824 7 1
e) 2n + 1
3. a) t6, 8 b) t10, 3 28 8 1
c) t4, 5 d) t11, 8
e) t16, 10 f) ta + 2, b + 1 36 9
4. a) t18, 10 + t18, 11 b) t24, 15 + t24, 16

b)
c) t13, 6 + t13, 7 d) ta – 1, 1 + ta – 1, 2 55 11
e) tx + 1, x – 4 + tx + 1, x – 3
5. a) (x + 1)8 = x8 + 8x7 + 28x6 + 56x5 220 66 12
+ 70x4 + 56x3 + 28x2
+ 8x + 1 286 78
b) (y − 2)7 = y7 − 14y6 + 84y5 − 280y4
+ 560y3 − 672y2 + 448y c)
− 128 66 220
c) (2 + t)6 = 64 + 192t + 240t2 + 160t3
+ 60t4 + 12t5 + t6 78 286 715
d) (1 − m ) = 1 − 4m2 + 6m4 − 4m6 + m8
2 4
e) (a + 2b)3 = a3 + 6a2b + 12ab2 + 8b3 364 1001
6. a) 8 b) 21 c) 2 d) 39 d)
e) 55 f) n + 2 g) 1 462 462
7. a) 1 b) 5 c) 3
d) 210 e) 45 f) 4 792 924 792
8. a) 15 b) 7 c) 17 d) 10
1716 1716
e) 20 f) 13 g) 9 h) 12
9. a) t8, 3 − t7, 2 b) t10, 5 − t9, 4
e)
c) t14, 2 − t13, 1 d) t27, 17 − t26, 16 792 495
e) t25, 3 − t24, 2 f) t11, 0 − t10, 9
g) tn + 1, r − tn, r − 1
1716 1287 715
10. a) Refer to Pascal’s triangle. Look for the
row where the number 28 appears. 3003 2002
This is in row 8. The number 28 is
the 3rd entry and the 7th entry. To
decide which is accurate for the given 11. a) 2x4 + 12x2y2 + 2y4
diagram, note that in the diagram the b) 8x3y + 8xy3
4860
last number is 1. So, use the 28 in row 8 12. a) 64x6 + 576x4 + 2160x2 + 4320 + _____
2916 ____729 x2
that is the 7th entry. + _____ +
It is followed by an 8, so in the middle x4 x6
192
240 ____
position, write the number 8. Find the b) x − 12x + 60x − 160 + ____
3 2
x − x2
numbers in row 7 of Pascal’s triangle to 64
+ ___3
insert in the top two hexagons. These are x
7 and 1. Use row 9 of Pascal’s triangle to 13. Since Pascal’s triangle is for binomials,
find the values that belong in the bottom group together two of the three terms to
two hexagons. These are 36 and 9. express the trinomial as a binomial, and then
expand.
258 MHR • Chapter 6 978-0-07-031875-5

Use (a + b + c)3 = [(a + b) + c]3 and 3. a) 12, 7, 2; tn = −5n + 17
treat (a + b) as a single term, such as x. b) −9, −7, −5; tn = 2n − 11
To expand [(a + b) + c]3 think of this 81 37 7 95
c) 11, ___ , ___ ; tn = − __ n + ___
as [x + c]3. Once this is expanded using 8 4 8 8
Pascal’s triangle, replace x with (a + b) 2 1 __1 1 7
d) − , − , ; tn = − n − __
__ __ __
3 6 3 2 6
and further expand and simplify.
e) x2, 2.3x2, 3.6x2; tn = 1.3x2n − 0.3x2
b) (a + b + c)3
= [(a + b) + c]3 4. a) 39 b) –77 c) –9
= (a + b)3 + 3(a + b)2c + 3(a + b)c2 d) –28.8 e) 75 f) –173
+ c3 5. a) 3, 7, 11, 15, 19
= a3 + 3a2b + 3ab2 + b3
+ 3(a2 + 2ab + c2)c + 3ac2 + 3bc2
+ c3
= a3 + 3a2b + 3ab2 + b3 + 3a2c
+ 6abc + 3ac2 + 3bc2 + c3
14. a = b = 2
b) 2, 1, 0, –1, –2
15. –467
16. a) The coefficients of the expansion of
(a + b)5 are 1, 5, 10, 10, 5, 1.
( 50 ) = _________ = 1, ( ) = 5, ( ) = 10,
5! 5 5
0!(5 − 0)! 1 2
(3) (4) (5)
5 = 10, 5 = 5, 5 = 1
c) –8, –18, –28, –38, –48
b) ( ) = 1, ( ) = 10, ( ) = 45,
10 10 10
0 1 2
( 3 ) = 120, ( 4 ) = 210, ( 105 )= 252,
10 10
( 106 ) = 210, ( 107 ) = 120, ( 108 ) = 45,

d) 11, 5, –1, –7, –13
( 109 ) = 10, ( 10
10 )
=1
6.4 Arithmetic Sequences

1. a) a = 5, d = 3; 14, 17, 20, 24
b) a = –3, d = 5; 12, 17, 22, 27
c) a = 1.5, d = –0.8; –0.9, –1.7, –2.5, –3.3
e) 2.5, 4, 5.5, 7, 8.5
d) a = 33, d = –1.8; 27.6, 25.8, 24, 22.2
1 1 5 3 7
e) a = __, d = __; 1, __, __, __
4 4 4 2 4
f) a = 0.25, d = 0.01; 0.28, 0.29, 0.30, 0.31
2. a) arithmetic; a = 1, d = 3
b) not arithmetic; no common difference
between terms f) 1.2, 2.1, 3, 3.9, 4.8
c) arithmetic; a = –12, d = 7
d) arithmetic; a = 0.41, d = –0.09
e) not arithmetic; no common difference
between terms
19 1
f) arithmetic; a = ___ , d = − __
12 3

g) 0.5, 0.7, 0.9, 1.1, 1.3 11. a) t1 = −3, tn = tn − 1 + 7
b) t1 = −3, tn = tn − 1 + 5
c) t1 = 42, tn = tn − 1 + 2
d) t1 = −3, tn = tn − 1 + 3
e) t1 = 4.5, tn = tn − 1 + 1.5
f) t1 = 16.2, tn = tn − 1 − 6
g) t1 = x + 29, tn = tn − 1 + 5x
6. t21
h) t1 = 3x3 − 2, tn = tn − 1 − x3 − 1
7. a) 30 b) 53 c) 86
12. a) 13 m
d) 33 e) 65 f) 38
b) 0, 13, 26, 39, 52, 65, 78, 91, 104, 117
8. a) Find the terms of the sequence using the c) tn = 13n − 13
recursion formula t1 = –5, tn = tn – 1 + 3. d) 13 is the common difference, d
t1 = –5
13. a) The salary the first 6 months is $73 000.
t2 = –5 + 3 = –2
Add $2275 for each subsequent
t3 = –2 + 3 = 1
6-month period.
t4 = 1 + 3 = 4
The sequence is 73 000, 75 275, 77 550,
The sequence is –5, –2, 1, 4, ….
79 825, ….
The first term is –5 and the common
The sequence is arithmetic because
difference is 3, so this is an arithmetic
there is a common difference of 2275
sequence.
between each term, beginning with the
b) Substitute a = –5 and d = 3 into
first term, 73 000.
tn = a + (n – 1)d.
b) Substitute a = 73 000 and d = 2275 into
tn = –5 + (n – 1)(3)
tn = a + (n − 1)d.
= –5 + 3n – 3 tn = 73 000 + (n − 1)(2275)
= 3n – 8 = 2275n + 70 725
1 4 19 ___
23 The general term is tn = 2275n + 70 725.
9. a) a = __ ___ ___
5 , d = 15 ; 1, 15, 15 c) Since each term is 2275 greater than the
2 11 13
b) a = −1, d = − __ ; −3, − ___, − ___ previous term, the recursion formula is
3 3 3 t1 = 73 000, tn = tn − 1 + 2275.
3
__ 1
__ 7
__
c) a = 2, d = − ; − , −1, − d) 8 years is equivalent to 16 6-month
4 4 4
3
__ 7 __
__ 9 ___
25 periods. Substitute n = 16 into
d) a = − , d = ; , , 4
8 8 4 8 tn = 2275n + 70 725.
e) a = −4x + y, d = x + 4y; −x + 13y, t16 = 2275(16) + 70 725
17y, x + 21y = 107 125
5 1 After 8 years, the architect’s salary will
f) a = 3m − __ n, d = −6m + __ n;
6 6 be $107 125.
1
__ 1
__
−15m − n, −21m − n, −27m e) Substitute tn = 127 600 into
3 6
tn = 2275n + 70 725 and solve for n.
10. a) a = −3, d = 7; tn = 7n − 10 127 600 = 2275n + 70 725
b) a = −3, d = 5; tn = 5n − 8 56 875 = 2275n
c) a = 42, d = 2; tn = 2n + 40 n = 25
d) a = −3, d = 3; tn = 3n − 6 25 6-month periods is equivalent to
e) a = 4.5, d = 1.5; tn = 1.5n + 3 12.5 years.
f) a = 16.2, d = −6; tn = −6n + 22.2 The architect’s salary will be $127 600
g) a = x + 29, d = 5x; tn = 5nx − 4x + 29 after 12.5 years.
h) a = 3x3 − 2, d = −x3 − 1; 14. a) 15
tn = 4x3 − nx3 − n − 1 b) 9, 13, 17, 21, 25
15. tn = 5n – 2
260 MHR • Chapter 6 978-0-07-031875-5

16. a) $786.60 6. a) arithmetic; a = 3m, d = 4m
b) 21 years 2
b) geometric; a = −1, r = __x
17. 8, 3, –2 and –2, 3, 8 c) arithmetic; a = 3x − 4y, d = 2x − 2y
18. 11, 5, –1 or –1, 5, 11 d) geometric; a = 5.440, r = 10
e) neither
6.5 Geometric Sequences f) arithmetic; a = 7, d = −3 + s
1. a) arithmetic; The first term is a = 7 and the 7. a) m = 21, n = 189 or m = –21, n = –189
common difference is d = –2. b) m = –50, n = –250
b) geometric; The first term is a = 4 and 1 3
c) m = __, n = __
the common ratio is r = –4. 3 4
d) m = 1, n = 36
c) geometric; The first term is a = 3 and
e) m = 32, n = 8
the common ratio is r = 0.1.
f) m = 20, n = 100
d) neither; The first term is a = 8, but
there is no common difference or 8. First determine a and r to find the general
common ratio between the consecutive term.
2
terms. a = ___
81
e) geometric; The first term is a = 1 and Divide the second term by the first term
the common ratio is r = 3. to find r.
f) geometric; The first term is a = ab and
4
___
the common ratio is r = b. 27
___
r=
2. a) 2; 48, 96, 192 2
___
b) –4; –1280, 5120, –20 480 81
4 81
c) –2; 8, –16, 32 d) 0.1; 0.8, 0.08, 0.008 = __ × __
27 2
27 81 243 =6
e) 3; − , − , − ____
___ ___
2 2 2 2
f) 0.2; 0.004, 0.0008, 0.000 16 tn = __ (6)n − 1
81
(x + 3)3 (x + 3)14 (x + 3)17 (x + 3)20
g) _______ ; ________ , ________ , ________ To determine the n-value that results in
4 768 3072 12 288 2
6912, solve 6912 = ___ (6)n − 1.
()
3. a) tn = 4096 __
1 n − 1 __
4
;
1
4 2
81
6912 = ___ (6)n − 1
()
1 n − 1 ____
__ 3 81
b) tn = 12 ; 6912(81)
_______
2 512 = 6n − 1
2
( )
c) tn = 6 − __
1 n−1
3
2
; − ____
729 279 936 = 6n − 1
d) tn = 13.45(0.2)n − 1; 0.000 006 886 4 Use systematic trial to find n. Since
1 67 = 279 936, n – 1 = 7 and n = 8.
e) tn = ___(4)n − 1 ; 524 288
32 Therefore, 6912 is eighth term in the
a2 a n − 1 _______a17
b 2( )
f) tn = __ __ ;
32 768b
sequence.
9. 9
4. a) 3, –3, 3, –3 b) 22, –44, 88, –176 10. In each recursion formula the first term,
8 __ __
1 __
__ 4 __
2 __
c) , , , , d) 4, 4 √5 , 20, 20 √5 t1, corresponds with the value of a in the
3 3 3 3
4 8 16 formula for the general term of a geometric
e) −2, − __ , − __ , − ___ sequence, and the coefficient of tn – 1
3 9 27
f) –1111, 333.3, –99.99, 29.997 corresponds with the value of r.
5. a) 8 b) 15 c) 8 a) Since t1 = 4, then a = 4. The coefficient
d) 7 e) 13 of tn – 1 is –3x, so r = –3x. Substitute a
and r into tn = arn – 1. The general term
is tn = 4(–3x)n – 1.

b) Since t1 = –28m3, then a = –28m3. 5. a) 7155 b) –110 c) –137.6
__
1 55
The coefficient of tn – 1 is __, d) ___ e) 210√3 f) 780
2 6
1
so r = __. Substitute a and r in 6. a) 528 b) –850 c) 462
2
tn = arn – 1. The general term is d) 235 e) –40 f) –285
h) 231a + 210b i) 495
tn = –28m3 __( )
1 n − 1.
2
g) 63
7. a) 12 b) 30 c) 20
5 5
c) Since t1 = , then a = __ . The
__
d) 25 e) 6 or 10 f) 15
3 3
3
__ g) 7 or 22 h) 12 i) 21
coefficient of tn – 1 is + c, so
4
3 8. a) 10 000 b) 4 002 000 c) 9560
r = __ + c. Substitute a and r in
4 9. a) 25 b) 1111
tn = arn – 1. The general term is
10. –1575
( )
5 3 n−1
tn = __ __ + c .
3 4 11. 1035
__
11. a) tn = 2(2)n − 1 12. a) 286√6 b) –19x
b) i) 64 ii) 1024 iii) 16 384 c) 1479a + 261b
c) 13 generations 1520
d) _____
12. a) 2048 bacteria b) t72 = 8(2)71 x2
13. a) not arithmetic; The sequence of terms
13. a) 20 b) 32 does not have a common difference.
14. a) 24 m b) 13th bounce b) arithmetic; The sequence of terms has a
19 common difference of –4x2.
15. a) 0 or − ___ b) –9
3 c) arithmetic; The sequence of terms has a
1
16. p = __ , q = 2, r = 12, s = 72 common difference of 2m – b.
3
()
17. a) tn = 9 __
1 n−1
3
b) t9
d) not arithmetic; The sequence of terms
does not have a common difference.
18. 2, 6, 18 14. 1540
9 __6 __
4 ___8 ___
16 8 ___
16
19. a) __ __
5, 5, 5, 15, 45 or 9, –6, 4, − 3 , 9
15. a) The profit in the first week is $350. This
6 ___
3 __ 12 ___ 48
24 ___ is the first term of the series.
b) 1, –2, 4, –8, 16 or __
7, 7, 7 , 7 , 7 The profit in the second week is
$350 + $75, or $425. This is the second
6.6 Arithmetic Series term of the series.
1. a) 72 b) –136 c) –240 The profit in the third week is
d) 105
53
e) ___ f) 331.5x $425 + $75, or $500. This is the third
3 term of the series.
2. a) a = 3, d = 4; S10 = 210 Each term is $75 more than the previous
b) a = 5, d = 7; S10 = 365 term. The constant difference between
c) a = 2, d = 6; S10 = 290 terms is 75. Therefore, the terms form
d) a = 6, d = 12; S10 = 600 an arithmetic sequence and the sum of
3
e) a = __ , d = −1; S10 = −30 the terms form an arithmetic series. The
2 last term represents the profit in the
f) a = 5.6, d = 0.3; S10 = 69.5
16th week. The last term is
8752 $350 + 15($75), or $1475.
3. a) _____ b) 510 c) –1368
3 __ The arithmetic series that represents the
3280
d) –151.8 e) 168√5 f) _____
81 total profit is
4. a) 1 001 000 b) 20 200 c) –1430 350 + 425 + 500 + … + 1475.
d) 399 e) 416 f) –383.5
262 MHR • Chapter 7 978-0-07-031875-5

1
b) Substitute a = 350, t16 = 1475, and f) neither; The first term is a = __ and
n 8
n = 16 into the formula Sn = __ (a + tn). there is no common ratio or common
2 difference.
16
S16 = __ (350 + 1475)
2 2. a) a = 3, r = 2; S9 = 1533
= 8(1825)
= 14 600 b) a = 5, r = 2; S12 = −6825
1 255
The total profit for the season is $14 600. c) a = __ , r = 2; S8 = ____
8 8
16. Since there are 8 two-week periods in d) a = −0.2, r = −3; S13 = −79 716.2
16 weeks, in Job A Bashira would earn
e) a = 9, r = −1; S50 = 0
$450 × 8, or $3600. In Job B, Bashira
20
would earn $100 the first week, $125 the f) a = 2, r = 0.1; S17 = ___
9
second week, $150 the third week, and
1093 2049
so on until week 16 when he earns 3. a) _____ b) _____ c) −1364
81 512
$100 + 15($25), or $475. d) −524 286 e) 1 562 496 f) −16 382
The total amount of money is represented 133
by the arithmetic series g) ____ h) 0 i) 31 100
16
100 + 125 + 150 + … + 475.
16 4. a) 3906 b) 88 572
The sum of the series is ___ (100 + 475), or 29 524
4600.
2 c) ______ d) 27 305
3
Bashira should accept Job B since he e) 6560 f) 2999.9997
would earn $4600, which is $1000 more 9841
than the amount he would earn in Job A. g) _____
27
17. a) n2 + 4n b) 2n2 + 3n 511 8525
5. a) ____ b) 9840 c) _____
5n2 + n 7n2 + 15n 128 64
c) _______ d) _________ 5115 1705
2 2 d) _____ e) _____
−3n2 + 21n
___________ 512 512
e) __
2 −624 √5
18. a) n + n
2 b) n2 6. a) _______
__
√5 + 1
19. 28 + 25 + 22 + 19 + … b) The first term__ is a = x. The common
20. tn = 4n + 3 ratio is r = √7 . To find S13, n = 13.
21. 5, 7, 9, 11 Substitute these values in the formula
22. 2 + 5 + 8 + 11 + 14 + … a(rn − 1)
Sn = ________ .
23. tn = 3n – 2 r −__1
x[(√7__)13 − 1]
S13 = ___________
6.7 Geometric Series √7 − 1
__
1. a) geometric; The first term is a = 1 and the First, simplify ( √7 )13 .
__ __
common ratio is r = 10. (√7 )13 = (√7__)12 +__1
b) arithmetic; The first term is a = 6 and
= (√7 )12√7 __
the common difference is d = 6.
c) geometric; The first term is a = –4 and = 117 649√7
the common ratio is r = –2. Then, __
x(117 649 √ 7 − 1)
d) neither; The first term is a = 7 and S13 = _______________
__
√7 − 1
there is no common ratio or common
4(x14 − 1)
difference. c) _________
e) neither; The first term is a = 6571 and x−1
there is no common ratio or common 2(x22 − 1)
d) _________
difference. x2 − 1

25 999
7. a) ______ 1
b) The first term is − __ . Divide each term
64
__ __ 2
√6 (279 936√6 + 1) 1
3_________________
__ by –2 (or multiply by − __ ) to get the
b) 2
√6 + 1 1 1
next term. Next three terms: − ___ , ___ ,
c) 19 790.251 12 or 2500(1.212 − 1) 32 64
1
8(8192x39 − 1) − ____
d) _____________ 128
2x3 − 1 c) The first term is 3x. Multiply each term
8. a) From the general term tn = −2(3)n − 1 , by 2x to get the next term. Next three
a = −2 and r = 3. Substitute these values terms: 48x5 , 96x6 , 192x7
a(rn − 1) 4. a) f(n) = –5n, domain {n ∊ ℕ}
in Sn = ________ and simplify, if possible.
r−1 Term First
−2( 3 n − 1)
Sn = __________ Number, Differences
3−1
n Term, tn
−2( 3n − 1)
= __________ 1 –5
2 –5
= 1 − 3n 2 –10
–5
Therefore, an expression for the sum 3 –15
of the series is Sn = 1 − 3n . Substitute –5
4 –20
n = 9 to obtain S9 = 1 − 39, or –19 682.
b) f(n) = −3n2 + 10n + 15, domain {n ∊ ℕ}
( ( ))
2n
b) Sn = 54 1 − __ , S9 = ______
3
38 342
729
Term
x2(x2n − 1) x 2(x18 − 1)
c) Sn = __________ , S9 = __________ Number, Term, First Second
x2 − 1 x2 − 1 n tn Differences Differences
1023
9. _____ 1 22
32
1
10. a = 13 2 23 –6
–5
11. 27 3 18 –6
–11
12. 717 km 4 7
13. 10 prizes 5. a) 2, 8, 7, 13 b) 5, 2, 0.8, 0.32
5
14. $10 737 418.23; Answers may vary. Sample c) 10, –10, 5, − __
3
answer: Her dad would probably not be able 6. a) f(1) = 1, f(n) = 3f(n − 1) + 1
to afford this amount. b) f(1) = 3, f(n) = f(n − 1) + 2
15.tn = 3(5)n − 1 or tn = 75 __
5 ()
1 n−1 c) f(1) = −2, f(n) = −4 − 3f(n − 1)
16. Answers may vary. 1 1
7. a) __ , − __ , −3, −13
8 2
17. 9841 b) a – 2b, a + b, a + 4b, a + 7b
1
18. a) Sn = 2(2n − 1) − __ (3n − 1) 8. a) 5, 5.60, 6.27, 7.02
2
b) –238 b) t1 = 5, tn = 1.12tn − 1
c) tn = 5(1.12)n − 1
Chapter 6 Review d) $13.87
1 1 1 5 7 9
1. a) __ , __ , ___b) __ , __ , __ e) 25 weeks
3 9 27 2 3 4
2. a) 250 b)
7
__ 9. a) 210 = 126 + 56 + 21 + 6 + 1
8 b) 70 = 35 + 20 + 10 + 4 + 1
3. a) The first term is 7. Add 7 to the absolute c) 126 = 70 + 35 + 15 + 5 + 1
value of each term and then multiply the
10. a) 2 097 152 b) 262 144
result by (−1)n + 1 to get the next term.
Next three terms: 35, –42, 49 11. a) t9, 7 b) t13, 3 c) t24, 22
264 MHR • Chapter 7 978-0-07-031875-5

12. a) a5 + 5a4 + 10a3 + 10a2 + 5a + 1 10. tn = 1 and tn = 4(−2)1 − n
b) 256x8 − 786x6y3 + 864x4y6 − 432x2y9 128
11. x = −16, y = − ____
+ 81y12 3
5 ___10 ___ 10 __ 5 1 12. A
c) 1 − __x + x2 − x3 + x4 − x5
__
3 __
6 ___
12 ___
24
13. 1, –2, 4, −8, … and __
7, 7, 7 , 7 , …
13. a) a = –19, d = –6, tn = −13 − 6n; 14. A
−37, –43, –49, –55 15. C
8 2 46 __2 16. B
b) a = __ , d = − __5 , tn = 15 − 5n;
___
3
16 2 4
22 ___
___
, , __ , ___ Chapter 7 Financial
15 15 3 15
14. a) 9 b) 52 Applications
15. a) tn = 437 − 14n b) 269 m 7.1 Simple Interest
c) 20th minute 1. a) $108 b) $33.25
3 c) $18.17 d) $24.09
16. a) neither; The first term is a = __
5 , but there
is no common difference or common ratio 2. a) $535, $570, $605, $640, $675
between successive terms. b) a = 535, d = 35
b) geometric; The first term is __ a = 2 and
c) tn = 500 + 35n; The nth term is the
the common ratio is r = √3 . linear model that represents the amount
c) arithmetic; The first term is a = x + 7y of the $500 investment at the end of the
and the common difference is nth year.
d = x + 3y. 3. a) All first differences are $40, representing
17. a) tn= −3(−5)n − 1; −1 171 875 the amount of simple interest added to
2
b) tn = − ____ (−5)n − 1; −31 250 the GIC each year.
625 b) $1000; t = 0 is the start of the investment
18. 1 171 875 e-mail messages c) 4%
19. a) a = 21, d = –6; –60 4. a) A = 1000 + 40t
b) a = –4, d = –5; –265 b) Answers may vary. Sample answer:
20. a) 42 b) 3604 This is a partial variation since the
initial amount is not $0. The linear
21. 420 m
model contains a fixed part and a
22. 2 + 6 + 10 + … variable part; fixed part = 1000,
23. a = 100, r = −2; S8 = −8500 variable part = 40t.
14 762 c) 25 years
24. a) 2186 b) ______
19 683
5. The principal is P = 2100.
25. 2 + 10 + 50 + … or 72 − 60 + 50 − … The interest rate is 18%, so r = 0.18.
The time is 23 days. Since there are
Math Contest 23
365 days in a year, then in days, t = ____ .
365
1. B Substitute these values into the formula
2. D I = Prt and solve for I.
3. 8x2 − 10x + 5 23
4. x = 4, y = 5 I = 2100 × 0.18 × ____
365
5. C ≐ 23.82
6. A The company would charge $23.82 in
7. D interest.
8. B
9. A

6. a) $800 b) 5% b)
c) A = 800 + 40t d) 20 years
7. a) I = 40t
b) 20 years, the same as in 6d)
8. Determine the principal, P.
3 c) The loan payment for the two options
The interest rate is 2 __ %. So, r = 0.0275.
4 is equal at 6 years 8 months. Option 1
The time is t = 4.
is less costly, so it is the better option if
The interest is I = 165.
Arash pays the loan in less than
Substitute these values into the formula
6 years 8 months. For a longer repayment
I = Prt and solve for P.
period, Option 2 is the better option.
165 = P × 0.0275 × 4
165 = 0.11P 14. a) $63.75 b) $850 c) 7.5%
165
P = ____ 15. $611.76
0.11
P = 1500 16. $2400
Katio borrowed $1500. 17. a) $1419.01 b) $56.61
9. a) A = 320 + 17.60t c) Answers may vary. Sample answer:
b) The interest is “compounded” on the
previous interest as well as the initial
principal.
7.2 Compound Interest

1. a) $914.62 b) $264.62
c) 7 years 5 months d) 7.54%
2. a) $1466.07 b) $491.07
10. Determine the interest rate, r.
The principal is P = 1350. 3. a) 0.005 83 b) 0.0225
The time is 8 months. Since there are c) 0.04 d) 0.0042
12 months in a year, then in years, 4. a) 16 b) 10 c) 8
8 2 d) 21 e) 7
t = ___ , or __ .
12 3
5. a) n = 4, i = 0.085 b) n = 20, i = 0.0175
The interest is I = 38.50.
c) n = 36, i = 0.003 d) n = 13, i = 0.0275
Substitute these values into the formula
e) n = 730, i = 0.000 169 86
I = Prt and solve for r.
2 6. a) $1601.59 b) $301.59
38.25 = 1350 × r × __
3 c) simple interest is $273; compound
38.25 = 900r interest earns $28.59 more
38.25
r = _____ 7. $8.81
900
r = 0.0425 8. a) The principal is $6800, so P = 6800.
The annual rate of interest of Lorilo’s loan When the interest is compounded
was 4.25%. semi-annually, it is added twice a year.
5.2%
11. a) $4213.25 b) $413.25 The semi-annual rate is _____, or 2.6%.
2
c) Rosalie should repay the loan 6 months So, i = 0.026.
sooner, that is, in approximately 1 year. i) In 4 years, there are 4 × 2, or 8
12. 8 years compounding periods. So, n = 8.
13. a) Option 1: A = 4500 + 382.50t; Substitute the known values into the
Option 2: A = 4650 + 360t compound interest formula.
266 MHR • Chapter 7 978-0-07-031875-5

A = P(1 + i)n Use systematic trial to find the value
= 6800(1 + 0.026)8 of 365x.
= 6800(1.026)8 Since (1.000 164)4230 ≐ 2.001, then
≐ 8350.03 x ≐ 11.6.
The amount after 4 years is $8350.03. Convert to years and months.
ii) In 7 years, there are 7 × 2, or 0.6 × 12 = 7.2
14 compounding periods. Therefore, it takes approximately 11 years
Substitute the known values into the and 7 months for Isabella’s investment to
compound interest formula. double.
A = P(1 + i)n 11. a) The best choice is the one that earns the
= 6800(1 + 0.026)14 most interest. Determine the amount at
= 6800(1.026)14 the end of 7 years for each option. The
≐ 9740.29 principal is P = 8000.
The amount after 7 years is $9740.29. Option 1:
b) Determine the difference between the When the interest is compounded
amounts for the 4th year and 7th year. semi-annually, it is added twice a year.
$9740.29 – $8350.03 = $1390.26 6%
The semi-annual rate is ___ , or 3%. So,
Therefore, $1390.26 was earned in 2
interest between the 4th year and the i = 0.03.
7th year. In 7 years, there are 7 × 2, or
14 compounding periods. So, n = 14.
9. a) i) $555 Substitute the known values into the
ii) $700.31 compound interest formula.
iii) $720.39 A = P(1 + i)n
iv) $730.97 = 8000(1 + 0.03)14
v) $738.24 = 8000(1.03)14
vi) $741.82 ≐ 12 100.72
b) The best scenario for Kara is simple If Meg invests her money in Option 1,
interest, since this is the least interest she will have $12 100.72 after 7 years.
payment. The worst is the daily
compounded interest, since this is the Option 2:
greatest interest payment. Calculate the interest first. Substitute
c) The shorter the compounding period, P = 8000, r = 0.075, and t = 7 into
the greater the interest. I = Prt.
I = 8000(0.075)(7)
10. The principal is P = 5000. = 4200
Since Isabella wants her investment to Now, find the amount.
double, then A = 10 000. A=P+I
6%
The daily interest rate is ____ , so = 8000 + 4200
365
= 12 200
i ≐ 0.000 164.
If Meg invests her money in Option 2,
Let x represent the number of years it
she will have $12 200 after 7 years.
takes for the investment to double in value.
Therefore, Meg should choose Option 2
In x years, there are 365x compounding
because she will earn more interest.
periods. So, n = 365x.
b) In Option 1, the investment earns
Use the compound interest formula.
compound interest. This represents an
A = P(1 + i)n
exponential function because interest is
10 000 = 5000(1 + 0.000 164)365x
earned on interest. The amount grows
2 = (1.000 164)365x
exponentially because it is multiplied by

1.03 for each compounding period. Substitute the known values into the
In Option 2, the investment earns FV
formula PV = _______n .
simple interest. This is a constant (1 + i)
10 000
amount paid out at the end of each PV = ______________
year, so it represents a linear function. (1 + 0.005 25)60
10 000
12. 7.25% = __________
(1.005 25)60
13. 5.8% ≐ 7303.90
14. a) i) 18 years Therefore, Tara should invest $7303.90 at
ii) 24 years 6.3% today to have $10 000 in 5 years.
iii) 12 years 6. quarterly
b) Answers may vary. Sample answer: The
Rule of 72 is close but not exact. The 7. 7 years
results using the compound interest 8. a) Investment A:
formula are Substitute FV = 8000, n = 24, and
FV
i) 17 years 8 months i = 0.013 75 into PV = _______n .
ii) 23 years 5 months (1 + i)
8000
iii) 11 years 11 months PV = ______________
(1 + 0.013 75)24
15. 7 years 8000
= __________
16. Maxime should choose Option 1 because (1.013 75)24
the amount at the end of 4 years is ≐ 5764.33
$6194.12, whereas the amount at the end With Investment A, Paula would have to
of 4 years with Option 2 is $6189.87. invest $5764.33 to have $8000 in 6 years.
17. Answers may vary. Sample answer: Investment B:
James takes out a $1200 loan at 6.5% per Substitute FV = 8000, n = 72, and
year, compounded annually. FV
i ≐ 0.004 417 into PV = _______n .
18. 17 years 6 months (1 + i)
8000
19. $5420.75 PV = _______________
(1 + 0.004 417)72
20. a) i) 6.09% ii) 8.24% 8000
= ___________
b) Answers may vary. Sample answer: No, (1.004 417)72
the principal amount does not influence ≐ 5824.76
the effective rate. However, the effective With Investment B, Paula would have
rate of interest is higher the more often to invest $5824.76 to have $8000 in
the nominal rate is compounded. 6 years.
b) Investment A is the better choice for
7.3 Present Value Paula since she would have to invest less
1. a) $633.67 b) $950 money to reach her goal of $8000 in
6 years.
2. $47.21
9. a) $4083.50 b) $4053.39 c) $4037.83
3. a) $1100 b) $514.63
10. $757.88
4. a) $2000 b) $1151.68
11. 6%
5. The future value of the investment is
$10 000. So, FV = 10 000. 12. a) $3759.68 b) 9.7%
6.3% 13. a) $2.63 b) $0.45
The monthly rate is _____ , or i = 0.005 25.
12
In 5 years there are 5 × 12, or 14. $49 295.23
15. $7651.41
60 compounding periods. So, n = 60.
268 MHR • Chapter 7 978-0-07-031875-5

16. $16 137.80 Daniel should make monthly deposits of
17. $473.06 $384.56 so that he will have $500 000 at
retirement.
7.4 Annuities 11. a) $24 000 b) Answers may vary.
1. a) semi-annually; The annual interest c) Anna: $27 908.01; Donella: $32 775.87;
is 10%, but in the time line, (1.05)n Tina: $46 204.09
indicates that for each payment period, 12. a) Option A: $480 000; Option B: $960 000
5% interest is paid. This means that b) Mick should choose Option A. When he
interest is paid twice a year. is 65, the value of Option A will be
b) 6 years; The time line shows 12 payments, $3 491 007.83, which is $1 143 926.17
with payments made twice a year. more than Option B, which will be
c) $4775.14 worth $2 356 081.66.
2. a) quarterly; The annual interest is 8%, but 13. i) Substitute R = 1000, n = 45, and
R[(1 + i)n − 1]
in the time line, (1.02)n indicates that i = 0.06 into A = _____________
i .
for each payment period, 2% interest is 1000[(1 + 0.06) − 1]
45
paid. This means that interest is paid A = ___________________
0.06
four times a year.
1000[(1.06)45 − 1]
b) 5 years; The time line shows = ________________
20 payments, with payments made 0.06
four times a year. ≐ 212 743.51
c) $9718.95 In this situation, the amount at age 65 is
$212 743.51.
3. a) a time line for the future value of an A total of $1000 × 45, or $45 000, was
annuity with R = 1200, n = 10, and deposited into the account.
i = 0.0375 ii) Substitute R = 3000, n = 15, and
b), c) $14 241.41 d) $2241.41 R[(1 + i)n − 1]
4. a) a time line for the future value of an i = 0.06 into A = _____________
i .
annuity with R = 40, n = 24, 3000[(1 + 0.06)15 − 1]
and i = 0.005 A = ___________________
0.06
b) $1017.28 c) $57.28 3000[(1.06)15 − 1]
5. $899.65 = ________________
0.06
6. $560.19 ≐ 69 827.91
7. a) $174.48 b) 10% In this situation, the amount at age 65 is
8. a) 3 years b) $86.95 $69 827.91.
A total of $3000 × 15, or $45 000, was
9. 170 weeks, or 3 years 4 months
deposited into the account.
10. Substitute A = 500 000, i ≐ 0.004 667, and In each situation, the deposit amount
R[(1 + i)n − 1] is equal but the final amount is much
n = 420 into A = _____________
i , and then
higher for the $1000 deposited since age
solve for R. 20 than for the $3000 deposited since
R[(1 + 0.004 667)420 − 1] age 50.
500 000 = ______________________
0.004 667 14. a) $13 971.65 b) $13 180.79
2333.5 = R[(1.004 667)420 − 1] R(1 + i)[(1 + i)n − 1]
2333.5 c) A = __________________
i
R = ________________
(1.004 667)420 − 1 15. $3799.47
R ≐ 384.56

16. $4199.32 9. a) Substitute R = 100, i = 0.005, and
17. $1230.17 R[1 − (1 + i)−n]
n = 120 into PV = ______________
i .
100[1 − (1 + 0.005) −120]
7.5 Present Value of an Annuity PV = _____________________
1. a) 14%; The time line shows an interest 0.005
100[1 − (1.005 )−120]
rate of 7%, which is paid every = __________________
6 months. 0.005
b) 4; There are 4 compound interest ≐ 9007.35
periods. The charitable organization needs
c) $10 161.63 $9007.35 to fund this prize.
b) A = n × R
2. a) $200 159.61
= 120 × 100
3. a) a time line for present value of an = 12 000
annuity with R = 500, n = 5, The winner receives $12 000.
and i = 0.09 c) I = A − PV
b) $1944.83 = 12 000 − 9007.35
4. a) a time line for the present value of an = 2992.65
annuity with R = 300, n = 36, Therefore, $2992.65 of the winnings
and i = 0.005 75 was earned as interest.
b) $9730.34 c) $1069.66 10. Substitute PV = 7500, i ≐ 0.002 417, and
5. $361.52 R[1 − (1 + i)−n]
n = 36 into PV = ______________
i .
6. a) $2766.21 b) $50 648.40
R[1 − (1 + 0.002 417)−36]
7. a) Substitute PV = 12 000, i ≐ 0.006 667, 7500 = ______________________
0.002 417
R[1 − (1 + i)−n] 18.1275 = R[1 − (1.002 417)−36]
and n = 60 into PV = ______________
i .
18.1275
R[1 − (1 + 0.006 667)−60] R = ________________
12 000 = ______________________ 1 − (1.002 417)−36
0.006 667
R ≐ 217.78
80.004 = R[1 − (1.006 667)−60] The customer’s monthly payment will be
80.004 $217.78.
R = ________________
1 − (1.006 667)−60 11. 9.8% compounded monthly
R ≐ 243.32
12. $498.43
Therefore, Jessica’s monthly payments
are $243.31. 13. 7.93%
b) To calculate the interest paid, multiply 14. a) $854.45 at 8%; $846.26 at 7.5%
the amount of the payments by the b) $41 013.60 at 8%; $40 620.48 at 7.5%
number of payments and subtract the c) $393.12
amount borrowed. 15. $3260.67
I = n × R − PV
= 60 × 243.32 − 12 000 16. 10 years
= 14 599.20 − 12 000 17. $4866.72
= 2599.20
Jessica is paying $2599.20 in interest on
the loan.
8. a) $33 982.11
b) $26 017.89
270 MHR • Chapter 7 978-0-07-031875-5

Chapter 7 Review 3. B
1
1. Principal, Interest Simple 4. − __
8
P Rate, r Time, t Interest, I 5. A
$627.00 6.5% 2 months $6.79
6. D
$389.15 9.25% 58 days $5.72
7. 12
$270.00 8% 3 years $64.80 9
1 8. ___
$425.00 7 __ % 145 days $12.66 49
2 9. 0, 3, –7
3
$380.21 4 __ % 6 months $9.03 10. tn = 1 and tn = 4(−2)1 − n
4
$178.50 8.6% 245 days $10.30 11. 30°
$3200.00 11.5% 4.5 months $138.00 12. B
2. $29.07 Practice Exam

3. a) $960 b) $4960
81
4. Answers may vary. Sample answer: Simple 1. ____
625
interest is paid annually on the principal
and is not reinvested. Compound interest 2. (–7)65
is earned annually but is reinvested with x28
the principal, so interest is earned on 3. ___
y42
interest. Simple interest accumulates at the 1
same rate and represents linear growth. 4. ____9
(5)
Compound interest accumulates at a rate 1
__
that has a constant ratio and represents 5. 485
exponential growth. 6. –8
5. a) $750.00 b) $936.28 7. exponential
c) $186.28 d) i) $2250 ii) $2436.28
8. 1
6. a) $1773.95 b) $173.95
9. y = 0
7. $1432.49
10. {y ∊ ℝ, y > 0}
8. 7.72%
11. y = 2x – 3
9. 15 years 1 month
12. y = 62x
10. 10.78%
13. increasing
11. a) $12 918.79 b) $1918.79
14. y = 2–3x
12. $933.09
15. y = –1
13. 8.14%
16. a) y = 7 sin [2(x – 30°)]
14. a) $2896.99 b) $3000 c) $103.01 b) y = –4 sin 3x + 2
15. $26 050.33
5x2 + 44x
17. __________________; the restrictions are
16. 3.5% (x – 2)(x – 3)(x + 4)
x ≠ –4, x ≠ 2, x ≠ 3
Math Contest 18. When simplified, f(x) = 11(x + 4) and
1. B g(x) = 11(x – 4), x ≠ –1. Therefore, f(x) is
2. C not equivalent to g(x).

19. a) a = –1; this is a reflection in the x-axis 25. Ambiguous case; there are two answers:
k = 4; this is a horizontal compression 21.9 km or 12.7 km
1
by a factor of __ 26. 4.2 m
4
d = –3; this is a horizontal translation 27. a) amplitude is 5, period is 90°, horizontal
of 3 units to the left translation is 30° to the right,
c = –1; this is a vertical translation of range {y ∊ ℝ, –7 ≤ y ≤ 3}
1 unit down ________ y
The equation is y = – √4(x + 3) – 1. 4
y = 5 sin [4(x – 30°)] – 2
1
b) a = __; this is a vertical compression of
2 2
1
factor __ x
2
0 60° 120° 180° 240° 300° 360°
k = –1; this is a reflection in the y-axis
—2
d = –5; this is a horizontal translation of
5 units to the left —4
c = 2; this is a vertical translation of
—6
2 units up
–1
The equation is y = ________ + 2.
2(x + 5)
1 b) amplitude is 2, period is 120°, horizontal
20. a) base function f(x) = __ x; transformed translation is 45° to the left,
_____
function g(x) = √x – 2 – 5 range {y ∊ ℝ, 3 ≤ y ≤ 7}
1 y
b) base function f(x) = __
x ; transformed 6
1
function g(x) = _____ + 4
x–1 4
21. i) a) domain {x ∊ ℝ, x ≠ 2}, 2

y = –2 sin [3(x + 45°)] + 5
range {y ∊ ℝ, y ≠ 0} x
1
b) f(–5) = __
7
0 60° 120° 180° 240° 300° 360°
2x – 1 —2
c) f –1(x) = ______
x __
ii) a) domain {x ∊ ℝ}, range {y ∊ ℝ, y ≥ 1} 28. 10√3 + 40 m
b) f(–5) = 76 _____ 29. Answers may vary.
x–1
√
c) f –1(x) = ± _____
3 30. a) maximum: 29 °C, in July
b) minimum: –7 °C, in January
22. a) f(x) = –3(x – 1) + 7; V(1, 7) is a
2
c) 36 °C
maximum d) twice the value of 18, the coefficient of
b) f(x) = 2(x – 2)2 – 1; V(2, –1) is a the sine term
minimum e) 22
23. f(x) = 2x2 – 12x + 8 f) twice the amount of 11, the constant
24. a) The value of the discriminant is 17, term
which is greater than zero, so the line g) October is month 10; substitute t = 10
and the quadratic function intersect at in equation to get 11 °C
two points. h) month 5, May, and month 9, September
b) The value of the discriminant is –27, 31. t19, 8 – t18, 7
which is less than zero, so the line and
the quadratic function do not intersect. 32. (4x – y)5 = 1024x5 – 1280x4y + 640x3y2
– 160x2y3 + 20xy4 – y5
272 MHR • Chapter 7 978-0-07-031875-5

33. a) 82 b) 19 b) i) $15 088.32 ii) $7160.19
34. a = –5, d = 12; tn = 12n – 17 c) The initial value of the car depreciates
by a constant factor each year.
35. 10 d) 3.7 years or approximately 3 years
36. 3 + 10 + 17 + 24 + 31 + 38 + … 8 months
37. 180 m 43. $131.25
38. a) approximately 13.4 m 44. a) $2030 b) $7030
b) approximately 201.2 m 45. $8121.66
39. S64 = 264 – 1 46. 9.51% per annum, compounded quarterly
40. a) arithmetic; a = 100, d = –10; 47. $801.40
sum = –1980
b) geometric; a = 1, r = 3; sum = 3280 48. approximately 12.3 years
41. t4 = 250; S6 = 7812 49. $1799.05
42. a) 24 800 is the purchase value of the car;
0.78 is the constant factor or ratio as the
value depreciates 22% each year

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3. a) domain {2, 3, 4, 5, 6},

element of the domain there is only one —2

Functions 11 Exercise and Homework Book • MHR 187

iii) domain { x ∊ ℝ, –4 ≤ x ≤ 4},

b) Together, the semicircles in graphs ii)

1.2 Functions and Function Notation

188 MHR • Chapter 1 978-0-07-031875-5

Functions 11 Exercise and Homework Book • MHR 189

24 For both relations, the domain is

190 MHR • Chapter 1 978-0-07-031875-5

192 MHR • Chapter 1 978-0-07-031875-5

c) two roots d) one root

e) two equal real roots —4

Functions 11 Exercise and Homework Book • MHR 193

(x – 9)(x – 15) = 0 f(x) = —2(x + 3)(x + 6) —6

18. 7, 8, 9 or –7, –8, –9 6

19. 18.6 A and 5.4 A

194 MHR • Chapter 1 978-0-07-031875-5

Functions 11 Exercise and Homework Book • MHR 195

196 MHR • Chapter 1 978-0-07-031875-5

(–8, 6), (9.6, –2.8)

Functions 11 Exercise and Homework Book • MHR 197

2 2 Chapter 1 Math Contest

198 MHR • Chapter 2 978-0-07-031875-5

Functions 11 Exercise and Homework Book • MHR 199

Shaded Area = πr2 – 16π

in positive area. The domain is c) 12b3; b ≠ 0

200 MHR • Chapter 2 978-0-07-031875-5

Functions 11 Exercise and Homework Book • MHR 201

202 MHR • Chapter 2 978-0-07-031875-5

Functions 11 Exercise and Homework Book • MHR 203

204 MHR • Chapter 2 978-0-07-031875-5

Functions 11 Exercise and Homework Book • MHR 205

f(x): domain {x ∊ ℝ}, f(x): domain {x ∊ ℝ}, range {y ∊ ℝ};

206 MHR • Chapter 2 978-0-07-031875-5

f(x): domain {x ∊ ℝ, –4 ≤ x ≤ 7},

Functions 11 Exercise and Homework Book • MHR 207

2.5 Stretches of Functions

208 MHR • Chapter 2 978-0-07-031875-5

d) g(x) is a vertical stretch by a factor of 7

e) g(x) is a horizontal compression by a

3. a) a = 8; g(x) is a vertical stretch by a factor

b) g(x) is a horizontal compression by a ___

Functions 11 Exercise and Homework Book • MHR 209

6. a) The base function is f(t) = t2.

_______ 2.6 Combinations of Transformations

210 MHR • Chapter 2 978-0-07-031875-5

b) vertically stretch by a factor of 3, reflect

Functions 11 Exercise and Homework Book • MHR 211

c) f(x) = x2; f(x): domain {x ∊ ℝ}, —12

212 MHR • Chapter 2 978-0-07-031875-5

d) Substitute s = 6 in each time function.

Functions 11 Exercise and Homework Book • MHR 213

2.7 Inverse of a Function

function: domain {–3, –1, 1, 3, 5, 7}, —4 0 4 x

function: domain {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, not a function

214 MHR • Chapter 2 978-0-07-031875-5

d) f –1(x) = ±√ 3(x + 4) range {r ∊ ℝ, r ≥ 0}

iii) not a function

Functions 11 Exercise and Homework Book • MHR 215

c) No; g(x) is a reflection of f(x) in the x-axis 5ab

216 MHR • Chapter 2 978-0-07-031875-5