Present simple

Repeated events- I get up early.

General facts; Ice melts at 0

Other uses : state verbs: existence be exist

Mental states- believe, doubt, know, realize,recognize support

Senses: feel, smell, taste

Perception verbs: can you hear anything?

Running commentary: chang serves to Sampras and runs to the net

Past narrative- sometimes use to create a sense of immediacy in spoken narrative

Verbs which change things- I pronounce you man and wife

I declare the fete open

Time tables and programs- the next train leaves at 800

Does the play start at 900

Present perfect continuous- measure the duration so far of a present action or to specify when it began-
how long , for , since

We’ve been driving for hours

How long have you been trying to contact me?

Changing and developing states (become, decline, decrease, develop, expand, get, grow)

Moral standards are declining.

Habitual action (with terms- all the time, always, constantly, continually, forever)

They’re forever asking me to visit them

Things happening now—She’s having lunch now.

Present perfect continuous form

measure the duration so far of a present action or to specify when it began…

beginning of an action or when we measure its duration so far…

We’ve been driving for hours.

Present perfect simple- beginning of a present action or duration

I’ve worked here most of my life – long term

I’ve been working here for just a few days- short term

Repetition-

Continuous- I’ve been using the swimming pool since we moved into the district – repeated

I’ve used the swimming pool since we moved into the district- in one or two occasions

After the first time- refer to an event in the present or the future

Is this the first time she has flown?

Summary of differences

Future

Going to has many uses- planned future events

We’re going to spend a few days with my Mother.

Predictions based on present or past evidence

It’s going to rain.

Present continuous/progressive

Arrangements- arranged future- arrangements have been made (we have made a booking, bought
tickets or someone is expecting us to do something or be somewhere at a particular time)

Nobody’s working on Monday the 5th.

Go and come

I’m coming home early on Friday

Will- unplanned future event

I’ll do that for you

to make predictions that aren’t based on present or past evidence (intention is unpremeditated

guesses based on characteristic behavior

I bet he’ll bring his mother.

Assertions of faith about the future

We’ll never lose an election in this constituency.

timetables and programmes- anticipate things on the basis of a timetable or programmem itineraries
and travel arrangements or entertatiments and planned public events

The next train leaves at 6:30.

Does the play start at 8:00 or 8:15?

precise time: come, arrive, start (begin), go , leave (depart), finish, (end)

Continuous

will/shall/be going to be ing form

future event in progress

future as a matter of course

I’ll be working then.

Future perfect-

Future events in progress- refer to something that is predicted or programmed to begin before a
particular point in the future

I’ll be working then.

Future perfect- view things from a particular point in the future as already having taken place or as
having completed

She will have finished work by 6:00 p.m.

Present continuous form of future tenses- view things from a particular point in the future when we
are interested in how long they have been happening. We generally use these forms with expressions
that begin with for.

She’ll have been working there for over twenty-five years when she retires.

Past
Finished periods of time

I saw harry in the office today.

Time anchor to establish key time frame

Precise detail

Present perfect simple

- refer to completed events, states or actions in the past which too place within a period of time
which is unfinished.

Unfinished periods of time

I’ve had two accidents this week.

No time is specified this is during his life and that he is still alive

Past continuous - describes something which began before a particular point in the past and still in
progress at that point. The action may continue after that point.

Action stopped at the key point in the past.

HE was working at his computer when the power cut occurred

Past perfect continuous when we are concerned with an extended or repeated event or activity which
took place before a particular point in the past.

He’d been driving without a break for several hours when the accident happened.