The assessment of the severity of structural damage is based on several criteria such as crack width,

differential settlement, and angular rotation of foundation.

A high-rise building is a building with a small footprint, small roof area, and immense facades. High-
rise buildings have the potential to decongest urban sprawl as they can deal with high-density issues
and lack of available land for development.

Tunnelling is one of the most intricate and expensive projects in engineering and construction. With
increasing demands and the emphasis on reducing the travel time between any two places
becoming a priority, the risks and challenges