Module 1

Planning and implementing an

IPv4 network
Module Overview

• Planning IPv4 addressing

• Configuring an IPv4 host
• Managing and troubleshooting IPv4 network
connectivity
Lesson 1: Planning IPv4 addressing

• Overview of IPv4 settings

• Defining subnets
• Public, private, and APIPA addresses
• Discussion: Determining IPv4 notation and
translation
• Discussion: Creating a subnetting scheme for a
new office
• Creating supernets
Overview of IPv4 settings

Dotted decimal notations are based on the decimal number

system, but computers use IP addresses in binary
• Within an 8-bit octet, each bit position has a decimal
value:
• A bit that is set to 0 always has a zero value
• A bit that is set to 1 can be converted to a decimal value
• The low-order bit represents a decimal value of 1
• The high-order bit represents a decimal value of 128
• If all bits in an octet are set to 1, then the octet’s decimal
value is 255, the highest possible value of an octet:
128 + 64 + 32 + 16 + 8 + 4 + 2 + 1
Overview of IPv4 settings

8-Bit Octet
Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0

27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20

128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

Decimal Value
Overview of IPv4 settings

• Each networked computer must be assigned a unique IPv4

address
• Network communication for a computer is directed to the IPv4
address of the computer
• Each IPv4 address contains:
Network ID, identifying the network
Host ID, identifying the computer
• The subnet mask identifies which part of the IPv4 address is the
network ID (255) and which is the host ID (0)
IP address 172 16 0 10
Subnet mask 255 255 0 0
Network ID 172 16 0 0
Host ID 0 0 0 10
Overview of IPv4 settings

An IPv4 configuration identifies a computer to other computers on a network

Subnet 1 IP address: 192.168.1.180

Subnet mask: 255.255.255.0

IP address: 192.168.1.182 IP address: 192.168.1.181

Subnet mask: 255.255.255.0 Subnet mask: 255.255.255.0

Dotted decimal representation

of the address and subnet mask
Defining subnets

Class A (/8) Network Host ID

large network ID
0
w x y z

Class B (/16) Network ID Host ID

medium network
10
w x y z

Class C (/24) Network ID Host ID

small network
110
w x y z
Defining subnets

Class B Address with Subnet

Subnets Usable Hosts

Network Bits 248

16256
32
64
128
1 32766
16382
8190
4094
2046254
1022
65534
510

255 255 255

248
254
240
224
128
0
192
252 0
Defining subnets

Subnet 1 IP address: 192.168.1.180

Subnet mask: 255.255.255.0

IP address: 192.168.1.182 IP address: 192.168.1.181

Subnet mask: 255.255.255.0 Subnet mask: 255.255.255.0

Dotted decimal representation Default gateway defines the

of the address and subnet mask preferred router

Subnet 2 IP address: 192.168.2.200

Subnet mask: 255.255.255.0

IP address: 192.168.2.202
Subnet mask: 255.255.255.0
IP address: 192.168.2.201
Subnet mask: 255.255.255.0
Defining subnets

172.16.16.0/22

172.16.17.0/24

172.16.20.0/22
172.16.17.1

172.16.16.0/20 172.16.24.0/22 172.16.18.0/24

172.16.17.254

172.16.28.0/22
Public, private, and APIPA addresses
Public
• Required by devices and
hosts that connect directly
to the Internet
• Must be globally unique
• Routable on the Internet
• Must be assigned by
IANA/RIR
Private
• Not routable on the
Internet
• 10.0.0.0/8
• 172.16.0.0/12
• 192.168.0.0./16
• Can be assigned locally
by an organization
• Must be translated to
access the Internet
Discussion: Determining IPv4 notation and translation

Discuss the examples on the following slides

20 minutes
Discussion: Determining IPv4 notation and translation

Which of the following addresses are classful and

which are classless?
• 10.14.27.32/8
• 172.16.34.22/26
• 192.168.87.19 Subnet mask 255.555.555.0
• 172.16.98.23 Subnet mask 255.240.0.0
• 192.168.87.56/24
• 10.17.22.99/12
Discussion: Determining IPv4 notation and translation

Identify the network ID for each of the following

addresses.
• 10.15.12.100/24
• 10.25.12.100/16
• 172.168.20.66/24
• 172.168.20.66/26
• 192.168.52.98 subnet mask 255.255.255.0
• 192.168.52.98 subnet mask 255.255.255.240
Discussion: Determining IPv4 notation and translation

For the network in which each of these addresses

reside, identify the first usable address and the
broadcast address
• 10.15.12.100/24
• 10.25.12.100/16
• 172.168.20.66/24
• 172.168.20.66/26
• 192.168.52.98 subnet mask 255.255.255.0
• 192.168.52.98 subnet mask 255.255.255.240
Discussion: Creating a subnetting scheme for a
new office

• How many subnets are required?

• How many bits are required to create that number of
subnets?
• How many hosts are required on each subnet?
• How many bits are required to support that number of
hosts?
• What is an appropriate subnet mask that would satisfy
these requirements?

20 minutes
Creating supernets

• Supernetting combines multiple small networks into a

larger network

• The networks that you combine must be contiguous

• The following table shows an example of supernetting two

class C networks (host bits underlined)
Network Range

192.168.00010000.00000000/24 192.168.16.0 - 192.168.16.255

192.168.00010001.00000000/24 192.168.17.0 - 192.168.17.255

192.168.00010000.00000000/23 192.168.16.0 - 192.168.17.255

Lab A: Planning an IPv4 network

• Exercise 1: Planning the IPv4 address assignments

Logon Information
You do not need any virtual machines
to complete this lab

Estimated Time: 30 minutes

Lab Scenario
A. Datum Corporation is an international organization with its North
American regional office located in Toronto. They are planning to open
three branch offices in different cities in North America. The branch offices
will be located in Houston, Mexico City, and Portland.
A. Datum is using Office 365 for all email and file access for the North
American branch offices, with some shared folders located in the Toronto
regional office on Windows servers. Because all offices have fast and
highly available network connections to the Toronto office, A. Datum is
not planning to deploy any servers in the branch offices at this point.
The A. Datum network team has assigned the subnets 172.16.18.0/18 to
the Toronto regional office. The Toronto office is currently using the
network assignments shown in the following table.
You need to plan an IPv4 address assignment for each of the branch
offices, using IP addresses from the list of addresses assigned to the
Toronto office. You also need to ensure that the IP addresses assigned to
computers connected to wired connections differ from the IP addresses
assigned to devices connected to the wireless networks.
Lab Review

• How many default gateways will be required?

• What other factors would you take into
consideration when designing a network?
Lesson 2: Configuring an IPv4 host

• Configurable IPv4 settings

• Tools for configuring IPv4
• Demonstration: Configuring IPv4
• Configuring IPv4 automatically
Configurable IPv4 settings
Configurable IPv4 settings
Configurable IPv4 settings
Tools for configuring IPv4
Tools for configuring IPv4
Tools for configuring IPv4
Tools for configuring IPv4
Tools for configuring IPv4
Tools for configuring IPv4

• Examples using the netsh command-line:

tool:interface ipv4 set address name="Local
Netsh Area
Connection" source=static addr=10.10.0.10
mask=255.255.255.0 gateway=10.10.0.1
Netsh interface ipv4 set dns name=”Local Area
Connection” source=static addr=10.12.0.1

Netsh interface ipv4 add dns name=”Local Area

Connection” 10.12.0.2 index=2

• Examples using Windows PowerShell cmdlets:

New-NetIPAddress –InterfaceAlias “Local Area
Connection” –IPAddress 10.10.0.10
-PrefixLength 24 –DefaultGateway 10.10.0.1

Set-DNSClientServerAddresses –InterfaceAlias “Local

Area Connection”
–ServerAddresses 10.12.0.1,10.12.0.2
Demonstration: Configuring IPv4

In this demonstration, you will see how to

configure IPv4 by using:
• The Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) Properties
dialog box
• Windows PowerShell
Configuring IPv4 automatically

DHCP server with IPv4 DHCP client

IPv4 scope

An APIPA address on a network interface indicates that a

DHCP server could not be contacted

Code example:
Set-NetIPInterface –InterfaceAlias "Local Area
Connection" –Dhcp Enabled
Restart-NetAdapter –Name "Local Area Connection"
Lesson 3: Managing and troubleshooting IPv4
network connectivity

• Routing between IPv4 networks

• Modifying IPv4 routing
• IPv4 troubleshooting methodology
• Tools for troubleshooting IPv4
• Demonstration: Troubleshooting IPv4
• What is Microsoft Message Analyzer?
• Demonstration: Using Microsoft Message Analyzer
Routing between IPv4 networks

• IPv4 subnets typically are separated by a router

• The router is responsible for routing incoming and
outgoing IPv4 traffic, and delivering the IPv4 traffic to its
intended destination
• Routers send traffic to destinations based on a set of
data called routing tables
• Routing tables contain the following information about a
route for a specific interface:
• Network destination
• Netmask
• Gateway
• Interface
• Metric
Modifying IPv4 routing

You can use several methods to view and modify

the routing table:

• The Route command

route add 10.0.0.0 netmask 255.0.0.0 192.168.0.1

• Get-NetRoute, New-NetRoute, and Set-

NetRoute Windows PowerShell cmdlets
Get-NetRoute –AddressFamily IPv4

• The Routing and Remote Access console

IPv4 troubleshooting methodology

One methodology is to ask a series of questions about the

nature of the issue:
• Can you duplicate the issue?
• What is working?
• What does not work?
• How are the things that work and do not work related?
• Does it work for other systems on the network?
• Has it worked in the past?
• What has changed since it last worked?
Tools for troubleshooting IPv4

Use the following tools to troubleshoot IPv4:

• Ipconfig
• Ping
• Tracert
• Pathping
• Telnet
• Netstat
• Resource Monitor
• Windows Network Diagnostics
• Event Viewer
Tools for troubleshooting IPv4

New Windows PowerShell cmdlets include:

• Get-NetAdapter • Set-DnsClient
• Restart-NetAdapter • Set-DnsClientGlobalSetting
• Get-NetIPInterface • Set-DnsClientServerAddress
• Get-NetIPAddress • Set-NetIPAddress
• Get-NetRoute • Set-NetIPv4Protocol
• Get-NetConnectionProfile • Set-NetIPInterface
• Get-DNSClientCache • Test-Connection
• Get-DNSClientServerAddress • Test-NetConnection
• Register-DnsClient • Resolve-Dnsname
Tools for troubleshooting IPv4

Many Windows PowerShell commands are similar

to traditional command-line tools
• To check the network configuration:
• Windows PowerShell: Get-NetIPAddress
• Command-line: ipconfig

• To check routing:
• Windows PowerShell: Test-NetConnection
–TraceRoute
• Command-line: tracert

• To check for a response:

• Windows PowerShell: Test-NetConnection
• Command-line: ping
Demonstration: Troubleshooting IPv4

In this demonstration, you will see how to

troubleshoot IPv4 by using:
• Windows PowerShell
• The command line
What is Microsoft Message Analyzer?

You can use Microsoft Message Analyzer to perform the

following network analysis tasks:

Capture
message
data

Save Import View Filter Create

message message message message charts
data data data data from
captured
data
Demonstration: Using Microsoft Message Analyzer

In this demonstration, you will see how to:

• Start a new Capture/Trace in Microsoft Message
Analyzer
• Capture packets from a Test-NetConnection
request
• Analyze the captured network traffic
• Filter the network traffic
Lab B: Implementing and troubleshooting an
IPv4 network
• Exercise 1: Verifying IPv4 communication
• Exercise 2: Troubleshooting IPv4
Logon Information
Virtual machines: 20741B-LON-DC1
20741B-LON-CL1
20741B-LON-CL2
20741B-EU-RTR
20741B-NA-RTR
20741B-TOR-SVR1
User name: Adatum\Administrator
Password: Pa55w.rd

Estimated Time: 45 minutes

Lab Scenario

You have recently deployed a server in the North

American region that clients from the European
region will need to access. Before you tell users
that the network is ready, you will use some IPv4
tools to verify that the London domain controller
and the Toronto server can communicate.
After you tell the users to start using the Toronto
server, you will need to be prepared to
troubleshoot and fix any communication issues
that could arise.
Lab Review

• When troubleshooting an issue, what is the first

step you should take?
• Which Windows PowerShell cmdlet can you use to
view the local routing table of a computer instead
of using route print?
Module Review and Takeaways

• Review Questions
• Best Practices
• Common Issues and Troubleshooting Tips
• Tools