front 1 back 1

When is organogenesis
complete? 12 weeks

front 2 back 2

When is the GB seen? 20 weeks

front 3 back 3

Fetal GB

front 4 back 4

Fetal GB
 front 5 back 5

Fetal GB

front 6 back 6

What is suspected when the spleen is

enlarged in a fetus? Rh immunoIncompatibility

front 7 back 7

When can the stomach be

seen? 14 weeks

front 8 back 8

If the stomach is not seen by 16 weeks,

what could be the problem? esophageal atresia
 front 9 back 9

What is the stomach a landmark for? AC

front 10 back 10

What does the intestines act as in utero? resevor for meconium

front 11 back 11

peristalisis does not occur until birth

Why does the the fetus not poo in utero anal sphincter is closed

*unless in distress

front 12 back 12

kidney / testis crisscross no data

 front 13 back 13

amniotic fluid + fetal cells

what is meconium made of
bacteria and enzymes added

front 14 back 14

spleenomegaly

front 15 back 15

Pancreas

front 16 back 16

What is the size of the adrenals in a 20x larger in fetus than adults
fetus? can mimic kidneys
 front 17 back 17

adrenal

front 18 back 18

adrenal

front 19 back 19

______________ is directly proportional to

AC. liver size

front 20 back 20

What is hypoxic? pertaining to low oxygen

 front 21 back 21

What does the umbilical arteries

become after birth? hypogastric ligament

front 22 back 22

What does the umbilical vein become

after birth? ligament venosum

front 23 back 23

What measurements do we take

AC
involving the abdomen?
renal length

front 24 back 24

trans spine - 3 oss center

What is the AC landmarks? J - portal vein

stomach & GB
 front 25 back 25

What is esophageal atresia? congenital atresia of the esophagus

front 26 back 26

What causes esophageal failure of recanalization of the GIT

atresia? a blind end tube is result

front 27 back 27

What is present in most cases of

esophageal atresia? tracheo-esophageal fistula

front 28 back 28

What percent of esophageal atresia

have a tracheo-esophageal fistula 90%
present?
 front 29 back 29

What is the sonographic appearance of polyhydramnios

esophageal atresia? stomach usually not identified

front 30 back 30

Duodenal atresia

front 31 back 31

What is duodenal atresia usually

associated with? Downs syndrome

front 32 back 32

What is the sonographic appearance of Double bubble

duodenal atresia? polyhydramnios
 front 33 back 33

Duodenal atresia

front 34 back 34

Double bubble

front 35 back 35

When can duodenal atresia be

seen? 24 weeks

front 36 back 36

tracheo-esophageal fistula
 front 37 back 37

duodenal atresia

duodenal stenosis
What causes a double bubble?
annular pancreas

jejunal atresia

front 38 back 38

extension of pancreas tissue around

duodenal
What is an annular pancreas?
forming a ring

front 39 back 39

What problems does annular pancreas feeding problems

cause in infants? reflux and vomiting

front 40 back 40

What is the sonographic appearance of

bowel proximal to the blockage dilated
jejunal atresia?
 front 41 back 41

meconium ileus
What is the first sign of cystic fibrosis?
echogenic bowel

front 42 back 42

meconium ileus

front 43 back 43

meconium ileus

front 44 back 44

small bowel disorder, presense of thick

meconium in the distal ileum
What is a meconium ileus?
impaction of abnormal thick sticky
mecomium
 front 45 back 45

Meconium Peritonitis

front 46 back 46

Meconium Peritonitis

front 47 back 47

Meconium Peritonitis

front 48 back 48

What can obstructed bowel

perforation and infection
cause?
 front 49 back 49

What is the sonographic appearance of

meconium ileus? echogenic small bowel

front 50 back 50

When is the migration of the kidney to

the abdomen complete? 9 weeks

front 51 back 51

What causes pelvic kidneys? can be physical or hormonal

front 52 back 52

What are horseshoe kidneys? inferior portion fuses early on

 front 53 back 53

When should the kidneys and the

bladder be seen? 15 weeks

front 54 back 54

bubble sign

front 55 back 55

When should the renal cortex and

medulla be differentiated? 25 weeks

front 56 back 56

bubble sign
 front 57 back 57

Cross-over fusion kidneys

front 58 back 58

What happens with bilateral renal olighydramnios usuually resulting in

agenesis? miscarriage - always fatal

front 59 back 59

What is Potter's type 2? multicystic dysplastic kidneys

front 60 back 60

Urachal fistula
 front 61 back 61

Urachal fistula

front 62 back 62

Urachus doesn't close and belly button

What is a urichal fistula? leaks urin

front 63 back 63

Urachal cyst

front 64 back 64

Urachal cyst
front 65 back 65

Unilateral renal agenesis

front 66 back 66

Mesoblastic Nephroma AKA: fetal renal

harmatoma & congenital Wilm's tumor

front 67 back 67

Mesoblastic Nephroma AKA: fetal renal

harmatoma & congenital Wilm's tumor

front 68 back 68

Wilm's Tumor AKA:

Nephroblastoma
 front 69 back 69

Congenital Wilms' tumors

What is mesoblastic big benign mass usually expresses its self by 3 months

nephroma? most common neonatal solid tumor

mostly in boys

front 70 back 70

What is Nephroblastoma? wilms tumor

front 71 back 71

What is the most common malignant

tumor of childhood? Wilms tumor

front 72 back 72

At what age does wilms tumor usually

occur? commonly occurs at 3 yrs
 front 73 back 73

a fibrous cord that extends from the

what is a Urachus? umbilicus to the bladder.

front 74 back 74

Severe oligohydramnios
What is the sonographic appearance of
Absent kidneys
Potter's type 2?
Nondistended bladder

front 75 back 75

disorder associated with multiple

What is IPKD? bilateral cysts

front 76 back 76

Infantile Polycystic Kidney Disease

 front 77 back 77

Infantile Polycystic Kidney Disease

front 78 back 78

What is another name for

IPKD? Potter Type 1

front 79 back 79

Urachal cyst

front 80 back 80

Is IPKD recessive of dominant? recessive

 front 81 back 81

Perinatal – renal failure in utero

Neonatal
What are the 4 groups of IPKD?
Infantile

juvenile

front 82 back 82

When does neonatal IPKD

within 1st month after birth
occur?

front 83 back 83

When does infantile IPKD

occur? 3 - 6 months

front 84 back 84

When does juvenile IPKD

occur? 1 - 5 years
 front 85 back 85
enlarged

hyperechoic

What is the sonographic appearance of homogeneous hyoerechoic large kidneys

IPKD? increased kidney AC

small bladder

loss of corticomedullary differentiation

front 86 back 86

1. polucystic kidneys
What is Meckyl-Gruber 2. posterior
syndrome? encephalocoele/holoprosencephaly
3. polydactyly

front 87 back 87

large
What is adult polycystic kidney disease?
echogenic

front 88 back 88

What age does APKD usually

age 30 with hypertension
occur?
 front 89 back 89

If one person has APKD what is the

chance of passing it on to children? 50%

front 90 back 90

What is polycystic kidney auto dominant

disease? family history

front 91 back 91

disorder associated with unilateral cystic lesions

correspond to dilated collecting tubules

What is multicystic dysplastic kidneys? Enlarged

unilateral

nonfunctioning

front 92 back 92

Bilateral multicystic dysplastic kidney

disease
 front 93 back 93

unilateral multicystic dysplastic kidney

disease

front 94 back 94

unilateral multicystic dysplastic kidney

disease

front 95 back 95

What happens to the contralateral

kidney with MDK? enlarges to compensate

front 96 back 96
multiple, round

various sizes
What is the sonographic appearance of
bladder not seen
bilateral MDK?
olighydramnios

Poor Prognosis
 front 97 back 97

multiple, round

What is the sonographic appearance of various sizes

unilateral MDK? bladder seen

hydronephrosis

front 98 back 98

What is UPJ? uritopelvis junction

front 99 back 99

What is UVJ? uritovesicilar junction

front 100 back 100

Hydronephrosis
 front 101 back 101

Where is a double collecting system

most likely to have hydro? the superior collecting system

front 102 back 102

What is the most common fetal

anomaly? hydronephrosis

front 103 back 103

What is hydronephrosis usually caused

by? UPJ or UVJ obstruction

front 104 back 104

What is a UPJ obstruction caused by? bend or kink in ureter

 front 105 back 105

What is a UVJ obstruction caused by? bad valves at trigone region

front 106 back 106

What do normal ureters

measure? 1 mm

front 107 back 107

Prune belly syndrome usually occurs in

_____________ boys

front 108 back 108

Dilation of the renal pelvis due to

What is hydronephrosis? blockage
 front 109 back 109

Pyelectasis

front 110 back 110

abnormal collection of urine within the

What is pyelectasis? renal pelvis 5-9 mm

front 111 back 111

Caliectasis

front 112 back 112

Caliectasis
 front 113 back 113

rounded calyces with renal pelvis

What is calyectasis? dilatation

front 114 Rare congenital abnormality. A partial or complete lack of abdominal

back 114
wall muscles w/ renal abnormalities. Usually in males.

anterior abdominal wall defect

urinary tract obstruction

What is Prune Belly cryptorchidism

Syndrome? hypoplastic abdominal wall muscles

massive distention of bladder

wrinkling

urethral obstruction

bladder enlarges
front 115 back 115

Prune Belly

front 116 back 116

Prune Belly
 front 117 back 117

What is another name for prune belly

syndrome? Eagle Barrett syndrome

front 118 back 118

hydronephrosis with echogenic renal parenchyma

oligohydramnios
What is the sonographic appearance of urinary ascites
prune belly syndrome
a dystrophic bladder

peritoneal calcifications

front 119 back 119

Obstruction of the urinary outflow. Can be acquired or

congenital.
What is ureteropelvic junction obstruction at the confluence of the kidney and the
obstruction? ureter

Sporadic

front 120 back 120

What is the most common cause of

hydronephrosis in neonates? UPJ obstruction
 front 121 back 121

UPJ obstruction

front 122 back 122

UPJ obstruction

front 123 back 123

will often show a dilated renal pelvis

What is the sonographic appearance of Doppler: Kidney w/higher resistive

ureteropelvic junction obstruction? indices

hyperechoic kidneys

front 124 back 124

Obstruction of the uretrovesical junction causing urine

What is Ureterovesicle junction to back up into the ureters and kidneys.
obstruction? results from stenotic ureteral valve or fibrosis
 front 125 back 125

What is the sonographic appearance of megaureter

Ureterovesicle junction obstruction? hydronephrosis

front 126 back 126

Ectopic ureterocele

front 127 back 127

the distal ureter does not insert into the urinary bladder

Congenital cystic dilatations of the terminal submucosal

ureter
What is a Ectopic ureterocele?
surgical repair or can lead to loss of function

bad insertion of ureter into trigone region

front 128 back 128

What is the sonographic appearance of Echogenic thin-walled cyst-like

a Ectopic ureterocele? structures within the bladder
 front 129 back 129

What is ectopic ureterocele usually

associated with? UVJ obstruction

front 130 back 130

Posterior urethral valve

front 131 back 131

most common congenital obstructive

lesion of the urethra
What is Posterior urethral valves?
congenital folds act of male urethra act
as valves to obstruct excretion

front 132 back 132

marked distention bladder

hydronephrosis
What is the sonographic appearance of hydroureter
Posterior urethral valves?
oligohydramnios

keyhole sign
 front 133 back 133

Posterior urethral valve

front 134 back 134

What is a keyhole sign? no data

front 135 back 135

baby can't urinate

leading to
What is the major concern for babies olighydramnios
with posterior urethral valves?
pulmonary hyperplasia

risk of bladder rupture causing urinary ascites

front 136 back 136

What is the most common cause of

death for fetus with posterior urethral pulmonary hyperplasia
valves?
 front 137 back 137

The cloaca is a structure in the development of the

urinary and reproductive organs.

plays a developmental role in

What is cloaca? genitals

bladder

rectum

front 138 back 138

Bladder exstrophy

front 139 back 139

What is the most severe form of bladder cloacal extrophy

exstrophy? colon is affected

front 140 back 140

Testicular hydrocele
 front 141 back 141

Testicular hydrocele

front 142 back 142

process vaginalis does not close

What causes a testicular hydrocele? completely causing abdominal
secretions in scrotal sac.

front 143 back 143

Many testicular hydroceles _____________ Many testicular hydroceles heal themselves within 24
within ____________. months.

front 144 back 144

What week do the testicles descend? 28 weeks

 front 145 back 145

congenital anomaly, protrusion of the

What is Bladder exostrophy? urinary bladder through a defect in the
abdominal wall.

front 146 back 146

soft-tissue mass protruding through

abdomen
WHat is the sonographic appearance of
Bladder exostrophy? absence of urinary bladder

separation of pubic bone

front 147 back 147

What is a differential diagnosis of

bladder exostrophy? gastroschisis or omphalocele

front 148 back 148

fluid-filled sac surrounding a testicle

What is a Testicular Hydrocele?
usually benign
 front 149 back 149

What is the sonographic appearance of simple fluid collection surrounding the

Testicular Hydrocele? testis.

front 150 back 150

general term for a disorder of the development of bone

and cartilage
What is Osteochondrodysplasia? hard to identify prenatally

* filler in multiple choice...usually missed by U/S

front 151 back 151

Explain the TC of a fetus with

Osteochondrodysplasia? measure small

front 152 back 152

red flag
What should you do if the femur
marker for trisomy 21
measures small?
measure humerus
 front 153 back 153

What is the key bone

measurement? femur length

front 154 back 154

When do the long bones begin to end of embryonic period

ossification? week 12

front 155 back 155

What is TC? thoracic circomuference

front 156 back 156

mandible & clavicle

What are the first bones to ossify?
Week 8
 front 157 back 157

polyhydramnios
what usually occurs with
fetal structural anomalies
musculoskeletal abnormalities?
family history of recurrent syndrome

front 158 back 158

Why are the most lethal musculoskeletal

anomolies easier to identify? they have severe presentations

front 159 back 159

carpal

metacarpal

What bones can be Acromelia? tarsels

metatarsels

phalanges
front 160 back 160

Acromelia
 front 161 back 161

Acromelia

front 162 back 162

Bone abnormality shortening of distal

What is Acromelia?
limb segment.

front 163 back 163

Acromelia

front 164 back 164

Mesomelia
 front 165 back 165

shortening of middle limb

What is Mesomelia?
segment.

front 166 back 166

tibia

fibula
What bones can be Mesomelic ?
ulnar

radius

front 167 back 167

What is Rhizomelic shortening? Shortening of proximal limb segment

front 168 back 168

Rhizomelia
 front 169 back 169

Rhizomelia

front 170 back 170

femur
What bones can be Rhizomelic ?
humerus

front 171 back 171

Shortening of proximal and distal limb

What is Micromelia shortening? segment

dwarfism

front 172 back 172

What is Extactyly? Absence of fingers or toes

 front 173 back 173

Hemimelia

front 174 back 174

What is Hemimelia? Absence of below elbow or knee

front 175 back 175

Phocomelia

front 176 back 176

Phocomelia
 front 177 back 177

Phocomelia

front 178 back 178

Absence of middle segment

What is Phocomelia? foot and hand would be attached to
femur and humerus

front 179 back 179

fusion of legs
What is Sirenomelia?
mermaid syndrome

front 180 back 180

Sirenomelia
 front 181 back 181

Sirenomelia

front 182 back 182

Sirenomelia

front 183 back 183

Absence or malformation of individual

What is Dystoes? bones

front 184 back 184

What is Arthrogryposis? rigid extremities

 front 185 back 185

What is the possible cause of

Arthrogryposis? olighydramnios

front 186 back 186

joint contractures and rigidity.

head was severely hyperextended

What is the sonographic appearance of fixed extremities

Arthrogryposis? flexed arms

clubbed feet

clenched hands

front 187 back 187

What is Polydactyly? extra fingers or toes.

front 188 back 188

Polydactyly
 front 189 back 189

Polydactyly

front 190 back 190

Clinodactyly & club foot

front 191 back 191

Clinodactyly

front 192 back 192

What is Clinodactyly? curvature of a digit

 front 193 back 193

What is Pterygium? webbing across joints

front 194 back 194

Pterygium

webbing across joints

front 195 back 195

Talipes equinovarus

front 196 back 196

Talipes equinovarus
 front 197 back 197

Ectrodactyly

front 198 back 198

Ectrodactyly

front 199 back 199

AKA Club foot.

What is Talipes? front half of the foot turns inwards and
downwards

front 200 back 200

prominent calcaneus and a convex

rounded bottom to the foot. The foot
What is Rocker-bottom feet? resembles the bottom of a rocking chair.

marker for trisomy 18

 front 201 back 201

Rockerbottom feet

front 202 back 202

Thanatophoric dysplasia

front 203 back 203

Thanatophoric dysplasia

achondrogenesis
What are the lethal forms of Skeletal
camptomelic dysplasia
dysplasia?
osteogenesis imperfectal - Type II

Sirenomelia
front 204 back 204

What is the most common non-lethal

bone dysplasia? achondroplasia
 front 205 back 205

Achondroplasia

front 206 back 206

by femur length

When can rhyzomelia be diagnosed in 27 - 30 weeks

utero?
measurement of femur length starts
dropping off

front 207 back 207

What are the Non-lethal forms of achondroplasia

Skeletal dysplasia? osteogenesis imperfecta Type IV

front 208 back 208

severe skeletal disorder characterized by extremely

short limbs and folds of extra skin on the arms and legs.

rhizomelia
What is Thanatophporic Dysplasia? bowed long bones

narrow thorax

large head
 front 209 back 209

What is the most common form of lethal Thanatophporic Dysplasia

dwarfism? causes severe micromelia

front 210 back 210

clover leaf skull

narrow chest

short ribs
What is the sonographic appearance of underdeveloped lungs
Thanatophporic Dysplasia?
enlarged head

large forehead and

prominent, wide-spaced eyes.

front 211 back 211

Kleeblattshadels

front 212 back 212

Kleeblattshadels
 front 213 back 213

What is another name for cloverleaf

skull? kleeblattschädel

front 214 back 214

horseshoe

front 215 back 215

cloverleaf skull

What are associated anomolies of horseshoe kidneys

Thanatophporic Dysplasia? ASD

imperforate anus

front 216 back 216

Achondrogenesis
 front 217 back 217

What is the second most common form

Achondrogenesis
of lethal dwarfism?

front 218 back 218

rare lethal form of short limbed

dyplasia
What is Achondrogenesis? severe malformation of bones and
cartilage. Babies usually still born or die
shortly

front 219 back 219

What are the two types of no data

Achondrogenesis?

front 220 back 220

demonstration of the triad

What is the sonographic appearance of severely shortened limbs

Achondrogenesis? lack of vertebral ossification

large head with slightly decreased ossification

 front 221 back 221

Camptomelic Dysplasia: bowing of the

What is Camptomelic Dysplasia?
long bones

front 222 back 222

tibia
What are the most common bones
affected by Camptomelic Dysplasia?
femur

front 223 back 223

bowing of long bones

What is the sonographic appearance of
hydrocephalus
Camptomelic Dysplasia?
hydronephrosis

front 224 back 224

heart disease
What are the anomolies associated with
hydrocephalus
Camptomelic Dysplasia?
hydronephrosis
 front 225 back 225

early disruption of caudal portion of the

neural tube
What is caudal regression syndrome
caused by? (sacral anomolies)

includes a range of anomolies

front 226 back 226

fusion of the lower extremities

What is caudal regression syndrome?
male prevalence 3:1

front 227 back 227

What is a mild case of caudal

regression syndrome? sacral anomalies

front 228 back 228

What is the most severe form of caudal

regression syndrome? Sirenomelia
 front 229 back 229

Caudal regression syndrome

front 230 back 230

What are the associated anomalies of diabetes

caudal regression syndrome? monozygotic twins

front 231 back 231

AKA Mermaid Syndrome, very rare

Sirenomelia congenital deformityin which the legs
are fused together

front 232 back 232

disorder of production, secretion or

What is Osteogenesis Imperfecta Type function of collagen
II?
most severe form
 front 233 back 233

Osteogenesis Imperfecta type 2

front 234 back 234

What is Osteogenesis Imperfecta Type bone fragility caused by

II characterized by? hypominerization

front 235 back 235

What can delivery trauma lead to with intracranial hemorrhage

Osteogenesis Imperfecta Type II? stillbirth

front 236 back 236

AKA Brittle bone

What is Osteogenesis Imperfecta Type
fractured or bowed
IV?
demineralization of bone
 front 237 back 237

Whe does Osteogenesis Imperfecta can occur in 3rd trimester

Type IV occur? usually does not present until after birth

front 238 back 238

decreased echogenicity

What is the sonographic appearance of fractures

Osteogenesis Imperfecta Type IV? cortical bone thinning

excessive trabecular bone transparency

front 239 back 239

very short limbs and sometimes a face

What is Achondroplasia?
that is small in relation to the skull

front 240 Vertebral defects back 240

Anal atresia

Cardiac defects
What is VACTERL?
TracheoEsophageal atresia

Renal anomalies

Li b li
 front 241 back 241

vacterl

front 242 back 242

Esophageal atresia

front 243 back 243

How many anomalies need to be

present to be considered VACTERL? 3