DESIGN TABLES FOR

WATER- RETAINING
STRUCTURES

Copublished in the United States with

John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 605 Third Avenue ,
Nell' York , NY 10158

@ Longman Group UK Ltd 1991

Design tables for wateryretaining structures
Longman Scientific & Technical.
Longman Group UK Limited.
Longman House, Burnt Mill, Harlow.
Essex CM20 2JE, England
and Associated Companies throughout the world.

Copublished in the United States with

John Wiley & Sons. Inc .. 605 Third Avenue.
New York. NY 10158

© Longman Group UK Ltd 1991

All rights reserved: no part of this publication may be

reproduced, stored in a retrieval system. or
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Licensing Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court Road,
London WIP 9HE.

First published 1991

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Batty, Ian. 1939-
The design of water-retaining structures / Ian Batty. Roger Westbrook.
p. cm.
ISBN 0-470-21846-0
I. Hydraulic structures--Design and construction I. Westbrook.
Roger. II. Title.
TC180.B36 1991
627 --dc20 91-43516
CIP

Set in Compugraphic Times 10111

Printed and Bound in Great Britain

at the Bath Press. Avon
Contents

Preface iv
Acknowledgements iv
List of design tables for water-retaining structures (Chapter 9) v
1 Standards for the design of water-retaining structures
2 Design and constructional aspects 10
3 Design of cantilever walls to retain liquids 29
4 Design of rectangular tanks 54
5 Design of circular tanks 78
6 Design of prestressed concrete circular tanks lOS
7 Design of a flat slab roof and columns for a reservoir 119
8 Design of conical tanks 134
9 Design tables for water-retaining structures 152
Appendix I ,!he analysis of ground-supported open circular concrete tanks 188
Appendix II Metric/Imperial conversion factors 202
Preface

This book provides a comprehensive understanding of the design and construction of water-
retaining structures. allowing graduate civil and structural engineering students. as well
as the practising engineer. to design with speed and economy. Assuming some familiarity
with BS 8110 Structural Use of Concrete the book draws on examples. many of which
are based on actual completed structures. and upon extensive tables. related to the analysis
of rectangular. circular and conical structures, to develop good working practice. The
tables and examples will enable the engineer to check, by hand, the often complex results
of computer analysis and output. usually based on the finite element method. for most
structures. This is particularly so in those cases where the forces within a structure are
affected by the ground upon which they sit. Thus, methods of designing for the soil/structure
interaction, which normally require the aid of complex computer programs. are included.
The tables and examples will prove to be a good reference for carrying out new work
to modern methods and regulations. and will give direction to the student engineer in the
use of currrent British Standards for the design of many types of concrete structures.
An essential part of the book are the listed computer programs and output which further
assist the designer in obtaining a range of options from which the most effective and
economical solution may be determined for a particular structure; whilst a useful appendix
covers the analysis of ground-supported open circular concrete tanks.

Acknowledgements

The authors wish to express their appreciation to the BSI and the HSE for permission
to use extracts from their publications. In particular they wish to thank the Portland Cement
Association of America for permission to use extracts from their tables which assist in
the analysis of circular and rectangular tanks. They are also grateful to the editor of
Construction Weekly for allowing them to include, as an appendix. the article prepared
by Lightfoot and Michael on the design of circular tanks supported by ground having elastic
or plastic properties.
The permission by Yorkshire Water to use photographs of construction and the help
and encouragement of colleagues in the Central Division of that Authority has been
invaluable and is greatly appreciated.
We are grateful to the following for permission to reproduce copyright material:
British Standards Institute for extracts from BS 8007 and BS 8110, also for Fig. 2.2 from
BS 8007. Fig. 7.1 from BS 8110, Tables 1.1. 1.2 from CP 2007, Tables 1.3, A.I from
BS 8007, Tables 7.1. 7.2. 9.2 from BS 8110, Table 9.3 from BS 4466 (Extracts from
British Standards are reproduced with the permission of BSl. Complete copies can be
obtained by post from BSI, Linford Wood. Milton Keynes. MKI4 6LE.); the editor,
Construction Weekly for Appendix 1 Lightfoot E, Michael D 1965 'The design of ground-
supported open circular tanks'; Health & Safety Construction for Fig. 1.2; Portland Cement
Association for adapted Tables 9.20,9.21.9.22.9.23.9.24,9.25.9.29,9.30,9.31.9.32.
9.33.9.34,9.35.9.36.
Whilst every effort has been made to trace the owners of copyright material. in a few
cases this may have proved impossible and we take this opportunity to offer our apologies
to any copyright holders whose rights we have unwittingly infringed.

iv
Table 9.1 Details of (a) bar reinforcement, and (b) fabric reinforcement
Table 9.2 Ultimate anchorage bond and lap lengths as multiples of bar size
(BS 8110)
Table 9.3 Reinforcement scheduling details for (a) preferred shapes, and (b) other
shapes
Table 9.4 'As' for design crack width 0.2 mm, bar diameter TIO
Table 9.5 'As' for design crack width 0.2 mm, bar diameter TI2
Table 9.6 'As' for design crack width 0.2 mm, bar diameter TI6
Table 9,7 'As' for design crack width 0.2 mm, bar diameter T20
Table 9.8 'As' for design crack width 0.2 mm, bar diameter T25
Table 9.9 'As' for design crack width 0.2 mm, bar diameter T32
Table 9.10 'x' and 'z' factors for sections reinforced in tension only -
serviceability limit state
Table 9.11 'zJd' lever arm factors for ultimate bending moment
Table 9.12 Concrete grade C25: permitted values of shear stress 'vc' for a range of
As x lOO/(bv x d) and effective depth, d (BS 8110, Table 3.9)
Table 9.13 Concrete grade C30: permitted values of shear stress 'vc' for a range of
As x lOO/(bv x d) and effective depth, d (BS 8110, Table 3.9)
Table 9.14 Concrete grade C35: permitted values of shear stress 'vc' for a range of
As x 100/(bv x d) and effective depth, d (BS 8110, Table 3.9)
Table 9.15 Shear reinforcement spacing (mm) for beams, where 'v' is greater than
(vc + 0.4)
Table 9.16 Minimum percentage of reinforcement to resist early thermal cracking
(BS 8007 Appendix A)
Table 9.17 Deflection - modification factors for tension reinforcement for varying
values of Mu/(bdd) and serviceability stresses
Table 9.18 Deflection - modification factors for tapered cantilever walls subjected
to different types of loads
Table 9.19 Values of 'k' factor used for estimating deflections of cantilever walls
under hydrostatic pressure
Table 9.20 Moment and shear force coefficients for walls subjected to hydrostatic
pressure in a three-dimensional rectangular tank, assuming a hinged base, free top
and continuous sides
Table 9.21 Moment and shear force coefficients for walls subjected to hydrostatic
pressure in a three-dimensional rectangular tank, assuming a hinged base, hinged top
and continuous sides
Table 9.22 Moment and shear force coefficients for wall panels subjected to
hydrostatic pressure, assuming hinged base, free top and continuous sides
Table 9.23 Moment and shear force coefficients for wall panels subjected to
hydrostatic pressure, assuming fixed base, free top and continuous sides
Table 9.24 Moment and shear force coefficients for wall panels subjected to
hydrostatic pressure, assuming pinned base, pinned top and continuous sides
Table 9.25 Moment and shear force coefficients for wall panels subjected to
hydrostatic pressure, assuming fixed base, pinned top and continuous sides
Table 9.26 Deflection of two way spanning slabs with various edge conditions
subjected to (a) triangular pressure, (b) rectangular pressure
Table 9.27 Ground pressure created beneath a base slab carrying an edge force 'Q'

v
 and an edge moment 'M' and supported upon ~ elasdc soil
Table 9.28 Bending moments created within a base slab carrying an edge force 'Q'
and an edge moment 'M' and supported upon an elastic soil
Table 9.29 (a) tension, and (b) moment coefficients in cylindrical tanks supporting
a triangular load, assuming a fixed base and a free top
Table 9.30 (a) tension, and (b) moment coefficients in cylindrical tanks supporting
a triangular load, assuming a pinned base and a free top
Table 9.31 (a) tension, and (b) moment coefficients in cylindrical tanks subjected
to a moment per m, 'M' applied at base
Table 9.32 (a) tension, and (b) moment coefficients in cylindrical tanks subjected
to a shear per m, 'V' applied at top
Table 9.33 (a) tension, and (b) moment coefficients in cylindrical tanks supporting
a rectangular load, assuming a fixed base and a free top
Table 9.34 (a) tension, and (b) moment coefficients in cylindrical tanks supporting
a rectangular load, assuming a pinned base and a free top
Table 9.35 (a) shear at base of cylindrical tanks subjected to: triangular load,
rectangular load, moment at edge; (b) stiffness coefficients for cylindrical walls;
(c) sti ffness coefficients of circular plates with and without centre support
Table 9.36 Supplementary coefficients for values of Lv 2/(2 x r x h) greater than
16
Table 9.37 (a,b) coefficients for calculating forces in a conical tank supported at
base level, resulting from fixity at the base of the cone
Table 9.38 (a,b) coefficients for calculating forces in a conical tank supported at
base level, resulting from fixity at the apex of the cone

vi
The necessity to store and supply purified water, and to (a) the limit state method based upon the current level
treat the residual effluents, has been a major source of of research;
civil engineering activity for many civilisations. There are (b) the alternative method which was similar to the
many remnants of great structures used for this purpose previous code of practice CP 2007;
which demonstrate the skills of those earlier engineers. (c) the limited stress method which incorporates both
These indicate that then, as now, if you wish to retain limit state and elastic theory.
water and prevent it being polluted you had to build well.
In more recent times an evolutionary system of Codes of
Practice and British Standards were developed, based Table 1.2 Permissible steel stresses in strength
upon continuing experience and research, in order to help calculations (CP 2007, Table 4)
engineers design water-retaining structures more
effectively. Permissible
The earliest codes, CP 7 (1938) and CP 2007 (1960), tensile stress
considered that if the stresses in the steel and concrete in steel
were of a relatively low order then there should be few (mild) (Nlmm2)
problems. To minimise cracking those areas of concrete Members in direct tension 82
in tension were designed to ensure that the tensile resist-
ance of the concrete was greater than the actual tensile On liquid-retaining face 82
force. The permitted design service stresses given in
Members On face Members less than
Tables 1. I and 1.2 are extracts from CP 2007 (1960).
in remote 225 thick 82
bending from
Table 1.1 Permissible concrete stresses in Members 225 or
liquid
calculations relating to the resistance to cracking more thick 125
(CP 2007, Table 2) In shear reinforcement 82

Permissible concrete stresses

The effect of this standard was to help engineers consider
Concrete mix Tension Shear
Q
more closely how concrete behaved and how to prevent
cracking of the concrete during the construction and work-
Direct Due to bending bl a
(Nlmm2) (Nlmm2) (Nlmm2)
ing life of the structure. A great deal of attention was
focused upon positions an.d types of joints, methods of
Nominal mixes construction and areas of reinforcement required to
1 : 1.6: 3.2 Grade 26 1.2 1.85 1.92 prevent early thermal cracking.
1 : 2: 4 Grade 21 1.3 1.68 1.71 Durability of the concrete both in the short and long
term was now of as equal importance as the design. The
previous design codes tended to result in thick concrete
With the advent of limit state design theory a radical sections with relatively large amounts of mild steel rein-
change was introduced into BS 5337 (1976), the water- forcement. This, however, did not prevent cracking. The
retaining structures code of practice. The code drafters new standard, BS 5337, required engineers to become
took into account the experiences of many engineers and more involved in the construction process particularly with
essentially permitted three different ways of design: regard to joint positions and methods of construction. The
limit state design method did lead to thinner sections and
deflection under load was more noticeable, particularly
with respect to cantilever retaining walls. One other result
was that high tensile steel virtually replaced mild steel as
the main reinforcement used in construction.
as 8007 (1987) Design of concrete structures
for retaining aqueous liquids
As a result of II years of experience with BS 5337, the
most recent standard, BS 8007, is now based mainly on
the limit state approach to design. Structures are generally
designed to restrict crack widths by suitable amounts of
reinforcement and appropriate joint spacing. The alterna-
tive method given in BS 5337 was removed from the code;
a few elements of the limited stress approach, however,
did remain. For the first time in a BS design code the
designer is required to consider operational safety.
The basic elements of the BS 8007 are now sum-
marised, changes and additions to the previous code are
highlighted. Where applicable, extracts from the standard
are included with kind permission of the BSI.
General: (Section 1 of BS 8007)
Scope: This British Standard provides recommendations for
the design and construction of normal reinforced and
prestressed concrete structures used for the containment or
exclusion of aqueous liquids. The term 'liquid' in this code
includes any contained or excluded aqueous liquids but
excludes aggressive liquids. The code does not cover dams,
pipes, pipelines, lined structures, or the damp-proofing of
basements. The term 'structure' is used herein for the vessel
that contains or ex.cludes the liquid, and includes tanks,
reservoirs, and other vessels.
NOTE I The design of structures of special form or in unusual
circumstances is a matter for the judgement of the designer
NOTE 2 The titles of the publications referred to in this
standard are listed on the inside back cover
A design temperature range of 0 °C to 35°C is now
specified for containment under normal conditions.
Recommendations are also included with regard to
structures subject to adverse ground conditions.
Design objectives and general recommendations:
(Section 2 of BS 8007)
Design objectives: The purpose of design is the achievement
of acceptable probabilities that the structure being designed
will not become unfit in any way for the use for which it
is intended. This code provides for a method of design based
on limit state philosophy that is generally in accordance with
the methods employed in BS 8110. Structural elements that
are not part of the liquid-retaining structure should be
designed in accordance with BS 8110.
Structural design:
(a) It is recommended that the design of sections be
based upon crack width limitations initially and then
other serviceability and ultimate limit states be
checked.
2
(b) The partial safety factor for retained water shall be
1.4 for most situations for ultimate limit state (ULS)
and 1.0 for serviceability limit state (SLS).
(c) There shall be a factor of safety of at least 1. I against
flotation.
(d) The maximum crack widths shall be:
(i) RC - all faces of liquid containing or
excluding structures - 0.2 mm max.
RC - where aesthetic appearance is critical
- 0.1 mm max.
(ii) PS - limited to requirements of BS 8110;
however, refer to Section 4.3 of BS 8007 for
particular rules for cylindrical tanks.
(iii) PS - except for the special recommendations
for the design of cylindrical prestressed
structures (see Section 4.3 of BS 8(07), the
tensile stress in the concrete should be limited
for prestressed concrete structures in accord-
ance with the recommendations of Section
2.2.3.4.2 of BS 8110 : Part 1 : 1985.
(e) Deflection - Walls designed by limit state theory
are thinner than those designed by elastic theory and
the designer is cautioned to ensure that deflection,
due to loading or rotation of the supporting earth,
is not excessive. The method of backfilling should
be clearly defined. (Where deflection is the sig-
nificant factor in the design of a wall the authors of
this book recommend that the thickness of the wall
be increased rather than the area of steel be increased
to satisfy the BS 8110 requirements.)
Loads:
(a) All structures required to retain liquids should be
designed for both the full and empty conditions, and
the assumptions regarding the arrangement of loading
should be such as to cause the most critical effects.
Particular attention should be paid to possible sliding
and overturning.
(b) ULS condition liquid levels should be taken to the
top of the walls for design purposes assuming all
outlets blocked. SLS condition liquid levels should
be taken to the overflow, or working top level, for
design purposes assuming all outlets open.
(c) No relief should be allowed for beneficial soil pres-
sures in designing walls subjected to internal water
loading.
(d) Thermal movement in roofs should be minimised by
appropriate means. It is noted that where a roof is
rigidly fixed to a wall, forces will be generated in
the wall should the roof expand or contract.
(e) Earth covering roofs should be treated as a dead load,
excessive construction loads should, however, be
considered in the design.
Analysis of wall and junctions: The code states that
bending and direct tension should be taken into account
in the design process (refer to examples in Chapters 3 and
4). It is worth noting that significant horizontal bending
moments occur at corners of rectangular containers par-
ticularly where the walls have a length/height ratio in
excess of 2.
SUe condiJiOM:
(a) Ground movements - for subsidence effects. guid-
ance is given on methods to limit the damage that
may result (see Chapter 2).
(b) Reference is made to the recommendations of
BS 8110 regarding the effect of aggressive soils upon
concrete.
Causes and control of cracking: Cracking in walls occurs
as a result of
(a) external loading and changes in temperature during
the working life of the structure;
(b) chemical and physical changes generated particularly
by changes in temperature and moisture content as
the concrete matures and strengthens;
(c) restraints to movement by adjoining stronger
concrete sections;
(d) inadequate detailing of reinforcement and of
associated poor construction techniques.
Concrete is particularly weak for the first few days
following its construction. Careful thought and super-
vision prior to casting, and immediately afterwards, will
assist in ensuring a sound structure. The code recommends
that the prudent use of reinforcement, movement joints
and construction techniques will heip in keeping crack
widths within acceptable limits.
The extract below from clause 2.6.2.2 of BS 8007 gives
useful advice on particular methods of minimising and
controlling cracking resulting from moisture and
temperature changes within the structure:
In order to minimise and control cracking thaI may result
from temperature and moisture changes in the structure it
is desirable to limit the following factors:
(a) the maximum temperature and moisture changes liwing
construction by:
(I) using aggregates having low or medium coefficients
of thermal expansion and avoiding the use of
shrinkable aggregates,
(2) using the minimum cement content consistent
with the fe1:juirements for durability and, when
necessary. for sulphate resistance,
(3) using cements with lower rates of heat evolution,
(4) keeping concrete from drying out until the struc-
ture is filled or enclosed,
(5) avoiding thermal shock or over-rapid cooling of
a cone rete surface;
(b) restraints to expansion and construction by the provision
of movement joints (see Section 5.3 of BS 8007);
(c) restraints from adjacent sections of the work by using
a planned sequence of construction or temporary open
sections (see Section 5.5 of BS 8007);
(d) localised cracking within a particular member between
movement joints by using reinforcement or prestress;
(el rate of first filling with liquid (see Section 9.2 of
BS 8007);
(I) thermal shock caused by filling a cold structure with
a warm liquid or vice versa.
Design and detailing recommendations are also given
at the end of Section 2.6 of BS 8007 and it is noted that:
(a) where reinforcement is required to control
and thermal cracking, it should placed as
concrete surface as the cover requirements allow;
(b) unless joints are placed at close centres (see clause
5.3.3 of BS 8007) the amount of reinforcement in
each surface zone in both directions shall not be less
than the amount shown in Fig. 1.1.

---jr-O--;;/?'I'('--:;/?"'I--:":-.-~ '" .R""

'°.·.0." . . I b~,? 1'':(; ~,,(J.tJ"
.. 0 "00°. I I' P

h 4500mm
I h > 500mm
(ilm1 Walls) 1

I
1 For minimum areas
of reinforcement
see page 4

Figure 1.1

3
 The reinforcement should be calculated in accordance with
Section 5.3.3 and Appendix A of BS 8007. Except as
provided for in option 3 in Table 5.1 and Section 5.3.3, the
amount of reinforcement in each of two directions at right
angles within each surface zone should be not less than
0.35 % of the surface zone cross section. as defined in
Figures A.I and A.2 for deformed grade 460 requirement
and not less than 0.64 % for plain grade 250 reinforcement.
In wall slabs less than 200 mm in thickness the calculated
amount of reinforcement may all be placed in one face. For
ground slabs less than 300 mm thick (see A.2 of BS 8007).
the calculated reinforcement should be placed as near to the
upper surface as possible consistent with the nominal cover.
Design life and serviceability: The design life of the
structure should be in the range of 40 to 60 years. It is
noted that elements of the structure may have a shorter
working life than the main structure Uoints. sealants etc}.
It is obviously prudent to ensure that replaceable items
are accessible without major destruction of other elements.
The designer should explain how often the structure is
to be inspected and maintained. In particular the struc-
ture should be examined regularly for cracks. rust stains
and other signs of deterioration. A schedule of precautions
necessary to prevent potential damage to the structure
should be written into the commissioning document. For
example. if the media in a sunken filter bed is used to
prevent flotation then it must not be replaced without first
lowering the external water table! Pressure relief valves
must be checked before any work is carried out which
depends upon their effective operation.
Both faces of a liquid containing or excluding structure.
together with internal supports of a containment structure.
shall be considered to have a minimum surface exposure
rating of 'severe' as defined in clause 3.3.4 of BS 8110.
Where exposed concrete is subjected to severe freezing
conditions whilst wet. then a 'very severe' rating is to
be used.
The concrete design and specification in the code is con-
sidered adequate for a structure exposed to 'severe'
conditions as defined in BS 8110. However the designer's
attention is drawn to the possibility of biological decay
resulting from adverse materials contained within the
stored liquid or present in the external ground water.
Where such conditions arise or where an 'extended design -
life' for the structure is required then additional cement
content. cover or special reinforcement may be necessary.
Note: All examples in the chapters that follow are designed
with 45 mm minimum cover since it is the authors' exper-
ience that clients generally expect their structures to have
a design life well in excess of 40 to 60 years!
The code stresses the requirement that the concrete
should have a low permeability. This is one of the most
significant factors in reducing the incidence of chemical
attack, erosion, abrasion, frost damage and corrosion of
reinforcement.
The nominal cover for reinforcement is given as 40 mm
minimum. However, if the cover is increased then surface
crack widths resulting from bending and direct tension
will also increase (see Appendix B and the design
examples in the chapters that follow).
Specification: The designer is asked to ensure that as far
4
as is reasonably practicable the assumptions made at the
design stage occur on site and that the quality of both
materials and workmanship are satisfactory,
Operational safety considerations: The designer should
take into account the requirements given in those sections
of the Health and Safety at Works Act (1974). One of the
most common 'dangerous occurrences' statistic which
happens in the water industry is death or injury resulting
from people entering unventilated enclosed structures
without first checking that the atmosphere is satisfactory.
The code takes this into account by stressing that:
(i) At least two access hatches should be provided at
opposite ends of a structure and at least one in each
compartment. The hatches should be large enough
to enable personnel wearing breathing apparatus to
enter.
(ii) Provision should be made to ensure that there is
adequate ventilation to limit dangerous accumula-
tions of gas or toxic atmospheres to acceptable levels.
Increasing concern over accidents within the construction
industry. often resulting from lack of training, has led to
the inclusion of the following generalised statement in the
contract documents:
'Personnel will only be allowed on site if they have evidence
to prove that they have had recent training in the safety
requirements necessary for this contract or that they are
escorted during their visit by suitably qualified and approved
staff. .
The proposed draft HSC Construction Management
Regulations includes the following definition of duties for
designers under Regulation 7, in Fig. 1.2.
Constnu:tion management
Proposals for Regulations and an
Approved Code of Practice
Figure 1.2
Any person who designs a structure shall ensure as far as
is reasonably practicable that the structure is so designed that
it can be built, maintained (including re-pointed, re-decorated
and cleaned), repaired and demolished safely and without
risk to health.
Any person who designs a structure shall ensure, so far
as is reasonably practicable, that his design shall include
adequate information about any aspect of the design or
materials which might affect the health and safety of any con-
tractor or any other person at work on that structure.
( I ) Designers should consider whether there are any special
factors which would affect the health and safety of those
doing the work and. if so, should inform prospective
contractors in terms at the tender stage and in more detail
when specifying design details, construction methods
or materials.

can
account of the user's
them in the course of the life
eventual need to demolish them.
(3)
which
subsequent work on
appropriate information
by the designer for future reference.
reinforced concrete:
Design: The basis of design should comply with the
requirements of BS 8110, however, those areas of
BS 8007 which are not in accordance with BS 8110 are
stated.
Methods of limiting crack widths taking into account
constructional and design requirements in the immature
and mature concrete are listed.
Design and detailing of prestressed concrete:
(Section 4 of BS 80(7)
The basis of design is stated. in the same manner as for
reinforced concrete above. However, particular rules for
cylindrical prestressed concrete structures are included
(see Chapter 6). The nominal cover should be such as to
satisfy the 'very severe' exposure condition ofBS 8110.
Design, detailing and workmanship of joints:
(Section 5 of BS 8007)
General:
Joints in liquid-retaining structures are temporary or
permanent discontinuities at sections. and may be formed
or induced.
This section describes the types of joint that may be
required and gives recommendations for their design and
construction. The types of joint are illustrated in Figure 5. I
(BS 8007) and are intended to be diagrammatic. Jointing
materials are considered in Appendix C of BS 8007.
Joints may be used, in conjunction with a corresponding
proportion of reinforcement. to control the concrete crack
widths arising from shrinkage and thermal changes to within
acceptable limits.
Since the main source of leakage in water-retaining
structures occurs at joint positions. considerable attention
is given to this subject. The code lists six types of joint:
(a) expansion;
(b) complete contraction;
(c) partial contraction;
(d) hinged;
(e) sliding;
(0 construction.
Descriptions and details
and method construction.
has to the position and type of joint cOl18id!en~
best for a particular situation.
The spacing of joints is left to
Some favour close joints whereas
at all and use higher quantities of steel to control crack-
ing. Table 1.3. extracted from the code, indicates that both
systems are acceptable.
Section 5.4 of the code specifies in some detail how
a construction joint may be formed to continuity
of strength and resistance to the need of
a water bar. Where it is necessary no movement joints
to exist such as in tanks where direct tension occurs
Section 5.5 of the code refers to the possibility of
temporary open sections being left between panels as
shown in Fig. 1.3.
Figure 1.3
The benefits are that the amount of reinforcement
necessary to control early thermal cracking is minimised.
The only thermal effects to be considered are those result-
ing from seasonal variations (T2 - see Appendix A-
A3. BS 8007).
The section closes with advice on joints in ground slabs,
roofs and walls; however, it is noted that for all vertical
joints in the walls of circular tanks, including construc-
tion joints, it is necessary to provide water bars to prevent
leakage.
Concrete: specification and materials:
(Section 6 of BS 80(7)
It is recommended that when blended cements are used
the maximum proportion of ggbfs should not exceed 50 %.
where pfa is used the maximum proportion should not
exceed 35 %.
The code specifies a particular concrete mix for general
use with water-retaining structures classed as grade C35A
with a minimum cement content of 325 kg/m3.
Further comments are made regarding workability.
blinding layers and pneumatically applied mortar. It is
recommended that since cracking in concrete cannot be
5
Table 1.3 Design options for control of thermal contraction and restrained shrinkage
(BS 8007, Table 5.1)

Option Type of construction and Movement joint spacing 5/eel ratio Comments
method of control (see 00/92)

Continuous:
for full restraint
Semicontinuous:
for partial restraint
3 Close movement joint
spacing: for freedom of
movement
No joints, but expansion jOints at Minimum of Use small size bars at close
wide spacings may be desirable in Peril spacing to avoid high steel
walls and roofs that are not protected ratios wen in excess of Peril
from solar heat gain or where the
contained liquid is subjected to a
substantial temperature range
(a) Complete joints, ~ 15 m Minimum of Use small size bars but less
(b) Alternate partial and complete Peril steel than in option 1
joints (by interpolation), ~ 11.25 m
(c) Partial joints, ~ 7.5 m
(a) Complete joints, in metres 213 Penl Restrict the joint spaCing for
options 3(b) and 3(c)
w
4.8 + -
~
,
(b) Alternate partial and complete
jOints, in metres
w
~ O.5s max + 2.4-
f

(c) Partial joints

Note 1 References should be made to Appendix A, BS 8110, for the description of the symbols used in this table and for
calculating Peril' smax and,
Note 2 In options 1 and 2 the steel ratio will generally exceed Peril to restrict the crack widths to acceptable values. In option
3 the steel ratio of 213 Penl will be adequate

totally avoided, any member that is permanently exposed cation of reinforcement, prestressing tendons and
to view is provided with a profile or type of finish which inspection and testing of the structure for water tightness
will minimise the effects of surface marking. and liquid retention.
The remaining sections of the code relate to the specifi-

6
 minimum
and crack
ten'1pe!rat iure and
This section provides more information than the previous
code on the concrete is affected by temperature and
moisture. research work has been carried out by
such organisations as CIRlA, BCA and many universities,
which helps engineers to understand how durable concrete
may be produced.
Typical values of the fall in temperature between the
hydration peak and the ambient, referred to as T 1 in the
code, are given in Table A.I, which is an extract from
BS 8007.
Further topics in Appendix A give guidance and ~
on:
(i) minimum reinforcement;
(ii) the spacing of cracks;
(iii) crack control in thick sections;
and
(iv) external restraint factors.
Table 9.16 at the rear of this book gives the percentage
of steel necessary to comply with Appendix A for varying
values ofT! & 1'2, steel diameters and crack widths. For
example, for a temperature fall of 40 °C, 16 mm diameter
type 2 bar and a crack width of 0.2 mm, 0.64 % steel is
required within the zone thickness.

Table 14..1 Typical values of T1 for ope

concretes, where more particular information is
not available (BS 8007, Table A,2) Appendix B Calculations of crack widths In
mature concrete

One of the features of BS 5337, the previous 'water-

Section Walls Ground slabs: retaining structures' code, was that the cracks resulting
thickness OPC content, from bending stresses should be calculated. Revised
(mm) Steel 18mm (kglm 3)
form work: OPC plywood
equations are given in BS 8007 to comply with BS 8110
content, form work: requirements. In addition, equations to estimate the crack
(kglm 3) OPC content, widths due to direct tension are now included.
Clause 2.2.1 of BS 8007 suggests that the design
process commences with the calculation of crack widths
325 350 400 325 350 400 325 350 400 based on the Appendix B equations and recommendations.
Tables 9.4 to 9.9 inclusive, are prepared to help the
300 11 13 15 23 25 31 15 17 21 designer to obtain very quickly a range of concrete
500 20 22 27 32 35 43 25 28 34 sections using differing thicknesses, cover and diameters
700 28 32 39 38 42 49 of steel. These will, for a particular service bending
1000 38 42 49 42 47 56 moment. generate a crack width equal to or slightly less
than 0.2 mm.
Note 1 For suspended slabs cast on flat steel formwork, use In addition Program I.P, given on page 8 allows the
the data in column 2 designer to input the bending moment, thickness of slab
Note 2 For suspended slabs cast on plywood formwork, use and cover. The output gives a range of diameters of bars,
the data in column 4. spacing and resulting crack widths.
The table assumes the following:
(a) that the formwork is left in position until the peak Example: (Using Tables 9.5 to 9.7, and also using
temperature has passed;
Program I.P,)
(b) that the concrete placing temperature is 20°C;
(c) that the mean daily temperature is 15°C;
(d) that an allowance has not been made for solar heat gain
in slabs.

Table B.1 Bending moment - 100 kNM; cover

It is noted that the mean daily temperature used in the to main steel - 45 mm
preparation of this table is 15°C. Once again close co-
operation between designer and contractor is necessary Table 'Type 2' Thickness Spacing of Crack width
to ensure that the estimated TI figure, assumed at the bar diameter (mm) (mm) bars (mm) from
design stage, is valid at the construction stage. Program
The long term seasonal temperature falls are denoted IP 1 (mm)
in Appendix A3 (BS 8(07) by the figure T2. This effect
9-05 T12 500 175 0.20
occurs in the mature concrete and is catered for by: 9-05 T12 400 100 0.19
0) where continuous construction is used T2 is added 9-06 T16 500 225 0.18
to T I and a greater area of reinforcement is 9-06 T16 400 150 0.20
required; 9-07 T20 500 300 0.18
(ii) the use of movement joints to absorb these variations 9-07 T20 400 200 0.20
in length.

7
Program 1P1 Design of a concrete slab to ensure that the crack width generated does not exc8ed
0.2 mm for a particular bending moment, depth of slab and any cover to steel

4 REM CALCULArES CRACK WIDrHS FOR RC SLABS - BOOKI IS rHE REFERENCE

5 LPRINl''':::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: f : II
6 LPRINr" fHE DESIGN OF R.C.SLABS FOR A CRACK WIDTH OF 0.2mm"
7 LPRINT"::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::"
9 LPRINl'" "
10 DIM r(12,28) ,S!?(12,28) ,0(12,28) ,M(12,28) ,11.5(12,28) ,HQR(12,28) ,CW(12,28) ,N(12
28) ,OIA(12,2i}
11 LPRINr
12 INPur "1'HE BEN'OINJ MOMENr IS" iB"l
13 INPUT "THE 'rHICKNESS OF THE SIAB IS "iHI
14 INPur "rHE COVER ro THE MAIN REINFORCEMENr I3"iCOV
15 LPRINr II THE DESIGN SERVICE BENDING MOM'll' IS "i 8Mi" kNm"
16 LPRINr" "
11 LPRINr " rHE rHICKNESS OF i'RE 3L~a IS ";Ml;" mm"
18 LPRI~Ii''' "
19 LPRHlr " rHE COVER ro rHE D~SIGN sreEL IS "SCOVi" mm"
20 LPRINl''' "
21 LPRIiH " ARE~ STEEL DI~
22 LPtUtH " sq.mm mm mm
23 LPRIlH" ..
30 FOR 3=4 TO 12 STEP 1
40 FOR H=12 "1'') 28 Si'EP .t
42 ~Il\(5,H)=H
45' IF OIA(S,H) = 24 rHE'J !JIA,(S,H) .. 25
46 IF DIA(S,H)= 28 i'HBN OIA(3,H)=32
50 SP(3,H)~ 3*25
60 'r ( s , H) = H 1
70 D(5,H)= HI-COV~DIA(S.H)/2
75 AS(S,H)=!.142* OIA(3,H)-2*.25*lOOO/SP(S,H)
76 HOR(S,H)~M(3,H)*1000/)(S,H)-2 Il'\pu~ :
80 GOSua 510
110 NEXT H BtYld",,'3 ~tKeH t
120 NE){r S Tk,ekH~$~ of s\ab
152 LPRINi'" "
153 LPiUNr" " C.vty to \MaiM stte.\ •
156 LPRINr"::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::"
180 END ~
510 ~1(S,H)=9~I*lOOOOJO! .A.J
520
530
AE '" 15
I?=AS(S,H)/(lJOO*')(S,H)
.,.:0
CO,,&~):;q 0,,0
~. ~ D'""
.;9 .",-t

510 X=SOR(AE*P* (AE*P+2» -AE*P . ~:;;~ • o~~:

550 Z=1-X!3 ~~--------------------~
560 FS=:'I(S,H)/(A:3(3,H)*Z*0(S,H) Figure 81
570 55=F5/(200*1000)
5 !3 0 S E =5 5 * (r ( 3 , H) - 0 ( '3 , H) * X) I ( D ( :3 , Ii) - 0 ( S , J.j) * x )
590 SI=1000*(r(S,H)-D(S,H)*X)-1!(600*1000*AS(S,H)*D(S,H)*(I-X»
600 Si1=SE-Sl
510 ~CR=3QR{(.S*3P(S,H»-2+(COVtOIA(S,H)/2)-2)-DIA(S,q)/2
620 CW(S,H).3*ACR*3~/(1+(2*(ACR-COV)/(r(S,H)-D(5,H)*X»)
G50 IF 2i'l(S,H) <.15 fHEtJ 690
665 IF CW(S,H) ).20l rHEN 690
668 M(S,H)~~(S,H)/(1000*1000)
670 LPRIN£ U5IN':;" ££2£.££" iAS(3,H) ;0I~(S,H) iSP(S,H) ;CI'l(3,H)
674 LPRINf" "
690 RErURN

8
 Output
:::::::::: :::::::::::::::;::::: : :::::: ::::: :::::::::
THE DESIGN OF R.C .SLABS FOR A RACK \HDrH OF o. 2mm
:::::: :::::::: : :::::::::::::::: :::::::::: ::::::::::::

THE DESIGN SERVICE BENDING MOt4ENT I3 100 kNm

THE THICKNESS OF rHE SLAB IS 400 mm

THE COVER TO rHE DESIGN STEEL IS 45 mm

AREA srEEL DIA SPACING :;1
sq.mm mm mm mm
1131. 12 12.00 100.00 0.19

1608.70 16.00 125.00 0.16

1340.59 16.00 150.00 0.20

1795.43 20.00 175.00 0.17

1571.00 20.00 '200.00 0.20

2181. 94 25.00 225.00 0.16

1963.75 25.00 250.00 0.18

Appendix C Jointing materials Appendix D Future standards

This section of the code starts by defining the various joint-
ing materials. Since the most common source of
leakage/entry of water is at joint positions, it then reminds
the designer of the need to consider, whilst detailing,. the
problems of future maintenance:
The joints described in Section 5 of BS 8007 require the use
of combinations of jointing materials, which may be classified
as:
(a) joint fillers;
(b) waterstops;
(c) joint sealing compounds (including primers where
required).
These materials are inaccessible once the liquid-retaining
structure has been commissioned until the structure is taken
out of use. The design uses for these materials in joints should
take into account their performance characteristics, both
individually and in combination, and the restrictions and
difficulties of access to them should the joints not perform
as designed.
It is important that acceptable methods of compacting
the concrete around the joint are defined prior to the
concrete being placed.
As was mentioned at the beginning of this chapter,
water-retaining structures must be well built. BS 8007
provides many useful guidelines on how durable concrete
may be produced.
The advent of the European code for concrete EC 2 is
now well under way and the general opinion is that the
procedures in the proposed code and those in BS 8110
are similar and the results of using either code will produce
little change of any significance. The approach to carrying
out the design is different, however, and some of these
differences are given below, particularly where they affect
the design of water-retaining structures.
The code deals with principles which are mandatory and
with rules which contain a method of satisfying these
principles but permit alternative methods, ,which must,
however, still comply with the necessary requirements.
The cover to steel is generally less than that stated in
BS 8110 but tolerances for workmanship deficiencies must
be added to these values (5-10 mm is the current extra
cover recommended for in-situ concrete). The span/
effective depth ratios are of interest in that lightly stressed
cantilevers (containing <0.5 % reinforcement) have a
permitted slenderness ratio of 10 whereas highly stressed
members (containing > 1.5 % reinforcement) have a
permitted value of 7. The result is that the designer is
encouraged to increase the thickness of the concrete rather
than increase the steel areas when deflection is a problem.
The control of cracking resulting from early thermal
effects or serviceability tensile stresses is considered in
depth by EC 2 and minimum areas of steel will be greater
than that specified in BS 8007 in certain situations.
In general terms the individuals and organisations
involved with the development ofEC 2 are confident that
the effects of the changes will be minimal upon those
engineers who are familiar with BS 8110.

9
2
Design and constructional aspects

As with all structures. careful attention to detailing.
specification of materials. methods of construction. the
supporting element and methods of protectioo from attack
by adverse chemicals should result in a structure that will
have a satisfactory life. Proposed new safety legislation
referred to in Chapter I spells out clearly. however. that
the designer should not only ensure that the structure
should be built well and safely but also that it can be safely
maintained. repaired and demolished! The designer must
not only be skilled in design and construction but also have
some understanding of the operational warie that the
structure was ••It for and also how it should be main-
tained an. repaiFeCil during its working life.
The designer is beililg encouraged to work more closely
with those who build the structure and also those who use
it. For example. if one is designing a reservoir. a typical
design brief prepared by the operations groop would result
in requirements similar to those shown in Fig. 2.1.

f
5 k. k J J

- .. -

Figure 2.1 (a) full height division wall; (b) minimum slope of floor and roof 1 in 200; (c) all
wall/floor, wall/wall, columnlfloor junctions to be haunched; (d) no protrusion of column bases above
floor level; (e) smooth internal concrete surfaces; (f) a gap of at least 100 mm between top water
level and underside of roof soffit or roof beams; (g) at least two access hatches to each
compartment - the sides to extend at least 300 mm above soil level - main access hatch should
have a landing 2.5 m below hatch and ideally further descent should be via a flight of steps; (h)
corrosion protected ladders but not smooth stainless steel; (j) special 1 m x 1 m sealed access
opening for mechanical plant and large equipment placed into compartment by crane sat on
hardstand; (k) suitable ventilation inclused to (i) accommodate changes in water level, (ii) prevent
local accumulation of stagnant air, (iii) prevent entry of polutants to reservoir; (/) underfloor drainage;
(m) roof to be covered with topsoil and grass which is to be cut with the aid of a small tractor and
mower; (n) embankment to have a maximum slope of 1 in 2.5.

10
 The contractor's preference would probably include:
(a) c1oseconsultation before design details are finalised,
based on the understanding that the contractor has
specialist knowledge on COfllli:rUC-tion that the designer
may not have;
(b) discussions during the construction without the
restraint of preconceived solutions;
(c) a combined approach to problem solving;
(d) an ~greed performance specification based on design
parameters;
(e) simple detailing and sufficient width of section that
enables the concrete to be easily placed and
compacted between shutters;
(f) a flat formation level with no downstands for bases
or ribs;
(g) a team, rather than adversarial, approach to the
contract.
One example where close liaison with the contractor
is of value can be shown with the aid of Fig. 2.2. BS 8007,
Appendix AS, gives the restraint factors for three differing
methods of wall construction. Elevations a, c and d shown
in Fig. 2.2 give indications of the valiation ofthe amounts
of steel required for each type of construction.
If the designer places sufficient reinforcement for the
'sequential bay wall construction' (type c) but the con-
tractor, at estimating stage and often without full detailed
drawings, bases his quotation on carrying out the work
using a combination of types a and d, the result is that
some parts of the wall will be under-reinforced and
changes will have to be made either by the designer or
by the contractor, or, if not noticed, the wall may crack.
External restraint factors (BS 8007)
Effective external restraint may be taken as 50 % of the total
external restraint because of internal creep. Reference was
made in A3 (BS 8007) to movement joints that greatlweduce
the rigid external restraint assumed for continuous walls.
However, there are other situations where the assumed
external restraint factor R can be less than 0.5. Some typical
situations for thin sections subjected to external restraint are
illustrated in Fig. A3 (BS 8007) and allow for any beneficial
internal restraints.
Note that no thermal Craclctlig ill likely~)~ ~
2.4 m of a free edge since experience lw !lOO~~ tl1is
is the length of wall or floor slab over w~ ilie~ ~
capacity of the concrete exceeds the increasing ~
contraction, the restraim factor varying betweoo mro 4t the
free edge to a maximum of 0.5 a12.4 m from ilie~~.
Note that cracking can occur near the eoosif ~li lriIluc.ers
such as pipes O"vCur within this 2.4 m length o!~aU of slab.
However, if not less than 2/3 Pcr!:, based on the s~
zones, is provided and there are no obvious stress raiseis,
it may be assumed that the free ends of the members will
move inwards without cracking up to where R "" 0.5. Where
this is only a temporary free edge and a subsequent bay is
cast against the edge, the larger restraint factor for the sub-
sequent bay is shown in parentheses in Fig. A3 (BS 80(7)
and should be assumed [4].
The restraint within a wall or floor panel depends not only
on the location within the slab but also on the proportions
of the slab. The table below shows how the restraint factors
vary between opposite edges, one free and one fixed (e.g.
for a wall slab the base section is the fixed edge and the top
section is the free edge).
Influence of slab properties on the control line restraint factor
LlH Design control line horizontal
ratio* restraint factors
Base of panel Top of panel
0.5t o
0.5t o
0.5t 0.05t
0.5t 0.3t
>8 0.5t O.5t
*H is the height or width to a free edge
L is the distance between full contraction
joints
t These values can be less if L<4.8 m
The effective external restraint in ground slabs cast on smooth
blinding concrete for the seasonal temperature variation T3
may be taken as being the design restraint factor R = 0.5
at the mid-length. for 30 m lengths and over, and it may be
assumed to vary uniformly from 0.5 to zero at the ends.
Where R = 0.25 AS = TI2 at 300 C/C
Where R = 0.50 AS = Tl2 at 150 C/C
11
 6.0

Horizontal r"traint II<lor.

]
Obh;n Ir •• l.bI. A.3
I., lhis unlral ,one

(8)

. ~~it~~
...: ------------- ---_.
o.s: .OJ.

~'---p~,.nli~;f-- ----WI
°1 ,. ~."J
UKkl H °1
•

• Wher. H~ L. this factor .0.511- fI

(b)

Figure 2.2 External restraint factors (BS 8007, Appendix 5, Fig. A3). (a) wall on base; (b) horizontal
slab between rigid restraints; (c) sequential bay wall construction - with construction joints; (d)
alternate bay wall construction - with construction joints

12
 (c)

:,-.-:-
-::..
--
._.
~:

llWhtrt LIS 2H, Ih... rnlrainl faclors

.O.SI1./;' I
-
NOTE. V.lu" of RUled in 1M dHign Ihould be rtl.ttd to the
prKtical distribution of ,einfOfcement.

(d)

Figure 2.2 (continued)

13
Initial considerations
Prior to the commencement of the design it is first
necessary to have information concerning the site con-
ditions and then to sketch out essential construction details,
i.e., if there is a high water table and flotation is a problem
then a decision has to be made whether the design includes
for thick slabs and walls, pressure relief valves, ground
anchors etc; aggressive soil conditions will affect the
specification of the concrete.
Soil investigation
There should be a comprehensive soil report on any major
contract, and with the increasing usc of structure-soil
interaction, CBR tests should be carried out in order that
the modulus of subgrade reaction may be assessed for
design purposes.
An example of the influence of the ground upon the
structure is shown in Fig. 2.3(a,b) for a circular settlement
tank.
<a)
(b)
Figure 2.3 Tank supported by (a) base sat upon
rock, (i) a complex conical shell design,
(ii) heavily reinforced sections; (b) floor sat upon
gravel, (i) simple design, (ii) lightly reinforced
sections
14
If flotation is a problem it is beUter, where possible,
to have any extra concrete above the external water table
since its full weight is used, whereas only approximately
60 % of the weight of the concrete below the water table
level is of practical use because of the displacement of
the water.
If the base slab extends beyond the wall then not only
is a firm support provided for the wall shutters but also
the fill above the extension assists in preventing uplift.
Thick base slabs, which are often constructed to prevent
flotation, require large quantities of reinforcement to resist
thermal cracking and to ccomply with the other recom-
mendations of BS 8007. One solution is to have a
nominally reinforced layer of 'thick blinding' cast beneath
the designed thinner base slab and to tie the two elements
together using a detail which permits the upper slab to
have an ability to move horizontally but not vertically;
it is beneficial that there should be a water seal between
the two slabs at the perimeter.
Concrete specification
There are many factors which influence the quality of the
concrete used in the construction process, however, the
main requirement has always been that the concrete should
be durable in the environment it is placed and when sub-
jected to the forces it must resist.
Many articles and papers have been published indicat-
ing how concrete can be improved or why failures have
occurred, but it has been shown that there are certain
fundamental factors which must be satisfied in order that
a dense impermeable concrete can
be produced. The omis-
sion of one of these factors may reduce the useful life of
the concrete.
The main requirements in obtaining concrete which is
easily placed, has a low permeability and adequate
durability are:
(a) An adequate cement content.
(b) The provision of a consistent, cohesive, well-graded
mix which is easily placeable, does not segregate and
does not require a considerable amount of 'working'
to achieve a dense outer layer.
(c) The lowest water/cement ratio possible to suit the
level of compaction provided.
(d) Sufficient compaction to provide a dense mass of
thoroughly compacted concrete particularly around
the reinforcement.
(e) The use of a proven satisfactory method of curing
the concrete. (Flooding a slab with water for at least
seven days is of benefit, however, other considera-
tions such as the temperature gradient from the centre
of the slab to the upper surface may be the dominant
factor.)
(0 The design details, particularly with regard to joint
positions, to be well considered in advance of the
contract commencing.
(g) The cover to the steel to be at least the minimum
recommended to suit the condition of exposure.
(b) Trained and experienced supervision to be provided a particular mix complies with these 'TeQDirements.
by the contractor. Experienced engineers inspecting Information from the materials supplier should include:
the work on behalf of the client. A proven testing
(a) The declared alkali content (DAC) of the cement.
system and an available on-site covermeter.
(b) The percentage of sodium chloride present in the
(i) The concrete to be designed to resist all forces and
coarse and fine aggregate. It is noted that only 76 %
known environmental effects and to be inspected and
of this quantity is active and need be used in
maintained at appropriate intervals of time especially
calculations .
during the early years of its life.
An example of the use of these graphs is given on page 16.
In BS 8110 clause 6.2.5 precautions are recommended
where chemical attack of the concrete is expected. Limits
on chloride and alkali content of the concrete are stated
and the Graphs 2.1 and 2.2 assist in checking whether

CHLORIDES IN CONCRETE

Design Information required from Concrete Supplier:

i) Cement - Declared Alkali Content (DAC) (0.75%)

ii) Sodium Chloride Ion % Coarse Aggregate (0.029%)
iii) Sodium Chloride Ion % Fine Aggregate (0.045%)

Note The DAC value for ggbfs and pfa is taken as 0.1% however this
figure can increase with finely ground ggbfs - check with
supplier.

la) First Design - CONCRETE MIX / CUBIC METRE

Cement 325 kg
Coarse Aggregate 1241 kg
Fine Aggregate 687 kg

ALKALI CONTENT (BS8110 cl.6.2.5.2)

Coarse Agg. (graph 2.1) (0.029%) 180 * 1241/1000000 .22 * .76 • 0.17 kg
Fine Agg.(graph 2.1) (0.045%) 280 * 687/1000000 .19 * .76 a 0.14 kg
Cement (graph 2.2) DAC = 0.75% .. 2.90 kg

TOTAL 3.21 kg
> 3.00 kg/cubic metre
CHLORIDE ION CONTENT (BS 8110 cl.6.2.5.2)

Coarse Agg.(graph 2.1) 180 * 1241/1000000 • .22 kg

Fine Agg.(graph 2.1) 280 * 687/1000000 a .19 kg
Cement (Hormal 0.02%) 0.2 * 325/100 • .07 kg
TOTAL 0.48 kg
% chlorides ion / cement content = 0.48 * 100/325 .. 0.15% < .4% OK
Ib) REDESIGNED MIX TO REDUCE ALKALI CONTENT

Try Cement 260 kg

ggbfs - 1. 5 * (325 -260) 100 kg
coarse aggregate 1241 kg
fine aggregate 687 kg

ALKALI CONTENT

Coarse Agg.(graph 2.1) ... refer above 0.17 kg

Fine Agg. (graph 2.1) ••• refer above 0.14 kg
Cement (graph2.2) (DAC 0.75%) 260 kg 2.30 kg
GGBFS (DAC 0.10%) 100 * 0.1/100 0.10 kg

TOTAL 2.71 kg
<3.0 kg/cubic metre OK

15
 0..,.

.Mf

....
0.040

... N.CI

0.030

O.OlO

0.010

0
0 100 lOG JOG 400 500
lie of Cbloride loos pcr million k& or Aureea.e

_:
AI.-Ie w';'''' , . _ ·IJ. (N.) 380
ATOMIC WEIGHT CHWItINE • J5.5 (CL.

AJHIk "'Ie'" .0.11...../donM $1.5 (NaCl i J60

.. CII","", 0/ NaCl 6/).7"
340

Graph 2.1 Chloride levels in aggregate Cement 310

Cootent pcr
rrJor .\00
Concrete
280

260

240

210

0.4 0.5 U 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1

Declared Alkali CooteDt 'll> of Cement

'"'": GrapJt Ilttorpol'aU'

AtUilUlMI 10k,I"/ CtllUltl COllk1l1

ii. AddilWlI4I 0.1'1\- 011 DA.C.....

Graph 2.2 Weight of alkali in cement

16

One of the prime aims of the design of water-retaining
structures is that cracks, resulting from any cause, are
kept within well defined tolerances.
Cracks can develop as a result of: an unsatisfactory
weather and heat environment as the concrete is cast;
internal stresses occurring during its early life due to
thermal or constructional effects; higher than anticipated
forces being generated during its working life and thermal
or physical movement occurring after the work is
completed.
These causes, and others, have been well investigated
and there are many papers which indicate why the
problems have occurred and how they may be prevented.
The British Cement Association (BCA), in particular,
have a special index on worldwide research into these
problems which enables the design engineer to have easy
access to relevant information.
It is important that the concrete is not affected seriously
by extremes of temperature as it is poured and that
measures are taken to maintain the concrete temperature
within reasonable bounds during its early life.
The designer and contractor must be ready to adjust the
specification of the concrete should adverse conditions
arise, i.e. certain cement replacement materials slow down
the setting time of the concrete in very cold weather and
in very hot weather the concrete can set too quickly
creating difficulties in compaction.
In general terms concrete should not be placed if the
temperature is less than 6 °C unless steps are taken to
insulate the concrete during its early life.
At the other extreme measures must be undertaken to
keep the concrete cool during hot weather, particularly
where the concrete surfaces are exposed to •solar gain'
effects from direct sunlight and from drying winds.
To limit the effects of other causes of cracking the
engineer has to develop positions and types of joints at
the design stage, as well as constructional details and
methods.
The final section of this chapter is connected with joint
and other details.
Section 5 of BS 8007 considers in some depth the
design, detailing and workmanship of joints. The need
for movement joints is explained and particular examples
are shown in Fig. 5.1 in the code.
Figure 2.4(a-k) is based in principle on the rode
requirements and most have been used in pmctice. Various
types of water bars are shown, Fig. 2.4(0) shows the
centre bulb water bar, Fig. 2.4(b) shows a rearguard type
waterstop which must be supported. Fig. 2.4(c) shows
a typical PVC waterstop.
If the waterbar's anticipated life is less than the life of
the concrete then it would seem prudent to use Ii surface
mounted type waterbar as shown in Fig. 2.4(e). The fill
material above the joint must be firm but contain a flexible
element otherwise a hairline crack could develop which
could contain material which might contaminate the stored
water. Figure 2.4(j) indicates a type of simple seal which
expands when in contact with water and seals the gap in
which it is placed and prevents further movement of water.
Some indication of the type and degree of movement
each joint can accommodate is also indicated on the
diagrams.
The previous water-retaining structures code, BS 5337,
introduced the concept of the 'partial contraction joint'
(Fig. 2.4(g.h). This idea did not meet with universal
approval, however, it was kept in BS 8007 with the
recommendation that only half the steel be continuous
across the joint. The benefits are that a sealed joint is
placed which, though weakened, can still transmit moment
and force.
Figure 2.4(k) is a partial contraction joint positioned
in a reservoir at the interface between the external
retaining wall and the base slab. Plastic coated prestressing
cable was used, as shown, with sufficient de-bonded
length either side of the joint to permit a limited amount
of contraction to occur. The cables were able to tie the
slabs together and were strong enough to prevent sliding
occurring. The downstand rib, which was usually placed
beneath the wall, was no longer required and, as a result,
the contractor had a flat site to work on and economies
were achieved.
The compressible material wrapped round the cable at
the joint also permits some vertical displacement potential.
If a greater degree of rotation or articulation is required
then joint Fig. 2.4(j) is capable of this type of movement.
Provided the waterbar is capable of accommodating con-
siderable extensions, then if joint 2.4(a), the expansion
joint, is positioned with a wide gap, this also will accept
rotational movement. See also Figs 2.5 and 2.6.
17
 ~

+--+
O\O"·Qh.OY~~
~Ol~t fill .....
~

bpott6l0tt JoIn ~

(Sh,\ dltcol1t,"uous)
(8) (b)

Oumb-bc.1I .-
water itop

Complet~ Cott+racho.., Jo""t ReargUClrd 'crack. J\lldoc:.eI' '

(Stu' dlSCOHh,uous) Wate.r s~op
(c) (d)

-(

Complet( COI1+rachol1 JOII1 t

( Shtl OI$COI1"KUOU$)
(e) (f)

Figure 2.4 Examples of movement joints

18
 induced

50fo, CO\\tIMUOIJS s\«.l

eo"'piete Com-octlOO l'O\t1t Partial CcmtrQchot\ Jontt
(9) (h)

reSl11 Do..d&d
cork flU&y

I--~-.----
C (.'6·0
l.
'. "D L

Partial CO)1tYochot'l jOl)1t ~Yheulo\ed £XPOI1SIOI1 Jm.,+

(I) 0)

s\(.tvtd 1\ \1\11\ .; pla$h~ c.oo~ ,ud

0.,. 61ecvcci ItU. ba ...

-
Portlo\ Con\YQcilOt\ 3'o",t
(k)

19
 (a) around pipe insert,

(b) at base of wall

Figure 2.5 Water stop details for a waterproofed basement structure

Figure 2.6 Water stop in roof and wall jOint reservoir

20
 $hd.H9 JO.llt
pol\jst!/Ymt

5hdlH9 Roor JoInt

(b)

pia she ,lttv.!

pack'!l9

I~-tt-+--- Cot"l"O"Olo1
pyoof&d
dow & \

hPO"SIOI1 JOII1+
(EltYQtcd .lab - t.uppc»'hI19 WQII Sltua+lOt1)
(c)
Figure 2.7 Joint details for (a) pinned base joint-tied, (b) sliding roof jOint, (c) expansion joint -
slab/supporting wall, (d) sliding roof joint

Typical wall details are given in Fig. 2.7(a-d). Many
reservoirs have been damaged by the use of rigid roof
slab connections which, when a slab expands or contracts
as a result of thermal movement, tends to generate cracks
in the walls, particularly at the corners; the roof also
cracks.
If the roof is only sat upon a sliding joint at the top of
a wall then it has been known for the roof to 'walk off
damaging any external rearguard type waterbar in the
process. Sliding roof type joint details shown in Fig.
2.7(b,d) have been used which do not restrict reasonable
movement of either walls or roof.
There are many benefits which result from making the
details as simple as possible for the designer, detailer and
contractor. Examples are shown in Figs 2.8 and 2.9
where. although the excavation is greater, the end product
is simpler and in many cases results in a quicker and more
economical construction.
Typical details of a swimming pool construction are
given in Fig. 2.IO(a-b).

21
 Simplified Construction Details

[x+erna\ Cka""e.\
above SQ$f. Slab

(a) (b)

Figure 2.8 External channel above base slab

Dlfflcolt to
ot1d detoil
(a)

(b)

Figure 2.9 (a) floor slabs containing ducts, (b) preferred detail

22

Figure 2.10 Swimming pool details (a) typical section. (b) step details
Differential settlement
It is often necessary to construct buildings in close
proximity to d~p tanks and. because the new building
is founded upon disturbed ground. there is a possibility
of cracks occurring as a result of settlement of the material
beneath the foundation of the building. Figure 2.I1(a)
(8)
indicates methods of limiting the effects of this
occurrence.
Figures 2.12 and 2.13 give details of a screw pumping
station where it is essential that both the top and bottom
supports of the screw are supported by the same
foundation, since any differential movements between
these supports will cause the screw to bind upon the
23
~hannel surface in which it sits.
Also, in this diagram. the problem of a deep open tank
in waterlogged ground can be observed. This was finally
solved by having the walls I m thick and the base slab
having a maximum thickness of 2.5 m. The two halves
of the base slab are founded upon di fferent strata and care
must be taken to ensure that there is minimal rotation of
the whole structure particularly as a result of movement
of the water table.
Subsidence
Problems of subsidence resulting from mining or other
causes are restricted to certain areas and it is preferable
not to build sensitive structures in such areas.
Figure 2.14 shows details of the two separate founda-
tions built beneath a water tower which would be affected
by coal mining activities. To cushion the effect of the
mining wave, the lower foundation was sat upon 2 m of
stone reinforced with galvanised bars. The adjoining
reservoir consisted of a series of 9 m2 raft slabs tied
24
together with 'Tensar' geogrid material which would
retain a certain force, but yield if excessive forces
occurred. The backfill consisted of rubber tyres to limit
any pressure developing against the walls.
The first mining wave has passed beneath the structures
and a settlement of approximately I m has occurred. The
tower leans an insignificant 50 mm and may be jacked
up after the next and final wave occurs. The centrally
placed waterbars in the reservoir floor failed in two places
and the repairs were carried out using a surface mounted
alternative. See Figs 2.15 and 2.16.
For additional information on this type of problem Ref.
2-2 is of benefit.
References
2-1 ijow to make today's concrete more durable.
Seminar Institution of Civil Engineers, 1985
2-2 Lackington D W, Robinson B 1973 Articulated
service reservoirs in mining subsidence areas.
Institute of Water Engineers Journal, Vol. 27,
No.4, June
 -¥H~-- S~ ... "d
b4am

r.c. pl ....
"'00"
... u.d
l"ra
Q~

Dlstoybt.d G~oo\1d / "."1440"'''*

s\, .. Hul"'S
/
/
/
/
/ ~ou\O\cI .. ho"'~
/ Se,..+.d ufo",
/
Utile{ 1~+uybc.cI
/
9 vou >\d.

Figure 2.11 Methods of reducing the possibility of differential settlement

Figure 2.12 Screw pump station

25
 H--~I
26
 150Uf6l.d to~
._,... of _,,, S"-t

poI:,"~* 0" 6\U(

m&~h (~ ...dl.JC,(.
::;:,:J1=::r::;::r! .uch~ "tw..,
_.....l----'i:,... COK~f••• ~lHfce"".
I ,
'voctc:rl
I ! !

Re.moveabl& leek
(.0001<." "'I"'''~~) (a)

/'

--.:::.~:=-:~
(b)

q &0/25 9"" ,rodel' po~lUlp\UcM

jon'~ filler • 25 mm ~hlck.

d 2. \Q';It.r& o~ 14K1I"Y

top \"::f4!' 14,,,qy •

Irfflf.Y ICl<jt.' T&"ICII' -

(e)
Figure 2.14 Water tower jacking point foundation detail (a) section, (b) plan view, (c) reservoir floor
slab joint detail

27
Figure 2.15 Water tower subjected to 1 m subsiC1ence

Figure 2.1 i Upper foundation to water tower showing posi1ions of jacking points

28
Prior to the design of the actual concrete sections of a Details of wall used In Example 3.1
retaining wall it is necessary to consider the shape of the Input
wall and carry out stability calculations. Using Program
3PJ, page 52, this operation can be carried out simply
(see page 30 for computer output using this program for
Example 3.1). Obviously the safe bearing pressure of the
soil must not be exceeded and there should be adequate
resistance against sliding and overturning. Where the wall
filE -fIlICUESS OF filE RE:CTMIGULI>.R WI>.LL IS .3"
is built above an embankment it is also necessary to ensure
that a 'slip circle' failure does not occur. THE: IlEI;)Hf OF THE: ill>.LL IS 3.6 II
Walls built to the limit state theories tend to be more rHE LE:N;)T!! OF I3I>.SE I N FRONT OF filE WIILL IS 2 III
slender in thickness than those built to the elastic theories
rHE LENGHr OF 8ME 'fO THE REIIR OF TilE WIILL IS .6 III
of earlier codes of practice, and hence the deflection of
the walls resulting from earth or water pressure, together THE DE:P ~Il ·OF rHE WIII'ER IS 3 m
with base rotations, should be estimated. Whilst a degree THE DEPTH OF THE EIIRTIl IS 3. 2 III
of fixity of the wall at the top by the roof construction
THE: SUPERIMPOSED LOIID ON TilE EIIRTH IS S kN/sq. 'lI
will cause a reduction in section sizes and reinforcement
quantities, there is a possibility of cracks occurring as a THE Ml:;LE -Of REPOSE OF 'filE EIIRfH IS 35 degrees
result of restriction to movement particularly where two rHE OVEl\IILL LENGfH OF rHE 3ASE IS 2. ~ III
walls meet. It is also essential to inform the contractor
at the time of tendering that the walls will be unstable until
the roof is placed.
It is also worth noting that where two long walls meet
at a comer a major bending moment (BM) occurs
(approximately 2/3 of the maximum BM at the base of
the wall) and there will also be direct tension in the walls
(see Chapter 4).
Two examples in Fig. 3.1 illustrate the basic procedure
for designing cantilever walls and the use of the tables
in Chapter 9.

29
Output program 3P2
. . . . . . ft ..... """""" kif"" t .. "" k,. • • "" II" *"""" •• ,," k • • • *." "••••••••
PRESSURES DUE 1'::> SELF WEIGtiT WALL ONLt

rHg ,orAL v'E~TICAL WEIGH'f IS 46.80001 kN

fHE ';:CCENfRICI'U OF {'HE LOAD A80U'1' rHE CENrRE IS

... ".......... ".

'rliE HORI ZONTAL FORCE IS

rtiE 3~;l.ESS 1'.1' FRQNf IS 3.193345 kN/3l.'1I

fHE S'fRESS 1'.'1' RElI.R

0

[S 29.08252 kN/sq.m
kN
.3816922 ID

JL
• • • • • IIl • • kit". If • • • • " • • • • • • "" • • • • • • • • • " • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ".11'.
PRESSURES DUE 1'0 SELF >'IEIGHT WALL AND ElI.RTH

.. ".......................
l' HE '1'0'1'1'.1.. Vt:RTICAL WEIGH'C IS 84.36 kN

'1'HE ECCENTRICI'r1lroF rHE LOAD 1I.8::>Uf THE CEN'1'RE IS .2169322 m

." .............. .
THe H~tiONfAL FORCE IS 29.49277 kN

riiE SfRESS 1'.1' FR;),n IS 16.03349 kN/3'~.'n

'1' HE SfRess 1'.'1' REAR IS 42.14582 kN/sq.m

PRESSURES DUE '1'0 SELF >'IEIGHT WALL AND .HIL'ER

l' HE '1'01'1'.1.. v'ER'fICAL WEIGH'r IS LOS. 56 k;~

THE eCCENrRICI'f'i OF1'HE

rHE HORI ZONTAL FORCt: IS

••••• " ••••• t ••••

raE SfRESS 1'.'1' FROtH IS 1.443551 kN/s1.,n

l' He: S'fRES5 1'.1' RElI.R

r~:)AO

44.145

IS 71.425H kN/sq.m
0,80U'f1'HE Ce:WfRE IS

ktl
.464 L822 m

Jt
PRESSURES DUe: TO WALL FULL'i r~;)ADEO 1'.'1' FRONf AND REAR

fH!:: TOTAL v'E:RTICAL .. €I::;.l'l' IS 143.22 k,'/

l' HE "CCE:NfRICI'f'l ::>F rHE LJlI.O A6::>UT l' HE CEN'rRE IS

..................
1'HE: HJRIZO"l1'AL FORCE: IS

fHE SCRESS 1'.1' FRJtH IS 14. 28319 kN/s'~.n

ftiE SfRESS Af RF.: .. R

14.65223

IS 84.48862 k;</sq.m
kN
.3435407 m

Jt
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

30
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r· DeN'\'-1 b"':j tr+

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WA.M : W\.;V'\. "'~.~. tA./\\)\ I:::lL I~ (Ap~ It ~;)

31
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t-h:.,..cL c,,1I"'?4K
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32
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to!.\( 1.3>"Z
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33
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34
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35
 U ~lO _f._e.v_~_·_~_e-l,
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 ~-"-
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Figure 3.1 RC details for an open reservoir

41
Deflection of cantilever walls

If it is required to estimate the deflection of a wall due to:

(i) water pressure;
and
(ii) rotation of the earth beneath the base,
then the following method may be used, (see Fig. 3.2).
Deflection of the wall due to external pressure can be
estimated by following the recommendations given in
BS 8110: Part 2: Sections 3.6 and 3.7.
Two methods are given, 'a' and 'b', to calculate the
estimated curvature at the base of the wall. Method 'a'
assumes that the concrete section is cracked whereas p. [lllllllllD pt
method 'b' applies to an uncracked section.
Equation 7 in the BS is derived using method 'a'; Wah~ y prt~iUV'e dlCS"C""
however, it assumes that there is some assistance from
the concrete in the cracked tensile zone which reduces
the curvature. The diagrams below indicate that a
maximum concrete tensile stress of I N/mm at the centre
tt
line of steel level is peonitted in the short teon. This value !
reduces, however, to 0.55 N/mm in the long term. ,
The modulus of elasticity (E) of the concrete is given
in Table 7.2 of the BS, this is the short term value which
again reduces in the long teon. In this example the E value
I
long teon is taken to be 50 % of the instantaneous E value.
By elastic theory, using the diagrams in Fig. 3.3, the
moment (M) about the centre of gravity of the
compression zone is:
M = As*fs*(d - x/3) + (fctl2)*(h - x)*(2/3)*h*b
where Dtfkchot\ due to Od'echol1 doe. ~o
WQ~ey p"us"Ye rota h.,""
Figure 3.2

Stress In concrete
1 N/mm 1 in shor t term
0.55 Nfinm 2 In long term

Stress
(a)

8S above as above

h .. oveY<~\\ depth
de.pth +0 V1tutval a~\s
mQ)(. COl'tlfY. ~tre$S col1C.
I--e-+---+--S tress In (onere te
tel1~\\~ ~tve!'5 st. fs
-"':"-+---1 not more than 1 N/mm 1

(b)

Figure 3.3 (a) section cracked, (b) section not cracked

42
 ,fct JIIO H N/mm or 0.55 N/mm)*(h-x)/(d-x) -t+ lit
hence
fs = [M - fct*(h - x)*b*hl3]/[As*(d - xl3)]
and since the tensile and compressive forces are equal
then:
b*x*fcl2 = fs*As + (h-x)*b*fct/2
hence
+ (h-x)*b*fct/2]/(b*x)
fc = 2*[fs*As
and, from the strain diagram:
.-Hhb
+-t---"..
fc/(Ec*x) = fs/[Es*(d - x)]

L
hence
fc = [fs*Ec*x)/(Es*(d - x)]
To solve the equations a 'trial and error' approach may
be used and a value of 'x' is firstly assumed and then
refined until the values of 'fc' calculated using the
equations above are, within reasonable bounds, P'~P&
approximately equal.
Program 3P2 is given on page 52 which solves the
three equations for both short and long term loading. The Figure 3.4
curvature (l/rb) is also calculated.
Equation 8 in the BS is derived using method 'b' and
the value of the estimated curvature, assuming an
uncracked section, is:
The deflection caused by base rotation may be estimated
l/rb = M/(Ec*I) as follows:
Whichever method gives the greatest value of curvature TAN cp = (PI-P2)/(ks ... B)
then the result of that method is to be used. a2 = (PI-P2)/(ks ... B) ... HI
The deflection caused by water pressure is finally
estimated using equation II and Table 3.1 of the BS. The where PI and P2 are the bearing pressures at the toe and
equation is: heel of the wall respectively assuming trapezoidal
distribution of pressure. 'ks' is the modulus of subgrade
al =k ... e . . e... l/rb reaction (typical values from various sources are listed
where 'k' is a constant dependent upon the shape of the in the following table).
BM diagram. Examples are given in Table 3.1 of
BS 8110: Part 2 (refer also to Table 9.19).
'r is the effective span Type of soil
, I Irb' is the curvature at the base of the cantilever
calculated previously. 23
Stiff clay
When the wall thickness varies as shown in Fig. 3.4 Medium sand (submerged) 25
then the estimated deflection is obtained again using the Very stiff clay 45
factor 'k' obtained from Table 9.19. Well graded clayey sand 54
Essentially 'k' is calculated by dividing the numerical Well graded gravel 82
coefficient for the deflection at the point being considered
by the maximum bending moment value. The total deflection is therefore a = al + a2

43
Program 3P 1 Check on stability of L-shaped retaining walls subjected to earth and water pressures

9 X=O
10 INPUT "THICKNESS OF WALL";A
20 INPUT"HEIGHT OF WALL";B
30 INPUT "TOE LENGTH";F
40 INPUT"HEEL LENGrH"; R
41 INPUT "SUPER LOAD";SL
50 INPUT "DEPrH OF WATER";D
51 INPUT"ANGLE OF REPOSE";TH
57 LPRINT"***************************"
59 LPRINr" "
60 INPur "DEPTH OF EARTH" ;BF
61 LPRINT" rHE THICKNESS OF rHE RECTANGULAR WALL IS "rAJ"H"
62 LPRINI'" "
63 LPRINT" THE HEIGHT OF rHE WALL IS ";B;"M"
64 LPRINi''' II

65 LPRINT" rHE LENGrH OF BASE IN FRONr OF rHE WALL IS

66 LPRINr" "
67 LPRINr" rHE LENGHT OF 3ASE TO THE REAR OF rHE WALL IS";R;"m"
66 LPRINf" "
69 LPRINT" rHE DEPrH OF i'HE WATER IS ";D;"m"
70 LPRINr" "
71 LPRINT" THE DEP~H OF rHE E~RTH IS ";BF;"m"
72 LPRINl''' "
73 LPRINT" rHE SUPERIMPOSED LOAD ON THE EARrH IS ";SL;"kN/sq.m"
74 LPIUNf" "
75 LPRINT" rHE ANGLE OF REPOSE OF rHE E~RrH IS ";TH;" degrees"
76 LPRINr" "
77 L=A+F+R
79 LPRINT" rHE OVERALL LENGrH OF rHE B~SE IS ";L;"m"
SO Cl=A*B*24
Sl LPRINT" n
S3 LPRINT"~**************************"
90 C2=A*L*24
100 WC=Cl+C2
110 MCl=Cl*(F+~/2)
III LPRINr " fI
112 LPRINr
113 LPRILH
114 LPRINT
120 MC2-=C2*L/2
130 MC=MCl+MC2
140 EC=MC/WC:
141 E=EC-L/2
142 W=WC
143 LPRINr fl *********************************************************"
144 LPRINr " "
145 LPRINT" PRESSURES DUE ro SELF WEIGHT ~ALL ONLY
14 6 LP RI Nr " "
147 LPRINr"**************************"
150 GOSU13 600 ~.
ISS IF X=2 GOrO 250 SL e
159 IF X=3 Goro 330
160 DE = SF +SL/lS
170 WE~ = DE*lS*R
~H F

SL
..
kM/:t
172 ~EP=rH*3.142/1S0 o
175 CF=l-SIN(REP) !!If
176 CB=l+SIN(REP) "v\~L.
ISO PE=18*CF/CS*DE*DE/2 I"«.pflL ....
lSI P=PE:
190 ME=-PE*(DE/3+A) +WEA*(L-R/21
200 W=WC+l1EA
210 M=MC+>lE
220 E=tVW-L/2
225 LPRINf " " figure 3.7
226 LP RI Nl' " "
227 LPRINr " "
228 LPRINT"*********************************************************"
229 LPRINT " a
230 LPRINr" PRESSURE:S DUE TO SE:LF ~EIGHT WALL A~D EARrH"

44
231, LPRtN'l""" •
232 LPRINT"*********************** •• *·
240 ,"OSUS 600
250 WW-9.810001*D*F
260 PW-9.S10001*D*D/2
261 papW
270 MW-PW*{D/3+A)+WW*F/2
280 w-wc+ww
290 M-;.tC+11W
300 E=M/W-L/2
306 LPRINT" II
307 LPRINT" "
308 LPRINT"*********************************************************.
309 LPRINr" "
310 LPRINr" PRgSSURES DUE fa SELF WEISHT WALL AND WArER"
311 LPRINl'" ..
312 LPRINT"***************************"
320 GOSUB 600
325 LPRIN'1'" "
326 LPRINl'" "
327 LPRIW1'" "
328 LPRINT"*********************************************************"'
329 LPRINr" "
330 LPRINT" PRESSURES OUE TO WALL FULLY L0ADEO Ar FRONT AND REAR"
331 LPRINr" "
332 LPRIN£"***************************"
340 w=~qC+WEA+i'M
345 P=P~v-l?E
350 M=MC+ME+Mw
360 E=i1/W-L/2
370 sosua 600
380 LPRHH " "
390 LPRINr " "
39 1 LP RI N'£" : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :
392 LPRINr " "
400 LPRINT " "
401 LPRINl' " "
402 LPRINT'" "
403 LPRI~r " ..
~04 LPRIN'1' " "
405 I,PRIl~r " "
406 LPRINT
407 LPRINr " "
408 LPRItH
409 LPRINr .. "
410 END
600 Pl=W/L*(1+6*S/L)
610 P2=W/L*(1-6*E/L)
611 IF E >=0 THEN PF=P2 ELSE PF=Pl
612 IF E < 0 tHEN PR=P2 ELSE PR=Pl
651 LPRINf" rHE rOTAL ~ERrICAL WEIGHT IS ",w," kN"
652 LPRINr" "
653 X=X+l
654 LPRINr" rHE ECCENtRICITY OF THE LO~~ ABOUT rHE CENTRE IS "IE/"m"
655 LPRINr" "
656 LPRIN'T" rHE HORIZONTAL FORCE IS "/p /" kN"
658 LPRINT"****************"
65~ LPRIN'T
660 LPRINT "rHE SrRgSS A'1' FRONr IS",PF;"kN/s::}.·n"
661 LPRINr
662 LPRINT
670 LPRIN'1' "1'HE s'rRESS 1\'1' REAR IS" ;PR;"kN/sq.rn"
571 LPRINl'
672 LPRIN1'''****************''
6S0 RETURN

45
 E' > t-i ~ ~ .&:ie f \ ~ 0.-\ (s;e.e,. ? ""'""1&-9 +2.- 4-5)
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I e;, 1...~-..
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N~! c...vvv~u'/e., .f-o.v v"", (.d'~c.\.(..~ 'e..cA-I'~:-
UL.t·'Z,. K. to"K Y2.
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OV\e.,..ro...J > ~ ~'C>V\...

46
Figure 3.5 Reinforcement for cantilevers retaining wall base

Figure 3.6 Cantilever wall

47
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++-\.keo I CQtI'\" ....~ 1~~-e,..
r.;:
:~.
-=-
. r.", ""'/"",-'t.I'
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51
Program 3P 2 Calculation of the curvature of rc cantilever walls to assist in estimation of deflection

10 INPur "BREADTH 9 =";B

20 INPUT "THICKNESS H =";H
30 INPUT "EFFECTIVE DEPrH =";0
40 INPUT "AREA OF srEEL =";AS
50 EC=26666 b",c,Q,"k
60 ES=200000! tluekM..,.,
70 1'=1 ..".d&~h
80 FP=1
90 INPur "BENDING MOMENT = remember *1 000 OOO";M I'IOMolC.1\ t ti M"
100 INPUT"INITIAL X VALUE =";X1 C\t. x ,,,,h.\
AlII4
110 INPur "FINAL X VALUE =";X2 tlot. ~\tAQ\ ". " '...
120 IF T>l rHEN EC=EC/2 ..te.p vClI", bc.hvu..
130 INPur "SrEP X =";5 lIHh,,1 L h",,,1 X C.~hll\ I)
140 FOR X = Xl ro X2 STEP S
150 IF 1'>1 THE~ FP=.55
160 IF r>2 THEN 500
170 FC=FP*(H-X)/(D-X)
180 FS=(M-B*H*FC*(H-X)/3)/(AS*(D-X/3))
190 F1=X/(O-X)*(EC*FS/E5)
200 F2=(FS*AS+3*(H-X)*FC/2)/(B*X/2)
210 R=F1/F2
220 IF R>1 THEN 30SUB 580
240 PRINr "X=";X," Fe1/FC2=";R
491 IF R>l rHEN X = X2
492 NEX"r X
493 'r=T+l
495 LPRINr" "
497 LPRINr" "
498 IF T<3 GOfO 90
500 {mo
580 LPRINT"**********kk**k****************k*************** ******k***"
590 IF 1'=1 rHEN LPRINr"rHE RESULTS BELO;J ARE FOR SHORr rERM LOADING"
591 IF 1'=2 rHE,~ LPRItH" rHE RESULTS BELOW ARE F,JR LON:; TERM LOADIN:;"
600 LPRINT"********k**********************k*************************"
610 LPRHlr" "
611 BM=M/1000000!
612 LPRINr" rHE 3READrH OF rHE BEAM OR SLAB IS ;3; "mm" It

613 LPRIN1'" fHE OVERALL DEPTH OF BEAM OR SL'B IS lI;Hi"mm"

614 LPRINT" rHE EFFECTIVE DEPrH JF rHE BEAM OR SLAD IS"iD;"mmn
615 LPRINT" [HE ARSA OF Sf EEL IS "; AS; "mm"
616 LPRINr" rHE BENDIN3 MOMENr VALUE IS ";BM;"kNm"
617 LPRIi~T" rHE DEP'rHfO NEu'rRAL AXIS IS niX;" mm t1
618 LPRINr" "
613 LPRINf" rHE SfRESS IN rHE CONCREfE IS " ;P1;"N/sq.'llm"
620 LPRINT" rHE S~RESS IN rHE STEEL IS "; FS; "N/sq.mm"
621 LPRINr" "
622 LPRINr" "
623 LPRINr" rHE RAfIO Fel/Fe2 IS " ;R
624 SL=Fl/ (X*EC)
625 LPRINr" rHE E {ALUE OF rHE :ONCRETE IS " ;EC;"N/S1· mm "
627 LPRIN'f " rHE ~URVArURE l/rb IS ";SL
628 LPIUN'[" "
629 LPRINr" "
630 LPRINf"****k****kk*k**********k*********************************"
640 RETURN

52
 THE BREADTH OF THE BEAM OR SLAB IS 1000 mm
THE OVERALL DEPTH OF BEAM OR SLAB IS 300 mm
THE EFFECTIVE DEPTH OF THE BEAM OR SLAB IS 232 mm
THE AREA OF STEEL IS 1150 mID
THE BENDING MOMENT VALUE IS 44.2 kNm
THE DEPTH TO NEUTRAL AXIS IS 91 mm
THE STRESS IN THE CONCRETE IS 4.905331 N/sq.mm
THE STRESS IN THE STEEL IS 57.00568 N/sq.mm

THE RATIO FC1/FC2 IS 1.012424

THE E VALUE OF THE CONCRETE IS 26666 N/sq.mm
THE CURVATURE l/rh IS 2.0214 78E-06

**** ••••• ** •••• *•• *••• *•• *•• *.* ••• *.********* ••• *********
***************.*****.***************.******.**** ••• **.*
THE RESULTS BELOW ARE FOR LONG TERM LOADING
******************.******************.**.**.**********.*
THE BREADTH OF THE BEAM OR SLAB IS 1000 mm
THE OVERALL DEPTH OF BEAM OR SLAB IS 300 mm
THE EFFECTIVE DEPTH OF THE BEAM OR SLAB IS 232 mm
THE AREA OF STEEL IS 1150 mm
THE BENDING MOMENT VALUE IS 44.2 kNm
THE DEPTH TO NEUTRAL AXIS IS 90 mm
THE Sl'RESS IN rHE CONCRE'rE IS 4.93261 N/sq.mm
THE S'fRESS IN THE STEEL IS 116.7413 N/sq.mm

THE RATIO FC1/FC2 IS 1.010516

'rHE E VALUE OF THE CONCRETE IS 13333 N/sq.mm
THE CURVATURE l/rb IS 4.110611E-06

****** •• ***.******.*.**.*.*.********************.** •••••

53
4
Design of rectangular tanks
The analysis of the elements of the tanks is made
considerably easier with the aid of the PCA tables for the
walls given in Chapter 9 and the BS 8110 tables for the
floor slabs. The effects of tying the floors and walls
together and the method of supporting the tank can, how-
ever, have a significant effect upon the resulting moments
and forces within the structure.
The intensity and distribution of the applied loads, due
to the water and self weight, can be easily calculated. The
distribution of the reaction forces provided by the support-
ing elements is, however, not so readily ascertainable.
In BS 8007 clause 2.4 is written:
The liquid pressure on plane walls may be resisted by a
combination of horizontal and vertical bending moments. An
assessment should be made of the proportions of the pressure
to be resisted by bending moments in the vertical and
horizontal planes. Allowance should also be made for the
effects of direct tension in walls induced by flexural action
in adjacent walls. Reinforcement should be provided to resist
horizontal bending moments in all corners where walls are
rigidly joined.
Various authors and researchers have considered this
problem and to summarise the comments of one author
(4-1):
. Application of a rigorous method to the design of continuous
slabs often leads to illusory accuracy when one takes into
account the more or less indeterminable factors affecting the
magnitude of the forces within the slabs.'
54
Such factors include for examples:
(a) the flexibiltty of the floor slab;
(b) the nature of the supporting subsoil;
(c) the restraining effect of the walls upon the slab.
Following extensive research work one writer
recommended that because of the difference between the
theoretical and actual results of his experiments a safe
design should be adopted by analysing the structure for
a range of conditions.
On the basis of the research work of those engaged in
this field it would seem prudent to consider a range of
possible conditions the results of which, whilst marginally
increasing the amount of reinforcement, will ensure that
the tank will be structurally satisfactory.
The structural analysis of the wall panels is complex;
however, certain authors (4-1 to 4-3) and associations
(4-4) have, as mentioned earlier, prepared tables to assist
the designer to determine the various forces generated by
the water pressure within the container with little dif-
ficulty. Extracts are used and are printed in Chapter 9
by kind permission of the PCA.
The design of a base slab supported by the earth has
been carried out by modern 'structural/soil interaction'
techniques developed as shown in Refs 4-5 and 4-6. Also
more simple methods have been used and the results
compared.
A flow chart of the design process follows in Fig. 4.1.
 CAr ~~
~- ",

I) Volume Yil~~ xl)

j) ,) FIobtiM
tID vi> Yajcr repan Xi)

1- det* vi) Safety

1I , MCroood Ix) Awol( ... xiv) eo.
ComitioM x> Joint ~ xv) eoneretl
xl) Cement content T~t

<tl Strllebi-. Analysis . IMtqs etc.

effective Lengths, PeA tables for MsPte,v,

P.u/c ku.bdJ v.. 'Iu/(b.d)

•1
~, Mu/(.s7.f:tl .
'A~",

Coblalt 1
'Ju'$~or ~n~ j
&58007
App,,,dlJA
f>hztt -.~~
'----.--.... 1

&or'\d
Vc laps

~or~m"~ e.HnQr'lCc.mer1 ~acto~

ACt', W Ql1d IJn&Of at otkt.r po~,ho~s
~(.kt· B.S. euo. a.. ~5!OO7

figure 4.1 Flow chart for the design of rectangular concrete tanks (a) initial consideration, (b)
;tructural analysis

5S
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56
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j~utt";AA.A..ke:..
, t;,t-0'i!:-.
Ml'" '" wl x. \. '-+ .: .
c. ~w J<. 10 L,.. O.O~i

s,..t: K. tox,K 1. ~~ ....

l' cJ;:; \ e,. -:>/tl

ii) ~i '5"" +0'" $ h.e.~

Yv ::. <OOI.::-J ...,;-: '" O'~I r-J/ ....
--- /""'-
'% As = o·G:.1
'Z~';;' x l~

Vco ~ (ol~~O""('x(~~)f")xE~~rf2~
Jc.. -= o. (e;'-';;''' ') o. 3..\ ./ o· k .

iv} De.--ftc....c..- ho v \ .
'1V\("~ Gade. ~-eA? h-ot ~~ h~ V'Y\~H~
~e.. c.o.J.c.(...)ltt....t-iov\ o+- h-,e.. dc+1c::.cho.....,. e4 0....
.z. - w ~ Y? "--" '-'\.. "~ ~ tJ.-.Ao ~ Yi VI c C!. t-t.., e.
o\e.f1.cc..t-i=1..--I. \::><'-"'c.....viou..r IS: Gc>,-,,-,-p1e¥.
1~~ C;\e ne.c.--hoV\ 0+
tt-,e V1.~ '/ot ~< . . .t:+cvt:
pVQ~~l'1 b~t d.-!...-a.At ""-Ji1L..... t::.'j U"li~
~e... y'~ 0 s -0-1 .s>p
~ s: 1-0 .e.....hc....c·r', ... e d..e..~t.1-t.
S~V\c.c::. I:h e S L~ j ~ I::>; \A e V\ c::L Ak" 1t..,e b.c:c.re..
~ ol .fve.. e Ak fi,.., e -t- C> F,i\:' i! p""" '-' d. e..-.. "
-th a...k i\-, e f.e.v
"VI...-; t t; 4Vl:Sl 0 e-V\ d e...v V1 .c........" ./A..-t-.'o
be:... ~lc:;..v lA.;t-c..cL vV\ ~e. l~n.-. \:) f. -t\....,.e. ~ I
I'~ e.-v' -t"'h ~ ~c:... ~ ~ "l M.-.
A~ ~c::.. Te> p ~ the. ~~ ;"" '"h...e.. c.c..-. rv-e I

hlV,e...re.. wO . . SI:' 0-{ 1l--.e. d..c::....f-1..c c +'o,-" ccc... ..... ",s;-:-

M .s::: ~ k.r..l'. ft = .;;.-- IG-..J.

t--11S; :. (olP - '";>" (0. z ~""" _ o.:s.., ~ ) = ~ ~.I.J(p /.e.-..J.

IV1 11l..P·s e. ll-:;-c..(c... CA.r.. 1'4~"'"'-",2.)

61
 KI +- fr
A<;.c A~
to '{'. 4 "" 1.0 l&> + <{" 0Jer-'0 .. ~ ~ ..
1\ Y b )< o· 9 l( '2 ~ l hoof b ""-
% A.s. v f:-6 " ~ h ~ .t-1 :;. 11'-'- 2:> x.. IQ-O K. 'tl--t
lo-e-o.o<. 20:>':> ~\~

o. 3:.,e, 0;;" (11'2\ "'"'---J

~ I-V\ T tv0 Ie- <J/!' 0 1 k" O. '1 ~ K -Z ~ \~::: b 4' .............
) ] ~ ::. 0·90 '{ K Z ~ '.)::: '2lpl """ . . . .
Co ~. U K.. L..o L,.. 2l ~ ,..J /
/v--. .....
...

It '2.1 x 'l.. \.pl

(Nc;;rt...e.-~ Cv~ w,c:::L~1 vJ .. o· I~ .............. j
T6,.Ao\e..o;; B~ic. ->t~ / .e-f-f. ~e- pf~ :; '2 ~
;'.\0
~
l-'tocL tic...o...t.-;oI.A f-4_,(.../h::>¥" fo~ +-~; OV'l <;{'-e:.e...-l
~.L\ o· ~<;''' 4- ( 4'l"l - '2-1.. ~) .. I· Ie ';{"
B~~l\o
1'2.0 (0' ~ + (0(0 J<. \.--t K \.0" .... )
lao 0 K. 'l.~~
f'l,.-v....-\ ~ 1::-1.-e-c::l oS. v". -::: '2...le K.. \. l.;?':,- .a ~~ ) ~~t..,)~~ s.or:
::: looQ--O /'2 ~~- S 4- ,./ O.t.<:...

NO'\-c. \ ~ W~'I~ t:~le ':>It~

~e. ~r; c..; M-e.A..FAc -ne.....c...+-i 9'V'\ ~ Io..c..
~I~~.
Ev".,.,w .. Clo~ t-c-v~) ll{ X ),oAP /?N (..,..... v

E~ / ~'-f-
,}- ~ 1.0-.

.i!l~. . [/27/Z?:21+'0'i'u"",
I
e
t+
c.c>v'C- -::::

I YovWe , c:/V~
As" lIu~w. ..... '"
fc:...cAI·o.....

I ...,,'"
+it
_
fl·~._~.,'Z.
J
1
'-1"" ~'-+1 +-
C),'VL'

I.
...J, ..
0.0--0 Il ':.." w-.
c.o~4-j./"3
+ l~ "o.g"" Lt.':{" o. 'Zll\..
\...0

I I ~ o.~ ~ I "",,--f

]k-hc..c...-he>1A. ~ coe.H-t-. x W X. A>' :coe.frt-. II·l

tI.. \" cr~(e. ~!'Z.\o)
DG:f1u..hc:>v-,. ~ 1\.( K. ~·b>1 J<. '::: 1<. l~ ZlP.~ .... .....,.
1'-; K to lp K O. e-e-o ~ I K lO 1

L / S 10-9--00 / '2.lP . .) ~ <co: &v'\ l oJ Y}'~

Du\; = 5'~ /~ . ~ • l ~o : I ct1--. So\-, Ow'/; vt~.

62
 f<c.+.
An· A r\C....1 ~<O\'vr-M ,. o·a...o,....... )(. 'Y'\""o K. I~ a C, \'Z. ~ ..
,.~~ hI
7 . . 'Z L*-.. f~e..
i{ t.r>o il') <;;tl..A.,p \-vo ......\~C>""'t"'!!t.A. - "VI.-1"",. t-~i~ -:e,...i .... f...-c..~~
"~Ic..~.'2.J
~ ~I\'o :::. 0·0.<01 ~ x.. ~o X I~ ::. \..f\."'"'t' """'-- ~.-f-u..
( Wd...M. +0 ~)opD.A;;; J e...-~n..... OY\ &;>v'Ie .p...~1
... (..-J ev\-t:-V o-v- 0 f ~ e..v ) .
IIi) H.,i V'\. • h 0 V: l ~ <;;;..-t-ee-1 ... o. s r:- K '?.:;~ /;Z
:a ~12.. w-.\.<,;I .... ,.e.,..,.~) ~-n... w"'-"-'fr.

A-t>r. A iV) ~ t1 ,/"-1,t.- ~ /t (p ) II -t- I,%- .:: ~o

B<. ~o-o 1 Q a O. ..... l-.J ........ W)C I: 0.2.. u-. ....... )
q"'~'" M;"". A$ - 0l % '::

~IiCo
12. ::: 0.1/\' J ~ ;:: 110 """' ........ j

lilNl<.
~.I~
Q'Sf 11,..0
( to ""4
14lNl.e.. (9\.-.ovr-
,}-I\P
~~lIO ( l ""-"\

63
 V9

·~·o /' ~ 1:,'0:> M

(~V O!,>~) (~-'-1)
(.~,) 'Z.+I ( ..... :...... ::> .. '''''');1) ~ .;- 1
--~ I' G =_" 1 l?t _<i ~ 0 0-0 • O)r £ """"3 ".~"'" 'E. :: M
. ....,.,..., ...~ 11 0"., - "\-'ss; +....<. 'Z"II /~ /'o?'YJ

...<) 'TJ 0-0 <::> '0 -YI ?

d""!Q..Q-e·o - ...'\'Z.loe·O '"'3 - 13 ......, 3 "";V ...... -0 Y'f'f'.J-?~

rrooo' O :; "L'3
(~L-. .%l.)"'~I?<o-e-e01::lz.)t€ (~-~) lid >t ~g >c £
\~L-O-,~)(~l '" ,"\(--"'1) 0..--&01 -=."t3
'I. _: .;y->?-H'd" h ~-VVj +.7 '-1 So
(<;L- ...'<9Z) (?<.-'PJ-
,~ '2.1 0 0 · 0 :. (<0 L - o_,,>~) 1<:>,0' 0 (;;:-:-:;) S:3 = '3
-: 7)-rv+".<'"'$ "4_y?/'?'VIC>"'? ..yY ..... ~.,...-1S

oecoo" sa
100'0 --~=~ $3 V'I!""""/-I:5 ~-)::>
<; "72- ')t ..' 'i~ 'i. :I( "5 't:j
"..... /r..~~1 .:: ..,01")t 0,5 ~ ~8) .:s---5 ?"...,v'5 )/d'3.-1 S
. VI....\- "P:.I'" ~.,.IV? r V1 ~~l""""';>~ (.
.~ IQ t?){". ::: -~z. x 11 <9'0 i3.
.~ ~L '" _~~ )i-~·o ~

O'y<;; "'~...L ~
0.-6-0 1 )I :, ~ z
~.. 1: <i' 0
. 0-0-1 ')I ...~ <0 .. I \rI h;-l'! '-?)' l-tj 1'0
II:

:-""...Vi~ .. S.orV ~ I )( 'th<Q ... 'H hy." ~.~;I SJ.if

( .. -~ ~.Y"t I ) . .vz.~/ 0'2-.1 h....L
.... "'"""'? .g,O~l ~ _YI'>}-I -t ~JI'O .::

Q--e3 ~
..rycyz. '>t G\...E;l"b
r 01 ")( £ ~ + "OJ ')< O_'S ~
'>\;/ : '-""'?'1.J-
. """'V>'1
~'Z- ..
_~ <; ~ )( ~. 0 1: .a, 4' ,,--- / r..t o-oz, ::: S~ tJVVI("I~

. ....., .,.........,., 0 .....') '" ~<: L,I' 0 -,') <O/C '0 ) l ~ - 1'0 z; 'H
~c!)
'-'~
·r->~i 1I I~
vt') • "H
'c-PI~<O"~
- ........~ Z <: 0 ' - -~ l'"I - O .."\oAt .. )0 i. I
-""" o ..~ .. '1 I ""'r-'I'l ~ ' - . / 'r--?I':;.s I t I
. V'\oo"IIP¥ -1/'0 "1-.~ p ""G., C?<[ } 7I o
 'r-~---r---;:------------

f.:f:e~+. tl) ~H";~ L..:IA.A~t- S::r~c..

.;
M , ,,,, '" S"'c )( \.,""" • 10 L.e.- ........

r-t. u .. '10 ><.. 10'"'" ::: O·e>'t.2

f"'" loCI\...... (~~ K IOQ...O)(., e ~"")
Fve~ T j(" 9 /11, e :. O·~..>.) K "Z tyS' t; "'2.(:>0 ... _.

IT ~ (M I v ') ::- 'lo K LO ID - {q ,z..~l

(O.e:,1)(~\o.<>)(.'1.~\ - - - ~\..f~<:
As. (Fh.:\ .. ~~I(I.\..JIXIO?> "') ?~ I~~(p .... ~'" os

J -- ,.., Odc.
(0·2:>1 X. '+~)
ii) C;;~~d.A/
Vv = ~c.: K- I·u )(. lO-G-O .:: 11oo-c N/IAA.
v- :> 1100-0 /(Z ~ ~ )(., I~) - O. "2-(., 7 . . . . -..
N~'be I MiVl. A-t;. = o. ~ P< 5)'0 ><. l~
----- l~ --~--
AT. - (P 1'2... ............ " / -
( TI'2. /11 ~ -:. (PULP ............... '- /v.....)
Dio A~ :: (PI_H.",,)(., t9-0 '::> 00. '2 "Z cit.
Ire
Vc
•
&
(Ol~ ~ O~'-~"':!:; ( ~~
0 . u (p ,..j/ ""'- ...... "" ) o.
t" (<;;;t~)/1"2'"
'2-1...f V- 0.1<.

i Y) be. ft c.c.. t-i 0 "'" ,

SIe"V'lD{t!../~..G--7"-? v~o ... <...-e--e-o '" ~ < '20

to4-'tO """l \ . , " ..... '3 .

•") t-••\) "'I. As (ro f» - 0.0--0 13. ~ ~o x.. le-tr'O • ~_""
ii0 f ...... O'VI-"\ 1 1/'''''-1' ~ ~/l~ J Tl ., 3-o·c I IN ... ......,.. .. 0.'2. ........

<YtA.Ao ~r ~ t5""Qv-"'o"'" \,.Ji-n.... ~iL."\.i ~

11'<4 +-.. . .M......K f<." ~ 0 ,7.~
~"'"'"" 120 : 1oYI..A ....... As .. .0, loP ,... ~O oK l&'9-0 ,. 5'2.')'
J It:r{) 'l. 1..
I>'Yi "'-1 TI1.. """'-'" ",,\, k & O. SA;" I(. 'Y\:"o 1<. ~ ... ~
19"0 1.. 1-
.0,., t-'\.i~. ~eAV\k'". ,"" t-o~ ~ ~~ rc; (P'2~'"': "1~/1'1"
Mi ....... /~;..-t'. j", bt ...... f!Y~ $t~ it Wo-_. . : TLo/"2'Z.~'"

65
 t,.,-:. ~....o",,", ........
~ If Wo- ~\" .. '20-(.,.
.. "2l~ __ ......
~ :. S''?> IG-.J,

~1'~ I MS::' $;1 ~, .........

I
H, ::< "3vt - <;'"~ (o''2..1~ - o'll~); 'Zr.,: iG-I, ...... ,
A<;....<. . . . . """G Q::.$ Co "2.&-0 ..j/~- ..t c. ~ 0·" J<.. "Z..1 ~

-rl--.~', A s. ~ '.$ l K lo l.co +

1.00 I<. 2..6'l
=. Co \ 1 + '20:><::: -= ~1'Z..
\..

~~ ~)
( T ....
1 11't Ill'>" : As ;.
lol-flP ~-
1,.-

A-s / ' C4', !;;; t-'I "'-j ~\I = c.c,lt x. ?L-tl&> = L.} ~'l "'-"......,
<?JI'L.
0/0 A~ Vv,', Sf"; ~ HI - (....P .. l x 10.-0 = o· \ '::"<.,., <Q/o
'2.1 0) ><. lo.-o--o
'B,'--1\ c.-ov\C/...:>LtA..--bo ..... r $.-\~lo....-/ bo ~ov \;' ~~
• I J

d,e.... i 8\/\ U1--1"'4 TI"l. / I l ~- I 'It;- ~ l:>.e.. ~ VI

~AA '-

ltV '" 0.'2.. """,,,,-,.

As VC-4.\' ~oo/' Ulh~-e. M-o~~'\:- ..f ,t)1/<-<",1.:'

.,/ O.l<....
4 I vi '" +-0./ G ~ ~ c:::-a.A ov la,.,.{- e.ol

66
AnIJIy8I3-01 DUe INaf) aaumlftg conununy
wttb waif
Baa seated on an eIastk son r~
This particular analysis is carried out with the aid of
Tables 9.27 and 9.28.
As is required for the design of the base slabs of circular
tanks, the modulus of subgrade reaction (Ie), alternatively
known as the foundation modulus, must have been deter-
mined or estimated, usually from the results of CBR tests.
The value of k is not a well-defined constant; however,
since the fourth root only is to be used in the calculations.
the significance of any reasonable error is considerably
1
reduced.

Figure 4.2

x • ~ Y a b
L L
where:
L length of base slab
Q concentrated loads at ends of slab due to weight of
cocf. cN'eet 0' Q, ortd Qt "po",
walls poStt,on Y a ~ ., lZ, • zal
M concentrated end moments at the base of the wall
k modulus of subgrade reaction
X proportional distance aIL of load Q from the left-hand
end of the base
Y dimensionless distance btL of a position on the base
slab
second moment of area of uncracked base slab cross
section
E modulus of elasticity of the concrete
A foundation - slab stiffness characteristic parameter b
~(k/4EI)
The tables give coefficient values for the effect of a unit
load at a position X(alL), upon other positions Y(b/L).
These effects are determined for positions up to Y =
L for loads placed from X = 0 to X = 0.5 L.
Once the coefficients are determinetl for a series of
moveable loads, about a particular position Y, they are
adGied together to give the complete value at Y, as
illustrated in Figs 4.2 and 4.3. Figure 4.3

67
 Since the loads are only placed upon half the span the
effect of a load at the right-hand end of the span, i.e. X =
I upon the position Y = 0.25, is the same as a load at
the left-hand end of the span, i.e. X = 0 upon the position
Y = 0.75. This concept is used in Fig. 4.4 and also in
Ref. 4-6.

't. 0 o.n 0·$ 0'75 1'0

l( ..

y. 0
~d
0.2$ O·SO
:
I
I I
0·75
t·
I
1-0

l( • 0

y. po"ho\1 '\1 slab /L

de ~Iecho" d' I Q~ ~. O.ts +0,", load

po.,tlo\1&d Q~ )( • I.

IS Hte. so,"1. a~ H1C. clc"edlo\1 'd'

o~ yo O.7S foW' load po.,tlo \1c.d
at X& 0

X • load fO~lho" I L

Figure 4.4

68
 k. : (~) 50~""'~'
C'--'i ~ ~A.V~0
)( (\~h- k.~e-J.)
SO
x. (..-:\"'.~) :::\.0
e- 1: I.;~ ,....,.,)/_ ~
6(... \.of. a-z.,..' ,I(, • W J( ~
... &.-fo.~ 1<."" / ......

G~; ........ ~ ...... ~ Q--d- A.~c-"",; be.<L. i ...... v0. '-I-Is: ;

P.>lv<.ic. c..oeffic.;~ )s..L. C ( / k \.L
. '-te!)
0°17 ~L ':. J t..f ta(.
~O
l '{~~ .ool""
lo( ~.~ ... -s:.
--
~·11

Not-e l. I.JtL--r~I~ ~/t.l ~l ~/2~,""""d.. ~~

~ -..k IN\. 0 ...... .e .......k t-'t ; { V' "'P lll.....l. e-cL ~ AA-"I
~r:~""""-'\e.t-v-ic.~ c..-ovple.. c{ to",c.e,r
.~p~d.. o. 0'2.\(' L. ~~~ e.vt'" ~~ ~~ •
Ii· '-.
....--....M ~ ·o'1~l. -+1: -t-l-.O&C"1.
I : . ~ e . . •" .# ·ct ...• .. I
I.
~ ..
'1 - ,
I -::t. oD1.\' :t. '1\'
N~ 1..
I 1"" -h..-e.. ~ c.vIol e.~
.
I

¥~I.. I h--. G e +-f-c:.-<k'T ~ 62 l. st "11...

I Z l M- p&-V\hoV\{ '1'2. .. 3>,
~~~. 1 (;V.r e. d. ",rev """-"'\..... .-d... I ~ d....

~c- ~(. e.-M-u.-l-r ~ C«( ~ ~Il v p9"'\ j h'~ ret

',1.. 'If ~ ~e, A-d.el.£d... +0 1-v,e, ti . . . ("'!,..J<·vH-r. *"

69
 eef.. i) f./("~v./l- o.i !t""..; b I.d:-\c>V'\ b~~a..-~ ..flIP v>"l.ol~·oCV\ t"
-- qe. V\e,.v-AA e..-oL ~ f..-'\. j Q. ( f(.t 4W
+O~e. 'bjJ.7)
M v lh'I'''j;''''1
L fOYGe..- t Y'le{, ~v~vt-e-v ~ M:c! ~ F"~ ..

L ~"O
b·":>ll x. ... o I . e.S"~ ! x.. ,.. 0 .0. Z~t
:::!!=
'1- 0 '1 o·zs ~ .. 0· ......

I~I
Co
3'5

@ x.. ... \ ?<. ". 1

~O.2Z <::> O.Ln; 'l:,. ... l -o . .z~z.,

---1 ~ ... O

'i +- cpl":>
I.j '" O:lN'

~ + I. ::'BCo
'j '" o· V'
~ - o. y.\.pW

~ )( .. 0
- (p. ~ 7\ -:e. ... 0 -\.~~ ';1::.0 +o.2~2..

~ ",0.';
Lj"'o ~"o·w

8)
C~~ x. .. 1 ):.. .. 1 -;c:. ..... I
+0·2 z. +0 ·Lf13 +O·gZ
\"4ok-e !! '1 .. 0 'j: 0·1..0 y .. 0.'>'
et>rC71-1 t"&
o.iv<.c.N>"
\:..<:> ~
1=£:' M ~ I J
:o:i..-s ZZ
';(.:. .ov.' 'X. > 0.02.0 '.>C.;o·o'Z..~
d'o-/oO-.le..
'j:;'O
+'" '!>e,y- 1: o .'2.s." +-\.~o \, -0·\01
~,. 0- <'"

~ x. .... C!Jl')" -O,?S(,p

x..,. ~l}
~0.(.H7
'X:. : • ~7\'

t.j .... 0.1;:""

-0.\01
'1J.-O 'j: 0,2-«

~e.. pvc..{tvvc..
M e.",vc;z(~ '" ~ 1)'

70
 ,~.:,
gef.
-- i') Mo....,e,......r, j"" bA.9<:'- ~ '3~~t:4IL b'j'~ ;"',
( ("c,.te-v- T~le ~/ze, ')
M"lH~:,
t.ov-c.e ~~ I/'-f ~.-..- MI.d..~ i~F~
-0.4:>....,11-
~
"l<- .. 0 - O.O~1 "", ... 0
'1 •. 1,.~ '1 .... ~

~ ')G" I
-0.0'.
><. ... \ 6(1...
/ -1,.. '2-\' I~:.· . ,.,. -O·~'
---.J. ~. L:.", -O·\<;x r.. :._ O.O~<.:>

ItJ. ~ ';l(..,...C x.. .. o

,-E '1" .'2--\- +O.Q~I
'1"" ':.." -+0. o...tb

~ ~
" ~~1 ')(..-,. \
+0'0\9- .... o.ol.o'b
1 ... 7,.),'" 'j ... ~ M
M t..
'll"
x. ... 01,-\
--
·O2..~"

tL l ')(,.~ .02-\'

'1 '" .2.A"

-0. 0 7
"1 .........
-o.o~S'

~ ~,. .~l\'· -o.o~~

')C,.-'.> .~l~' ~0.010
-1r '1 =- .2\' -j= .0.:
L. .. to, 0 14 l '" + O. 00 c.,.

M O"",c:,..~ "M-veA'
H ;:. 6? c,..oe.H-\-, >< QL + (M c.oe..~. ><. H /0. O'L¥)
p~:-- - - - - - t-1 .. -Io\" I,-...,J.-,lu...
M '/'-t SIp ........., - 0,101 X \...to.':.'" '{'.t:'r' 1- o.OIUOx(-l&':.'/ o:-..!:.!.... "-'~~
o,.o2-~'"
tU" ~d.~(M" -0 .0% K~O·\",... ~',~+o.C><)c&>)( t"'loJ'));-~ ~
O'O'2...~
.....
R,~~
KO ...... e:..-k
l>1'~"~
~~ IJ. 'l..o
~Dt:> De$:~V'I ~~eA-..' fo . . . c.c i"", $'\~, A..A- b~e. *
hJA,..(,,-{ :: lAO- "'... K...-J/v-. ~.

])i"'~c...r t-e-v-~',oV'\ ,V"'I ~lAA.::> .:: <;~et:L-v' fo .......ce. a.,A'

.:bA..-Se. r4- w M,,{ .

Cj / '20
s f!::, >< £). 6 1 x ';)-..... ..
10...0
S;\~ A....../e lc.v--o,,"",V\,

o0t?) 0ve...-S
. . . ,'~ .-tAA-
v\~_;:;'_"""_""--=-""
O\..c,c..ovd-tJ.-'\ce
_______________
I"", """if".,_

71
Approximate design of tanks with the base
slab continuous with the walls

Many researchers and writers of technical literature

concerned with the design of beams or slabs on elastic
foundations agree that, because of the nature of the
problem, the results are at best a practical approximation
and recommend that a 'safe' design be carried out in order
to cover a range of possibilities.
This section on the design of rectangular tanks is
connected with approximate methods of design which
concur with this principle.
One method is to design the wall and part of the floor
slab as a complete retaining wall subjected to the bend-
ing moment calculated at the base of the wall being
resisted by the dead loading of the water and concrete base
slab in the traditional manner. as shown in the following
example. The supporting earth is assumed to be a rigid
mass with no elasticity.
The main object is to ensure that:
(i) the permitted maximum ground bearing pressure is
not exceeded; Figure 4.6 Slab details

and
(ii) the base is in contact with the ground throughout and
hence there is no uplift.
With the aid of Program 4.P, given at the end of this
chapter values of x are assumed and refined until the
results conform with (i) and (ii) above. (See Fig. 4.5.)
less any frictional resistance generated by the self weight
of the water and concrete. (See Fig. 4.6.)
For shorter span slabs, such as the one used in the main
example of this chapter, the following approach may be
used. Essentially the slab spans between the walls, carry-
ing a downward load resulting from the weight of the walls
only (Ref. 4-6 and Fig. 4.7).

"J
:. ---- :.
S\ob dt~QI'S
0
u •. 41t1i .... 'l.".4kK... ..;

-=

O.~
II ¥ 0- poYhol jo,"tJ
II o. ~
10.0

Figure 4.5

The maximum moment at the base of the wall panel q

for an effective (length/height) ratio of 2 is, from Table -~
9.20,
86 * 3.\5 * 3.15 * 9.8\/\000 = 26.4 kNm/m
The joint must have sufficient steel across it to resist a
horizontal force of:
(9.8\ * 3 * 312) * factor of safety (2) = 88 kN Figure 4.7

72
Design forces on base slab The bending moment diagram, Fig. 4Jt, i& smutar lOttie
one calculated earlier in this chapter by the more mathe-
4.825 '" 0.35 '" 24 '" 2 matical method, the maximum shear force cannot exceed
Forces from wall
5.35 4O.S kN/m (self weight walls) and, as the span of the slab
lengthens. the midspan moment tends to zero (Ref. 4·7)
= 15.2 kN/m2 under these loading conditions.
Assume pressure resulting from self weight wall is

4
uniform.
BM Max. (centre of base)
- M at edge + Moment from upward pressure
-105 + 15.2 • 52/8
= - 58 kNm

1 HI
~
orl

.'-
~y

.~ ~;;,:;. :,!;'~Q~ ,o."o,J

,..~ Al'"r--
-105 kN", - 10SkK",

mnfftt ntt f tttl nf t t tf t t t Figure 4.9

,Ukti/...1 .
t.4lt5

fl
pnHurc fro,"
$.W. walls

(8)

!r~:~~il
. I

- I05k.N ... .r+-r---rrH -lOS kti ...

(b)

Figure 4.8 (a) loading diagram, (b) bending

moment diagram Figure 4.10

73
Output program 4P 1
********************************************************
THE HEEL LENGTH IS 0 METRES
THE WIDrH OF THE BASE FROM THE WALL FACE IS 2.4125 METRES
THE THICKNESS OF THE WALL IS .35 METRES
THE HEI~HT OF rHE WALL IS 4.825 METRES
********************************************************
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
THE PRESSURE AT THE BASE OF THE WALL IS 169.6878 kN/SQ.M
THE PRESSURE AT 'rHE END OF 'rHE BASE IS-40. 87228 kN/SQ.l-t
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++~+++++++++++++++++++++++

********************************************************
rHE HEEL LENGEH 13 .5 MErRE3
THE WIorH ~F rHE BASE FR~M rHE WALL FACE IS 2.4125 MErRES
THE rHIC~NESS OF rHE WALL IS .35 METRES
rHE HEIGHT OF rHE WALL IS 4.825 METRES
**k*************************************************** **
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
THE PRESSURE Ar THE BASE OF THE WALL IS 109.503 kN/SQ.M
THE PRESSURE AT rHE END OF rHE BASE IS 2.145378 kN/SQ.M
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++~++++++++++++++++++

If the method of approach given initially (p. 72) is used
in the main example for the tank design then, using
Program 4.P 1, it can be seen that there is uplift at the
centre of the base, see Fig. 4.9.
To overcome this problem and, using the same
program. a heel is provided as shown. This is of two-
fold benefit since it provides both a firm support for the
external wall shutter and, should flotation be a problem.
the backfill upon the heel provides additional resistance.
see Fig. 4. 10.
Conclusions
In the main example where the walls are continuous with
the base, it may be noted that (i) the bending moments
occurring in the base slab are similar (ii) the shear forces
are not in close agreement (iii) the sub-soil reactions are
also not in agreement.
The forces generated within a concrete container by the
contents can be calculated with precision and confidence;
however, the reaction of the supporting system. particu-
larly when this is provided by the ground, is less
predictable and hence many research workers in this field
agree that extensive and precise mathematical calculations
can be misleading, and recommend a 'safe' design
approach which covers a range of possible occurrences.
It is apparent that with only relatively minor increases
in steel quantities this concept can be undertaken and Table
4. I gives the approximate percentage of steel reinforce-
ment for the various alternatives in the design of the
225 m3 tank used in this chapter. see Fig. 4.11.

Table 4.1

Condition at General reinforcement details Reinforcement

base of wall %
b

Diameter T20 T12 T16 T12 T12 T20 T12 T12 T16 T12
Hinged Spacing 175 175 175 175 175 225175 175 175175 104
Face both both both both both top btm btm top btm
Diameter T16 T20 T16 T12 T20 T12 T16 T12
Fixed Spacing 175 175 175 175 175 175 175 175 100
Face both both both both both both both both
Fixed but Diameter T20 T12 T16 T12 T20 T12 T16 T12
with wall Spacing 175 175 175 175 175 175 175 175 107
corners Face both both both both both both both both
strengthened

74
 1',

Figure 4.11
(8)
_9_

+ a,

Reinforcement details (a) long wall elevation, (b) plan of base slab
·1
(b)
_ ....8_

A further point is that service failures have occurred
in practice as a result of excessive deflections of walls.
BS 8007 advises caution with regard to deflection particu-
larly where unexpected rotation of the earth occurs
beneath a wall.
It is recommended that in the design process, when
deflection governs the design, that this is resolved by
thickening the wall rather than increasing the steel areas.
Flotation
When the empty tank is almost 'floating' in waterlogged
ground then a uniform reaction will occur; however, the
external water pressure assists in reducing the slab
moments, see Fig. 4.12.
Should this situation arise it is necessary to ensure that
all elements, including independent floor panels, have a
factor of safety of at least 1.1 against flotation.
'L' shaped retaining walls when the tank is empty can
become unstable under these conditions and the provision
of a thick base slab with an external heel is a simple
solution, see Fig. 4.13.
Should the slab span from wall to wall, even though
the overall structure may be stable, considerable moments
and forces are generated and these can onJy be resisted by:
(i) a heavily reinforced thick concrete slab;
(ii) by anchoring the slab down with reliable earth or
rock anchors;
or
(iii) in non-potable water situations by the provision of
pressure relief valves.

(8) (b)

Figure 4.12 An empty tank (a) loading diagram. (b) bending moment diagram

75
Program 4P 1 Stability calculations for retaining wall panels restrained at edges or top and
subjected to a specific bending moment at base of wall

10 RE!4 rHIS PROGRA~1 CAL::ULArES rHE BASE LENGTH SUCH THAT MBASE • !\WALL
15 PRIN'r" IS 'fHIS A TWO WAY SLAB? IF SO THEN HtPU'r TWA"
16 PRINr"IF 'fHIS IS NOT A 'rwo WAY SLAB THEN TWA-O'
17 INPUT ·T\~A • VALUE OF BASE MOMENT IF TRUE OR 0 IF PALSE"ITWA
20 INPUT"HEI3HT OF WALL • ; H
40 INPUT"THICKNESS OF WALL "; r
42 INpUT":>\AX PERMISSIBLE 3R'JUNO BEARING PRESSURE • ;GBp
50 INPUT"THE ESTIMA'TE 'JF BASE LENGTH TO BALANCE BASE MOMENT IS'IX
51 IF X >98 GOTO 290
52 IF TNA >0 'fHEN l1W =rWA
55 IF 'rWA-O THEN MW-9.010001*(HHl"3/6
60 INPUr"the heel len,th "; HL
61 pRINT"MW=" ;:>\W
62 MC=9.810001*H"3/6
70 WA-r*H*l4
71 pRIN,."WA="; WA
80 WB=9. 810001*X*H
81 pRINr"I~B=" ;;~B
90 WCsT* (XI-nUL) *24
91 PRINT"WC=" ;WC
100 Wl=WA+)IBHK
110 Ml=WA*(r/2+HL) +1'13* (X!2.rI-HL) +HC*(X+'frHL)/2
ui PRINT"Ml=" ;111 ,",..,t;
130 RMxMI-MH
131 Ex (X+r+HL) /2-RM/wl /II Q~ bon 'Noll
132 MO'r-Wl"E ( M.TWA)
135 PRINT"')VERrURNING MOMEN'r x" ;!I'J'r
140 PA-Wl/ (r+X+HL) +10101'*6/ (X+T+HL) "2 Hf.'9 hi
141 PRINr"PA~" ;P'" Tk,c,k"c.\&
150 ptl=IIl/(,F+X+IIL) -M'Jr"6/(XHHIL)"2 Ma •. 'll,...."d
151 PRINT "PB-" ;PB bf.01'11\9 P"Hur'&
160 PT=PB+(PA-Ptl) *X/(X+r+HL) Elt. b .. u. 1""5"'
170 MB-wB*X/2-PB*X" 2/2- (pT-P3) oX· 2/6+r* 24 *)(*X/2 I\ul lc."stk
179 IF TNA>O rHEN MC = M\i
160 01 FF=t1C-M9
190 PRINr "X-:";X;".i'~II;T;"H-='·iH:
Figure 4.13
200 PRINT "Wls";IU;"RM.";RM;"PA=";PA;"PB=";PB
210 PRINT" rHE SLAB BENDlt'l3 MOMENT IS" ;il3
220 PRINr "THE DI FFERENCE :>\C-M3 IS"; 01 FF
221 FX.X
230 Gno 50
290 LPRINr ,,******* ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• **** •••••••••••••••• "
299 LPRINT "THE HEEL LENGrH 13 "; HL; • ME'fRES·
300 LPRINT "rHE WIDTH OF fHE BASE FROM rHE WALL FA(;E IS"; FX; " MErRES"
301 LPRlt'lT " THE 'fHICKNE:SS OF rHE WALL IS ";T; " ME·rRE:S·

~~~ t:~~~~
304
: * * * •• *. * ;~~. ~~~~~.;. ~~ .;~; .~~~~*;~ •• ** * * * * * *:! ~! *:.~~;~~~:
LPRI NT" "
305 LPRINr 1\ ++++ t++++++ ... t++++++++ r+++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++"
306 LPRINT "rHE 'fOrAL WEI3H'f OF WALL, SLAB AND WATeR IS";;'Il;" kN"
307 LPRINT " rHE CENrRE OF GRAVUY OF PHe: LOA!) 15";E ;" ~ErRES FROM 2ENPRE LINE
306 LPRHIr" rHE PRESSURE A'r THE BASE OF PHE WALL IS"; PA;" kN/SJ./I"
309 LPRINP" PHE PR8SSURE A'r THE END OF PHE BASE IS"; PB;" kN/SQ.M"
310 LPRINr n +++++++++++ +t+++-+++++++ .. ++ t+ ttt+ t "" rt++ t +++++++ t++ .. ++ . . +++"
317 LPRINr" "
316 LPRINf" "
319 LPRI N"r "++ + t+++++++ t+++++++++++++++ t t++++++++++++++++++++++ "++tt"
320 LPRINT "THE SLAB BENDING :>\'JMENf IS" :M3
330 LPRINT " rHE DIFFERENCE r~C-MB IS";DIFF;" kN'I"
3 31 LP RI NT 11 + t- t+ t t++ t++++++ t t t +++ t++ ... t ... ++ t-+++++" rt+ t t + t-+++ t+ t t+ ...... +++"
332 GOTO 400
335 J=FX/IO
340 FOR I=FX 1'0 0 STEP -J
345 '';0 = H"9.8l0001 +r*24-PB
350 L= F:< - I
355 1'1= (P,'-P31/FX*L
360 :~L=IVD*L* L/2-P l*L* L/6
361 VL=\/f)'L-Pl*LI2
36 2 LP R I Nf" . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - "
363 LPRINr" "
365 LPRIN·r ";HE LENGr'H fRC>;.t END r:J "jLi'''1ErRES''
366 LPRUU "i'HE: BEt'lDING ;\O:1E'lC IS ";ML: "kiM"
367 LPRI:;r "PHE SIICAR FOR::E IS ";VL;"ktl "
360 LPRINP",
370 LPRUll'''------------- --- '---------------------"
330 ~Exr I
4 00 E:ID

76
4-1 Timoshenko S, Woinowsky-Krieger S 1959 Theory
of Plait'S and Shells McGraw-Hill
4-2 Bares R 1971 Tables for A.no.Jysis of Plales, Slabs
and Diaphragms &uverlag GmbH, Berlin
4-3 lofreit l C 1975 Design of rectangular concrete tank
walls. ACI Journal, July
4-4 Portland Cement Association 1969 (revised 1981)
Rectangular Concrete Tanks Illinois
4-5 Iyengar K T S R. Rarnu S A 1979 Design Tables
for Beams on Elastic Foundations and Related
Structural Problems Applied Science Publishers
4-6 Winterkom H F, Fang H Y 1975 Foundation
Engineering Handbook Van Norstrand Reinhold
4-7 Hetenyi M 1958 Beams on Elastic Foundations The
University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor

77
Design of circular tanks

The operational processes within the water and other
industries dealing with fluids often require circular
structures to ensure their systems of work are carried out
efficiently and economically.
The primary stresses set up within the structure are
usually a result of the ring tension generated by the con-
tained liquid and the main reinforcement, therefore.
consists of bands of circular steel hoops. The ability of
the cylinder to increase in diameter is resisted, however.
at the base where restraint occurs. If outward movement
is prevented by a fixed or pinned joint then the ring tension
will be zero and vertical bending moments and shear
forces will occur.
Tables have been prepared (Refs 5-1, 5-2) to assist the
designer and are used in this chapter. More recent research
has been involved with 'soil-structure' interaction and
the paper (Ref. 5-3) is given as an appendix.
Examples of the design of an open topped 12 m internal
diameter concrete tank,S m high. subjected to various
base conditions, form the basis of this chapter. The
examples. in particular, demonstrate the significant reduc-
tion in calculated moments and forces which occur when
the design takes into account the fact that the soil pro-
vides an elastic rather than plastic reaction.
Three typical base conditions are given, see Fig. 5.1.

(c)

(b)
Figure 5.1 Base conditions of circular tanks (a) free sliding, (b) hinged, (c) fixed

78
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79
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~ tl,p ..... .-. tf v~..,.."k. .sf e. ': o. '>
D<";' O.~Ol"Z/OG / T\+T,! = L-.t-.o°c.
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80
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84
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20 Input radius; R
30 Input thickness; H
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o.~ +-t O''-f + ~.~ + 1.~l +1 ~'-i>
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93
 Using Lightfoot and Michael's tables a circular tank (i) method of testing;
upon an elastic foundation is now designed. (ii) moisture in the soil;
Example 'f takes into account the fact that the bearing (iii) compaction of the soil.
pressure is related to the elastic properties of the soil which
supports the tank and that the foundation stiffness is a com- It tends not to be a precise figure; however, the results
posite function of the properties of the slab and the will show a general increase in value as the ground
supporting subgrade upon which it bears. Winkler's becomes harder. Approximate values obtained are:
theory states that:
. At any point the foundation reaction varies linearly with the
deflection ..
Type of soil
The surface deflection is related by the formula:
p = k.w Clay of high plasticity 13
where p pressure, Low plasticity clays, silts, poorly- 27
k = modulus of subgrade reaction. graded fine sand
w = deflection. Well-graded and clayey sands, poorly- 54
graded and fine gravel
The Modulus 'k' can be determined by such tests as the Well-graded gravel 82
plate bearing test but the results are affected by:

Figure 5.3 Typical circular tank. Note joint positions and pressure relief valves

94
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100
 De8ign of circular tank with e~ ~

One common problem with the design of circuiar tanks

occurs where an external channel is fixed at a high level
as shown in Figs 5.3. 5.4 and 5.S. There is a moment
generated at the connection of the channel and the wall;
and also. the base of the channel will prevent the main
wall increasing in diameter and, therefore. the ring tension
Lv should be zero at this point. One solution is to design the
tank as follows.
.e.. (i) Using the tables in Chapter 9 analyse the upper part
of the tank above the trough and calculate the
moments and shears at the base of the trough level
'a'.
(ii) Design the lower part of the tank for the triangular
I, loads and forces generated at trough level.
/#,.h. Pe.t,. P•• t,
(iii) Knowing that the ring tension value at the trough
Mw' cOCof· 9.81- .l.o· (ea'&li» level is zero. calculate the force required to generate

~
MQ' /l.en. Mw an equal and opposite ring compression at this point
LVO[- Va • cotl • '.8\' he t «0.. (iil) and then calculate all moments created by this force
and add the results to (ii) above for the fmal results.
~ VQ
(0) 4-'--+-.,
References

5-1 Timoshenko S, Woinowsky-Krieger S 1959 Theory

of Plates and Shells McGraw-Hili
tt ~o 5-2 Portland Cement Association 1965 (revised 1981)

'·~IO~ll [
Rectangular Concrete Tanks Illinois
5-3 Lightfoot E. and Michael D 1963-1965 (4 Parts)
The analysis of ground supported open circular
concrete tanks. Construction Weekly

Cau (i,) Ca,e (iii) ellSt (iv)

v' --+ '1/'. fcte .....'\.v, •• d a~ It"\ '0' ~o

L
e ... o~& a r'''9 """"l"""'o"
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ltovII'9
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.j""\ co\t(iU)
+

~
~ ...

c.Q~t(i,,)
~
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l Ruul+

R,"S ",n$lon
Figure 5.2
~ ...
~ ...
I ...
r d
101
 (a)

I
(b)

(c)

Figure 5.4 Circular tank (8) plan view. (b) cross section, (c) alternative methods of slab
reinforcement - note mesh can only be used when slab is flat

102
proggm 5P, Analysis of a fixed base, cylindrical tank

4 LPRINT"***********************************************"
5 LPRINT" ..
6 LPRINT"DESIGN OF A CIRCULAR WATER RETAINING STRUCTURE"
7 LPRINT" II
8 LPRINT"
9 LPRINT"************************************************"
10 LV"5.125 h'put:
11 R"6.125 Lv ""
12 H=.25 t WI
13 Bz(3/(R*R*H*H»~.25 "~
14 LPRINT"THE RADIUS OF rHE ~ANK IS ";R;" metres"
15 LPRINT"
16 LPRIN'f"THE 'fHICKNESS OFf HE WALL IS" :H; "metres"
17 LPRINf"
18 LPRINT"fHE BETA VALUE IS ";B
19 LPRINT"
38 LPRINT"------------------------------------------------------"

i:bJ
39 LPRINT"
40 LPRINl'"HEIGHT(M) MO~lENl'(kN.M) RING TENSION(kN)
41 LPRINT" "
42 LPR1NT"------------------------------------------------------"
50 LPR1NT" " M t
70 POR 1=11 TO 1 srEP -1

i~o~;i~:~:;:::::)*COS(B*X)
110 SBX=EXP(-B*X)*S1N(B*X) ~v_
~ 1
120 W=9.810001
14300 P::W*R*LV • a. I l I
1 M=-F*H*.289*(-SBX+(1-1/(B*LV»*rBX)
150 FT=F*(1-X/LV-TBX-(1-1/(B*LV»*SBX)
180 LPR1N'r"
190 LPRINT D;rAB(9) ,:INT(M);" i';:IW1'(P'f)
191 LPR1NT"----------------------------------------------- _______ H
290 NEXf I
295 LPR1Nl'"
296 LPRINr"
297 LPRINr"
298 LPRINT"
300 V=-F*H*.283*(2*B-l/LV)
310 LPRINT" rHE SHEAR FORCE AT rHE BASE OF rHE WALL IS ";V
311 PRHlr"
312 LPRINT"
313 LPRINT"*******************ft**********************************"

103
 i

Figure 5.5 RC details for a circular tank

104
Design of prestressed concrete circular tanks

The benefits of the use of prestressed concrete tanks for
the storage of water and other liquids include the
following.
(i) The concrete is in compression and can be so
designed that cracking of the concrete should not
occur.
Oi) The sections can be relatively thin which generates
savings on costs of materials and reduces foundation
loads.
(iii) Prestressed sections often have a greater resistance
to ground movements than other forms of
construction.
Designers are being encouraged to be more concerned not
only about the adequate design of PS structures but also
their safe construction, maintenance and repair, and,
finally, demolition.
In the design example carried out in this section it is
proposed that the post tensioned system of construction
used is for the cables to be held horizontally on external
vertical hangers and be stressed as shown in Fig. 6.1 from
4 external jacking pilasters. The cables used shall be
plastic coated standard strand to BS 5896 (see Table 6.1
below).
In order for the cables to be inspected, maintained or
replaced it is preferable that they be visible on the outer
surface of the wall and sufficient length of cable be left
beyond the anchorage point for future de-tensioning. If
this is carried out then further protection in the·form of
an outer plastic tube will be necessary.
Should the exposure of the cables be impracticable then
the cables and the concrete surface should be sprayed with
gunite: but only after the tank is filled. This is to limit
the risk of the cracking of the gunite when the tank
expands as a result of the internal water pressure.

Table 6.1
Nominal values only Specified characteristic values

Type Nominal Tensile Steel (kg/m) Mass Breaking 0.1% proof Load at
diameter strength area (m/l0G0 kg) load load 1% elongation
(mm) (Rm) (mm 2) (Fm) (Fp 0.1) (Ft 1.0)
(N/mm2) (kN) (kN) (kN)

as 5896 15.2 1670 139 1.09 917.4 232 197 204

Standard 12.5 1770 93 0.730 1369.9 164 139 144
11.0 1770 71 0.557 1795.3 125 106 110
9.3 1770 52 0.408 2451.0 92 78 81
BS 5896 15.7 1770 150 1.18 847.5 265 225 233
Super 12.9 1860 100 0.785 1273.9 186 158 163
11.3 1860 75 0.590 1694.9 139 118 122
9.6 1860 55 0.432 2314.8 102 87 90
8.0 1860 38 0.298 3355.7 70 59 61
BS 5896 18.0 1700 223 1.75 571.4 380 323 334
drawn 15.2 1820 165 1.295 772.2 300 255 264
(Oyform) 12.7 1860 112 0.89 1123.6 209 178 184

105
as 8007 (1987) Design and detailing of
prestressed concrete
General: (Section 4.1 of BS 80(7)
This section gives methods of analysis and design that will
in general ensure that for prestressed concrete structures the
recommendations in section two are met.
Basis of design: (Section 4.2 of BS 80(7)
Design should be in accordance with the recommendations
given in section four of BS 8110: Part I: 1985 except where
these are at variance with the specific recommendations of
this code. In general the design of prestressed concrete
members in exposure conditions as defined in Section 2.7.3
of BS 8oo7 is controlled by the concrete tension limitations
for service load conditions. but the ultimate limit state should
be checked.
Cylindrical prestressed concrete structures:
(Section 4.3 of BS 8(07)
The special recommendations for the design of cylindrical
concrete structures prestressed vertically and circum-
ferentially are as follows.
(a) The jacking force in the circumferential tendons
should not exceed 75 % of the characteristic strength.
(b) The principal compressive stress in the concrete should
not exceed 0.33/cu.
(c) The temporary vertical moment induced by the circum-
ferential prestressing operation in the partially stressed
condition should also be considered. The maximum
value of the flexural stress in the vertical direction from
this cause may be assumed to be numerically equal to
0.3 times the circumferential compressive stress. Where
the tensile stress would exceed 1.0 N/mm2 • either the
vertical prestress should be increased or the circum-
ferential prestress should be built up in stages, with each
106
stage involving a progressive application of p~
from one end of the cylinder. '~,?:,
(d) When the structure is full there should be no re6UlUmt
tension in the concrete in the circumferential direction,
after allowMICC lor all. Josses of prestress and on.fue
assumption that the top and bottom edges of the wall
are free of all restraint.
(e) The bending moments in the vertical direction should
be assessed on the basis of a restraint equal to one-half
of that provided by a pinned foot, when the foot of the
wall is free to slide. In other cases where sliding at the
foot of the wall is prevented, the moments in the vertical
direction should be assessed for the actual degree of
restraint at the wall foot. The tensile stress arising from
vertical moments should not exceed 1.0 N/mm 2 •
(f) Where the structure is to be emptied and filled at
frequent intervals, or perhaps left empty for a prolonged
period, the structure should be designed so that there
is no residual tension in the concrete at any point when
the structure is full or empty.
Prestressing wire may be placed outside the walls, provided
that it is protected with pneumatic mortar. However in
industrial areas or near the sea, where there is a possibility
of corrosive penetration of the covering concrete, the cables
should preferably be placed within the walls and grouted.
Non-bonded tendons may be used provided that they and their
anchorages are adequately protected against corrosion.
Cylindrical concrete structures which are prestressed cir-
cumferentially and reinforced vertically should comply
generally with the recommendations of this clause, except
that 4.3(f) may be relaxed to allow tensile stresses not
exceeding 1 N/mm 2 • The design for the vertical
reinforcement should be in accordance with section three.
Other prestressed concrete structures:
(Section 4.4 of BS 8(07)
Class 3 prestressed concrete structures as defined in 2.2.3.4.2
of BS 8110 : Part 1; 1985 should be designed in accordance
with 4.2 and 4.3. In addition, the nominal cover should satisfy
the 'very severe' exposure conditions given in Table 4.8 of
BS 8110 : Part I : 1985, and should be not less than 40 mm.
cable He. strands no. 1 - 4 - 7 - 10 - ..... .
t-·

t-·
-:-1 strands no. 2 - 5 -
strands no. 3 - 6 -
8 -
9-
11 -
12 - ..... .

The stressing operation can then be repeated in three

~-.

4-·
I further increments of 25 % until the strands are fully
stressed. The amount of 'pull-in' of the cable at the

,_.
5-'
1-·
anchorage point can be measured and allowed for so that
losses due to this effect are zero.
If stressing from one point only, i.e., strands la and
6-' Ib tensioned from pilaster A, then, for the next 25 % of
force being applied, tensioning should take place from
Figure 6.1 pilaster C, the third 25 % from pilaster A and the final
25 % from pilaster C. It is preferable to use two jacks
when stressing from a pilaster since the frictional losses
Method of stressing due to curvature are reduced by this approach.
During the stressing operation it is desirable that the
In general terms, in order to reduce the effects of elastic design engineer be present and that the anticipated exten-
deformation of the concrete, it is prudent to initially apply sion of the cable for the maximum force has been cal-
only 25 % of the total force to all the cables in the culated in order to ensure that the initial design
following order: assumptions are justified, ~ Figs 6.2 and 6.3.

Figure 6.2

107
Figure 6.3 Post tensioning cables around circular filter bed

108
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117
Effect of temperature gradient across the wall fp maximum prestress in concrete
h wall thickness
There is a temperature difference between the inner and a = coefficient of thermal expansion of the
outer wall surfaces which will create tensile and compres- concrete
sive stresses across the wall. This problem has often been T = temperature differential
ignored in the past usually without serious consequences.
In more recent times, however, it has been considered In the example used in this section the maximum stress
by various researchers. in the concrete is, before long term losses, 2.77 Nlmm,
In a paper by M J N Priestley it is concluded that the = 0.000 012/oC and T = say 25°C.
design approach for this problem should be based on a x= I 2x2.77 =0.613
serviceability condition whereby, under extreme thermal ~ 31 000 X 0.000 012x25+2x2.77
conditions, a vertical crack less than 0.1 mm wide should
be acceptable. 4 x (1-0.613)2 X 125 X 2.77
The article concludes by proving a calculated crack w= 0.613 2 X 31 000 = 0.018 mm
width equation which is given below: (which is acceptable).
w = 4 * --x2- --E-
*
(I-x)2 h fp
Reference

6-1 Priestley M J N 1985 Analysis and design of

circular prestressed concrete storage tanks. pel
Journal, July-August

118
Design of a flat slab roof and columns
for a reservoir

The columns supporting the roof of a reservoir rarely Table 7.2 Distribution of design moments in
create a problem with regard to spacing or causing an panels of flat slabs (BS 8110, Table 3.20)
obstruction. Downstand roof suppport beams, however,
can be inconvenient particularly when they restrict the Apportionment between column and
flow of air above the water when the water level is higher middle strip expressed as
percentages of the total negative or
than the soffit of the beam. The introduction of ventila-
positive design moment
tion holes through the beams permits the cross flow of
air but provides a surface area of concrete which cannot Column strip Middle strip
easily be cleaned.
A flat slab roof without beams or drops is the .most con- % %
venient form of construction which can be easily main- Negative 75 25
tained and cleaned and is, therefore, often used in this Positive 55 45
situation.
Note For the case where the width of the column strip Is taken
The basic definitions, terms and methods of analysis
as equal to that of the drop. and the middle strip is thereby
specific to the design of flat slab roofs of reservoirs are
increased in width. the design moments to be resisted by the
extracted from BS 8110 and are given in Tables 7.1 and middle strip should be increased in proportion to its increased
7.2. In order that Table 3.19 of the code may be used width. The design moments to be resisted by the column strip
it is necessary for the roof to have at least three rows of may be decreased by an amount such that the total positive and
panels of approximately equal span in the direction being the total negative design moments resisted by the column strip
considered. If this is not the case a flat slab may stili be and middle strip together are unchanged.
used; however. an elastic moment distribution method of
analysis or similar must be carried out.

Table 7.1 Bending moment and shear force coefficients for flat slabs of
three or more equal spans (BS 8110, Table 3.19)

Outer support Near First Centre of Interior

centre interior interior support
Column Wall of first support span
span

Moment -0.04FI' -O.02FI +0.083FI· -0.063FI + O.071FI -O.055FI

Shear 0.45F O.4F 0.6F O.5F
Total column moments O.04FI O.022FI 0.022F1

'The design moments in the edge panel may have to be adjusted to comply with 3.7.4.3 of
BS 8110
Note 1 F is the total design ultimate load on the strip of slab between adjacent columns
considered (I.e. 1.4Gk + 1.60J.
Note 2 I is the effective spanE 11 2h c/3.
Note 3 The limitations of 3.7.2.6 (BS 8110) need not be checked.
Note 4 These moments should not be redistributed.

119
 t"f4?"'...,S :
NOTE. $« 1.2.211)/ ".linillCn • .-il", \0 11e1.1J!m.

3.7.1 G.Mr~1
l~ t'1 vOw r K. 3
3.7.1.1 SVmbols. For the purposes of 3.1 the followll'l9
'p~eA.r) . symbob apply.

I~~~ '. dil1.nce from tMlldge of the 100ded' area to 1M

perimeter consider.d
A,. area of shur reinforcement
b. breadth of eifectivi moment transfer $!rip (see
figure 3.11)
C .. C y plan dimensions of column hee figure 3.13)
dh depth of tM head
F total design ultimate load on nrip of slab
cOMiderad (·'.4G. + 1.60.1
characteristic strength of shear reinforcement
e!feelive diameter of • column or column head
effective span of panel I- II - 2/3h,1
penel length parallel to span, manured from
centres of columns

dimensions of the column measured in the lime

direction IS Ih
CA. 3.-..1. (, effective dimension of • head
shorter span of fill slab pan.1
~.illO
longer spin of flit sllb pan.1
design moment transferred between slab and column
design ultimate load per unit .r .. (- 1.49. + 1.Sq.)
ellective length of the outer perimeter of the zone
effective length 01 the perimeter which louches I
10lded area
design shear \lress
design concrete shur str.ss
design ultimate value of the concentr.ted lo.d
design shur tr.nslerred to column

120
 B~~ K,.otA.AevVI:- ;, ~L""""'" ~Vc.e. f~t-Q r ... ~
T~l<-g ~cL1~ LNa...A.--t s..v¥>po.rt;-c....d.. tl~ ~La,...(.,(" O+- 3> Q-V'
~.\~ <t
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~""t._: t,..J\'I".t.I"e. .t\ ::0 p~e.l 'I~ -f"\.-\.1' to Yp"'--" <{. ... '-L vo\.)
coef(;<. r .el- :: 'p_eA .......\~ "l-- "'" vol.'. t" £\ . . 1."",,/~

121
 .D.e~"~""'" f:>-t tJ- ,'0'O+- ~ol
(160.0 ~!.) ve!.{e",volv.
+':1 "'" W'l.!:>o ""1- ..... >-
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c;;:~v. VII::.

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~~lLo

122
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tl ;. -t'l- = U· b '""'. : t ~ Lk· Z - \. 'l K !. :: \..f. o-o'~
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f ~ l~·1 x. 1.-\. f:p 2. = l..J.uO \.c:..;-J. : ft" u-I...fO.IC.'-P :. Ifl.:>olt:... ....

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1«' " " cl-'~ I ' ~ l~ )(. tole N . - - .

11==.....-;;====;;====;;::.=1 i
~ ...... -- -b al..... ::. 10.0--0 K l!."\c;. ....
+ :: '2.1..-€.'3, ~ 10"...; ...............
I b 01.. /, fiY'O ::. I ..'Co <> ..... _ L-
v-' "" o. '2- ........-..

123
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-+._.+ 10v/.::;r'-:r""fl'd.ty, ... (,p';'~.~ /'2.~_

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<;t<\
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;;. {;,'"
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)

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~'J~
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.
o/., Its ~lo)( 19-0 o.W'~ 0;';
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124
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125
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T""""Ie-
3.10 4 '1,~c. -t/...c
Cd.l.~
fSs ~110
HQoL1 .{ i c:.-GVt-i O-v> f~ t-o,;' f.:>-v +-~l; Ie.. vo-e;\.A t. (Io'-ll ... :
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$.~
~ :: . l ~ (IO~l
lc;...o.o
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"Be; 1110

126
Design of RC columns
The columns which support reservoir roofs tend to be
relatively slender, with regard to BS 81l0. clause 8.8.1.5.
given below:
Braced and unbraced columns: A column may be
considered braced in a given plane if lateral stability to
the structure as a whole is provided by walls or bracing
or buttressing designed to resist all lateral forces in that
plane. It should otherwise be considered as unbraced.
It is not unreasonable to suggest that since the water
loading is generally uniform throughout a reservoir that
'lateral forces' cannot be generated.
Movement of the roof, however. particularly when it
is open to the elements. does occur and this movement
has been shown to affect walls and columns adversely.
The design of the column used in this ex.ample assumes,
therefore, that the column is unbraced.
The column is designed firstly for the ultimate load
condition using the processes and tables given in BS 8110.
The column is then checked for the serviceability state
to ensure that the maximum crack width does not exceed
0.2 mm.
In order to carry out this stage of the calculations the
elastic theory again has to be used, see Figs 7.1 and 7.2.
A graph has been prepared to assist the designer; however,
at the end of this chapter the basic equations for the elastic
design of columns are given together with a computer
program which incorporates these equations and permits
the designer to check the column design for serviceability
conditions.

10 11 12 13 14 Hi 16
50
~
45 ~ a..
" ~ 1Ir:,~

40 ~ 'f.-- ......., t.Z R

o·

35
~ :--........ N i'Z ""> ~ '-..'

r--..... ~ ~ ~ "> t--..

~
''''-. ,X ,'"
.,
"'e ...............
e 30 .........
........
:z:
25
~ ~ K ~ 'x ~ 3
~
I
~
:x
< ~
1':-..0"
~ ~X
i'-- ,~
'> ,;-....:: ~~ - ~ ........
.s::
~ 20 ~
"
I'---.. ~.1
:z:
15
~ ~ "'-./ K
,:>'<
> ,",- ~
~
,-~

'-
- ........
D.. ~~ ,,-- ~
feu

''I
40

410

~~- -- !~
-- K-S ",-- k-- -~ .~ --~
K-- - -~ .9
10
) --; --- -)-- - - ---
/ J
- ,--- "--) 7 ""---- /
I(-\.Q
dill 0.911

V :/V /.
V / .V / /. /.
V / ./
/.
VV /.
2 5 7 B 9 10 12 13 14 15 16
M/bh l N/mm~

Figure 7.1 Limit state chart (BS 8110. Chart 39)

127
 0.30~-----+------4-----~------~------t------+------i-----~r------t-

x/d • 0.6

0.25·~-----+------4-----~~----~

0.201~--t----+-T ........,/---t,,,4!:.=---J.----jb-...:::::::F---..~-~_t_--_t_--_I

M
bh2fCb

0.15~----~----~~+-~~~==4I~---+~~--r-----i-~~~

0.05,~-----+------~----~~-----r--

o
o 0.1 0.2 ('1.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
e/h

fat • (l;%d)aeofcb

Figure 7.2 Elastic theory chart for rectangular columns

 l~.b.I.~
j) . t." .s:, - .s;;"j.v~e.. ~. 'S."'....o >( ~&O
t'S.'illa
.te.. fl. 1.. ~ ~::: ).!:."" '
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~fllO
I~~ 1. e.. ... I . '::t" J<. ~4 Q....O ::: 2> \ IS>-O _ ..... ,
3, 'Z 1.
g'$.f'HO
le/b ~L~ /<:,.~O<> "" )l"."

\.:>.'l.3>.c.. ';f
ie-II:> ) 10 : C;!.ev-de .... ,-,<:>1.
e.c;. t llP
\,.. CaLv ...... "" b~ ~gVr- ::'of:"l,..,
~ ~ e.-1 :-'
.)

~V\J. ~1.J V.A I AI,.) "'f-.~.k.",,:

T~\e
:,.t)., " fA co· I~ j 1<.:. \
q .. {.-::..I, ()... vi '" o· l~ I<. l x. o.~'
&<; 1"1\0

eo""" >s,
I~'e
:'.I~1
\3~ 'tH\,O.

(..1.~.B.4.)
kfl\o
, ... \ole- 3,
~ '8ll.<)

129
 e ... He;;
N
e./L-\ ,. ''2l.#b/5''e--o o.\:~
A. s.~ v """' e- \ ~ 1- e,..r ........ t><'e : ~ £. ~ 15'
~
~c.. {JO"""", Pvt-c,..;' ""'c:~ o-C 7P, )~ cA--.A. .....t:- 7/'Z.
(e../L--\. '" o. ~~ .J .P~ At:.c- = . $
;:c. .", "lC,...:' d ..~(,'Z. J(. <...f'~ • foi. - - .
cJ....
D • 11_ ~ , 1- M o . ' 0 'Z. ~ T
~,,. -;.. Co~ h.
iV'o",- """"'VI'""'" , r
b"""" f"", C;; h-"~ i ...... co""c,..

:. tc::..1o ~b K. lO" / (5&-0 X. 5&-0"- K 0.\0'2) • '·t..b ~

I~: le... .>-t"'<:.4-? ; '"" So. L""l!:.e--1 )
f~:: !>(~. ~ (I - )(, /cA)j():./d.)
(?"" F~.. l.u.~ (1- ·4~2. )/C'-t Ie 7-)
\\'"1< I;~ ..J/ __ '"
Co) c..Yp-c..k. 1.N'd..Th. -,-,e.,fe", pV'o~",,,--..{ ovr-p",l" if',
VI -:- t;' Q-O-....... ; d-. -::. Y'') ~ ___ ; ')C.:: to'?> ........
Z~ = I~/'Z.o-o~ a O.~(p1
oft .... OQ.-o (Q] x. t~] ,,0 .0-9-0& ......
2~
'S. e... ':> &-{) X 't ~ J ,.. • . 99'0 ~'
~ K 'to-o ~ K <Pz.t>)( 2.><0

Ac-v' Jc~ '-af)'"

;t + IS L¥ '\< _ to :. ,~y,-.

W::. S 1<. ,~ Ji( Q.9-Q--O ~ ~ 0"'-_

(I + t (1(1, - '":)"~)/t~1)
," t.....l <: 0.2.. ...............

130
OUtput program 1P1

+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
THE INITIAL FACTORS TO CHECK THE SERVICE S'l'RESSES IN THE STEEL ANO' CONCRETE,
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++. .+++

01" .8i

NEUTRAL AXIS FACTOR N1 .4701159

M/(B*H*H*FCB) FACTOR = .1023644

Percentage of Reinforcement 2 .5

e/h factor a .5369864

+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
'rHE FULL SERVICE CHECK INCLUDING CRACK WIDTH
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
FCB FST W H N M
N/sq.mm N/sq.mm mm '11:n kN kNM
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
7.66 129.49 0.10 500.00 365.00 98.00
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++t+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

Figure 7.4 Columns in reservoir construction

131
Elastic theory for RC column design and We combine these equauons to p~
development of computer program

The equations used are based upon the two conditions

fCb~h.h (x·f (3 - 2.x·f) +
==
listed below and upon Figs 7.3 and 7.4.
O.O:.p (1-2 .~) [(x - ~) (ae - 1) +
=
Condition J: Internal compressive and tensile forces
external forces (1 - x)ae )]/12 " (~)
fcb.x.b & b x-d2 A ] + Eliminating feb from equations (a) and (c) we obtain:
[ - - - - l C . - - sc
2 x
Asc. fsc - AsLfst = N (a) X.x (~::) (3 - 2.x·f - 6.f)
Condition 2: Internal moment of resistance of section =
external moment (Taking moments about centre line of
O.~3.p [(ae - l)(x.f -~)
. (2d2 + ~ _ I)
column)
+ ae. i. (l - x)
b
(+ _-}) + h h h
(fCbt )

Asc(fcb) (ae-I) (x ~d2) (-i- - d2) +

e·: 2
- 2he - 1)]= 0 (d)

Using fixed values for 'e/h' and 'p' the value of x can
Ast.fcb.ae(h~X)
be determined from equation (d) and then 'feb' can be
(-i--d2) =N.e (b) determined from equation (c). The value of 'fst' can be
obtained by using the equation:
Noting that

(i) fsc = (x ~d2) ae.fcb,

fst = C~x) ae.fcb

Once all these elements are known then, by using the

(ii) fst = (h~X) ae.fcb equations given in BS 8007 the crack width 'w' may be
readily determined.
Program 7P 1 solves the above equations (page 133).
and
(iii) p = l()().A&c/b.h

~tI\ : I M

-~ ~, !i rt .
I
~ 1~~;J]r.~
! 'n/1

~
-~-~".'. ~ ~?",---.---
t --- -- ~-- '. ,,--.-.-----.
------ _. -- - -- ---.--
-

\-t.
Figure 7.3

132
Program 7P1 Design of RC columns for serviceability limit state

I~;

1)1 (,",", t .. 4. tu ...... "MI/II) Fed...

, ('n",dll.)
5 COUIiT • 1
10 IMPUT "D1."II)1
20 02-1-D1
21 INPUT "11.",1
22 INPUT "H- ", B
23 IIIPUT "Ita- ",Ita
l4 INPUT "n- ",M ......
29 8-M*1000/IiS
-'"
30 F2-E/H
35 '-1'2
40 INPUT "' OF REINFORCEMENT·" II'
-"
SO INPUT "NEUTRAL AXIS. note (If y""
"ish to finish then type 99 ) ",N
51 If' N-99 THEN 400
60 F3- N"N'Ol*ol' (3-2'N'DI-6*F2) -.03"1" (14' (N'01-02) • (2*D2+2 'F2-1) +15*01* (I-N) "
2'02-2*f2-1) )
70 pRINr "THE V,.Lue OF P'J IS";F3
71 COUNT -COUNT +1
72 IF COUNT> 100 THEN 120
80 IF 1'3>.01 THEN N -N'(1.01 + COUNT/(20'COUNT»
90 IF F3<-.01 THEN N -N/(1.01 + COUNT/(2S'COUNTJ)
100 IF F3> .01 THEN GOTO 60
110 IF f'3<- .01 THEH :;OTO 60
120 Fl" (N'OI* (3-2'N*0IJ +. 03'P/N* (1-2*02 J' ( (N-02J "14+ (I-H) '15) J 112
130 PRINT" "
135 PRIN-r" THE CURRENT NUIIBER OF CIRCUITS IS "'COUNT", ~
140 PRINT "02 0 ";02

n
~ Ir~
150 PRINT "01 0 " ,01
160 PRINT "Neutral "xi1 ractor n - ",N
170 PRIll1' "Percentage of R.inforc ..... nt ·",P
190 PRINT "M/(b'h'h'fcbJ F,.CTOR - ", f'l
205 COUNT-l
;: :: '-;i-
D-
206 LPRlN'Z'" "
210 IF P > 8 -rHEN 400
220 LPRINT" •
I:" .-=-t
221 LPRINT" •
222 LPRIN;r • +++++++.++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ '" t.+++"'++++++++++++++"'++++++.++
+++++++++++ ..
225 LPRIHT" THE II/ITI,.L ,,.:::TORS TO CHECK THE SERVICE STRESSES IN THE STEEL liND
CON;:UTE •
227 LP RI NT • ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++
+++++++++++.
229 LPRlltr" "
250 LPRINT "01-",01
251 LPRINT' "
260 LPRINT "IUUTML IIXIS FIICTOR N1 • ",N
261 LPRINT" •
262 LPRINT "1I/(8'H'H'rCBJ rIlCTOR. ", Fl
263 LPRIN-r" "
270 LPRINr "'PercentAge :>f Reinforcement ·"'IP
271 LPRINT" "
280 LPRIN-r "e/h factor • ": F2
295 INPUT "If' ,.1.1. IS OK rHEN INPUT 1 OTHERWISE INPUT 0 ":OK
296 IF OK-lrHEN 321
300 F2-Z
320 If' OK • 0 THEil 50
321 LPRINT" "
,.112 LPRI NT • +++ r t r+ tt t ttt .... t t t t t t t t +1" t t t t t t t t t t t t t t tt ... tt ...... tt ... +tf ...... ffftttt+ ttt ..

l2J LPRINr" 'THE FULL SER'IICE CHECK INCLUOItI;; CRIICK WIO-fH "
)25 INPUT "UAR OI"HETER - ",011\
J27 02R-40+6+0IA/2
329 OSBO ... -1I-2'02R
lJO PRIHT" 056011-',056011
J)l INPur "OISr"NC£ BE-r;I£EH Al)JOIHI~G BARS' ",DB
13J FCB - :1'IOOOOOOI/(H*II'H'FI)
135 Fs'r • 15 'FCB'(I-f2}/F2
137 INPUT "'THEW-TAL AREA OF STEEL 15 ";AREAC
3 J9 INPu'r "TilE IIREA OF s'rEEL IN THE TEl/SlOt! ZONE only IS ",lIST
1H X-F2' (H-02RI
)-13 ss'r- FS'l'/200000 t
HS 51 • SS'T'(H-X)/(H-X-D2R)
141 STEFF-H' I H-X) "2/ (J' 200000 I ''''sr' (H-X-02R) )
149 SII -51-StEFF
351 "CR-SORI (Oa/2) "2+02R"2) -OIA/2
353 W- l· ...CR·SH/I 1+2' ("'CR-DSR+OIA/2)/(II-X)
154 LPRI NT • t f+t .. tttftt++tt+ tt t ttttf+ t+-t r ttf t ... t ........ t ttt tttttt+-t ttf t t t ttttftt+- ...
,"
355 LPRlwr " FeB F3T

)56 LPRINT" "

lSI LPRINr" tllsq..... ~/.q.mm mm .... kN •
359 LPRINr .. t t "++tft t t rtttt++-f t-t tttt+ ttt t ttt t t+ t f t t t t t t t tt t t++-ttt++++ t+ t++t++i
T"
)60 LPRlItr" •
362 LpRINr" •
J65 I.PIUHr USIN:l· Uef.£E ",FCS:Fs-r,W;II,N;H
370 INPUT "CHANGB R~INroRcell~Nr' 1 THEN ZZal O-rHERWISE ZZ-O "lIZ
)13 LPRINT" "
J 1 5 LP Rl Nt • t t .... t++-+++1' t.
t t t t "tt ft+ t++ t+ + t+t"'" t+ t t t+ tt+ t++++++ tt ft++ +tt+t t+++ +i
,"
lSO lP n • I TUEll 40

133
Design
This type of construction is used for such structures as
settlement tanks in water pollution control plants or in
water towers. The design of this type of structure is
simplified by the use of the tables given in Chapter 9;
however, where the tank is built below ground level, the
design can be of a relatively simple nature by careful con-
sideration of details (see Chapter 2).
Various authors (8-1 to 8-4) have considered the design
of conical shells. The tables given to assist in the design
of the cone are, as with the circular tanks, mainly con-
cerned with the effect of fixity at the base or apex of the
cone upon the remainder of the structure. Two examples
are given, the first is for a reinforced concrete tank and
the second for a steel tank.
134
When building water towers the engineer has to become
involved in aesthetics as well as structural design. The
tower is usually built at as high a level as possible and
may well become the main feature of a locality.
Many tower structures are built on a wide base and
become slender and elegant with increasing height. The
water tower. however, must store a large quantity of water
as high as possible and hence the structure has, at its apex,
a large container which can easily look unsightly. It is
prudent to take photographs of the site from near and far
and, having decided on a range of suitable shapes, to insert
an elevation of the tower to scale on the photographs
and permit a wider audience than usual to voice their
opinions!
j I'1ow CMn for the calculation of moments and forces
within the· walls of a conical tank supported at the base
I wJ with additiond restraints at either base or apex of

I'he cone, see Fig. 8.1.

(An example of the WIe of the flow chart follows on page
140).

A LOADING
(1) Calculate self weight of walls per unit area.

(2) Calculate load from roof on to circumference of

upper cone. (See Ref. 8-1 for useful tables)

(3) Calculate any surcharge pressure.

(4) Pressure from contained water increases linearly by

9.81 kN/m.

Figure 8.1

B CALCULATION OF FORCES AND MOMENTS

IN UNRESTRAINED CONE
Using the equations given on page 139 determine the
following:

(I) meridional force N:

(2) ring tension force T;

(3) rotational movement of cone 8 at base and apex of

cone only (y = f' and y = f);

(4) displacement of cone v at base and apex of cone only

(y = t" and y = 0.

(Note: Program 8.P, at the end of .his chapter may be

used to calculate all these value" 1I1Oth positions.)
Figure 8.2
Refer to page 140 for example, also refer t9 page 141
for Output 8P, which confirms the hand calculations.
Program 8P I is used to solve the equations given on page
146.

135
C DETERMINATION OF FORCES TO CREATE The coefficients
FIXITY AT BASE etc indicate how effects of the forces M
as one moves further from the point of
4 /12*,,2"'cota 2 effects are noted in tables for circular tanks
(1) For y = i', calculate x = 2 ~ J t
u the forces M and V occurring at the ex.trelll1iti'e8
(where t is the thickness of the shell) walls.
(2) From Table 9.37(b) select values of CoH', C5M', The 'x' (fil!.ed point) values given in the tables are in
COH' and COM'. increments of 4 and interpolation when 'X'{flJ<edpoint) is not
(3) Calculate Fct = CoH' '" COM' - COH' '" CoM'. a multiple of 4 is satisfactory.
(4) Calculate: KMO' = CoH'/Fct. An example is given on page 140 for a cone fixed at
KHO' = - CoM' IFct. the base but free at the apex. where the X(fixed point) value
KMo' = - COH' IFct. is 9 and the coefficient values further up the cone are x
KH5' = COM' IFct. = 10 - 13 incl.
(5) Apply equal and opposite 0 and v values as calculated The bending moments, ring tensions and meridional
in Section B to create fixity at base of cone. forces resulting from M' and H' are determined with the
(Note: v = 5') aid of the equations given on page 143 and Table 9.37.
(6) Calculate the values of the moment M' and the shear It is quite acceptable to use the tables for fixity at both
force H' which will occur as a result of fixity at base base and apex, however, it is only in short thick cones
for y = i'. that the effects of fixity at one end have significant effect
The values required are MO' , Mo'. HO' and Ho' • on the other end.
where For a detailed analysis and solution of the problems of
MO' = KMO' '" E '" t '" f' '" 0' I (Tan ci) fixity in cones Refs 8-3-8-5 are of benefit.
Mo' '" KMo' :I< E'" t '" 0' I (Sin ex >II Tab ex) Once an the forces are known then the design is carried
HO' = KHO' >II E'" t '" 0' I (Sin ex '" Tan ex) out in a similar manner to the design of a circular tank.
2
Ho' = KHo' '" E '" t '" 0' I (f' '" Sin ex )
(7) Using coefficients given in Table 9.37(a) determine
the effects of fixity upon the forces calculated in
Sections BI and B2.
The coefficients given are for fixity at the base or D FOR THE DESIGN OF CONES FIXED AT
apex of the cone. The value of 'x' is calculated at THE APEX FOLLOW A SIMILAR
the point of fixity and the tables give a series of PROCEDURE TO THAT FOR FIXITY AT THE
coefficients in the following way: BASE EXCEPT THAT Y = eAND USE
TABLES 9.38
For base fixity: For apex fixity:
x = n (value at fixed x = n (value at fixed
point) (y=f') point) (y=f)
x = (n+1) x = (n-l) Note: Tables 9.37 and 9.38 have been prepared assuming
x = (n + 2) for y values x = (n - 2) for y values the Poisson' s ratio' 11-' = O. In the example which follows
x = (n+3) >f' x = (n-3) <f •11-' is therefore assumed to be zero throughout the
x = (n+4) x = (n-4) calculations.

136
M e.1ooA. b....~e. .f.p vc..t!- f: i \A c.ov...; CA:V'\. 1-~ "'" ~~» 0 trl:> ~ d..--
~ ~e. pA.-S'e. -

') g i""'1 T t!,..1o"\.-(; 0",", -to V"ce. T (4-) I .;t He-v ic:(A 0 fA,........,(
f04"'c.~, ,..,J ("")
... (
,ave ;-01 Ce.l(. t-)c.A~hl:: CioV)

I. TCw)

I~
I 4
'\ Cev} . . r' v " 'V+"- b(. 'j" ....... e<:
1
T (q,.).. 111 t "- ~ ,/£,'"" P< - ~.I

N CtV) ': . L...l<!A' ~..." I:- rl ~·r . . . ...,c.-f"".......... e. ~ o-ve le...ve.-\ 'j
. C ........(/1.)""'" f<.,vc-v-c:.e .:vi.- \e...v~A l'
. rt-~ (£ - vj) (~Ii)
c.ot K
(LSI' '" 0( 4-
'2
1~ )]/r Z ii 'j ~. "" K I
- ,\-' (t -'1) ( .t ~ ; V\ ~ + 'j ,; v-. t>()
l '2.. ~ ~ ~.......

R; '1)/ '2,-= "

'"0 p( 0( )

< -. "v (1 ~'1) C.

=-:L.. (.e--'1)(e~1) '"
2':) Cqs, po<
;: _ ~ ( .e"V - 11-)
'2~c.or~

N (~) ... - 'V.t (~_~) _ 11>.;z.

~c.v.~ '1 '"

137
 I-to .... :~o"""r-M p. . e.~ ... "e. t<-k
'~v.e-' 1 ~- w~~
(k:."j rvopov'l-ioiA)J
' : ~~ C~)

I,{<.~v'J M".t.,e..,..Ve.-l '1

(~ f'vo ~ o."-l-t'Q,,,,) ]

: L (-1) ~ . ~ K

w~ U '1)' ~(-1) ~~«

e
w.e- v (.L'1) , ~, s..;...., K - s.~
~ t

138
~~. foV',,~ i"", f\..-~e-. Co""e (S-v'j>fD ....... l:"~ ~ ~t..:t).
-- Lo~ ~~I:': .. V'\. rc"-,,e< ~
a.-t'
H OlP\e,&"'I.l:-'t.

l. I'll (- +t (~ - t))/('Z~t~)

1CJJ ~+' I~~

v e-
TI

~
4 Y <;""'"" t>< +~ ~

el f4\~ fa- ;«ec:.o<- t.s.-,('("o(~-"Ui .. 'j«~ ~,os ..",)))

zel;
S<:I?, ""e.;~~ 11'q,.{"Cj." +A...Aoc:' ('l.~;"", '\.0( -/"")~~ +.c.- j( )
~ 1" ..tv
('2!:t:)
N,*e:. ! ~
N"t - W/(n-1 s.~ 20<) - -
~. (,.J "*",-+rl;e..c
S1~"", ~i"e..,..,

\'~'~7
1"0 Dott-o..,
T1.. 0 ~ ~ It. ~ ~CvCJ~dl!.
Yt1"" ";'0"- l::o~ e~c...

&t,.
~
-W/c21T 1 E\:;~(\.K)
~ .. ~ L ....~.
V1. r;1('2 Tt Et; .c...:n 0<. )

~. N~ - o· 5" f t +~ K ( ~ -
1)

Sv".~
V/
r

___ ~.
"-
.... T3

e3* (- ~ t t-~
~1 t~ t>(

1- C( (~ +? t )) /(1. et)
v~
(p t v~~~ o(t~ o<'(i ~: +~ (l-f)));{'2eb)

~. Nt.k _wt'v(~-
'1
~1 + ~)~"'C(~
T c- <A

1) (~ ~ '1) ~j ~
\yJ TIf'

~
w e Y (

e- v~~ k'+~ .c ( ~ ~
0(

l; - ~~ "V'((,eb)
e. . . - w

IN..ek_ t.l'~ ",..-e .

- ---
Vu ~~\i~~~~f )(e~~)+r(l- ~f +1~ \)/(g~e~

139
 c~~ 1. V"~ l~
(;-I ... l1..~~.

$v .....c;.t..._je.. :. 0

~e... ....r;. l,..J~ r. .

e£:'"'~ '" 10 kc.J(_

M~;.::::\.'\ ~ foV'c.e.. (N) 'l.l..:'3

Nt,. -1'2..b<;r)('I\'42>~(lh.;b!> - 2..~Hy('2.Go~K)" - U':r9.o
\ ;Z./p n ll ...... ~
N"l. : -110..0 /(n)(. '2...(,~'!.)(. Si"" 'Z.'() "" -ILk(.g.o
N4 A -La l(. CoL\·'-i'b~ .... l(.(~
"2..<&,.:;:;
-?)( "t.!.,.:'!> +- '2..l<'2..t.,.>3f
\I.,,",,~~ II·\..H;)~'"
i V\t< :: - c...,zt·o
_ __
Ton...A ,..J bA...('c. :;. - 12tCo fo:.,J •

R..~'fVj T~",·OV\ (T) 2.(p~~

It -= 1"2,· ~ x '2·ro~> )(. Vi", CI< +"'-" C<
o 0

10 ~ ll''-I8~'\.o'l( ('2..(P?~ (ll'\.Jt.;,~-'Z.(O~~))S1""I>(;: 1l-3.·c.,

II.'-'I~~ II·ub~ j ___
lordA ,.. b""c:..:: -I--'2oZ.....,.
'Kor~\:--·IQ""' (e) 'l·~~3
'9, .. -I'i·r><;:"x.ll.ut>~ (u.'-${o~)(.I'(o~_'2'l..,,c,(-'2.o1~)): -O.QCX)o~("
'2 )(. e l(, 0.4-
81.'" -1'2.Q<l / ('2.)(.1ix..1...~3~J( exo.4-xCA:lroz.0 .. _o,oooo'l7

9-\ot'" -lO ><: 1\''-1-);)':> 1. x. 0 .e~ )( o.~;. 0 0 ''-4 )(~):;. -o.oooI1~

Tc;>rM e I::;>_te. ,. - o· 0002 ~(,

L:H.f pld...-c...c:..V\,A~"""~ (v-) 1.'!.R !."3

VI :: I~.~"'", tt.-..t~~"l..(o.€X:'2.':."x.."l.~n)A'2.l(f:;(O"""')"'OO~~
o 1& -0000

./4 1: lo.ox: 1I.l.kb~~)(O'O~O(PO~""s,.i"'!...K/(O.y)(~ ... o')"..p.

Tot-..vI. v- b,,-,>-c. ;: -+o.~<..o
(~~)
I

140
 FRSE CONB ANALYSIS - RESULTS

LENGTH OF SHELL WALL ••••••••••••• 8.856001 M

LENGTH TO START OF SHELL ••••••••• 11.489 M
SHELL WALL THICKNESS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 M
SEMI-CENTftAL ANGLE ............... 48.32 DEGREBS
No. OF POINfS FOR ANALYSIS ••••••• 10 STEPS
THE MODULUS OF ELASTICITY IS ••••• 1.5E+07 kN/sq.m
POISSONS RATIO ••••••.•••••••••••• 0
SHELL WALL DEAD LOADING •••••••••• 12.85 kN/sq.m
THE TOTAL WEI:;H'r OF 'rHE ROOF ••.•• 1200 kN
THE SURCHARGE PRESSURE IS •••••••• 0 kN/sq.m
'fHE WATER PRESSURE INCREASES BY •• 10 kN/sq.m

RESUL'l'S FOR COM3INED LOAD CASE

1 OIs'rANeEy ( MERIDIONAL HOOP ! HORIZONrAL 1

1 FROMBASE OF! FORCE FORCE ROTA'rION (DISPLACEMENTI
1 SHELL WALL 1 1 1
1 (M) (kN) (kN) 1 (mm) 1
1----------------------------------------------------------------1
(11.489 -33.5 123.9 +.132E-03 0.1772 1
(10.505 -60.2 190.5 (+.717E-04 0.2491 1
9.521 -97.6 242.6 +.176E-04 0.2875 1
8.537 -148.3 280.3 -.308E-04 0.2978
7.553 -214.1 303.5 (-.741E-04 0.2853
6.569 -302.2 312.2 -.113E-03 0.2553
5.585 -119.3 306.5 -.150E-03 0.2131
4.601 -582.0 286.3 (-.1878-03 0.1640
3.617 -823.4 251.7 -.230E-03 0.1133
2.633 -1226.4 202.5 (-.2968-03 0.0664

Figure '.3 Aeinforcement and upper surface formwork fixing supp;orts for inclined conical slab

141
 X. -:: '2. 4'/ 1'2.)( 1.<,~!;,'-c.o!:-~", ----- - --_. - -
'j (o.~ )~
fvoV'""\ r ~l e. 0 / ?. 7 ~
cS'. . /:: l,.o.\..kl....f '. c:::.Me'=lt>'Ui~/(<.o'U.~J<.'2b'~-I_~.s:"")=+.o"to.f'~
C eM' ~ 1'2 b· ~ : I<. He I ~ -l~. '::' / (\oo'<.-I.~ ~ t1.~.~--;C!>~d=-.ol..g'-f'
c..~H': I~.~: I':.H~/"-I~.':)/(<.o.u.~K.I"Ze..f:!>-I~.':(l)",,_.O~3.4-
C9.-tt,. L~·Y: K 11~/ ;:.1'Zt>.t:./(Io.'-I;I....lK.I2.2.>. .!!l-\'!).~"'):a.+ ''22>l

t1 e I .. '01 '-f 1. x. e K . I....\- >< 'Z. ' (p~~ K (+·'0002'?(P)/+JI...-. '-"p( '" +S~.o
M\ I:. _'O'-{;l.f K. EK.' Y K (_ 0 .o~)/>1'" "'+""'-'~ ,,+ea.l
+l~·l

I \ (~.-)
He ~ - , oy. ~ }<. e- )(, \...4. >< (+, Q-OO 2 ~ /~V> ~ +~ r>( '" - ~ \. ~
H ~/ ... . '2 ~·n >< ex, u ~ (_o.o~c..) 'Z..,t..:.';~$iVl'loIl(", -1~.1
_ 110.0
(~)
:= +1~.1 I~
o (7 tO.I 'I-
)c 1 ~j _ _ _' (_.........
_ .........
_.
•

+-;x;t:1 ::.
------------------------

142
~-e f. Fo"'u!'~ ; ....... (...o",,~ V\e.,.c:l ...... 1d\...U..
---
X ~ Ie II 1"2- I~ Lw"'~~$

r;~W. ~ ( ....) Z."'~ ;.'l...{l 3, . ':).z I...f·tgl <.,.'",Yb

~~~ ....
MM;O ....
- 1-1' -+ 1~·1 +13.·1 +1!.·1 +1~·1 +11." \l
~~I~"
H' -\1.0·0 -(1.0.0 -I/o. 0 -tlo.o -110,0 I

lS
Coe.(ft{ CH M ' 1·0 o·S'S 0,20 0·03- -o·oz,..
+"'0"",,\ - ~
I +- 'Z,.t. - 1... 'Z. i ~
t"'-"I~r MM +1:,'l +I..il,p . .., H'-!·l )( -

o/~1(-')
---- - - - - - - - - - - - -I - .
::t:
CHrt' 0 +0.0'0 +o·o~2. +0 . .01..0 +o.ooq. 'l:
r ~
U 0
tlc<>,I<.~' -2~'O -'2.~Z':> -z ~ ~ -t-C) b -'Z~a. II .,
-r 1:
H ti" 0 -1;·-:," -( '::,'·2 - (P.o -.0- ~ !: 1"
l.M + l g·l +'2'l.~ - 0·':>- - s· b - ~,I

, 0 -1·8>8 -I· ~ -O·l&> _.0'\0

Cr-J""

1-'\\+4-."'';'; ~\·'-{"o tS:·I;;"O 21.10 11'10 1':('. \0 ~~

~:x:
-~o . -Il ... '2
:r ~
',H-'I' 0 -<;;'0
- - --- --- --- - - - - ~ ~
iA
CNH I ).0 o.oL:> -0·l7 - 0 , (~ -o·o';{" ~
+- ~

..t Isir"\\>( tY.j -1'2-1 t -r

-IO~ - bs'" -1'2. - G::. \
"2 "2
\J U
Nt-! ' -1'2..1 -w +l~ +~ -+~
...
~ 4

N !....,e.!.I -\'21.1.0 -~<;;o -1'3.{p -S'Co';) -uLkO I ;;

2 2
~N - 12,;,s'!> -1090> -l<:::3 -S;(ol -L{-S~

CT"",' +-l'·~' -+ o· k> --:; -t..-{! -"2 ~~

~ .
)(
)C
t'
TM' +- c;. L ....., -+ '2.-.0. '-t -\ <=Y'l" -(I -3.0
- - - - - - -- - - - - - - +:~ - Vi
~
CIt; I
-+ + ~·4 + .Q·3 0 _0.4-
~U
(p .~ - o.y- ~-
l-
Tl-\' - b 13 -2.'Z.l -tl -t'2.~ +3.--\ 1\
U
- u

l~c..LI -t-1..0 'Z. -t '2.'2..~ + 't.-Lo'Z. +'Z.tx+ +~ \...! ~

~
2,/ +::',0 +11 +lY:O +'Z.4"l. +~ol

143
 l2.eA.

\0.2>-1'_1-_-+++-_+
10.)1-
-+- --+++--+
C?J'~'l:
.. '

~ ,1(-+__+,,+-11--_ f --_._+---

'S11-1<:.-l •
. ----

---1--- - - - -

....1·00

'20'2-.,1 . 1;:-!1c-I ....... - 1.>0:' ~ IGJ .

e: ...., ieAA.'~O V\ ~.I-'\. 'D ; ....c:..c:..1:'

Di4"''''''''''' eM) r--\~..... tI.A
Di,..~"~ (~)
fo ....c.c:.. bi~ ..",-......
~y.J

Now I ~t 1 0 .... ' e.~ kn.Q\.-J"" - d..eA" 6 V\ ~ ~

C-I vc,vL 4...N t" ~ k - ~ c...c.-Ic: M.co Go""", r
~~; vC!-

~rvc...c-f c..-ov-..c..rc:..t-e ....tve +c ,...).

144
 ROOF Ref. 8-1

CONE Ref.s 8-1 to 8-5 incl.

BASE OF CONE
AND UPPER SHlI.FT rabIes 9/31 , 9/32
J.

SHAFr Reinforced Concrete

J.Faber and F.Mead
E.& F.N.Spon Ltd.1965

roUNDATIONS Reinforced Concrete

i) J.Faber and F.Mead
E.&F.N.Spon Ltd 1965
Design of Circular Raft
Foundations for Chimneys.
S.N.Manohar & S.B.Desai
Construction Weekly 1967

and 8-9

Figure 8.4 Design of structural elements ef tower

145
Program 8P 1 Calculation of forces and movements in unrestrained c'One 'Subjected to external
forces
10 E=1.5E+07:U=0:PI=3.1415927£:S=10:W=10
20 CLS:PRINT:PRINT:PRINT
30 PRINT" CALCULAl'ION OF FORCES AND t10ME~l'rS IN FREE
40 PRINT"
50 PRIN£:PRINr" PLE:ASE INPUT 'rHE FOLLOWING Dr,TA :-"
60 PRINf
70 INPU'f" CONE THICKNESS,(M) T·",T
80 INPUT" TOTAL ROOF WEIGHT ON UPPER CONE PERIMETER W=fl;WR
90 INPUT" 'THE SURCHARGE PRE:5SURE (KN/M-Z) P=" iF
100 PRItH
110 INPUT" THE LENGTH OF CONE FROM IT'S ORIGIN (M) ",L ~
:<.
120 INPUT"
130 INPUT"
140 INPUT"
rHE Sf ART OF THE: CONE FROM IT'S ORIGIN (M) "'\Ll/'
fHE: HALF ANGLE OF THE: CONE (deg) ";ALPHA
THE NUMBE:R OF POINTS FOR ANALYSIS "IS ~
I
150 PRINT ~
160 INPUT" fHE MOO. ')1" ELASTICITY (DEFAULT=O .15E+08) ., E: ~'
~~g ~~P~~~ fnENP~!~~~:~o;ATIO (DE:FAULT-O) ";U U .0
190 ALPHA = PI*ALPHA/180
200 Q=f*24/{SIN{ALPHA»
210 LC = L-Ll
220 DIM L{S) ,N{S) ,T{S) ,R(S) ,D{S) ,Nl(S) ,N2(S) ,N3(S) ,N4(5)
230 DIM -fIlS) ,T2{S) ,T3{S) ,1'4(5) ,R1(S) ,R2(5) ,R3(5) ,R4{S) ,Dl{S) ,D2(3) ,D3(3) ,04(5)

m~M~:Q:':~:::::::::::::::::::::: "~ex,
280 N2(I)=-WR/(Pl*Y*SIN(2*ALPHA»
290 N3(I)=-P*L*fAN(ALPHA)*(L/Y-Y/L)/2
, ~~-',~ll
~
300 N4(I)=-W*L"2*(L/Y-3*Y/L+2*Y"2/L"2)*SIN(ALPHA)/6 ~,
310 N(I)=Nl(l)+N2(I) tN3(I)+N4(1)
320 Tl{I)=Q*Y*SlN(ALPHA)*TAN(ALPHA) P
330 T2(I)=O
340 T3(I)=p*rAN(ALPHA)*Y
350 r4(I)=W*L-2*(Y/L)*(L-Y)/L*SIN(ALPHA)
360 T(l) =1'1 (I) +1'2 (I) tT3 (1) +':'4 (1)
370 Rl(I)=-12.854*L·{L/Y*rAM(ALPHA)*1/COS(ALPHA)-Y/L*~AN(ALPHA)*1/COS(~~HA)*(1
4*(SIN(ALPHA)"2)+2*U*(COS(ALPHA)"2»)/(2*E:*T)
380 R2(I)=-WR/(2*PI*f*E*~*(:::OS(ALPHA)"2»
390 R3(I)=-P*L*(TAN(ALPHA)"2)*(L/Y+3*Y/L)/(2*E*T)
400 R4(I)=-W*L"2*3IN(ALPHA)*TA~(ALPHA)*(L/Y+9*Y/L-16*Y-2/L"21/(6*E:*TI
410 R(I)=Rl(I)+R2(I)+R3(I)+R4(II
420 Dl(I)=Q*L"2*(Y-2/L"2*~A~(ALPHA)*(2*(SIN(ALPHA)"21-U) ~U*~AN(ALPHA»/(2*E*r)
430 D2 (I) =U*ilR/ (2*PI*E*T*COS (ALPHA»
440 D3 (II =p*[," 2*51N (.ALPHA) *TAN (ALPHA) * (? *y" 2/ G" 2 tU* ( l_Y" 2/L" 2) 1/ (2*E* n
450 D4(I)=rl*L"3*(SIN(ALPHA)"2)*«Y"2/L"2)*(L-Y)/L+U*(1-3*Y"2/L"2+2*Y"3/L"3)/6)/
E* r)
460 D(l)-=Dl(I)+D2(IPDJ(I)+D4(I)
470 NEXT I
480 PRINT:PRINT:PRINr" CHE:CK THE: PRINTER IS SWIfCHED ON.":INPUT Z
490 LPRINT" FREE CONE ANALYSIS - RESULfS"
500 LPRINT" ---------------------------- ..
510 LPRINT
520 LPRINT" LENGTH OF SHELL WALL •..•.....•••. ·;L;" M"
530 LPRINT" LENGTH ')1" INITIAL SfE:P ..•...•.... "'Ll, .. M"
540 LPRI N'r" SHELL WALL THICKNE:SS ............... ; r;" M"
550 LPRINT" SE:MI-CENTRAL ANGLE . . . . . . . . • . . . . • . "':LPRINT USING "EEE.E£EB",ALPHA*
BO/PI,:LPRINT" deg"
560 LPRINT" NO. OF POINTS F~R ANALYSIS ......... ,5'· STEPS"
570 LPRINl'
590 LPRIN'r" MOD. OF ELASTICI fY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "; E," kN 1M" 2"
590 LPRINT" POISSONS RATIO •...•...•.....•.... "; U
600 LPRIlH
610 f"PRINr" SHELL WALL DEAD LOADING . . . . . . . . . . ";Q;" kN/tl"2"
620 LPRINT: LPRINT
630 LPRItU" RE:SULf5 FOR COM3INED LOAD :ASE": LPRINl'
640 LPRINT"------------------------------------------------------------------"
650 LPRINl'" I DIsrANCE y ! ME:RIDIONAL! H,)OP! ! HORI Z:)NT,i\L !"
660 LPRINT"!FR')~ BASE: OF! FORCE: FORCE ROTATION !DISPLACEMENT!"
670 LPRINT"! SHE:LL WALL! I"
680 LPRIN'f"! (tl) ! (kNI ! (kNI (mm) I"
690 LPRINf"!----------------------------------------------------------------1"
700 A$="£££.EBE":B$="+£££E£.£":C$="££££.£":D$="+.£E£""-"":E:$="£.££E£"
710 FOR )(=S-l 'ro 0 s'rEP-l
720 LPRIllr"! ";:LPRINT USING A$;L(XI,:LPRINT" ! ',:LPRINT USING B$;N(X);:LP
IN'i'" ! n;:LPRINT USING C$,'f(X);:LP!UtH" ! ",:LPRIN'r USING D$;R(X);:LPRINT"
I ""LPRINT USING E$;;)\.\)·lOOO;:LPRINr" 1"
7 30 NEn i{
740 LPRINT .. ------------------------------------------------------------------"

146
 s;f 120
21
106

106 ,0

:;1 94

103
__L.
89

'OJ

89

89

80

89

JI
;;;1

t:\..-?.R rlK c;;.' ///1-5' /...15<·,1 ____

OA../.-;.~:O/.,..t;.,.::.,...' A../,t::- .~/

10 - 30

o
v

Figure 8.5 Enlarged rc details at base of cone

147
 :".nlr"\ ~I~~I P'Dt { ]'>Or:>m O,~ "1,1(11(, ,'or
(}fH.tt~ fO' ~tl.q OUf\,t!'l1a,n

\
\ \
\

]':to""""d •• ,hHtdt,ron
0v t l,l"'a,l'lfro""o .. t-

Figure 8.6 Water tower construction details

148
Figure 0.7 Plan showing reinforcement in cone walls

Figure 8.8 Detail at base of cone and head of shaft

149
•
 All ~(.to\ 1'2.~111 thIck.

9yod~ 45E

2m dio. shaft-

<0000

Figure 8.9 Steel conical water tower

150
Figure 1.10 Completed steel water tower
Design of steel conical water tanks
Figure 8.9 is of a conical steel water tower built at
approximately 420 m above sea level in an area subject
to high wind speeds and low temperatures. Grade 43E
steel was used for the tower and. because of concern over
the water freezing in the tank. the wall and roof were
insulated externally.
The tank contains 90 m) of water and. because it was
small. steel was chosen for both economical and speed
of construction reasons. There is no British Standard for
the design of this type of structure; however. a very useful
guide had been prepared for Australian designers and with
the help of this article (Ref. 8-6) and the tables prepared
for this handbook the analysis was carried out and the
tower built. Although the designed tank wall required
relatively little thickness of metal. a minimum thickness
of 12 mm plate was used to comply with the recommenda-
tions of the Australian article. which took into account
experiments on the buckling of cylinders and cones.
One further problem was the possibility af the tower
oscillating as a result of wind induced vibrations and also.
should the water 'slosh' at the same frequency as the
tower, then the results could be serious! Although no
specific guidelines had been prepared for this type of
structure with regard to this problem. calculations were
carried out using the BS for the design of chimneys (Ref.
8-7) and articles from technical journals (Ref. 8-8),
Of considerable value in the design was information
provided in an article in the Structural Engineer on wind
tunnel tests carried out on a model of a conical water tower
built at York (Ref. 8-9). The calculations indicated that
serious oscillations would not occur and that the water,
which responded more slowly to wind action, would tend
in simple terms. to act as a dampener to any movement.
The tower has stood for the past 10 years in often extreme
conditions and has shown little signs of structural distress.
References
8-1 Timoshenko S. Woinowsky-Krieger S 1959 Theory
of Plates and Shells McGraw-Hill
8-2 Arya D S. 1969-1970 Analysis and design of
circular shell structures. Indian Concrete Journal,
August 1969-June 1970
8-3 Batty D I 1973 Computerised Design of Conical
Shells for Water Towers MSc Bradford University
8-4 Flugge W 1967 Analysis of Shells Springer Verlag
8-5 Taylor A R. Airey E M 1978 The Structural Design,
Construction. Inspection and Repair of Reinforced
Concrete Settling Cone Shells used in Coal
Preparation Plants Mining Research and Develop-
ment Establishment Report No 74
8-6 Ramm D W 1978 Design of Elevated Steel Tanks
Australian Institute of Steel Construction (with
particular reference to conical tanks) Vol 12 No I.
8-7 BS 4076 Steel Chimneys
8-8 Irish K. Cochrane R G 1971 Wind induced
oscillation of circular chimneys and stacks.
Structural Engineer
8-9 Williams G M J, Houghton D S, Moss G M 1967
Design of two unusual structures at York University
Structural Engineer, May
151
 Design for water.. retaining structures

Table 9.1 Details of (a) bar reinforcement. and (b) fabric reinforcement

Groups of Bars
(kg/metre run) Bar S.ze Number 01 bars
mm 1 2 10
, Denoles non·preferred s.zes
6 ' 0.222 0.444 0.666 0.888 1.110 1.332 1.554 1.776 1.998 2.220

0.395 0.790 1.185 1.580 1.975 2.370 2.765 3.160 3.555 3.950
10 0.616 1.232 1.848 2.464 3.080 3.696 4.312 4.928 5.544 6.160
12 0.888 1.776 2.664 3.552 4.440 5.328 6.216 7.104 7.992 8.880

16 1.579 3.158 4.737 6.316 7.895 9.474 11.053 12.632 14.211 15.790
20 2.466 4.932 7.398 9.864 12.330 14.796 17.262 19.728 22.19-4 24.660
25 3.854 7.708 11.562 15.416 19.270 23.124 26.97 30.632 34.686 38.540

32 6.313 12.626 18.939 25.252 31.565 37.878 44.191 SO.504 56.817 63.130
40 9.864 19.728 29.592 39.456 49.320 59.184 69.048 78.912 88.776 98.640
I SO' 15.413 30.826 46.239 61.652 77.065 92.478 107.891 123.304 138.717 154.130
I I I
Weight par m 2 in one
direction. (Add both Bar Size Spacing of Bars (milhmetres)
75 100 125 ISO 175 200 225 250 275 300
directions for total m 2
weight)
6' 2959 2.220 1.776 1.480 1.268 1.110 0.986 0888 0.807 0.740
• Denoles non·preferred sIzes 1.315
5.261 3.9-46 3.157 2.631 2.255 1.973 1.754 1.578 1.435
10 8.220 6.165 4.932 4.110 3.523 3083 2.740 2.466 2.242 2.055
12 11.638 8.878 7.103 5.919 5073 4.439 3.9-46 3.551 3.228 2.959

16 21.044 15.783 12.627 10.522 9.019 7.892 7.015 6.313 5.739 5.261
20 32.882 24.661 19.729 16.441 14.092 12.331 10.961 9.865 8.968 8.220
25 51378 38.534 30.827 25689 22.019 19.267 17.126 15.413 14.012 12.845

32 84.178 63133 SO.S07 42.089 36.076 31.567 28.059 25.253 22.958 21.044
40 131.528 98.646 78.917 65.764 56.369 49.323 43.843 39.458 35.871 32.882

SO' 205.512 154.134 123.307 102.756 88.077 77.067 68.504 61.654 56.049 51.378

(a)

152
 Table 9.1 (8) (continued)

Sectional A.reap of
Groups of liars (mm2) Number of bats
2 10
• Denotes non·prelllrred sizes
6• 28.3 56.5 84.8 113.1 141.4 169.6 197.9 226.2 254.5 282.7

SO.3 100.5 lSO.8 201.1 251.3 301.6 351.\1 402.1 452.4 S02.7
10 78.5 157.1 235.6 314.2 392.7 471.2 549.8 628.3 706.9 785.4
12 113.1 226.2 339.3 452.4 565.5 678.6 791.7 904.8 1017.9 1131.0

16 201.1 402.1 603.2 804.2 1005.3 1206.4 1407.4 1608.5 1809.6 2010.6
20 314.2 628.3 942.5 1256.6 1570.8 1885.0 2199.1 2513.3 2827.4 3141.6
25 490.9 981.7 1472.6 1963.5 2454.4 2945.2 34361 39270 4417.9 4908.7

32 604.2 1608.5 2412.7 3217.0 4021.2 4825.5 5629.7 6434.0 7238.2 8042.5
40 1256.6 2513.3 3769.9 S026.5 6283.2 7539.8 8796.5 10053.1 11309.7 12566.4

SO' 1963.5 3927.0 58905 7854.0 9817.5 11781.0 13744.5 15708.017671.519635.0

~-::::T
Sectional Areas per
Metre Width for Bar Size SpaCing of Bars (millimetres)
Various Spacings 75 100 125 ISO 175 200 225 2SO 275 300
(mm2/m)
6• 377.0 282.7 226.2 188.5 161.6 141.4 125.7 113.1 102.8 94.2
• Denotes non-preferred Siles
670.2 S02.7 402.1 335.1 287.2 251.3 223.4 201.1 112.8 167.6
10 10472 785.4 6283 523.6 4488 392.7 349.1 314.2 215.6 261.1
12 lS08.0 1131.0 904.8 754.0 646.3 565.5 502.7 452.4 411.3 377.0

16 2680.8 2010.6 1608.5 1340.4 1148.9 1005.3 893.6 604.2 731.1 670.2
20 41888 31416 25133 2094.4 1795.2 1570.8 1396.3 1256.6 1142.4 1047.2
25 6545.0 49087 3927.0 3272.5 2805.0 2454.4 2181.7 1963.5 1715.0 1636.2

32 107233 8042.5 6434.0 5361.6 4595.7 4021.2 3574.4 3217.0 2924.5 2680.8
40 16755.1 125664 10053.1 8377.6 7180.8 6283.2 5585.0 S026.5 4569.6 4188.8

SO' 26179.9 196349 15708.0 13090.0 11220.0 98175 8726.6 7854.0 7140.0 1545.0

Mesh Sizes Cross· sectional Nominal Sheets Sheets

BS Nominal Pitch Area Per Weight per tonne Sheet per Sq Metres
Type I!eference of Wires wire Sizes Metre Width perm' (approx) Wetght bUnale pertonne
Main Cross Main Cross Main Cross

mm mm mm' mm' kg leg

SOUARE 393 200 200 10 10 393 393 6.16 15 70.96 18 162.34
MESH 252 200 200 8 8 252 252 3.95 22 45.SO 28 253.16
FABRIC A 193 200 200 193 193 3.02 29 34.79 34 331.13
142. 200 200 142 142 2.22 40 2557 46 4SO.45
98 200 200 98 98 154 57 17.74 60 649.35
STRUCTURAL ·s 1131 100 200 12 1131 252 10.90 B 125.57 10 91.74
MESH 8 785 100 200 10 785 252 814 11 93.57 14 122.85
FABRIC 8 503 100 200 8 503 252 5.93 15 68 31 18 168.63
B 385 100 200 385 193 4.53 20 5219 24 220.75
8 283 100 200 283 193 3.73 24 42.97 30 268.10
8 196 100 200 196 193 3.05 29 35.14 36 327.87
LONG MESH 785 100 400 10 785 70.8 6.72 13 77 41 16 148.81
FABRIC S03 100 400 S03 49.0 4.34 20 SO.OO 26 230.41
C 385 100 400 385 49.0 3.41 26 39.28 30 293.26
C 283 100 400 283 49.0 2.61 34 30.07 32 383.14
C 636 100 400 636 70.8 555 16 6394 20 180.18
WRAPPING 98 200 200 98.0 980 154 57 17.74 60 649.35
FABRIC 49 100 100 2.5 25 49.1 49.1 77 113 8.87 SO 1298.70

, A142 also available 3.&m x 1.Om shem. SO sheets per burnal. - merchant slu stocked.

(b)

153
Table 9.2 Ultimate anchorage bond and lap lengths as multiples of bar size (BS 8110)

25 TenSIon anchor. and lap lengttl 39 72 51 40 31

1.4 x tenstOn tap 55 101 71 57 44
2.0 x tenSIon tap 78 143 101 81 62
CompresSIOn anchorage IengtI\ 32 58 41 32 25
Comp<esslon lap IengtI\ 39 72 51 40 31
-~.------"----------

30 Tension anchor. and lap IengtI\ 36 66 46 37 29

1.4 x tenSIon lap 50 92 64 52 40
2.0 x tensIOn lap 71 131 92 74 57
Comp<esslon anchorage IengtI\ 29 53 37 29 23
. _ _ _ _ ~p<~lOnlap~ _ _ _3_6 66 46 _ _..:.3_7_ 29
35 Tension anchorage and tap length 33 61 43 34 27
1.4 x tenSion lap 46 85 60 48 37
2.0 x tenSion lap 66 121 85 68 53
Comp<esslon anchorage length 27 49 34 27 21
______ ~.."m~a_..slo"_Ia£.I!~th_ _ _ ._ ._~.~. 61 43 34 27
40 Tension anchorage and lap length 31 57 40 32 25
1.4 x lenSlon tap 43 80 56 45 35
2.0 x tenSion lap 62 113 80 64 49
Comp<esslon anchorage length 25 46 32 26 20
Compression lap length 31 57 40 32 25

154
Table 9.3 Reinforcement scheduling details for (a) preferred shapes, and (b) other shapes

~ of bending dlmeneIona - pnlferN<f fINIpee -lIS 44Gll.

-"""'_"'lIonIIInGoI
~-
T_lon;IIIoI ..... (L)
_&long_line
..... .......
- . . . ... bo
- _of_ofllonlllnGoI

~-
T_lonQIIIofbor(L)
_&long_line . . .In_
~Iobo

~ '_ _ ... ----l

A

Straight rm
~-I
-- Ie)
A.S.(e)
"""
KangIos_""''''''''DIUI
.,...," orIoN.

, 0 Seenoce. ~
~8
rrnh/~ A+h -' I
,
'---
.-- A
-
A
~ O?2d
--A--
~ " angIM_.".hoN"",",
~
~~
A+2h are "S"'OI IctsI
(E)

~'
A+28.C.(Ej 0

Ire ~ C-.-::::> A --1

~
A Seenof••
V
A f'/ r .___
r " ("
--1
0

-~--
~
A+n O?2d
-.Ilo<Nfl<alldimons.oo
Iijr A+(Sj-",r-d

~ R non standard
allhebobl$O'11lCaI use

n~ "'-codt37

A~
thIS formula IS ;JClPfOImato

I
L- A tt R IS mnmum. UN SI'\ape
'--- A A -'37 nRlS9'8_iNn
-------- '(B)
200mm. $.Ie nexe 2 to ~use
10 as U65 198V

~ 2(A+8j.12d

:iij A+2n
~ _AnorBarelObeless
INhere the ov.,aa dmen$Ol than 12d Ot lSOmm,

ne _~n
0 1 _ bob .. entreat do not
u.M ' Ir, ShapI L--J
A
'-Bh

0:
whrche_lStno_I8r.Ie<
gtade~n$Q"noI
'l~no 20mm not tess
Ihanl~I"''''.. 01~
andover Neltt'lefAnt')lBare
lo""lesslhanlOdle<~ -0
250 WI1h a rTllmmum value of
A and 8 of l00mm

E[~r
A+(Bj-',.r-d See ""'. 3

~~.i
ThtsforrnWal$appt"oIlmate If angle WItI'! honzorrtai's.5

"',
'Nhererl, gteaterrhan It'4

r ;.
or less.
i - - - - (B) t'ntIWT\Umvaru.!ntable3 AL-
as U65 1989. UN shape B A.(C)
axIo 51
i ,-;--/ A _ 1
~8I
---.J See note "
-- te) --t '.p

~
A+S.(Cj-r-2d

~--
2A.3B.1Bd

r~_
(e) 1f8ISgfeaferthan400 .. 2tJ.
... 1
r~;J A~
see flOUt 210 dause 10
as 4466 1989 c::Ja
a _._.---' a (C ) ? $4)ef'()le3 T

4. The Iengttl formula IS approlrrnate and when ben:.1Ing ang}es elceed 45 the \enqth
should be calculaled ffiOf8 ac:o..trater; artow1OQ to( the difference ~ the specrlJed
t. , II"ldcates!he mlf'WnUm value In table 3 as 4466 1989 overall dlfl'l(triSJOnS and \tie true length measured alono lhe central ilXlS ol1t\e bat Of '!We
&. The~IO~ar.thefreedarnensiOO$ When the bendtno angfes approach 90" >1 15 pcelerab'e to !.4)eC'rl'y 5I"lape c:oda 99 wrth I
luftydlmen$)Q(\illskeld"l
" To ~ sepal .... equ&tJons Ie< each ..... ~ and bendong 'aOOs. ~mphfled 1o\aI
Genorol No..: me unsooaf>ed 0< und>meosoonod portron 01 'he bat sI'<lvId not be 01 • cotrcaI
""'¢>""""-""'-Ie<~CXldO$61. n. 78. 79ard62 n",S<llormulae." nature as aU tokH"al"CeS of wrtlf"lg am bendlrq etc are taken up on th'" portlOn
~approxtma.

(a)

155
Table 9.3 (continued)

ThoMboIowillbosuppi>O<l R
O1toq,t_ .... rIldIus,. ~
A
grNWIhanIhalIl""""'"
_~oIBS4466'9!19

2A.3B.1Od
_ A r a e _ b o ....
Ihan '5Omm.
_ l2dcr......

O~
~.tot

grIIIooteoonSlZ"""
oxooedlng2Ommra_
Ihan • ...,tot ..... '"
-8- 25mm ord fNfII _ A not
SlfOlObo_lhonlOdtot
grIIIo 250 """ • monmum
vaau.oIAord SoI'OOmm
SNr'OI03

A+B+O.57C+(D)-'1tr
-2.57d
KC .. grM' .. 1IIan 4OO.2d.
_noI02lOdouM'O

o a~
854466'9119

_SOSnolgr __ INIn
C
[J M

c=::::l- i' (A-d) (l~l2m)

,-C_ _ _I ..,.
~,

-~- ~~
A ,5 the eI'lefNll
r-
A,slhe.ttemal~oI
..-01_
~
/leII1,w"nm)
.. Ai IE) ........ """"01_''''"''"1 """"01
• oS ....

~UJtt--
-, C _ Bl C ...... hoogItol""".
<NfII. .
"...
A ClSthaovera'
I'" mm) Where B tS ",Nter
~ , 0 eflJ~O
C !
IhonM ..... lormuIadoosnol
II>IJIyTher.shalbo8l1e....
_ilJloumo"' ..... _
noogIItolheb

-C- NoIo· ......... A .. smaI

_lOd."""",-os
fl!lbncalold ... dooedtorm
A.B.(C)-,-2d andpulle<llO",-an_

A_s>.eId>_
.,. . . . . .Ic _ _

be cWawn CMA at. !CNOJle

-.mnsAlOE E.-y
-.anshalboopoollod
,,,,,-.anlNlltSlO
-~"""""­
"'~.-""'"
ftil:lncalr _I0_
_1IOnI_bootOcaled
..

""""'-......_--
tot .... '0'."""" " . " ' -
A Chaltlgrtenl"llhts\.lilibllOfJn

aD C
_'BS'-'9119 ..
"""""",bula_
- . a n .. IO_tot""
~cIovIabonl."'"
",-_bodr-."'" ,
II""""INI ",-."..99 &
..... " .. ""'*'""'"_bo
orocatod"'~Tho
1OIe<ancoogrven .. _ .
BS'-'911901ool1JP1Y

(b)

156
Table 9.4 'As' for design crack width 0.2 mm, bar diameter Tio

iSS
h ! ~ i ~I ! sp.mgof
...... ,
H
..,
II II
II j
V ~ ..
.10<'
1/ V
1/
~y ........ 100

1/
,,11 Ii 1/
II
.,1"-
I"'~
~

II 1--0"

I/~ v~ I-' ,I."" •. II~ 7-

It(
~
< S2l II 1/ 2.".2.~
_. - -
Y "'"
] .us
1/ ",I,-- ISO

-.., ~
(I)
ITS
J
0
l'l
II'
1-- -
too
CD
.a
M9
314
" '1-
. I- ..
us
UO
18S 1-1-' . -I-
I)
,"I .. ~7f
.00

I
I
COVER
45
r
10
Ii
\10
1$

Service Bending Moment (kNm)

)0
I
~r
.. 4r
so
I ss .., 60r
70
7S
80
as
~o
~s
COVER
45

"As" For Design Crack Width of O.2mm Bar Diameter Tl0

h
7~
!I '"... ~
:1 0 0 0

'"
. ~: Il*III9 of
moil,. .,

j....J-1
1/ II I'"
II II lA
I<'" 100

II
..§.
(,211 II 1/
J .-#
f.<'1'"

"'~ , -
II
CI'l ItS
",,~.II~%
< r

5l~
I L (If <.1. t.C..'Z..3

Ci)
II
,III ~
150
Q)
Ci) I I
-..,
44'

0 (' 17'
"3 /. zoo
....
Q)
M'
< 1>14
t~

us I i I HO
u.1
~. I us
100
I I I
COVER I I II I I II II I II I I I
COVER
• 10
IS
7.0
H
}O
~s
40
·H·
SO
$S
DO "" 70
7S
80
85
')0
'!>S

60
60 Service Bending Moment (kNm)

157
 Table 9.5 'As' for design crack width 0.2 mm, bar diameter T12

h
0
,..
0
~I ~ ~ §I ~ ~I ~ J :;~:
\1 L ./ f I I V
"
II II II II II
1111
II
V VV
,1/ if
/ /i I I /
100

V
I// 11/1/ JJ
~ I--t--- /
I II II i ! ..... ~r "I'm .... v"....
~

.E j,r~M'"I\)'/. u.~

<'" 164
I ~I
1.<•. 1.:-

] I I' II
./'
~/~ I~e

"'47
fJ~

-
I
CI)

0 &101>
I J II 'AA
\-I~

~
G> SO; II } too

.< 46~
I II as
411 II 1"'0

?17 11 I 'l.7S

tt!" I I ~oo

COVER 10 I ~" I so I !
"10 I <,)'0 110 I I'!>t' I I
,~¢ no I I
1\)0
COVER
20 ...0 1>0 to 100 ''1(: .40 ",0 .60

45 45
Service 8ending Moment (kNm)

"As" For Design Crack Width of O.2mm Bar Diameter 112

h ~ ~I ~ it1 !IJ ~I ~I ~I 0
.JI
spKIl9 of
INin 'KIf

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Table 9.10 'x' and 'z' factors for sections Table 9.11 'zld' lever arm factors for ultimate
reinforced in tension only - serviceability bending moment
limit state

******** ******1<** * * * * -.. * *************** ***** ••• *.***

As*100 xI
I I z' Mu
---- factor factor -------- z/d FACrOR
b.d b.d.d.fell
0.000 0.950
0.100 0.159 0.947 0.005 0.950
0.12~ 0.176 0.941 0.010 0.950
0.150 0.191 0.936 0.015 0.950
0.175 0.204 0.932 0.020 0.950
0.200 0.217 0.928 0.025 0.950
0.225 0.228 0.924 0.030 0.950
0.250 0.239 0.920 0.035 0.950
0.275 0.249 0.917
0.040 0.950
0.300 0.258 0.914 0.045 0.947
0.325 0.267 0.911 0.050 0.941
0.350 0.276 0.908 0.055 0.935
0.375 0.284 0.905 0.060 0.928
0.400 0.292 0.903 0.065 0.922
0.425 0.299 0.900 0.070 0.915
0.450 0.306 0.898 0.075 0.908
0.475 0.313 0.896
0.500 0.319 0.894 0.080 0.901
0.525 0.326 0.891 0.085 0.894
0.090 0.887
0.550 0.332 0.889 0.095 0.880
0.575 0.338 0.887 0.100 0.873
0.600 0.344 0.885 0.105 0.865
0.625 0.349 0.884 0.110 0.857
0.650 0.355 0.882 0.115 0.850
0.675 0.360 0.880
0.700 0.365 0.878 , .120 0.842
0.725 0.370 0.877 0.125 0.833
0.750 0.375 0.875 0.130 0.825
0.775 0.380 0.873 0.135 0.816
0.140 0.807
0.800 0.384 0.872 0.145 0.798
0.925 0.389 0.870 0.150 0.789
0.350 0.393 0.869 0.155 0.779
0.875 0.398 0.867 0.156 0.777
0.900 0.402 0.866
0.925 0.406 0.865 *************** **************
0.950 0.410 0.863
0.975 0.414 0.862 Lever Arm Factors obtained by
1. 000 0.418 0.861 using CLAUSE 3.4.4.4 BS 8110

***1<**** ********* ******* l***************x**************

163
Tabie 9.12 Concrete grade C25: permitted values of shear stress 've' for a range of As x 1001
(bv x d) and effective depth, d (Values derive from an equation given in BS 8110. Table 3.9)

Effective d~pth 'd' mm

100 125 150 175 2·~0~0~~2~2~~0--~2~7~5~~37070--~3~5~0----4-0-0-

0.15 0.47 0.45 0.43 0.41 0.40 0.39 0.38 0.37 0.36 0.35 0.34
"-
0.20 0.52 0.49 0.47 0.45 0.~4 0.43 0.42 0.41 0.40 0.38 0.37
0.25 0.56 0.53 0.51 0.49 0.4~ 0.46 0.45 0.44 0.43 0.41 0.40
0.30 0.60 ~.57 0.54 0.52 0.50 0.49 0.48 0.46 0.45 0.44 0.42
0.35 0.63 0.68 0.57 0.55 0.53 0.51 0.50 0.49 0.48 0.46 0.45
0.40 0.66 0.62 0.60 0.57 0.55 0.54 0.?2 0.51 0.50 0.48 0.47
0.45 0.68 0.65 0.62 0.60 0.58 0.56 0.54 0.53 0.52 0.50 0.48
0.50 0.71 0.67 0.64 0.62 0.60 0.58 0.56 0.55 0.54 0.52 0.50
0.55 0.73 0.69 0.66 0.64 0.62 0.60 0.58 0.57 0.56 0.54 0.52
0.60 0.75 0.71 0.68 0.66 0.63 0.62 0.60 0.59 0.57 0.55 0.53
0.65 0.77 0.73 0.70 0.67 0.65 0.63 0.62 0.60 0.59 0.57 0.55
0.70 0.79 0.75 0.72 0.69 0.67 0.65 0.63 0.62 0.60 0.58 0.56
0.75 0.81 0.77 0.73 G.71 0.68 0.66 0.65 0.63 0.62 0.59 0.57
0.80 0.83 0.78 0.75 0.72 0.70 0.68 0.66 0.64 0.63 0.61 0.59
0.85 0.85 0.80 0.77 0.74 0.71 0.69 0.67 0.66 0.64 0.62 0.60
0.90 0.86 0.82 0.78 0.75 0.73 0.70 0.69 0.67 0.66 0.63 0.61
0.95 0.88 0.83 0.79 0.76 0.~4 0.72 0.70 0.6~ 0.67 0.64 0.62
1.00 0.89 0.85 0.81 0.78 0.7) 0.73 0.71 0.69 0.68 0.65 0.63
1.05 0.91 8.~6 0.82 0.79 0.76 0.74 0.72 0.71 0.69 0.66 0.64
J .10 0.92 0.87 0.83 0.80 0.78 0.75 0.73 0.72 0.70 0.67 0.65

1.15 0.94 0.89 0.85 0.81 0.79 0.76 0.74 0.73 0.71 0.68 0.66
1.20 0.95 0.90 0.86 0.83 0.80 0.78 0.76 0.74 0.72 0.69 0.67
1.25 0.96 0.91 0.87 0.84 0.81 0.79 0.77 0.75 0.73 0.70 0.68
1.30 0.98 0.92 0.88 0.85 0.82 0.80 0.78 0.76 0.74 0.71 0.69

1.35 0.99 0.93 0.89 0.86 0.83 0.81 0.79 0.77 0.75 0.72 0.70
1.40 1.00 0.95 0.90 0.87 0.84 0.82 0.80 0.78 0.76 0.73 0.71
1.45 1.01 0.96 0.91 0.88 0.85 0.83 0.80 0.79 0.77 0.74 0.72
1.50 1.02 0.97 0.92 0.89 0.86 0.84 0.81 0.79 0.78 0.75 0.72

164
Table 9.13 Concrete grade caO: permitted values of shear stress 'vc' for a range of As x 1001
(bv x d) and effective depth. d (Values derive from an equation given in as 8110, Table 3.9)

Effective depth 'd'mm

100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300 350 400

0.15 0.50 0.48 0.46 0.44 0.42 0.41 0.40 0.39 0.38 0.37 0.36

0.20 0.56 0.53 0.50 0.48 0.47 0.45 O. <14 0.43 0.42 0.41 0.39

0.25 0.60 0.57 0.54 0.52 0.50 0.49 0.48 0.46 0.45 0.44 0.42

0.30 0.64 0.60 0.57 0.55 0.53 0.52 0.51 0.49 0.48 0.46 0.45

0.35 0.67 0.63 0.60 0.58 0.56 0.S5 0.S3 0.52 0.51 0.19 0.47

0.40 0.70 0.66 0.63 0.61 0.59 0.57 0.56 0.54 0.53 0.51 0.49

0.45 0.73 0.69 0.66 0.63 0.61 0.59 0.58 0.57 0.55 0.53 0.51
~ 0.50 0.75 0.71 0.68 0.66 0.63 0.62 0.60 0.59 0.57 0.55 0.53
I(
>-
-
:9
<
~
0.55

0.60
0.78

0.80
0.74

0.76
0.70

0.72
0.68

0.70
0.65

0.67
0.64

0.65
0.62

0.64
0.60

0.62
0.59

0.61
0.57

0.59
0.55

0.57

o" 0.65 0.82 0.78 0.74 0.72 0.69 0.67 0.65 0.64 0.63 0.60 0.58
o
""- 0.70 0.84 0.80 0.76 0.73 0.71 0.69 0.67 0.65 0.64 0.62 0.60

0.75 0.86 0.82 0.78 0.75 0.73 0.70 0.69 0.67 0.66 0.63 0.61

0.80 0.88 0.83 0.80 0.77 0.74 0.72 0.70 0.68 0.67 0.64 0.62

0.85 0.90 0.85 0.81 0.7G 0.76 0.73 0.72 0.70 0.68 0.66 0.64

0.90 0.92 0.87 0.83 0.80 0.77 0.75 0." 3 0.71 0.70 0.67 0.65

0.95 0.93 0.88 0.84 0.81 0.79 0.76 0.74 0.73 0.71 0.68 0.66

1.00 0.95 0.90 0.86 0.83 0.80 0.78 0.76 0.74 0.72 0.69 0.67

1. 05 0.97 0.91 0.87 0.84 0.81 0.79 0.77 0.75 0.73 0.71 0.63

1.10 0.98 0.93 0.89 0.85 0.82 0.80 0.78 0.76 0.74 0.72 0.69

1.15 1.00 0.94 0.90 0.87 0.94 0.81 0.79 0.77 0.76 0.73 0.70

1. 20 1. 01 0.95 0.91 0.88 0.85 0.82 0.80 0.78 0.77 0.74 0.71

1. 25 1. 02 0.97 0.92 0.89 0.86 0.84 0.81 0.79 0.78 0.75 0.72
1. 30 1. 04 0.98 0.94 0.90 0.37 0.85 0.82 0.80 0.79 0.76 0.73
1. 35 1.05 0.99 0.95 0.91 0.88 0.86 0.83 0.82 0.80 0.77 0.74

1.40 1.06 1.00 0.96 0.92 0.89 0.87 0.84 0.83 0.81 0.78 0.75

1.45 1. 08 1. 02 0.97 0.93 0.90 0.88 0.85 0.83 0.82 0.79 0.76

1.50 1. 09 1. 03 0.98 0.95 0.91 0.89 0.86 0.84 0.83 0.79 0.77

165
Table 9.14 Concrete grade C35: per-mil1ed values of shear stress 've' for a of As x ;001
(bv x d) and effective depth. d derive from an equation given in as 81 Table 3.9)

mm
100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300 350 400
-- ------------ - - - -
0.15 0.53 0.50 0.48 0.46 0.45 0.43 0.42 0.41 0.40 0.39 0.38

0.20 0.58 0.55 0.53 0.51 0.49 0.48 0.47 0.45 0.44 0.43 0.41

0.25 0.63 0.60 0.57 0.55 0 S3 0.51 0.50 0.~9 C 48 0.46 0.45

0.30 O.Li 0.63 0.60 0.58 0.~6 0.55 0.53 0.52 0.51 0.49 0.47

0.35 0.70 0.67 0.64 0.61 0.59 0.58 0,56 0.55 0.54 0.52 0.50

0.40 0.74 0.70 0.67 0.64 0.62 0.60 0.59 0.57 0.56 0.54 0.52

0.45 0.77 0.72 0.69 0.67 0.64 0.63 0.61 0.59 0.58 0.56 0.54
0.50 0.79 0.75 0.72 0.69 0.67 0.65 0.63 0.62 0.60 0.58 0.56

0.55 0.E2 0.77 0.74 0.71 0.69 0.67 0.65 0.64 0.62 0.60 0.58
0.60 0.84 0.80 0.76 0.73 0.71 0.69 0.67 0.65 0.64 0.62 0.60

0.65 0.87 0.82 0.78 0.75 0.73 0.71 0.69 0.67 0.66 0.63 0.61

0.70 0.89 0.84 0.80 0.77 0.75 0.72 0.71 0.69 0.67 0.65 0.63

0.75 0.91 0,86 0.82 0.79 0.76 0.74 0.72 0.71 0.69 0.66 0.64

0.80 0.93 0.88 0.84 0.81 0.78 0.76 0.74 0.72 0.71 0.68 0.66

0.85 0.95 0.90 0.86 0.82 0.80 0.77 0.75 0.74 0.72 0.69 0.67
0.90 0.97 0.91 0.87 0.84 0.81 0.79 0.77 0.75 0.73 0.71 0.68

0.95 0.98 0.93 0.89 0.85 0.83 0.80 0.78 0.76 0.75 0.72 C.70

1.00 1.00 0.95 0.90 0.37 0.84 0.82 0.80 0.78 0.76 0.73 0.71

1 • 05 1 .02 0 .96 0 . 92 0 . 88 0 . 85 0 . 83 0 . 81 0 . 79 ,) .77 0 .74 G. 72

1.10 1.03 0.98 0.93 0.90 0.87 0.84 0.82 0.80 0.78 0.75 0.73

1.15 1.05 0.99 0.95 0.91 0.88 0.86 0.83 0.81 0.80 0.77 0.74

1.20 1.06 1.00 0.96 0.92 0.89 0.87 0.84 0.83 0.81 0.78 0.75

1.25 1.08 1.02 0.97 0.94 0.91 0.88 0.86 0.84 0.82 0.79 0.76
1.30 1.09 1.03 0.99 0.95 0.92 0.89 0.87 0.85 0.83 0.80 0.77

1.35 1.11 1.05 1.00 0.96 0.93 0.90 0.88 0.86 0.84 0.81 0.78
1.40 1.12 1.06 1.01 0.97 0.94 0.91 0.89 0.87 0.85 0.82 0.79

1.45 1.13 1.07 1.02 0.98 0.95 0.92 0.90 0.88 0.86 0.83 0.80
1.50 1.14 1.08 1.03 1.00 0.96 0.93 0.91 0.89 0.87 0.84 0.81

166
Table 9.15 Shear reinforcement spacing (mm) for beams, where 'v' is greater than (vc + 0.4)

**k***** **************************~********************.*********.****

bv(v-vc DIAMErER OF LINK (mm)

6 a 10 12 16

50 453 805 1257 1811 3219

100 226 402 629 905 1610
150 151 268 419 604 1073
200 113 201 314 453 805
250 91 161 251 362 644

300 75 134 210 302 537

350 65 115 180 259 460
400 57 101 157 226 402
450 50 89 140 201 358
500 45 80 1~6 181 322
550 41 73 114 165 293
600 38 67 105 151 268
650 35 62 97 139 248
700 32 ')7 90 129 230
750 30 54 84 121 215
800 :'8 50 79 113 201
850 27 47 74 107 189
900 25 45 70 101 179
950 24 42 66 95 169
1000 23 40 63 91 161
1050 22 38 60 86 153
1100 21 37 57 82 146
1150 20 35 55 79 140
1200 19 34 52 75 134
1250 18 32 50 72 129
****** ********** **********~*********************~*****************

Link diameter and spacing obtained by using equation in TABLE 3.8 BS 8110
FORMULA rABLE 3.8 IS sv = Asv x 0.87 x fyv / (bv(v-vc»
sv = spacing of links along the member
Asv = Total cross section of links at neutral axii at a section
fyv = characteristic strength of links - 460 N/mm
bv = breadth of section or average width of rib below flange
vc = design concrete shear stress (refer tables 9/12-13 incl.
v = design shear stress at cross section
¥¥¥¥*******************************************************************

167
Table 9.16 Minimum percentage of reinforcement to resist early thermal cracking

168
Table 9.17 Deflection - modification factors for tension reinforcement for varying values of
Mu/(bdd) and serviceability stresses

********
Service
. *******.********.************* •• **************k******* ***~
2
Stress Hu/(b.d )

0.50 0.75 1. 00 1. 25 1. 50 1. 75 2.00

100.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 1. 86 1.74 1. 63

no.oo 2.00 2.00 2.00 1. 97 1. 82 1. 70 1. 60
120.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 1.93 1. 79 1. 67 1. 58
130.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 1. 89 1. 75 1. 64 1. 55
HO.OO 2.00 2.00 2.00 1. 86 1. 72 1. 61 1.52
150.00 2.00 2.00 1. 98 1. 82 1. 69 1. 58 1. 49
160.00 2.00 2.00 1. 94 1. 78 1. 65 1. 55 1. 46
170.00 2.00 2.00 1. 90 1. 74 1. 62 1. 52 1.43
180.00 2.00 2.00 1. 85 1. 70 1. 58 1. 4 8 1. 40
190.00 2.00 2.00 1. 81 1. 66 1. 55 1. 45 1. 37
200.00 2.00 1. 95 1. 76 1. 62 1. 51 1. 42 1. 35

210.00 2.00 1. 90 1.72 1. 58 1. 4 8 1. 39 1. 32

220.00 2.00 1. 85 1. 68 1. 55 1. 44 1. 36 1. 29
230.00 2.00 1. 80 1. 63 1. 51 1.41 1. 33 1.26
240.00 1. 96 1. 75 1.59 1. 47 1. 37 1.30 ' 1. 23
250.00 1. 90 1. 70 1. 55 1.43 1. 34 1.26 1.20
260.00 1. 84 1. 65 1. 50 1. 39 1. 30 1. 23 1.17
270.00 1. 78 1. 60 1. 46 1. 35 1. 27 1. 20 1.14
280.00 1.72 1. 54 1. 41 1. 31 1. 2 3 1. 17 1. 12
290.00 1. 66 1. 49 1. 37 1. 27 1. 20 1.14 1. 09
300.00 1. 60 1. 4 4 1. 33 1. 24 1.16 1.11 1. 06

******** *****************~********~******** ****.***~*****.*.*******

odification factors obtained by using EQUATION 7 TABLE 3.11 BS 8110

*******w********************************************** ***************l

Table 9.18 Deflection modification factors for tapered cantilever walls subjected to different
types of loads

CANrILEVER THICKNESS 'h' TOP / THICKNESS 'h' BTM

LOI\DING
----------------
~~~--r-~~~--
***** ****** -~~~--r-~~~--I-~~~--
****** ****** ******
0.5 0.4 0.3
******* *********

~.POlnt Load
+ 0.75 0.69 0.63 0.58 0.52 0.46 0.40 0.33

---------
-~- ~-\D-\-\jL-!O-:"-~-\-\-!--~::~~:I:;:::: :;-:;:fl::-~~:ll:~-::: 0.68 0.61 0.54

---------
0.92 0.85 0.7 S
**Y:;~~;;;~~~~* *** •• l .... ** .** ••••••••••• * ••• *.*******

Modification Factors for oasic span/eff. death ratios TABLE 3.10 958110

**************** •• ********.******* •••••• ******.**************************

169
Table 9.19 Values of 'k' factor used for estimating deflections of cantilever walls under hydrostatic
pressure

I
1
I I '\.0
• ...l--""?"
O.U _......
..
I---'"
\..... IV'
~
~ ~A
--
k I-'P"'"

I O.'l.O -l- I--

1-'1-'
t-
L....- l-

-I-- I-'
I-
-I-' I---'"

l - I-' .......

-I-- I--t-
..-1-
......

1.-1-' I-'
--r
~
I
\..~
I I I ~_

I .10.7
I\,}\ _1--'1--

L-- t-I-- ~
I-f- r-n
- I - 1-1-'
l-
I I t-t-
I I

\'0 0'8 0·$

h top I h btm

:alcul~tions based on BS 8110 : P~rt 2

clause 3.7.2, equation 11 and Table 3.1

TOT"L
LOAOW
EXAMPLE
OF
L..... GRAPH CONSTRUCTION

Coefficient k coef. of max. deflection at point being considered

coef. max. Bending Moment
3
Maximum Deflection W x (Lw) x (1 + (5x(Lh - Lw)/(4 x Lw»
15 x E x I
Maximum Bending Moment =Wx Lw 1 3

i.e. when Lw = 0.7 x Lh

3
k W x 0.7 x (1 + (5 x 0.3)1(4 x 0.7»
h.top/h.btm =1.0
W x 0.7/3
k 0.151 1 ( E x I)

170
Table 9.20 Moment and shear force coefficients for walls subjected to hydrostatic pressure in a
three-dImensional rectangular tank, assuming a hinged base, free top and continuous sides
(adapted from peA tables)

LOlGfALL SlotT v.i.! SlOIf vALL LOIG vm SlotT VALL

lotUOITAL YllTICAL lotlZOITAL
!!OII!1fS IIOdm !!OIIUH SlwrOICU Slwrmu
_,. cIa LlI'" Lll L,I L,l L,l Ly' SII" SII S,I S,2 S,I S" L.I L.2 L.I "I Sd "I

2.02.0 .... '11. -11. ·4S. ·n. 'l'. -Ii. 'Il. -11; •• S.! -n. '16. 'lI. '10. 'lI • • )1. '10 • • )1.

2.0 I.S ·ai. ·lI. -12 • • SO. -a . •,!. -60. '11. -12. '11.1 -14. '22. '11. '10. '11. 'lI. .S • • )4.

2.0 1.0 -I'. '11. -SI • • S4. -14 . • 42. -IS. '10. -sa. -II. -64. '0. 'lI. '10. '11. '14. '2. '26.

1.00.S -... '11. -u. ·S4. -14. '44. -IS. '2. -61. -61. -64. -J4. '11. '10. '11. '14 • •0. '1).

Ult tt.tt .. it . . . . tu lUlU U .. H UUttt Uttl tUlU tIIIU" ttttt u .... tut .. tit

I.S I.S -40. '22. -S2. '21. -6) • • 21. -10. '21. -S2. '21. -II. '21. 'JI. '1. '34. '12 • • S. '14.

1.1 1.0 -.e. ·2S. -JI. -ll. -.,. ·J2. -JS. -10. -ll. -'. -". '10. '12. '1 • • 34. -14 • • 2. .,••

1.1 0.1 -60. -24. -14. '11. -44. -34. -IS. '2. -J6. -21. -44. -20. ·Il. ·S. '14. 014. -0. 'Il.

1.01.0 -!S. '10. -\'. '10. -li. '11. -JI. '10. -". '10. -J'. ,". '24. '1. '16. '24. '2. '11.

1.00.S -ll. -12. -II. '20. -12. '21. -IS. '2. -II. oS. -J). os. '24. '1. '11. '14. '0. 'Il.
uu ttt •• uu" ttt.. IUU uuu lUU" AUIi
O.i 0.\ -II. '2. -I. '2. -\0. ". -II. '2. -J. '1. -\0. ". '14. '0. ·Il. '14. '0. 'Il.
uttf'IUH UUtl .U*' HUt .... u itHUt UUI "U' ...... IUUit ttt.. ttt .. tUttt iUit ttUU UUU itt

3 3
MOMENT ~ ~ ~ ~
1000 1000 1000 1000
SHEAR
2 2
~ ~
FORCE 100 100

e/2 ell
Fr.. Til'

s,1 S,I'

I,) S,I

• a
Moment Coefficients Horizontal Span
~----b/--2---------------~

rr-/'"
\ a/2
~

ui" Sri

" • a
L,) $,1

Moment COi;t ht:ionts Vertical $pan

** (LxI and sxl coefficients only to be used where
a fixed base alternative is being considered)

171
Table 9.21 Moment and shear force coefficients for walls subjected to hydrostatic pressure in a
three-dimensional rectangular tank, assuming a hinged base, hinged top and continuous sides
(adapted from peA tables)
., UOlt IIlLL
LOI'VALL LQIGVllL nOIf IllL 1.01' VlLL
YUTIClL IOIlZOlUL 100IUlUL
lIOIIlITS !!OHms lIOIIUTS mAl OOU nwoou
~/. cia I.JI Lxl L11 Ly2 L11 1.,4 1,4 hi LvI LVI 'fl h2 h)

-60. 0. O. O. 59. 20. 20. ll. O. 16. lO. O. l8.·

21. ll. O. l6. lO. O. H.·

11. ll. O. l6. 1I. O. 26 ••

-9. ll. O. J6. 11. O. !l ..

U . . It . . . 'Utu . . . . . . u u u HUt tU.u

1.\ I.S -51. 18. O. O. -52.

UUt UHH' tu . . HUH t . . . .

11. -51. 28. O. O. -52. 11.

UUt

lO.
tu.U
O.
.....
H. O.
l2. ll ••
I-- t--
1.\ 1.0 -51. )0. O. O. -43. 21. -ll. 8. O. O. -0. 11. lO. O. H. 24. O. 26.·
f-- r -
1.\ 0.\ -51. l5. O. O. -l1. 21. -II. -5. O. O. ll. -1. lO. O. H. U. O. 1l.·
Uti IUU H"H
-l2.
HUt

11.
tttttt .u ... ttttH HUt tttUH tt . . . HUH ... ttt u .. tU ...u HU .. ttu .. .. u
1.0 1.0 O. O. -l5. 16. -32. II. O. O. -J5. 16. 24. O. 26. 11. O. 26 ••
r- ' - -
1.0 0.5 -J2. 15. O. O. -21. 8. -u. -J. o. O. -21. -2. 24. O. 26. U. O. ll .•
tau uu. tt.u .. ..... . . . ttt HUH ttttU ..t .. .. .... .... t IU.tt .tt.tt ....... ..... Httt ...... HUH .. it
0.\ 0.1 -11. 2. O. O. -10. 1. -II. 1. O. O. -10. 1. 11. ll. U. O. lJ ••
.... ttlU ,tt.tt. tUH ...... ttt . . . .tt.tt u .... ...... Httt Itttit .u.tt ....... ..... . . tt • ............ ....
3
MOMENT COEr .... a
~ ~
1000 1000 1000
SI1EIIR 2
rORCE COEI'· ... a COEr· ... a
--roo- 100

jr.--
.

r IqI4T,,==t
---
b/2
----
b/2
,
1
~dTop
e/2
;I<
I
e/2

~"'l~
IL,l fSYl ,.,t'

fl- -~--

t_
Moment Coefficients
~Bl;S'
Ly4

W • a
i hi
si)

Sv)

Lvi hi
Vertical Span
•• (Lxl and Sxl coefficients only to be used where
a fixed base alternative is being considered)

172
Table 9.22 Moment and shear force coefficients for wall panels subjected to hydrostatic pressure,
assuming hinged base, free top and continuous sides (adapted from PCA tables)

Vhl)
V¥1

t t.
P " MonMnt PoeItIoM Pr._. dlegram P. . st.. Ferce Peeitiane

It

I
b/a 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 4.0 5.0

I1hl - 3 - 19 - 52 - 91 -13.8 -196 T~_' Fr.

Mh2 + 2 + 10 • 27 + 45 + 61 + 70

~.
IIhl -10 - 36 - 63 - 89 -115 -137 ~
11M + 6 + 27 + 36 + 44 • 49
• 17
Vhl 0 + 1 + 4 • 10 + 14
'1
Vh2
• 18
13 • 26 32 + 38 • 39 • 17
• 41
IE
Vh3 + 38 + 41 • 41 + 42
• 31
IIvl
IIv2
·
0
2
0
+ 10 + 22
0
+ 33
0 0
+ 42
0
+ 49 j
vvl • 14 -24 + 32 + 38 + 42 + 45
Vv2 0 0 0 0 0 0 But . Pmed-

Table 9.23 Moment and shear force coefficients for wall panels subjected to hydrostatic pressure,
assuming fixed base, free top and continuous sides (~dapted from PCA tables)

3
Moment • Coefficient x 'II x a I 1000
2
Shear Force • coefficient x 'II x a I 100

b/. 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 4.0 5.0

Mhl 2 - 18 - 40 - 62 76 - 89 -101
.
-103
Tap • Fret

. .
Mh2 • 1 + 9 + 21 + 27 • 27 + 25 + 14 7

·
Mh3 - 9 - 29 - 42 - 49 - 53 - 55 - 55 - 55
Mh4 + 6 13 + 16 + 16 14 + 10 + 4 0

Vh1 2 + 3 + 11 + 20 + 27 + 11 + 34 + 35

·
Vh2 + 13 + 23 + 26 + 25 + 24 + 23 + 20 + 20
Vh3 + 16 + 19 + 17 + 15 13 + 12 + 10 + 10

Mvl
Mv2

Vvl
-
+ .
+ 20
15
2
-
+ 32
35
9
-
+ 16

+ 41
60 - 86
+ 15
• 46
-108
+ 11

+ 48
-126
+ 5

+ 50
-148
-
+ 50
6
-158
- 13
+ 50
Vv2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Base: fixed

173
Table 9.24 Moment and shear force coefficients for wall panels subjected to hydrostatic pressure,
assuming pinned base, pinned top and continuous sides (adapted from peA tables)

b/a 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 4.0 5.0

Mh1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Top . Pinned
Mh2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

~
l. .
Mh3 -10 - 35 - 52 - 59 - 62 - 63 -64 - 64
Mh4 + 5 + 16 + 21 + 20 + 17 + 16 + 16 + 15
Vhl 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Vh2 + 13 + 26 + 34 + 36 + 37 + 38 + 38 + 38
Vh3 + 19 + 32 + 38 + 39 + 39 + 39 + 39 + 39

-
~
Mv1 0 0 0 0 0 0 -
Mv2 + 1 + 11 + 28 + 42 + 52 + 57 + 62 + 63
Vv1 + 14 + 24 + 30 + 32 + 33 + 33 + 33 + 33
Vv2 + 4 + 8 + 12 + 14 + 16 + 16 + 16 + 16 ".."T"...Base
............·"""-"'p...jm...."8d,.".,·
.... r-.'
..

Table 9.25 Moment and shear force coefficients for wall panels subjected to hydrostatic pressure.
assuming fixed base. pinned top and continuous sides (adapted from peA tables)

b/a 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2. S 3.0 4.0 S .0

Top . Pinned
Mh1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Mh2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Mh3 -11
+ 6
- 27 -+ 1234 - 35 - 35 - 35 - 35 - 35 ~
+ 12 + 8 + 5 "g
~
11M + 9 + 7 + 6
Vh1 0 0 O· 0 0 0 0 If
.
0
"h2
Vh3
+ 13
+ 19
t 26
+ 32
+
t
34
38
+ 36
+ 39
+ 37
+ 39
+ 38
+ 39
+ 38
+ 39
+ 38
+ 39 ..
~~
Mv1
Mv2
- 12
+ 3
- 32
+ 11
- S1
+ 21
- 60
+ 26
- 6S
+ 29
- 65
+ 30
- 65
+ 30
- 65
+ 30 en ~
Vvl + 20 + 32 + 38 + 39 + 39 + 39 + 39 + 39
Vv2 + 3 + 8 + 9 + 10 + 10 + 10 + 10 t 10
Base . Fixed

174
Table 9.26 Deflection of two way spanning slabs with various edge conditions subjected to (a)
triangular pressure, (b) rectangular pressure

b/a
0.50
0 0 0 0
0.10 0.09 0.08 0.02
[]
0.07
0 0.02
..
POSrTrON WHERE
DEFLECTION IS TO
BE CALCULATED

0.60 0.19 0.16 0.20 0.05 0.16 0.04

0.70 0.33 0.27 0.34 0.08 0.24 0.07
0.80 0.52 0.41 0.50 0.20 0.40 0.19
i
0.90 0.73 0.57 0.72 0.36
1.00 I 0.98 0.76 1. 04 0.58
0.59
0.81
0.33
0.53
1.10 1.24 0.96 1.44 0.84 1.03 0.80
1. 57
1. 20
I 1.15 1.92 1. 36 1. 28 1.20 PINNED EDGE

(/ (i /1,' f I / (
1. 30 1. 97 1.28 2.47 1.92 1.58 1.66
2.30 1. 40 FUED EDGE
1.40
1. 50
1. 60
I 2.63
3. 02
1.52
1. 64
3.10
3. 83
1.66
2.70
3.60
4. 65
1. 88
2.20
2.59
2.16
2.70
3.34
FREE EDGE
1. 70 3.38 1. 78 5.60 5.86 3. 03 4.12
1.80 3.72 1.90 6.62 7.14 3.40 5.02
1.90 3.98 1.98 7. 80 8.46 3.77 6.00
2. 00 4.22 L04 8.96 11. 70 4.14
I 7.05

~ ~
DEFLEC'fION '" COEFFICIENT * wa ME·rRES
-------------------
1000 x E x I
"'.0 w,e

(a)

b/a
0.50
0 0 0 0 0 0 0.16
0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.15
0.60 0.27 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.10 0.25
0.70 0.58 0.53 0.52 0.52 0.48 0.42
0.80 0.91 0.83 0.95 0.95 0.91 0.83

0.90 1. 33 1.14 1. 54 1. 67 1. 33 1. 60
1. 00 1.9'2 1. 57 2.29 2.48 1.138 2.58
1.10 2.58 1.98 3.21 3.67 2.50 3.75
1. 20 3. l4 2.33 4.33 5.24 3.22 5.21

1. 30 3.75 2.71 5.50 6.67 4.18 6.74

1. 40 4.33 3.18 7.33 9.17 5.18 8.91
1.50 5.00 3.42 9.16 12.33 6.33 11. 25
1. 60 5.74 3.75 ll. )0 15.42 7.50 14.00

1. 70 6.33 3.97 13.66 19.56 8.64 17.00

1. 80 7. Of; 4.17 16.16 24.17 9.75 20.19
1. 90 7.83 4. 33 18.91 29.42 10.87 24 .22
2.00 8.44 1.19 22.56 33.60 11. 84 28.47
,.

I ~
* P .a
DEFLEcrI'JN '" COEFr'IC [ENl' MErRES
-----------------
1000 x E x I
P p

(b)

175
Table 9.27 Ground pressure created beneath a base slab carrying an edge force '0' and an edge
moment 'M' and supported upon an elastic soil

Table for X
y values
)..L 0.25 0.5 0.75 1.0
0.1

0.5
4.000

4.002
2.500

2.S00
1.000

0.999
-0.500

-O.SOO
-2.000

-1.998
). "'1--~----
4 lC E lC I

1.0 4.040 2.486 0.980 -0.502 -1. 99 6 Where 'k I is the modulus of subgrade reaction
1.5 4.18S 2.469 0.909 -0.506 -1. 861
~
0 J
2.0 4.480 2.400 0.722 -0.516 -1.570

2.5 5.174 2. 285 0.447 -0.522 -1. 168 ". 0.""'1

3.0 6. 019 2.102 0.096 -0.514 -0.663

3; 5 6.971 1.859 -0.232 -0.473 -0.220

b
4. a

5. a
7.942

9.848
1. 562

0.849
-0.479

-0.687
-0.395

-0 .174
0.077

0.278
"t ,. "II.
L
J
X • Position of Load '0'
6.0 11. 682 0.082 -0.628 0.017 0.288 Y • Point under consideration
7.0 13.418 -0.628 -0.458 0.121 0.363 I
"''3-'+7 I I
8.0 15.026 -1.222 -0.294 0.172 0.527 I I
I
I I I
y. O-IIL o.UL O.SoL 0:1'5\. .,OL
9.0 16.484 -1. 682 -0.201 0.217 0.728

Note When X • 0 and Y • 0 read value

, Q ' Coefficient Values When
When
X
X
• land Y •
• 0.025 and
0
Y
same va lue as X s 0 and Y s 1
• 0 read value
When X • 0.975 and Y • 0 same value as X • 0.025 lind Y • 1

Table for X 0.0251.

y values Q ~

~L

0.1 3.850
0.25

2.425
0.5

1. 000
0.75

-0.425
1.0

-1.850
1;M Mt'
0.5 3.852 2.425 0.999 -0.425 -1. 848
<l =
1.0

1.5
2.0
3. 895

4.010

4.328
2.420

2.399

2.345
0.980

0.919

0.752
-0.428

-0.506

-0.440
-1.797

-1. 726

-1.380
t J
+
ft°.
2.5 4.863 2.247 0.508 -0.450 -1.108 Gl, Q. Q, 01,

3.0 5.583 2.098 0.195 -0.447 -0.656

0
2.SL
O'.~'~
3.5 6.384 -0.417 -0.256 I
1.901 -0.101 C)M.SL
~. X·MlSL
4.0 7.187 1.663 -0.327 -0.356 0.016 0., " M/c. o .oa51.)
5. a 8.709 1.102 -0.533 -0.178 0.206

6.0 10.110 0.508 -0.508 -0.020 0.207

7.0 11. 386 -0.035 -0.381 0.065 0.240

8.0 12.529 -0.486 -0.244 0.101 0.338

9.0 13.534 -0.837 -0.149 0.124 0.465

2
Pressure Q coeff. •Q I l + M Coeff. * ( MI ( 0.025 •l »)

176
Table 9.28 Bending moments created within a base slab carrying an edge force 'Q' and an edge
moment '1',,1' and supported upon an elastic soil

Table fer X
.
~ J-~----.
4 x II " I
0.01.
Where 'k' is the 1IIOdululiI ot liIUb<J rade react ion
~
AI.. 0.25 0.5 0.75
o
0.1 -0.141 -0.125 -0.047 ... 0.}1..
o.S -0.141 -0.12S -0.047

1.0 -0.140 -0.124 -0.046

1.5 -0.137 -0.120 -0.041

2.0 -0.131 -0.109 -0.0]9

L
2.5 -0.120 -0.092 -0.0]0
x • Position of Load '0'
3.0
'l • Point under consideration
-0.106 -0.070 -0.020

3.5 -0. 091 -0.048 -0.010 ...'3 ..... r

I
, I
I
f
4 :0 -0.077 -0.031 -0. 004 '1. .to~ Q,~t. ••~ ~~t. "~L
5.0 -0.054 -0. 010 O. 002

6.0 -0.037 -0. 001 0.002

7.0 -0.024 0.002 0.001

8.0 -0.017 0.002 O. 001

9.0 -0. 008 O. 002 O. 000

Note When X ~ aand y = 0.25 read value

When X = 1 and y = 0.25 same value as X ~ 0 and Y ~ 0.75
, M . Coefficient Values
When X 0.025 and Y = 0.25 read value
When X = 0.975 and Y = 0.25 same value as X • 0.025 and Y • 0.75

Table for X • O.O25l

y values

).1. 0.25 0.5 0.75

0.1 -0.120 -0.11] -0.047

0.5 -0.120 -0.il2 -0.043

La -0.119 -0.111 -0.042

1.5 -0.117 -0.108 -0. 041

2. a -0.112 -0.098 -0.036

2.5 -0.102 -0.083 -0.028

3.0 -0.089 -0.064 -0.019

3.5 -0. 077 -0.045 -0.010

4.0 -0,065 -0.029 -0.004

Q. = M/c o . oa51.)
-0.045 -0.010 0.001

{).O -0.031 -0.002 0.001

7.0 -0. 024 O. 002 0.001

8.0 -0.015 0.001 0.000

9.0 -0.008 0.001 0.000

Moment· Q coot. It Q xL + M coof. )( til I ( 0.025 J( L )

177
::::i Table 9.29 (a) tension, and (b) moment coefficients in cylindrical tanks supporting a triangular
00 =
load, assuming a fixed base and a free top (adapted from peA tables) Ft c,)ef. , p.Lv. r k;~ p'?r :n

(Positive sign indicates tensi0n)

Lv' Coefficients a.t point

O.OL 0.1 L 0.2 Ly O.)L 0.4 Ly 0.5 Lv 0.6 Ly O.lL 0.8 Lv 0.9 Lv
2rb v v v v

0.4 +0.149 .0.1 }!. .0.120 .0.101 .a.082 +0.066 +0.049 .0.029 +0.01" '0.00l.
0.8 +0.26} '0.2}9 .0.215 .0.190 +0.160 .O.I}O .0.096 +0.06} .a.o}!. +0 .. 010
1.2
1.6
+0.28}
+0.265
... 0.271
+0.268
+0.254
+0.268
+0.2}!.
+0.266
+0.209
.0.250
.0.180
+0.226
+0.142
'0.185
.0.099
.'J.l }!.
+0.054
.0.075
+0.016
.0.023
I 4-
2.0 .0.2}!. +0.251 +0.273 .0.285 +0.285 +1J.214 +0.232 +0.172 +0.104 .O.O~l

3.0 +0.1}!. +0.20} .0.267 +0.322 +0.357 +0. )62 +0.3)0 +0.262 +0.157 .0.052

[
4.0 +0.067 +0.164 +0.256 +0.339 +0.40} +0.429 +0.409 +0.)34 +0.210 .0.073
5.0 +0.025 +0.137 +0.245 +0. }!.6 +0.428 +0.477 +0.469 +0. )98 +0.259 +0.092
6.0
8.0 I .0.018
-0.011 I +0.119
+0 .. 104 I .0.234
+0.218
.0. }44
+0.}}5
.0.441
+.1.443
+0.504
+0.5}!'
.0.514
+0.575
+0.447
+0.530
.0.)01
.a.)81
+0.112
+0.151

10.0 -0.011 +0.098 +0.208 +0.323 .0.437 +0.608 +0.589 +0.440 +0.179
12.0 -0.005 +0.097 +0.202 +0. )12 .0.429 +0.628 +0.6)3 .0.494 +0.211
14.0 -0.002 +0.098 +0.200 +0. )06 +0.420 +0.6)9 +0.666 .0.541 .0.241
16.0 0.000 .0.099 .0.199 .0.30l. .0.1.12 '0.641 +0.687 +0.582 +0.265

(a) ~
fIXED BASE - FREE TOP
L 2 Coefricients at point ;Vei'Jht of Liquid (kN 'lee ",3)
...!.....
2rh O.IL 0.2L 0.3Ly o.L.Ly 0.5L O.6L 0.71, 0.8'[, 1.0t Lv Effect ive Height of wall (m)
v v y y v v v
0.4 +.0005 +.0014 +.0021 +.0007 -.0042 - .01,0 -.0302 - .0529 - .1.;'0'! Effective Ra1i'Js of cylinder (111)
0.8 +.0011 +.0037 •. 006) +.0080 +. )010 +.0023 - .0068 -.0224 - .0795
1.2 +.0012 +.0042 + .0077 +.0103 +.0112 +.0090 +.0022 -.0108 -.oGO? rh ickness of cylinder "'311 I'll)
1.6 +.0011 +.0041 +.0075 +.0107 •. 0121 +.0111 +.0058 -.0051
2.0 +.0010 •• 0035 •• 0068 +.0099 +.0120 +.0115 •• 0075 - .0021 Ft Ring ren3i~n IkN)

Marnen t (kN m)
3.0 +.0006 +.0024 +.0047 +.0071 •• 0090 +.0097 + .0077 +.0012 - .0119 - .0333
4.0 +.0003 + .0015 +.0028 +.0047 +.0066 •• 0077 + .0069 .-.0023 -.0080 - .o26e
5.0 +.0002 +.0008 +.0016 + .0029 +.0046 + .0059 +.0059 +.0028 -.0058 - .0222
6.0 +.0001 +.0003 •. 0008 +.0019 +.0032 •• 0046 +.0051 +.0029 -.0041 -.0187
8.0 .0000 •. 0001 + .0002 + .0008 •. 0016 •. 0028 •. 00}8 •. 0029 - .0022 - .0146

10.0 .0000 .0000 +.0001 +.0004 +.0007 +.0019 + .0029 +.0028 - .0012
12.0 .0000 -.0001 •• 0001 +.0002 +.0003 +.0013 +.0023 +.0026 -.0005
14.0 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .... 0001 +.OOOS •. 0019 +.0023 - .0001
16.0 .0000 .0000 -.0001 - .0002 -.0001 +.0004 •• 0013 +.0019 +.0001 - • '-'~, r '
I '1")m;~nt = ':::Jef. x p .. Lv
3
<Nm oer m

(b) (Po.31tive sign indicates

t'?ns ion on the f)uto;ide f3ce .. )
 Table 9.30 (a) tension, and (b) moment coefficients in cylindrical tanks supporting a triangular
load, assuming a pinned base and a free top (adapted from peA tables)

Ft = ::oet'. x ".Lv.r kN :)"c '11

I (?')sitlve sig'1 in:ii::ates tension)

L.,.' Coerricient:l at point

2rh 0.0 Lv O. ',ILv 0.2 Lv O.H

v 0.4 ,Lv 0.5 Lv 0.( Lv 0.7 Lv o.e Lv O.? Lv

0.4 '0.474 .G.440 .0.J95 .0.J52 .0. }O8 .0.264 .0.215 '0.165 .n.i11 .0.0')7
0.8 .0.42J .0.402 .O.JII, .0.J58 .G.JJO .0.297 .0.249 .0.202 .0. '45 .1.07(,
.0.350
:~:~;
'.2 .0.}55 .0.}6' .0.}58 .0.34} +0.J09 +0.256 +0.186 '0.098
1.6
2.0 I +0.271
.0.205
+0.J03
• 0.260
... O4~1
.0.}2, .0. }7}
.0.3115
.. 1.4"
.0.385
.O.l.}4
+0. }62
.0.419
.0.}'4
+0.569
.0.233
.0.2[10
.0.1"1•
+').1',1

3.0 +0.074 .0.'79 .0.28' .0.}75 .0.449 .0.506 .0.5'9 .0.479 .O.}75 +-O.?H)
I \
4.0 '0.0' I .G.' }7 .0.25} .0.}67 .1).469 .0.545 .0.579 ").553 0.447 .').7~6
5.0 -0.008 .0. Ill. '0.2}5 '0.}56 .0.469 '0.562 .0.6'7 .0.606 .0.503 .0 ....)4
6.0
8.0 I -1.0"
-0.0'5 1
.\l.10,}
.0.096 1
.0.22}
.0.208
.a.34}
.a.l24
'0.463
.(l.44}
.0.566
.0.564
'0.6}9
.0.66,
.0.64}
'0.697
'0.547
'0.621
""I.VI
.. n. VI()

["
-0.0'"""
---0.' Lv
0.0
2.0
-0.008
-0.00?
").095
.0.097
.0.200
.0.197
.0.311
.').}O2 ...". 1
.. 0.1.17 .0. '"
+0.541 ·O.U<
.0.664 1 '0. nO
.0.750
'0.678
.0.nq
.. 0.4 ~~
.O.J.II
:.
-·-o.tI...
:::~:~t:
4.0
6.0 I O.UOO
+1),007 I .U.0'l8
.').100 I .0.197
.0.198 I .~.299
.0,),)9 I .O.M)!'
+0.1.0.5
+O.~51
+O.~21
I
.0.659
+tl.6,}{)
.0.761
.0.764
.0.71)2
·').176
.1). f) 1
.,). t, ~(,
~

.3 -,-()oiLy
- - - 0.• ""'-
,f -·-c."JL'I
(a) .
-'-o.IILv
-,-o.~""
.. - - t.c>Lv
PI" IJ\I
Cr)efficients at point
Lv'
0.2 L 0.6 L O.TL 0.8 L
PIlE) BASE fREE TOP
2rh 0.1 L v 0.3 Lv 0.1. Lv 0.5 Lv v
).9 Lv 1.0 Lv
v v v

0.4 +.0020 +.0072 •• 0151 •• 0230 •. 0301 +.0348 '.0}57 •• 0312 •• 0197 0
3
0.8 +.0019 +.0064 +.0133 •. 0207 •• 0271 +.0}19 •• 0329 + .0292 •• 0187 IJ
P = 'Neight)f Li'lui:l (k!; ?er m )
1.2 +.0016 •• 0058 +.0111 +.0177 •• 02}7 +.0280 •. 0296 •• 0263 •• 0171 (\
1.6 +.00'2 •• 0044 +.0091 +.0145 •• 0195 •• 0236 +.0255 +.0232 +.0155 G Lv = Effect ive H"i} It ')f '1,,11 (m)
2.0 +.0009 •• 0033 '.0073 +.0114 +.0158 +.0199 +.0219 +.0205 +.0145 0
Effect lve Ra 1:'J5 of cylinder (m)
3.0 •• 0004 +.0018 +.0040 +.0063 •. 0092 +.0127 +.0152 •• 0153 +.0111 0
0
I'hicl;ness 'f ':)'lindec wall (m)
4.0 +.0001 +.0007 +.0016 •• 0033 •• 0057 •• 0083 +.0109 +.0118 +.0092
5.0 .0000 +.0001 + .0006 +.0016 •. 0034 +.0057 +.0080 +.0094 +.0078 0
Ft Hin~ J."~ns io~ (!('I)
6.0
8.0 1
.0000
.0000 1
.0000
.0000
•• 0002
-.0002
+.0008
.0000
+.0019
•. 0007
•• 0039
+.0020 I +.0062
+.0038
•• 0078
+.0057
•• 0068
+.0054
0
0
:1 = t'\,)ment (k:l m)

~I 1 .. ""~ 1 .. 00" I'OO~

.oooo •• 0043 + .0045
12.0
,"0
14.0
1 .0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
- .0001
1-=' 1-='
- .0001
- .0002
- .0001
.0000
-.0001
+ .0005
.0000
+.0017
+.0012
+ .00}2
+.0026
'.0039
+.0033
16.0 .0000 .0000 .0000 - .0001 - .0002 - .0004 •• 0008 +.0022 +.0029
I I ''':lment :: co'!:!'f. x ?Lv :CJP.t O~r m

(b) (Positive 5i911 i'1::jic!ttes

ten3 ion l)n the outs id~ f"lce.)

::i
\0
 Table 9.31 (a) tension, and (b) moment coefficients in cylindrical tanks subjected to a moment per
~ m, 'M' applied at base (adapted from peA tables)

Ft = coef. X H.r/Lv kN per m

L/ Coeffici~nt:'C at oointt't (Positive sign indicates tension)

2rh O.OL O.IL 0.2 L O.3Ly a.li L O.SL 0.6 L 0.7L 0.8L 0.9L
y y y v v y v v v

0.' +2.70 +2.50 +2.30 +2.12 +1.91 +1.69 +1.'1 +1.13 +0.80 +0.44
0.8 +2.02 +2.06 +2.10 +2.1' +2.10 +2.02 +1.95 +1.75 +1.39 +0.80
1.2 +1.06 +1.42 +1. 79 .2.03 +7.46 '2.65 +2.80 +2.60 +2.22 +1.37
1.6 +o.n +0.79 +1.43 +2.0' +2."12 +3.25 +3.56 +3.59 +3.13 .2.01
\
2.0 -0.68 +0.22 +1.10 +2.02 .2.90 +3.69 t4.30 +4, Sli ".08 +2.75

3.0 -1.79 -0.71 +0.43 +1.60 +2.95 +-ta,29 +6.55 +4,73

~I 1I
+5.66 1+6.58
'.0
5.0
-1. 87 -1. 00 -0.08 +1. 0'"
+0.45
+2.47
+1.96
... 4.31
+3.93
+6.34
+6.60
+9.19
.9. 4 1
+8.82
+11.03
+6.81
+9.07
-1.5' -1.03 -0.'2
6.0 -1.0' -0.86 -0.59 -0.05 +1.71 +3.3&1 +6.5. +10.29 +13.08 +11.'1

~
8.0 -0.14 -0. S3 -0.73 -0.67 -0.02 +2.05 +5.87 +11.32 +16.52 +16.06
,
--~:~~';
- __ 0.%.1..01'

+10.07 ---0-,3\.,,-
10.0 +0.21 -0.23 -0.6' -0.9' -0.73 +0.82 +19."6
... 79 ,+11.63 ,;.~ ---o·4Lv
12.0 +0.32 -0.05 -0 •• 6 -0.96 -1.15 -0.18 +3.52 +11.71 +21.80 +25.73 ;- ---o-SL",
1".0 +0.26 +0.014 -0.28 -0.76 -1.29 -0.87 +2.29 +10.55 +23.50 +30.34 -. ---O."Lv
16.0 +0. '21 -O,f.4 -1. 28 .1.30 .1.12 tQ.67 +74.53 +34.fJ5
?: -.--O,'lL.V
.t Itt -0-81..V'
-O..,l....
• ~'lh~n this table is ~sej for moment d?plied at t09, while \' . ..1 ~ _, : '•. - - ,-OL"
the t<>p is hinge:J, O.OLv is the bottom of the wall and
I.OLv is the top. :.. omcnt a9plied at an edge is "Jositiv+?
whcn it causes outward rot:'lt ion at that edge.
(a) 3
P = Weight of Liquid (kN ;:>er :n )

~ C~ffic j"'''ts .It pointi! Lv Effect ive Height of wall (m)

?Th n.ll,. O.:;>L 0.3f .... O'''Lv o. "'!'v 0.6L .. O.7L O.SL n."L l.n!.v
v v v v Effective Radius of cylinder (m)
0._ Hl.Ot:l +0.051 +0.109 +0.1')(, +0.:?'1(, +0.4116 .O.Sit7 +0.692 +0.Att3 + l.non
Thickness ~f cylinder wall (m)
n.9 +O.ooq +0. Otto .0. If," +0.' .... 3 +0. J7S +0.S03 +0.659 +O.R']" +J .oon
I.' +O.OOf, +0.011 +0.063 +0·11 .... +0.70r, +0 .. 316- +O.it'ilt .0.616 +0. A07 +1. f"lIIO
+0 ..... ,0 +<1. -f7", "1.onn
Ft R ;:>9 Tens ion (kN)
I.h +0.on3 +0.011 +0.03'5 +0.019 +Q.lr!7 +0.7S3 +0.313
7.0 -0.002 -0.002 +0. (l} '2 +o.O'lr, +0.1f'l3 +0.340 +0.51'l +0.11IR +1.nno
'I = Moment (kN m)

l.O .0.007 -o.on -0.030 -0.0'~ +0.010 +0.087 +0.117 +n,lI1fl .. n,f.'l7 +1. nqn
_.0 -O.OOA -0.016 -O.Oll~ -0.0'>1 -O.OJ" +0.013 +0.150 "0.3")" .. o.r,ll') +1.non
~.O _0.001 -0.0"" -O.o"S _0.061 ·0.0')7 -0.015 H).Oq,) +0.']'1(· .n.r·flf. "I.nnn
h.O -0.005 -0.0\9 _O.IlIH) _".OSA -o.or.s -0.037 +0.057 +0.152 +0. r\77 +l.nno
•• 0 -0.00\ -o.on _O.Olt" .n,Of!9 -0.0,;2 +0.178 "1.nrH1

10.0 0.000 _0.007 -o.OOq -0.028 -0.053 -O,OF.7 -0.031 +0.173 +1.000
11.0 O.noO 0.000 -0.003 -0.016 .0.0"0 -0.0(.16 _o.O"q "O.O~l to. 'I,lI .l.ono
lll.O 0.000 0.000 _O.OOA -0.01'1 -o.oc-,q .".Ofin +0.04A +n.1R? +l.nno
H•• O +0.001 -0.003 -o,o:?! -n.or,l -0, or,,; +0.07"" +t.flnn
Moment coef x M kNm per m

(b)
 Table 9.32 (a) tension, and (b) moment coefficients in cylindrical tanks subjected to a shear per m,
'V' applied at top (adapted from peA tables)

Ft = coef. • V.r/Lv klf/ ..

L ' Coefficient .. ..'It pointh (Positive sign indicates tension)

2;h f-I-O-.OL--'1r--O.I-Ly-'-l-o.-ny-'-,-0-.3L--'vI-n"'-Ly-r-I
y
-o.-~Lv-r-l-o-.Hv--rl-o-.7L-y r-, -0.9-'T'",-0.---lOL
Ly y
I
0.4 -1. 57 -1.32 -1.08 -0.9h -0.65 _o.tJ7 -0.31 -0.18 -0.08 -0.02
0.9 -3.0Q -2.55 -1.04 -1.57 -1.15 -o.RO -0.51 -O.lA -0.13 -0.01
1.7 -3.95 -3.17 -2.q ... -1. 7q -1.25 ·0.91 -0.48 -0.25 -0.10 -0.07
1.(1 -4.57 -3.54 -2.hO -1. 80 -1.11 _o.r.ll -0.36 -0.16
2.0 -5.12 -3.83 -2.68 -1.7" -1.02 -0.21
-0.05
'0.01
-(J,nI
.0.01
4.
3.0 -6.32 -4.37 -2.70 -1.43 -0.58 -0.02 +0.15 .0.19 '0.13 +0.04
4.0 -7.34
"

[
-4.73 -2.60 -1.10 +o.lQ '0.26 +0.38 '0.33 +0.19 .0.06
5.0 -8.22 -4.99 -2.45 -0.70 +0.11 .0.47 ~o-o""
_.- ......
'0.50 +0.37 '0.20 +O.Of,
6.0 -9.02 -5.17 -2.27 -0.50 .0.34 to.S'} +0.53 _ . _ •• IL"
'0.35 +0.11 +0.01
8.0 -10.42 -5.36 -1.85 -0.02 .O.~3 tr).66 +0.46 +0.'24 +O.Oq +0.01
- · - 0.•""
- -0
_._ •....n'"
...
10.0 -11.67 -5.43 -1.43 +0.36 +0.78 +0.h7 +0.33 .0.12 .0.02 0.00
17.0
1'''.0
-n.76
-13.77
-5.41
-5.34
-1.03 +0.63 +0.83 to. ~2 '0.21 +0.04 -0.02 _.- 0·"".
-O.M~ +0.80 +O.Al ... 0."1 +0.13 _0,,)1 nt - . - o.lLw
16.0 -J".7l1 -5.n ·0.33 +O.qf, +0. 'If. +O.:\? to.OS -O.nc,
~o.

_.-0._
_ . - o.tL.o

\oOW
*.-Jhen this tat:lle is use·":l f-"Jf s~23r ar),lie1 olt !:>1S'?, whil::.o
the ton is Eix2'd, 0.0 Lv 13 the b"Jtt,)'ll ')E t:!'e- wa~l 3nd
1.0 Lv i5 the t09. Shear 3c~ing inwarj-:; is )o:;ltiv-e, ...Jhk-
~utwarj3 l5 n0gative.
(a) FIXED BASE - FREE TOP
COf'ff ic j.'nl.-: at (loint n
Lv'
2rh 0.1 Lv O.1L n.3L fl,ll Lv n. r, r,v n,r, Lv n.7 Lv n.e Lv n. IlLv 1.01 .•
v v
3
0." +n.OQ.1 .0.117
.0.145
+0.11,10
+0.19S
+0.300
.0.208
+0,1,)4
+fl.770
+n,40,}
.0.724
+O.lf4A +o.t,q:: +0. ~.3S
+0. :?t4
tn. \7a
tn. ~nA
:ielght ot Liquid (kN ?er :n )
0.8 '0.085 '0.223 '0.21Q
\.7 +0.0,.1 +0.132 +0.157 +fl.l()t, +O.lSI) +0.145 '0.171 .0.016 +0.00" +o.nf.}
Lv Ufective Hei'lht 0f .. all (m)
\.6 +0.079 +0.122 'O.lH '0.IJ9 .n.12S .0.105 '0.081 +0.0'\6 +0.0:10 +o,no l ,
7.0 "0.071 .0.llS +0.126 '0.1I~ +0.080 '0.056 .0.031 +0.00f) -o.nl~
~ffective Radius of ::ylinder (m)

3.0 +0.07') +0.100 +0.100 +O.OAn +n,nfi6 +0.0144 .0.025 +0.006 -0.010 -0.07' :'hL:kn(!ss Clf cylinjer \1311 <m)
-.0 +0.0&8 +0.088 +0.081 +o.or.J +O,f)4J '0.025 +0.010 -0.001 -0.010 -O.OI't
5.0 .0.Ofl" +0.078 +O.0~7 +0.Ott7 .0.029 '0.013 +0.003 -0.003 _0,001 -O.lIll f't = Ri:'l3 :'ension (kN)
6.0 .0.0(,2 .0.070 +0.0~6 +0.036 .0.018 .0.006 0.000 -0.003 -~.005 -0.01l(,
8.0 +0.051 .0.058 +0.0'11 +0.021 +0.007 0.000 -0.002 -0.003 -0.002 -n.onl fl = :1oment (kif m)

io.o .0.053 +o.~q '0.02~ +0.012 +0.001 _0.002 -0.-02 -0.002 -0.001 o.noo
17.0 to.Oll!} +0.042 +0.012 +0.007 0.000 -0.002 -0.002 -0.001 0.000 n.nno
1'.0 +0.0'16 +0.036 +0.017 +0.004 -~.OOI -0.002 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 O.noo
1(•• 0 +0.0'14 +0.031 '0.012 .0.001 -0.002 -0.002 -0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000

(b)
"o_nt • coef. • V. Lv "1IIiLf.

00
 Table 9.33 (a) tension, and (b) moment coefficients in cylindrical tanks supporting a rectangular
~ load, assuming a fixed base and a free top (adapted from peA tables)

Ft = coe f. x !2" r kN ?er m

Ly '
Coeffir.i('nts a.t point
I
(Positive sign indicates tens i.)n)
a.OLy o. I Lv 0.2Ly O.}L
v 0. 4Lv 0.5 Lv O·€Lv O.7 Lv 0.BLv 0.9 Lv I
2rh
0.4 .0.562 .0.505 '0.43 1 .0.353 .0.277 .0.206 .0.145 .0.092 .0.046 .0.013
.1.052 .0.921 .0.796 .().669 .0.542 +1).415 .0.289 .0.179 .0.OH9 +!).O)4
0.8
1.2 .1.211\ .1.078 .0.946 +0.808 .0.665 .0.519 .O.}IB '0.246 .0.127 .G.O}4
1.6 .1.257 +1.009 +0.1181 .0.742 .0.600 .0.449 .0.294 +Q.1h3 .0.045
".'4'
2.0 ".25} .1.144 +1.041 .0.929 .o.~o6 .0.661 .0.514 ,o.}45 .').186 .0.055

3.0 +1.160 ... 1.112 ".06, .0.998 .G.912 .0.796 .0.646 .• ().459 ").251\ .0.081

:~: ~~~ I
4.0 +1.085 .1.073 ".057 .1.029 .1.977 .O.~I .0.746 .0.553 .0.J22
5.0 ".037 +1.~ ., .047 ".042 .1.015 +').t}J.9 +iJ.f125 .0.629 .0. j79 cl
6.0
fLO I ".010
.0.989
.,.024
.1.005
.I.OJS
".022
.1.045
".0}6
+ I .0}4
+1.0l.4
+0.9116
.1.026
.0.819
.0.953
.(\.694
.0.1118
.. O./dO
·'J.5'?
+11.149
+0.IU9

.a.989 .0.998 .1.0tO .1.023 .'.040 .0.996 .0.859 - - O-CLv

to.O ".0'9

[
12.0 .0.994 .0.997 .1.003 .'.014 ... 1 .O~1 .1.('43 +1.072 +0.911 .. ...n .. 7~)? -._ o·'Lv
14.0
1(,.0 I +\1.')97
.1.1\()O
.0.998
+)."'1')
.'.0011
.. II. 'J~llJ
.1.007
".003
.'.07?
.'.015

(a)
".()I,O
.1 .O.~2
., .O~')

.'.Ott1
, n.rH~9
.. fl. 'I 1',

-- - - - - - - - - - - ""U
+n.;'14
~ ). 'I;' I - ' - G .• Lv
--o·.. L.....
_._ ".,Lv
.. _ . _ O·6.&.v
~. -. - ().1"Lv
- ' - O.'L...
.. . - Cl~1.N
- ._
_ \oOLv

j.i/ ..Jh~
Lv' Coefficients at point
RXED BASE . FREE TOP
0.1 Lv 0.2L 0.3 L O.4Ly o.r) Lv O.6L 0.7L 0.8L 1),9 Ly 1.0 L
2rh v v v v v v

0.4 -.0023 -.0093 - .0227 ·.0439 -.0710 -.IOIR -.1455 - .2000 - .2593 pi =- uniform ?res!3ure applied
0.8 .0000 -.0006 -.0025 - .0083 -.0185 - .0362 -.059" -.0917 -.1325 vert ically around ?eri .. eter
1.2 +.0008 •• 0026 •• 0037 •. 0029 -.0009 -.0089 -.0221 - .0468 - .OB15 of tank. (kNperm)
1.6 •• 0011 +.00}6 •• 0062 +.0077 '.0068 +.0011 - .0093 -.0267 - .0529
2.0 +.0010 •• 00,6 •• 0066 •• 0088 ·.OQR9 •. 0059 -.0019 -.0148 -.031\9 Lv Effe.~tive Height )f wall (m)

Effective iladius of cylind"r (m)

3.0 •• 0007 •• 0026 •. 0051 + .0074 +.0091 •• 008} + .0042 -.0053 -.0223 -.<\1.0
4.0 +.0004 ·.0015 •• 0033 •• 00~2 '.006R •. 0075 •• 0053 -.0013 -.011.5 - .0365 h = Thickness .)( cylinder ",~\l tm)
5.0 •• 0002 +.0008 •. 0019 •• 0035 •• 005 1 •. 0061 •. 0052 +.\)007 -,.'1101 -.02'33
6.0 +.0001 •• 0004 '.0011 •. 0022 '.0036 •. 0049 •• 001.8 ·.0017 -.007} -.0242 Ft = Rin'~ Tens ion «I,)
8.0 .0000 '.0001 +.no03 +.0008 +.OOH~ •• 0031 .... 1103R +.0024 -.OfJ40 -.OIAi.
:-I = :Iome'lt (kN m)
10.0 .0000 ,.1021 +.0030 +.0026
12.0 .0000 +.00t11o +.')021. +.0022
14.0 .0000 +.()l)10 •. 0018 +.0021 -.!)OO7
16.0 .0000 •• ()1)()6 .,!){)12 +.0020 -.tj·)05

2
(b) Iloment = CJeE. ~ o'.Lv kNm per "'

(Positive si'Jn indicates

tens ion on the outs ide face.)
 Table 9.34 (a) tension, and (b) moment coefficients in cylindrical tanks supporting a rectangular
load, assuming a pinned base and a free top (adapted from peA tables) Ft • coef. X o·.r kN per II

(Positive sign indicates t"nsion)

L/ Coefficients at pOint

2rh O.OL O. ILv 0.2 Lv 0.3 Lv 0.4 Lv 0.5 Lv 0.6L

v 0.7 Lv O.SLv 0.9 Lv
v
0.4 .1.474 .1.340 .1.195 .1.052 .0.908 .0.764 +0.615 +0.465 +0.311 ,0.154
0.8 ".423 ".302 +1.181 ".058 .0.930 .0.797 .0.649 .0.502 +0.345 .0.166 \
~ 1
1.2 +1.350 .1.161 .0.958 +0.84} .0.709 +0.556 .O.}86 +0.198

r
".255 ".062
1.6 ".27' .'.20} ".'4' .' .069 .0.985 .0.885 .0.756 .0.614 .0.433 +0.224
2.0 +1.205 +1.160 +1.121 .1.073 +1.011 +0.934 +J.819 +0.669 .0.480 .0.251 r r

[
3.0 .1.074 +1.079 .1.081 .1.075 .1.049 .1.006 .0.919 .0.779 +0.575 +0.310
4.0 ".017 .1.037 +1.053 ".067 .1.069 .1.045 .0.979 .0.853 +0.647 .0.356 ::::~~
5.0 .0.992 ".0'4 ".035 ".056 .1.069 .1.062 ".017 +0.906 +0.703 .0.394 --0.& ....
6.0 .0.989 ".003 +1.023 .1.043 .1.063 .1.066 +1.039 +0.943 .0.747 .0.427 _.-0-.....
8.0 • 0.985 .0.996 .1.\)08 .1.024 .1.043 .1.064 .1.061 .0.997 .0.821 • 0.486 '" -·-0-4 ....
•
.;I t, -'-0-''''
- . - 0.•1...
10.0 • 0.992 .0.995 +1.000 +1.011 .1.028 .1.(}52 .1.066 ", --0." ....
12.0 .0.998 .0.997 .0.997 .1.002 ".017 +1.041 .1.064
.1.030
".(}50
.0.878
+0.920
.0.533
.0.577 .. -'-0..'"
_.-0......
14.0 .1.000 ·0.998 .0.997 .0.999 .1.008 .'.0}1 ".059 +1.061 .0.952 .0.61} ,.oL.'1
.....
. • r'lt • --
16.0 >1.002 _~~~O~~L- .. J'.~L.-tl.OO3 .. 1.021 +1.0S0 +1.064 .. 0.916 +0.6)6
~
(a)
PNfED BASE • flEE TOP

Lv' Coefficients at point p' = Uniform pressure applied

vert ica lly around per imeter
2rh 0.1 L 0.2 Ly O.}Lv 0.4 Lv 0.;: Lv 0.6 L O.TLv 0.8 Ly 0.9 Lv 1.0 Lv of tank. (kN per a )
v v
0.4 +.0020 +.0072 +.0151 +.0230 •. 0}01 •• 0346 •• 0357 •• 0312 •• 0197 Lv • Effective Height of wall (m)
0.8 •• 0019 +.0064 +.0133 •• 0207 •. 0271 •. 0319 +.0}29 •• 0292 +.0187
1.2 •• 0016 •• 0(}58 +.0111 +.0177 '.02}7 •. 0280 •. 0296 + .0263 •• 0171 Effective Radius of cylinder (a)
1.6 +.0012 +.0044 •• 0091 +.0145 +.0195 •• 0236 +.0255 +.0232 +.0155
2.0 +.0009 I + .0033 •• 0073 +.0114 •• 0158 +.0199 +.0219 +.0205 •. 0145 h * Thickness of cylinder wall (a)

I··"
Ft • Ring Tens ion (kN)
3.0 +.0004 +.0018 •• 0063 •. 0092 +.0127 +.0152 •• 0153 •• 0111
4.0 +.0001 +.0007 +.0016 + .0033 •• 0057 +.0083 +.0109 +.0118 +.0092 It • Itoment (kN 111)
5.0 .0000 +.0001 +.0006 +.0016 +.0034 +.0057 +.0080 +.0094 +.0078
6.0 .0000 .0000 +.0002 +.0008 +.0019 + .0039 +.0062 +.0078 +.0068
8.0 1 .0000 1 .0000 - .0002 1 .0000 •• 0007 +.0020 +.00}8 +.0057 +.0054

,., I
2.0
4.0
6.0
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
I
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000 1"- I"'"
-.0001
-.0001
.0000
-.0002
-.0001
-.0001
I··OO~
.0000
-.0001
-.0002
•• 0011
+.0005
.0000
-.0004
+ .0025
+.0017
•• 0012
+.0008
+.oo.}
+.00}2
+.0026
+.0022
+.0045
+.0039
+.oon
+.0029

2
(b) Moment * coef. x p'. Lv kNa per.

~ (Positive sign indicates

tension on the outside face.)
Vol
Table 9.35 (a) shear at base of cylindrical tanks subjected to: triangular load, rectangular load, mo-
ment at edge; (b) stiffness coefficients for cylindrical walls; (c) stiffness coefficients of circular plates
with and without centre support (adapted from peA tables)

Tritlngular load, Rectangular load, Triangular or Moment

Lv' fixed bas~ fixed base rectangular load l at edge
hinged base
2rh

0.4 +0.436 ~O. 755 +0.245 -1. 58

0.8 +0.374 +0.552 +0.234 -1. 75
1.2 +0.339 +0.460 +0.220 -2.00
1.6 +0.317 +0.407 +0.204 -2.28
2.0 +0.299 +0.370 +0.189 -2.57

3.0 +0.262 +0.310 to.158 -3.18

4.0 +0.236 +0.271 +0.137 -3.68
5.0 40.213 +0.243 +0.121 -4.10
6.0 +0.197 +0.222 +0.110 -4.49
8.0 +0.174 +0.193 +0.096 -5.18

10.0 +0.158 +0.172 +0.087 -5.81

12.0 +0.145 +0.158 +0.07g -n.38
14.0 +0.135 +0.147 +0.073 -6.88
16.0 +V.l27 +0.137 +0.068 -7.36

V (triangular load) coef. x p.Lv kN

v (rectangular Load) coef. x p' .Lv kN

(Moment at base) coef. x M/Lv kN

(Positive sign indicates shear acting inwards)

(a)

3
k = coef. x E.h ILv

1
, ~
,
v
Coeff~:':le,,"t
v Coefficient
2rc 21":-,

S ,l.i 0.130 0.713

['.8 C • '27 ~ 0.783
1.2 (',34:- O.9C3
l.E 1[' 1. 010
7 .0 (I .... '" ~ 12 1.108
3. C! 1- 1.198
".0 O. f~ 3:, 1. ?81

(b)

3
k = coC!f, x E.h Ir

hc!2r D.IS 0.20 0.25

Coef. O,2'jC 0.3')9 0.332 0.358 0.387

;1i thout cent re sup!"ort - Coef. = 0.104

Note - he is diameter of c"lumn head.

(c)

184
Table 9.36 Supplementary coefficients for values of Lv2 /(2 x r x h) greater than 16 (adapted from
peA tables)

"?' TULE 9/29. ~ LT' TMLE 9/29b

Coi!lt'f'lclenta at point
2rIl
CooN'lol""(8 at point
I 2rh

• 75"? .SO"? .85 Ly .%L? .951. I .60 Lv .85 Lv .90 L,. •'I5L,. 1.()(J...

20 .0.716 .0.65l. +0.520 .0.325 +0.115 20 +.00 1 5 •• 0014 '.0005 -.0018 -.006}
2l.
32
~o
~
.0.746
.0.782
.0.800
.0.]91
.0.702
.0.768
.0.805
.0.828
,0.577
.0.66}
.0.Hl
.0.765
.O.}72
.0.459
.0.5JO
.0.59}
::::~l
.0.217
.0.25l.
I 24
}2
/"0
48
+.0012
•• 0007
+.0002
.0000
•• 0012
•• 0009
+.0005
+.0001
•• 0007
•• 0007
+.0006
•• 0006
-.001}
-.0006
-.0005
-.ooo}
-.~}
-.oor.o
-.00}2
-.0026
56 .0.76} .0.8,a .0.824 .0.6}6 .0.285 56 .0000 .0000 "00Cl4 -.000' -.002}

TENSION IN CIRCULAR RINGS - TRIANGULAR LOAD /'laMENTS IN CYLINDRICAL rANKS - TRII>.NGULAR LOAD
nXED BASE - ~REE TO\' FIXED 91>.SE - ~REE TOP

:{ TABLE 9/30a
- :{ rl>.8LE 9/30b
Coefficient. at pOint Coerrloient• • t point
2rh 2rh
.75 L
T
• 80 Lv .85 Lv .90 Lv .95 Lv • ?SLy .8a.,. .851.,. .9a-y .95L..
20 "'O.~l;" .0.811 .0.756 .o.60} .. O.}W... 20 •• 0008 +.0014 +.0020 •• 0024 +.0020
24 .0.816 .0.B}9 .0.79} .0.647 .O.}77 24 +.0005 +.0010 •. 0015 +.0020 •• 0017
}2 .0.814 .0.661 .0.847 .0.721 • 0.436 }2 .0000 ·.0005 •• 0009 +.0011.. '.001}
40 .0.602 .0.666 +0.880 +O.77P. .0.48} 40 .0000 "ooo} •. 0006 +.0011 +.0011
48 .0.791 .0.864 .0.900 +0.820 .0.527 48 .0000 ... 0001 '.00Cl4 •• 0008 +.0010
56 .0.781 .0.659 +0.911 +0.8')2 .O.56} 56 .0000 .0000 •• OOO} +.0007 •• 0008
'---
rENSION IN CIRCULAR RINGS - TRIANGULAR LOIIO M3MZNT5 IN:YLINORICI>.L rANKS - TRIMIGULI>.R r,ol>.D
PINNEO 8ASE - ~REE TO~ PINNEO BASE - l"REE rap

~~ rl>.8LE: 9/33a
~ 'n8LE 9/33b
2rh Coefficients at point
2rh Coefficients at point
.75 Ly .60 Lv .8~y .9().L • 95L.
v .80 Lv .851.., .9OLy .951.,. 1.00I.. y
20 .0.949 .0.625 .0.629 .0.}79 .0.128
24 .0.966 .0.879 .0.694 .O.4}O .-0.149
20 •• 0015 ,.oo'} ,.0002 - .0024 -.007}
32 .1.026
24 +.':0'2 •• 0012 •• 0004 -.0018 -.0061
.0.95} .0.768 .0.519 +0.189 }2 •• 0008
40 ·'.OL..O .0.996 •• 0009 •• 0006 -.0010 -.0046
.0.859 .0.591 .0.226 40 •• 0005 •• 0007
48 .1.04} +1.022 .0.911 •• 0007 -.0005 -.OO}7
.0.652 .0.262 48
56 +1.040 ".0}5 .0.949 '0.705 +0.294
'.0004 '.0006 •. 0006 -.ooo} -.00}1
56 ·.0002 +.0004. ·.0005 -.0001 -.0026

fENSION IN CIRCULAR RIN::;S - RECTANGULAR LOAD ~3'IENTS IN CYLINORICAL rANKS - REC'rl>.NGULI>.R LOI>.D
FIXC:O BASE - FREE ro~ fIXED SASE - fREE TOP

r:-:.:. TI>.8LE 9/34a

Coefficients at pOlOt
:{ fl>.BLE 9/34b
2rh 2rh Coefficient! at point
.75Ly .85Lv .9,)L y
• SOL? .9(£v .75L
v
.6OL ., .85 L? .9OLy • 95Lv
20 .1.062 .1.017 .0.906 .0. ?O} .O.}?4 +.0000 .,0014 •. 0020 •• 0024 •• 0020
24 .,.066 ".0}9 .O.94} .0.741 .0.427 24
}2
40
·,.064 .1.061
.,.066 .0.997 .O.A?1 .0.~66 }2
•. 0005
.0000
-+.0010
•• 0005
•• 0015
•. 0009
•. 0020
•. 0014
•• 0017
•• 00l}
".052 ".0}0 .0.878 .0.5}} 40 .0000 •• OOO} •. 0006 +.0011 +.0011
48 +1.<:v.1 ".064 .1.050 ... 0.921) .0.577 48
56 .0000 >.0001 '.OOC4 •. 0008 +.0010
+1.021 ".059 ., .061 +0,')')2 >O.61} 56 ,0000 .0000 •• OOO} +.0007 •. 0006

r1::N3[o~1 1:-1 :IRC::ULI>.R RINGS RE::TANGULAR L')I\O '\J;ontlfS [,1 -:YLINQRICI\[. rANKS - REC'fl>.NGULI>.R U)""O
~INNEf) 3A3E - fREE 1'01.' "nltlEO g""SE - fllEE rop

185
Table 9.37 C'..'8fficients for calculating fOices in a conical tank supported at base level,
resulting from at the base of the cone

CI1M' CTM Cl'l/

6.000 1.000 4.116

7. 000 0.509 1.617
8.000 0.164 0.212
9.000 0.022 -0.?59
10.000 -O.Oll --[).Z61

9.000 1.000
10.000 0.575
11.000 0.11)9 MM' n CMM' x M'
12.000 0.027
11.000 -0.019 HH' =- CMH' x B'x L'x Cose.(
\2.000 1.000 0.000 8.HO
\3.000 0.607 0.06' 3.146
0.217 0.00 NM'~ CNM'x Mix Tnn~./ y
1'.000 0.)45
15.000 0.029 0.017 0.569
16.000 -0.02) 0.003 -0.529
_._-------
16.000 1.000 O.UOO 0.000 1.000 63.867 11.314
17.000 0.63) 0.050 -3.519 0.056 3.239 '.321
18.000 0.232 0.03S -2.562 -0.18b -13.81& O.HS T!4' CrH ' x M' x Tan~1 y
\9.000 0.032 0.014 -1.066 -0.149 -11.473 -0.759
20.000 -0.026 O. 002 -0.192 -0,066 -5.312 -0.697 TH' CTH' x J,' x H' x Sin ... / y
-~-------

20.000 1.000 0,000 0.000 1.000 100.261 14.167

21.000 0.645 0.0<1 -4.442 O.OS; 5.239 5.)92
22.000 0.241 0.02; -3.252 -0.191 -21.389 0.548
23.000 0.03) 0.011 -1. 357 -0.152 -17.723 -0.914
24.000 -0.028 (LOO2 -0.243 -0.068 -8. i'll -0.802
----~--- -----"-----
24 .000 1.000 D.OOO 0.000 H~.666 17.0ll
25.000 0.65. O.OlS -5.359 7.6110 6.459
26.000 0.2'7 0.025 -3.938 -30.577 0.652
27.000 0.034 0.010 -1.6.8 -25.29' ~ 1 • 127
28.000 -0.029 0.002 -0.294 -11.626 -1.025
----_. -- ---~-----

28.000 1.000 0.000 0.000 1.000 197.076 19.855

29.000 0.660 O.OlO -6.273 0.053 10.559 1.525
30.000 0.252 0.022 -4, 623 -0.195 -'1.382 0.751
31.000 0.0)5 0.009 -1.938 -0.156 -3'.184 -1.309
)2.000 -0.031 0.002 -0.345 -0.069 -15.677 -1.186

32.000 1.000 0.000 0.000 1.000 257.'90 22.693

)3.000 0.665 0.027 -7.186 0.053 13.877 8.589
34 .000 0.255 0.019 -5.306 -0.196 -53.805 0.863
35.000 0.035 0.008 -2.228 -0.157 -44.393 -1.409
36. 000 -0.0)1 0.001 -0.396 -0.070 -20.323 -1.347

36.000 1.000 0.000 0.000 1.000 325.907 25.530

)7.000 i 0.668 0.024 -6.091 0.053 11.632 9.6S2
38.000 0.258 0.017 -5.989 -0.197 -!:7.tJ.46 0.969
)9.000 0.0)6 0.007 -2.518 -0.lS9 -55.921 -1.669
40.000 -0.032 0.001 -0.H7 -0.071 -25.565 -1. 508

'0.000 1.000 0.000 0.000 1.000 402.325 ;;6.365

41.000 0.671 0.022 -9.007 0.053 21.825 10.715
'2.000 0.260 O.Olb -6.671 -0.198 -83.50' 1.076
43.000 O. 036 0.006 -2.807 -0.159 -68.769 -1.848
44 .000 -0.03) 0.001 -0.498 -0.071 -31.4D3 -1.669

H.OOO 1.000 0.000 0.000 1.000 486.7·H 31.195

45.000 0.67) 0.020 -9.9\6 0.033 26.453 11.777
'6.000
11. 000
0.261
0.0)6
-0.0))
0.0)4
0.00.
0.001
-7.352
-3.097
-0.549
-0.198
-0.160
-0.071
-100.780
-82.935
-37.836
1.182
-2.027
-1.829
. .. ..
t~; ··~;l~~; ......~~;~: .... $ .~;~~'," • • • ~~;~ i""
'8.000

48.000 1.000 0.000 0.000 \.000

_._----
579.16,
3'.031
•••• q •

6.0
• • • • • • • • • • ,,.,.,, • • • • • • ,

)1.0 8.1
•• * ••••••••• "' ••••••••
8.1 4.3
49.000 0.675 0.018 -10.825 0.053 31.520 12 .8)9 9.0 128.8 19.5 19.5 6.4
50.000 0.263 O. OlJ -8.0.13 -0.199 -119.674 1.289 12.0 308.0 35.5 35.5 B.6
51.000 0.037 0.005 -3.386 -0.160 -98.421 -2.205 16.0 7)2.3 61.9 6).9 11.5
52.000 -0.033 0.001 -0.601 -O.Ott -14.865 -1.989 20.0 1430.5 100,3 100. ) 14.)
--_._---- 24 .0 2410.7
3920.6
14407
197.1
144.7
197.1
17.2
20.0
52.000 1.000 0,000 0.000 1.000 679.584 36.863 28.0
':>).000 0.617 0.017 -11.7)4 0.053 37.023 lJ.901 32.0 5848.1 257.5 257.5 22.S
5 •• 000 0.26. 0.012 -8.714 -0.199 -140.186 1.396 36.0 8311.2 325.9 325.9 25.7
OS.OOO 0.037 0.005 -3,675 -0,161 -115.225 -2.384 40.0 11'07. 7 402. ) 402.) "l8.S
56. 000 -0.034 0.001 -0.652 -0,072 -52 .490 -2.1.e H.O 15-175.6 486.7 486.7 )l.3
-.- ~~-~.------.-- 4B.O 19692.) 579.2 579., H.2
-56.000 1.000 -0.000 0.000 1.000 788.005 39.695 52.0 25026.8 679.6 679.6 37.0
57.000
sa.c')o
59.000
0.678
0.265
0.037
0.016
0.011
0.005
-12.6'2
-9.395
-3.965
O. as)
-0.200
-0.161
42.961
-162. 115
-133.349'
14.963
1.502
-2.562
56.0
60.0 I 31246.0
384l8.1
788.0
904.4
788.0
904.4
39.8
42.7

60.000 -O.OJ( 0.001 -0.103 -0.072 -60.710 -2.308

(b)
60.000 1.000 0.000 0.000 1.000 904.'26 42.526
61.000 0.679 0.015 -11.550 0.053 H.ll8 16.024
62.000 0.266 0.011 -10.076 -0.200 -lB6.062 1.609
63. 000 u.031 0.004 -4.254 -0.\61 -152.192 -2.740
6'.000 -0.034 0.001 -0.755 -0.072 -69.526 -2.468

(a)

186
Table 9.38 (a,b) coefficients for calculating forces in a conical tank supported at base level,
resulting from fixity at the apex of the cone

x eMIl CIM CTtt ell. Cit. CTB

6.000 1.000 0.000 6.390 0.000 1.000 -3.561
5.000 0.1S3 LUI -O.Ut -0.164 0.202 -1.182
4.000 0.333 0.931 -1.237 -0.159 -0.017 -0.109
3.000 -0.008 0.544 -0.614 -o.ou -0.114 0.121
1.000 -0.213 0.332 -0.003 0.027 -0.101 0.054

9.000 1.000 0.000 17.277 0.000 1.000 -5.861

1.000 0.1S' 1."0 0.377 -0.110 0.114 -2.082
7.000 0.344 1.50. -3.255 -0.099 -0.163 -0.239
6.000 0.049 0.723 -2.263 -0.052 -o.u. 0.248 KK • CKM x '4
5.000 -0.082 0.201 -0.865 -0.013 -0.092 0.206

12.000 1.000 0.000 32.710 0.000 1.000 -8.076 MH 2 CKH x H x L x Cos ..

11.000 0.751 2.603 1.219 -0.082 0.096 -2.924
10.000 0.33) 2.044 -6.205 -0.070 -0.114 -0.329
9.000 0.050 0.936 -4.627 -0.035 -0.170 0.391 NK • CNK x M x TanllC / 'i
8.000 -0.066 0.209 -1.919 -0.001 -0.017 0.341

16.000 1.000 0.000 60.297 0.000 1.000 -10.973 NH • CNH x L x H x Sin .. / 'i
15.000 0.741 3.543 2.712 -0.061 0.010 -4.017
14.000 O.)H 2.747 -11.567 -0.050 -0.194 -0.4)9
1).000 0.0'1 1.225 -1.921 -0.024 -0.172 0.519
ll.OOO -0.057 0.247 -3.845 -0.005 -0.084 0.5ll TK • CTM x M x l'an ... / 'i

20.000 1.000 0.000 ,s.an 0.000 1.000 -13.141 TH 2 Cl'H x H x L x Sin ... / 'i
19.000 0.734 4.4" 4,63. -0.048 0.072 -5.095
18.000 0.313 3.441 -11.554 -0.039 -0.199 -0.546
17.000 0.046 1.515 -14.541 -0.011 -0.111 0.763
16.000 -0.052 0.292 -6.350 -0.004 -0.012 0.678

24 .000 1.000 0.000 139.451 0.000 1.000 -16."4

23.000 0.729 5.319 6.917 -0.040 0.068 -6.167
22 .000 0.)08 4.129 -27.160 -0.032 -0.200 -0.653
21.000 0.045 LiaS -21.415 -0.015 -0.171 0.946
20.000 -0.049 0.3.0 -9.447 -0.003 -0.080 0.841

28.000 1.000 0.000 191.023 0.000 1.000 -19.540

27. 000 0.724 6.304 9.776 -0.034 0.065 -7.236
26.000 0.304 4.815 -37.383 -0.027 -0.202 -0.761
25.000 O.OH 2.095 -29.740 -O.OU -0.170 1.127
24.000 -0.048 0.390 -13.138 -0.002 -0.010 1.004

)2.000 1.000 0.000 250.581 0.000 1.000 -22.382

)1.000 0.721 7.217 13.003 -0.029 0.063 -8.302
)0.000 0.301 5.499 -U.2H -0.02) -0.202 -0.866
29.000 0.044 2.384 -)9.311 -0.010 -0 .170 1.307
28.000 -0.046 O.HO -17.424 -0.002 -0.019 1.165

36.000 1.000 0.000 318.145 0.000 1.000 -25.221

)5.000 0.718 8.128 16.671 -a.ou 0.062 -9.367
14.000 0.298 6.U2 -62.674 -0.020 -0.202 -0.975
33.000 0.043 2.673 -50.201 -0.009 -0.170 1.486
)2.000 -0.045 0.490 -22.)05 -0.002 -0.078 1.326

40.000 1.000 0.000 393.727 0.000 1.000 -28.059

)9.000 0.716 9.038 20.779 -0.02) 0.061 -10.431
38.000 0.296 6.164 -77.747 -0.016 -0.203 -1.081
37 .000 0.043 2.963 -62.411 -0.008 -0.169 1.665
36.000 ·0.0"''' 0.541 -21.182 -0.002 -0.078 1.487

H.OOO 1.000 -0.000 477.335 0.000 1.000 -)0.896

43.000 0.114 9.948 25.324 -0.021 0.060 -11.495
42.000 0.294 7.545 -94.444 -0.016 -0.203 -1.188
41.000 0.043 3.252 -75.945 -0.007 -0.169 1.845
'0.000 -0.044 0.592 -33.857 -0.001 -0.078 1.647
. . . . . . . . . . fI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
48.000 1.000 0.000 568.963 0.000 1.000 -)).732
'7.000 0.713
0.293
10.857 30.299 -0.019 0.059 -12.557 ... !...... ~!~~ ......... ;~~ ...... ;;~~ ..... ;~~~ .. ,
46.000 8.227 -112. 767 -0.015 -0.203 -1.294 6.0 32.~ 6.4 6.4 3.4
45.000 0.042 ). 542 -90.80) -0.007 -0.169 2.024 9.0 117.9 17. ) 17.) 5.7
44.000 -0.043 0.643 -40.529 -0.001 -0.077 1.807 12.0 287.6 )2. 7 J2.7 7.9
16.0 695.1 60.3 60.3 10.6
52.000 1.000 0.000 668.593 0.000 1.000 -36.565 2t;.O 1311.9 95.9 95.9 11.7
51.000 0.712 11.767 35.699 -0.018 0.059 -1),618 24.0 2)85.6 139.5 139.5 1•• 5
50.000 0.292 6.909 -132.717 -0.014 -0.203 -1.401 28.0 3804.2 191.0 191.0 19.4
49.000 0.0'2 J.811 -106.984 -0.006 -0.16B 2.202 32.0 5695.4 250.6 250.6
-0.043 22.2
48.000 0.694 -47.797 -0.001 -0.077 1.967 36.0 8127.0 lI8.1 lI8.1 25.1
4\1.0 11161.3 19).7 393.7 21'.9
56.000 1.000 0.000 776.201 0.000 1.000 -39.396 44.0 \4884.3 477.3 477. J )0.1
55.000 0.71l 12.676 41.524 -0.017 0.059 -14.680
54.000 0.291 9.590 -154.2B9 -0.013 -0.203 -1.507
4LO 19346.5 569 .0 569.0 n.6
52.0 44621.8 668.6 668.6 36.4
5),000 0.042 4.121 -124 .484 -0.006 -0.168 2.381 56.0 30771.6 776.2 776.2 39.2
52.000 -0.042 0.745 -55.660 -0.001 -0.077 2.127 6~ a 37681.2 891.8 891.6 42.1
60.000 1.000 0.000 891.763 0.000 1.000 -42.226
S9.000 0.710 13.584 47.777 -0.015 0.058 -15.741
5B.OOO 0.290 10.271 -177.473 -0.012 -0.203 -1.615 (b)
57.000 0.042 1.410 -143.297 -0.005 -0.168 2.556
56.000 -0.042 0.796 -H.1l6 0.001 077 2.286

(8)

( 1 -

187
 I. TANKS ON PLASTIC FOUNDATIONS
The analysis of open circular concrete tanks is explained for cases where
the ground support may be assumed uniform. A tank ha ving it, wall
monolithic with its circular base is first analysed for bending moments
and hoop tensions; the effect of extending the base into a peripheral toe
is then considered.
The structural action of a tank having a flexible annular joint in the
base is next explained, for tanks with and without a base toe extension.
A simple "retaining wall" type of analysis is demonstrated for this mode
of construction. The accuracy of this method of analysis has been
checked by comparison with an exact method, from which it is found
that the simple method is quite adequate for radial moments in the base)
though it neglects any account of tangential moments, which may be
appreciable.
Several tables are given for circular tank walls and base slabs, 10
enable analY3es to be achieved for all the cases considered.
(Pari 1)
civil engineers today are familiar with the behaviour of
circular tank walls under hydrostatic pressure, with
bonom edges either hinged or fixed. The interaction of tank
which afe made continuous with circular ba_se slabs is, however,
seldom considered in any de-tail in the design office. There is linle
information available on this type of analysis in this country,
though some engineers are now acquainted with the Portland
• Fellow of Pembroke Col/ege, Oxford.
t Assislanl Engineer, ave Arup & Parmers.
t FigureJ in parenlheses indicate RtftrenceJ lollowing the Grlicll
Cement Association booklets on the analysis and design of concrete
tanks. (These may be obtained very conveniently from the Con-
crete Association of India in a single booklet entitled "Reinforced
2nd Prestressed Concrete Tanks" (1):1:.)
The methods described in the P.C.A. booklets are based on
the asswnptions that such tanks are supJXlrted either at their edges
or on completely plastic foundations. Now the reactive pressure
developed by a soil under leading at ground level depends on
severa'l factors, but two simple approximations may be used for
the purposes of this type of analysis: (a), that of completely plastic
behaviour, when the ground pressure is independent of the deflec-
tion at the surface, and (b) that of simple elastic behaviour, when
the ground pressure, p, is related to the surface deflection, w, by
p = kw, where k is the "foundation modulus" of the ground and
is taken as a constant. Actuaily k may not be constant even in
one particular loading test, and the moisture content, the com-
paction, etc., of the soil may affect the value considerab'ly. The
foundation modulus does, however, increase with the hardness of
the ground and some correlation has already been attempted.
For the purposes of this paper asswnption (a) will be accepted, and
the consequences of accepting asswnption (b) will be considered
in a later conuibution.
It is perhaps worth mentioning that whenever a rationalisation
of analysis and design is desired some simple asswnptions must be
made. Even with the two assumptions mentioned above the analysis
of ground-supported circular tanks is involved enough for any design
office, so there seems little likelihood of any future code of practice
recommending anything more complicated. It is to be hoped that

TABLE I
VERTICAL BENDING MOMENTS AND RING TENSIONS IN A CIRCULAR TANK WALL WITH THE BonOM END HINGED
WHEN THE TANK IS FULL Of LIQUID

M,=cyH' T=~ rHR

(lop)

xH 1)=0 0'1 0·2 0') 0-4 I 0'5 0·6 0·7 0·8 0'9 1·0
i
-0'0022 -0·0079 -0,0154 -0'0234 --0'0306 -0-0354 I -0'0361 -0'0315 i -0'0200
-0'0016 -0'0058 -0,0115 -0'0180 -0'0240 -0'0283 --0-0296 -0'0265 -0'0173
-0-0006 -00021 - 0-0047 -0'0079 -0'0116 - 0·0150 -0'0172 -0-0170 -0-0121 0
--0,0002 --0-0008 -0'0020 -0'0039 -0-0063 -0,0088 -0,0100 - 0·0081
+0·0002 +0·0001 -0'0001 -0'0010 -0,0025 -0,0045 -0·0062 -0'0058

i +0-0001 +0·0002 +0·0002 i -0'0001 --0'0008 -0,0023 -0,0039 -0·(}(}44

+0-488) "-0,4427 +0·3971 +0·3511 +0·3045 +0'2569 +02082 +0·J58O +0'1064 +0'0536
+0'3516 +0·3574 +0·3621 +03630 +0·3565 +0'3384 +0·3052 +0·2540 +0·1840 +0'0973
+0·1123 +0'2037 +0-2931 +0·3754 +0-4424 +0'4837 +0-4877 +0·4435 +0'3439 +0·1905

-0'0038 +0-1184 +0·2402 +0'3595 +0'4698 +0'5590 +0·6079 +0-5922 +0·4877 +0·2829
-0,0167 +0·0963 +0·2110 +0·3295 +0·4509 +0'5671 +0·6571 +0·6846 +0'6014 +0·3677
-0,0061 +0'0956 +0·2006 +0·3076 +0-4248 +0'5495 +0·6670 +0·7376 +0-6909 +0·4471

188
detailed IUidance on the ute of these amnnptions will be forth- T = tenaile force in a tank wall, per unit depth.
coming, in due course, from further reteareh on IJ'OUIId behaviour. = 'y(k/4EI), also the root of the ditferential equation
When the ground is supposed to be comp1eteIy plastic, or when for a tank wall.
water uplift can occur, it is found that the upward bending M" M" M. = bending moments; radial, tangential, vertical.
developed at the centre of a circular bue can be unduly large for MF = fixed-end moment.
tanks with diameten over 30ft or so. This reverse bending can s, s' = rotationai ~tiffness and stiffness coefficients, s = s'.
be reduced if the base i. continued outwards beyond the tank walls, c, '" = coefficients for bending moments land ring tensions.
and completely removed if a central section of the base is made a, b = "restrained" and "unrestrained" r,adii of an annular
independent of the rest by means of a suitable joint. When such slab.
joints are utilised II simple "retaining wall" method of design can
\Ie applied. This method is described here in some detail, for it is
extremely useful for design and seems to be little known. It can Circular Tank Wall. of Con.tant ThiclmCIIIII Subjected to
be just IS easily used when the base is continued outwards to form Hydroatllltic Preuure
a "toe", 15 in the "inverted Tee" type of retaining wall. If the water pressure at any depth It of a circtilar tank i. written
Tables are required far ease in handling this type of analysis. p = yh, where y is the specific gravity of the contained liquid,
iufficient tabulate. Villues are included in the article for the solu- then part of this pressure is misted by vertical I bendilll and the
tion of circular tanks continueus with circular lIases, which may be rest is cartied by horizontal ring beam action. Fbr a vertical strip
with or without projecting "toes" and internal annular joints. The of wall,
simple "retaining wall" methe4 of analysis is also campared with D(d'w/dx') = ,. = P ~ . . • . (1)
_an exact treatment. In the examples the same main tank dimen- where D is the plate rigidity and equals EI'/1 1 - y'), E and
~iGm are taken throaghout so that the effect of structural modifica- v being Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio, res clively, for the
tions can be appreciated and so that the different methods of material of the wall and I the wall thickness. so ,. and ,~ are
analysis CaR be compared. the vertically- and horizontally-supported componems of the
pressure p.
Now the ring tension in a horizontal strip of unit 4cpth u4
Notation thickness I is, from symmetry, a constant at any particular depth
P = loading or pressure. h and equals T =
PAR, where R is the tank radius. Thill the
k = foundation tacti.. modulus. horizontal tensile stress is I, = T /1 = pA(l(/I), and the circum-
TU = narmal 4elleclion of a beam. ferential and radial strains are
I = thickness of a wall or slab. fc = f, = f,/E = PA(R/Et).
I = second moment of area of a wall or base section, The outward radial deflection is therefore
per unit width, = t'/12. w = £,R = P~(R2/EI)
E = Young's mMuius. whence p~ = Elw/R'. . . . . (2)
v = Poisson's ratio. Thus, from equation 1,
D = plate rigidity, = EI/(l v'). D(d'w/dx') + (IE/R2)W = P = yh . . . . (3)
x,l = distance along a beam, length of a beam. This equation is identical in form to the familiar beam on elastic
K = EI/l. foundations equation
h,H = distance down a tank wall, total height of wall. EI(d'w/dx') + kw = P . . • . (4)
'1 = h/H. for which standard solutions are available in terms of the parameter
",R = radius of a disc, radius to centre of tank wall. ,\. = '\/(k/4EI). In the case of the circular tank wall,
pv, P~ = loading carried by vertical beam and horizontal A' = IE/4R'D = 3(1 - v')/R't>
ring action in a tank wall. and the dimensionless parameter AH, where H is the total depth
= circumferential and radial strains. of the wall, is
= horizontal tensile stress in a tank wall. ,\.H [Hf\I(Rt)] 'y[3(1 - v'] . . . . (5)

TABLE II

VEItTICAL BENDING MOMENTS AND RING TENSIONS IN A CIRCULAR TANK WALL WITH THE BonOM END FIXED
WHEN THE TANK IS FULL OF LIQUID
--===---.- ---::::::-~--~

Mv=c_yH' T=</> yHR

(top)

AH ')=0 0-1 0-2 : 0-3

i
0-4 0-5 0-6 1 0-7 I 0-8 ! 0·9 1-0
-0-0003 -0-0005 +0-0006 ! +0-0040 : +0-0109 i +0-0224 + 00397 . 1 + 0-0637 I + 0-0957 +0-1366
-0-0012 -0-0042 -0-0076 -0-0104 -0-0113 -0-0089 -0-0019 +0-0111 +0-0315 +0·0608
-0-0008 -0-0027 -0-0054 -0-0081 - 0-0102 --0-0105 -0-0078 --0-0004 +0-0136 +0-0362
-0-0008 -0-0019 -0-0034 - 0-0051 - 00064 : --00062 -0-0027 +0-0063
-0-0002 +0-0134
+0-0000 +0·0000 -0-0003 -0-0009 - 0-0020 - 0-0034 00042 -00030 +0-0027 +0-0160
+0-0000 +0-0001 "0-0001 -0-0001 -0-0007 0-0016 -0-0027 -0-0026 +0-0009 +0-0116
+0-0995 +0-0875 +0-0754 +0-0634 ! +0-0514 +00395 i " 0-0281 +0-0176 : +0-0087 +0-0024
+0-2853 +0-2694 +0-2527 -t 0-2332 +0-2090 +0·1782 .0-1403 ·0-0970 +0-0528 +0-0161
+0-1671 +0-2199 +0·2699 +0-3110 +0-3346 +0-3322 + 02973 +0-2292 +0-1370 +0-0452
+0-0349 +0-1426 +0-2480 +0-)448 +0-4219 +0-4640 : +0-4541 ~0'3799 +0-24t9 +0-0861
-0-0094 +0·1066 +0-2230 +0-3383 +0-4454 +0-5277 -j 0-5586 ~O-506S +0-3537 +0-1351
-0-0090 +0-0976 +0-2061 -j 0'3189 +0-4352 +0-5438 +0-6160 +0-6035 +0-4570 +0-1888

189
 m
VERTICAL BENDiNG IN CH~.CULAR WALL DUE TO BoTTOM EDGE
--=-==--=~ ..:.......--=--=:-..:::--:::......=-.::.-

Mv=ctM T=9, MR/H'

,H ~=O 0-5 0-6 (}7 0-8 0-9 1-0

+0-304 +0-423 +0-555 +0-697 +0-847 +1
-+ 0-209 +0-319 +0-456 +0-619 +0-S03 +1
+0-038 +0-124 '1-0'261 +0-458 +0-710 +1
-0-052 -0-004 +0-109 +0-313 +0-617 +1
-0-003 0012 -0-028 - 0-049 -0-065 -0-056 +0-016 +0-199 +0-532 +1
+0-001 0-001 -0-008 --0-025 -0-049 -0067 -0-037 +0-109 +0'453 +1
+ 2-846 ~ 2'600 -+ 2-354 '-2-106 +1-853 +1-S92 + 1-318 + 1'028 +(}7IS
+ 1-090 .;. 1-800 +2-134 ..,.2-426 +2-636 +2-711 +2·581 + 2-068
-1-514 +0-641 - 1-779 +2-976 +4-184 ~ 5-257 +5-916 +5-713 +4-011
-1-654 -0-331 +0-629 +2-047 +4-057 +6-566 +9-065 + 10-366 +8·)77
-0'455 -0-750 -0-553 +0-347 +2-459 +6-159 + 11-1.13 + 15-481 +14·539
+ 0-242 +0-491 +4-406 -+ 11-589 +20-213 +22-312

The parameter H'/ZRI is used instead of >"H in the P.C.A_ out-of-balance moments can be distributed at a joint, however, the
tables, with v taken as 1/5. If coefficients are tabulated against rotational stiffnesses of the connected elements must be known.
>"H, however, it is easier to allow for any particular ,- value. Often For a beam AS on elastic foundations, with the end A fixed in
a value of ,. 0 is assumed in the design of concrete structures_ position and the other end free, the rotational stiffness at A is
The ven,ical moment per unit width of the tank and the hori- found to be
zontal ring tension may be written s,," 2.\l(sinh >..l cosh >,,1 - sin >..l cos >,,1)/
M. = eyH" and .. (6) (cosh' >..l + cos' >,,1)]K. b •• __ (10)
T = rj>yHR . (7) where K,," is the El/l value for AB. For the wall of a circular
where c and rj> are coefficients which depend onJy upon the ratio tank D/H replaces El/I and >"H is found from equation 5, to give
'I = h/H and on ,\H and can easily be tabulated. Values are - the rotational stiffness per unit width. If the expression above is
given in Tables I and II for circular walls of uniform thickness written s,," s',.K. b , where s',. is noy, defined as a stiffness
under hydrostatic pressure to the lOp, with the bottom edge hinged coefficient, then the value of s',. can be calculated for various >"H
and fixed. values and recorded as in Table IV.
When the wall of a circular tank is continuous with the base
it may be subject to an additional edge moment, the effect of which Circular Base Slabs of Constant Thickness Subjected 10
can be obtained as a further solution to the basic differential equa- Uniform Loading
tion 3 above. The resulting vertical moment and ring tension can The bending of plates is governd by the well-known differential
be expressed in terms of the edge moment as follows: equation \l 'w p/ D, where the deflections are small compared
M,. = e,M and . (8) to the thickness and the thickness is small compared to the -dimen-
T = rj>,MR/H' .. (9) sions of the pla,e in its own plane_ For a uniform circular plate,
these coefficients being tabulated in Table III. with axial symmetry in loading and restraint, this equation may be
The final moment acting at the boltom edge of a circular written in terms of the polar co-ordinates r, 8 as
tank wall can be found as the sum of the fixed-edge moment and \l'w (o'/i1r' + (l/rXo/~r)l (f1'w/ilr' (l/r)(ow/or)]
a further edge moment obtained by moment distribution. Before -- (l'v.'/~r' + (2/r)«(l'w/ilr') -- (l/r'XiI'w/ilr') + (1/r')(2w/iir)
= p/D . ., (11)
TABLE IV
When the loading p is uniform and the edge of the circular plate
ROTATIONAL Snn"'NESS CoEFFICIENTS fOR THE BoTTOM EI.XJE
OF A CiRCULAR TANK WALL. WITH Tllf Top EDGE FREE
is fixed this equation solves to give
- M, (pR'/16)( -(1 + ,) + (3 + vXr'/R')] .. (12)
and
>-H 0 I 2 3
i M, (pR'/16)[ -(1 + ,) + (1 + 3v)(r'/R')] .. (13)
for the radial and tangential bending moments per unit width respec-
5t 0 1-017 3-915 J 5'921 12-000 tively_ Here r is any radius and R the full radius of the circular
plate_ As would be expected, M, = M, at the centre of the base
and M,/M, = " at the edge. When Poisson's ratio is taken as
TABLE V 0'2 the values of M, and M, can be expressed in terms of pR'
RADIAL AND TANGENTIAL MOMENTS IN A CIRCULAR SLAB FIXED AT for various r/R ')' values, as shown in Table V.
THE EOOES AND SUBJECTED TO A UNIFORM LOADING (POISSON'S For the special case p 0, equation 11 admits of a -very
RATIO TAKEN AS 0-2)
simple solution, w Cr', which corresponds to unit edge moment
only_ Then M, = ZCD(l + ,.) and the slope at the edge is
(J ZCr. Thus the rotation stiffness at the edge is
S. = M,/() = D(l + ,-)/R .. (14)
r R centre Thus s. l'ZD/R, when v = 0'2.
--0-075 (To be Continued)
M,
REFERENCE
-0-075 (I) Portland Cement Association booklets, reprinted as "Reinforced and
Prestressed Concrete Tanks." Concrete Association of India, 1953.

190
 (ParI 2)
Til" first parI of this article appeared IN December 19tH.
Siructural Bf'hllviour of a Circular Tank on a Plaslie
Foundalion
Example 1. A circular tank has a mean diameter of 40ft and an
internal depth of 16ft. Its wall and base are 10 inches thick and
are continuous in construction. The bending moments and tensile
forces are required when the tank is full of water and supported
on a plastic foundation. Poisson's ratio is to be taken as 0'2, and
the densities of water and the concrete in the tank are 62'4 and
150 Ib/cu.ft respectively (Fig. I).
(This problem was solved by Amin Ghali (2)i for, = 1/6, during
his Ph.D. studies under the senior author's supervision.)
The value of AH for the tank wall is calculated from equation
5 as
(16'42/(20 X 5/6)] '\/[3(1 0'04)] = 5'24.
The lixed-end moment at the bottom of the tank wall, at the inter-
section with the centre of the base slab, may be found from equation
6, with c obtained from Table II by interpolation. Thus
M/' = 0'0150 x 62'4 X 16'42' = 4,140 Ib.ft/ft.run.
Also, the rotational stiffness of the tank wall at the base per
unit width is found from Table 4 as
5,. s,'D/H~(2AH)D/H = 10'48D/16'42 0·638D.
If the horizontal continuity of the ground is neglected (as is
usual in simple ground reaction theories), then any uniformly-
distributed loading on a plastic foundation induces an equal upward
pressure and there is no resulting bending. Now a circular tank
full of water would be such a uniformly-distributed loading if the
tank walls had the same specilic gravity as water. It is evident
that the resultant upward pressure on the base is due to the
additional weight of the tank walls over that of water of the same
volume. In this case the effective pressure causing bending is
p. = (2". X 20 X 5/6 X 16 X (150 62'4)]/[11' X (20'42),]
= 112 Ib/sq.ft.
The Iixed-edge moment on the base at the junction with the wall
is obtained from Table V as
Mol" = 0'125 X 112 x 20' = 5,600Ib.ft/fLrun.
Also, the rotational stiffness of the base slab at its edge per
unit width is found from equation 14 to be
,"~ (D/R)(l + 'J = 1'2D/20 0·06D.
The plate rigidity D equab E('/12(1 - ,.-). In {his example the
wall and base thicknesses are equal, so the D values are the same.
• Fcllou' "f Pcml"."kc Collcr:c. OxforJ
t AUH/tllIl [!ngllll.:cr. Ot'C A/llp <.:.:.. Pal tlll..'/ \
i. FIJ,:wCJ III pal"clllhc\«( ",d,I..',,,1..' R.:foI..'/lll..'\ /1,IIIIlL'III': lIlt'
The Iixed-end moments at the base of the wall and at the edge
of the base slab act in the same direction, as shown in Fig. lb for
the left bottom comer of a cross-section through the tank. The
IOtal out-of-balance moment there equals +4,140 + 5,600
+9,740 lb.ft/ft.run for equilibriwn, therefore, a balancing moment
of -9,740 lb.ft/ft.run has to be distributed according to the stiff-
nesses of the wall and the base, that is, in the ratio 0'638: 0'060.
The distribution factors are therefore 0'914 and 0'086 for the wall
and the base respectively and the distribution proceeds as shown
bel{lw, without any carryover of moments.
Wall Bas,
Distribution facwrs 0'914 0'086
Fixed-end moments +4,140 +5,600
Balance -8,900 -840
Final moments -4,760 + 4,760 lb.ft/fuun.
The linal bending moments in the tank wall can now be calcu-
lated quite easily, by use of intermediate coefficients from Tables
II and III. Alternatively the coefficients in Tables I and III can
be used, if the balancing moment is taken as -4,760 instead of
- 8,900 lb.ft/ft.run, as from the hinged rather than from the fixed
condition. The first method is used in Table VI.
The ring tension in the tank wall can be calculated in a
similar way by means of Tables II and III again, or by means of
Tables I and III. The first method is used in Table VII.
The radial and tangential moments in the base slab can be
calculated for the fixed-edge case, by means of the coefficients in.
Table V. Now {he effect of a uniform radial moment on the edge
of a uniform circular plate is to produce spherical bending, in which
case the radial and tangential moments throughout the plate are
constant and equal to the applied edge moment. The calcula-
tion of final moments is very easily achieved, as shown in Table
VIII.
The linal vertical bending moments and ring tensions in the
tank walls, and radial and tangential moments in the base slab, are
shown to scale by means of full lines in Fig. Ie. The correspond-
ing values for the base of the tank wall being hinged are shown by
means of dotted lines. It will be seen that the effect of the con-
tinuity of construction is to im;rease the bending moments and
ring tensions in the tank wall and over most of the base. The
bending of the base slab forces the tank wall to deform outwards
beyond the hinged base condition.
EIT..ct of EXI .. nding Ihe Bue of a Circular Tank
The outward rotation of the bottom edge of the circular tank
c:onsidered in Example 1 can be reduced or even reversed if the
(Hilde base is extended outwards beyond the tank wall. Such an "annular

TABLE VI
C'\I ('lit" liON elf f-IN'\l VI K' H Al UtNUlN(i MO\tEN rs IN THE TANK VwI"lL IN EXAMPLE I
-------------
Distance rrom lOp edge o 2H 04H 0·6H 0'8H H
Coefficients rrom Table II 00000 -00007 -00030 -0·002~ -0·0150
-_.. _---- --
Fi.ed-base tank -190 -830 -800 4.140
·--1-
Coefficients rrom Table III -0009 -0043 -0·059 0·177
- -- - - --- - --1-------1---------1-------1-------
Effect or balanCing moment 80 380 530 -1,580 -8.900
Final moments 80 190 -30J -2,380 -4.760

(moments to Ib.rt rt run)

191
 (values in ibift run of depth)

toe" is subjected to a comiderably greater uplift pressure
effective value calcul2ted before and the fixed-end moment
from this acts against the tixed-end moment at the bottom
tank wall and at the edge of the inner of the circular
Thr effective uplift pressure on the part of the base
be reversed if the toe was made large enough, and would
further increase of fixing moment to the wall. TIle effect
an extension to the base is most easily appreciated in a
example.
Example 2. The analysed above has its base extended
so that the outer 43ft shown in Fig. 2a. It is
required to find in the walls, and the
moments acting as result of this
modification.
At the bottom of the tank wall the fixed-end moment and the
rotational stiffness are the ll8.Ille as before. The effective upward
pressure on the inner part of the base is now due to the differential
weight of the tank walls less the weight Qf an annular ring of
water over the projecting toe, for the full depth of the tank. ThUll,
Pb = [2". X 20 X 5/6 X 16 X (150 - 62-4) - 2". X 20'96
X (13/12) X 16 X 62'4]/[.". X (21'50)'J
= (46,700 45,400)/(21'50)' = 1,300/461:::::: 3 Ib/sq.ft.
There is thus a sma\l fixed-end moment at the edge of the inner
part of the base equal to 3 X (20)'18 = 150 Ib.ft.
The net upward pressure acnng·on the projecting part of the
base is seen to be that due to the depth of water il1llide the tank plus
the effective upward pres.,ure, po, calculated for the inner part of
the base, In this case, therefore, the upward pressure on the toe is
16 X 62'4 + 3 .= 1,001 ib/sq.ft as ahown in Fig. 2b. Now a
vertical strip of the waH of unit width is cOl1llidered in the distri-
bution of moments, and a lit width lit 20ft extends to l'048ft at
the middle of the projecting toe, at 20ft 1Hin radius. The total
upward force on the toe, for unit width of the centre of the lank
wall, is therefore
1'048 X (13/12) X 1,001 = l,136lb
and the moment of this force equals
1,136 X (111/12) = 1,090 Ib.ft (clockwise).
Thus the fixed-cnd moment equals -1,090 Ib.ft (anti-clockwise).
It is asswned that the centre of the joint is at the intersection
of the centres of the wall and the base. For the Win width of
the wall there is a uniform resultant downward pressure, equal
to the excess pressure of the wall above the uniform upward reaction
under the base. This provides two equal and opposite moments of
1,399 X (5/12) X (2;;12) = 1201b.ft
about the joint centre, thus reducing the fixed-end moments in
the base and tbe toe to 30 lb.ft and 970 Ib.ft respectively. This
~mall modification might well be neglected in design.
The stiffness of a free cantilever is known to be zero even
if its width is variable, as in this case. It should be noted, however,
that a cantilever on an elastic foundation might have an appreciable
rotational stiffness, depending on tbe k/EI value. Here, of course,
the foundation is plastic and corresponds to a value of k/ EI equal
to zero, The restraint of the sides of the cantilever agail1llt rotation,
as in this case, can be partly allowed for by taking D in place of
EI; but this cannot, in itse'lf, alter the zero stiffness value which
applies here, The obliquity of the adjacent sides of the cantilever
will, however, cause some rotational stiffness value to develop, but
this will be neglected.
The fixed-end moments can now be distributed as before
with the same distribution factors operative. Thus:
Toe Wall Base
Distribution factors o 0'914 0'086
Fixed-end moments - 970 + 4,140 + 30
Balance o - 2,920 - 280
Final moments - 970 + 1,220 - 250 lb.ft/ft
The vertical moments aod ring tensions in the tank walls, and
the radial and tangential moments in the base, can now be calcu-
lated as in Example 1. The final values are sketched in Fig. 2c,
which should be compared with Fig. lc for the same tank without

.g;~' it1
t---'-- """,to- /WI Uplilt 112 b;"'(I,
(a)
(1))

~
Ib.k/ft."idln ,<1 "'./1 •.
:ao
Mv i T
'¥<><>
,,;0 j /30

Mt /220
M, it Me
(c) (e)
Pig. I. Exampl. 1. Fig. 2. Exampi. 2.
(I) kntavre. (hJ loi4lft, aM ftX1ld-end fTIOf'ft4f\Ui. (c) Ven.ral "Mint FnOl'MtltI and rinl tension) in tank wall; r&diaJ aM t::l1nJontial mom.Pltt in slab ban.

192
 because the ring tension in the lank wall prevents

tank shown in Fig. 1& is to be analyserl

Effect of lilit A""lular Joint in the
-Approximate "Retaining
Construction joints in tanks can be effectively wliterproofed
by various methods (3). They can be rnade to transmit moment
and/or shear or transmit no structural action at all. It is
practice to construct the cemral part of a circular tank,
rests on the ground, at ~ reduced thickness and without any
structural continuity Wilh the outer part of the base and the tank
wails. There is then no bending induced in the central part of the
floor, which is required only to be waterproof. Special care is
required with the annular joint to prevent water seepage and to
ensure that no structural interaction occurs across it.
The outer part of the base is usually made continuous with
the tank wall, though a construction joint at the bottom of the
w~ll would be quite practicable. The outer part of the base may
be extended beyond the tank wall as in the "inverted Tee" type
of retaining wall. It is evident that the outer parr of the base
will both deflect and rotate, in the general case (though it might
be possible to design for zero rotation). Now with a plastic
foundation the ground pressure is a constant value regardless of
the deflection and can easily be calculated in this case from the
vertical equilibrium of [he outer part of the base. The fixed-end
moment for the projecting toe, per unit width of vertical strip,
can therefore be calculated as before. For [he outer part of the
base within [he wall the fixed-end moment can be calculated in a
similar manner, assuming cantilever action as for the toe. More
exactly, in both cases, the theory for annular plates needs to be
used-as explained later.
With [he fixed-end moments for the toe (if any) and the outer
part of the base inside the tank walls thus calculated the total out-
of-balance moment at the junction of the wall and the base can
be obtained, since the fixed-end moment at the foot of the tank wall
is the same as before. The balancing moment needs to be distri-
buted according to the rotational stiffnesses of the connected
elements. It can be assumed, as before, that the parts of the base
have zero rotational stiffnesses, in which case the balancing moment
is allotted directly to the bottom of the lank wall. (This procedure
would, of course, be invalid for the straight retaining wall, but is
30Droxilma"F theory aoove on the supposition that
at a radius of 14ft llin so that the inner
independently (Fig. 3a). The
plastic. The vertical bending
lanle wall, and the radial moments
are required ioe design.
upward bending pressure on the inner
outer p&rr this effective pressure is found
''''.1<1'''1'''''",· - 14'92') 46,700/194 240Ib/sq.ft.
Now from a 1ft wide strip at the centre of the tank
wall are 0'98ft apart at 19ft 7in radius, aod 0'75ft apart at 14ft 1 lin
radius. The effective upward force equals
4'66 X 0'86 X 240 = 9641b,
and its moment about the joint is
964 X (20 17'33) = 2,570 Ib.!t.
Thus the fixed-end moment for this part of the base is + 2,570
Ib.fr. This means that the fixed-end moment at the bottom of the
tank wall is -2,570 Ib.ft. In Example 1 tbe final moment at the
bottom of the tank wall equalled - 4,760 Ib.ft, so this new value
may be considered an improvement, though it still· means that the
tank wall is subieClcd to more vertical bending and ring tension
than in the hinged condition. The vertical bending moments and
ring tensions in the tank wall are calculated as in the previoUII
exampl~s. The resulting values are shown in Fig. 3b, along with
the radial moments In the outer part of the base, which are found
by simply taking moments.
Example 4. The circular tank shown in Fig. 23 is modified by
the insertion of an annular joint at 16ft radius, as shown in Fig. 3a.
The outer part of the base is thus still 5ft 6in wide, as in the previoUII
example, but it now includes a projecting toe as in Example Z.
It is to be analysed, as before, when full of water and supported on
plastic ground.
In this case the effective upward pressure on the outer part
of the base inside the tank walls equals
(46,700 45,400)/(21'50' - 16'00') = 1,300/206
= 6'3 Ib/sq.ft.
The fixed-end moment on the part of the outer base inside the
wall now equals
3'58 X 0'89 X 6'3 X (20 - 17-88) = 40 Ib.ft (clockwise)
(neglecting the moment of half the width of the wall). The effective
upward pressure on the projecting toe is now 998 + 6 = 1,004
Ib/sq.ft, and the corresponding fixed-end moment is therefore
1'048 X (13/12) X 1,004 X (11l/i2) = 1,090Ib.ft
(anti-clockwise)
(again neglecting the moment of half the width of the wall). The
fixed-end moment at the bottom of the tank wall therefore equals
1,090 - 40 1,050 Ib.ft (clockwise). The tank wall is therefore
restrained between the fixed and the hinged conditions.

(0)

t"- j)
t

'''' ' '·'· I ~l)._

I

Mt'
1S10 M~---+- _ _ _Mt
~ '(OlIOCfD
T
1.eft: FiR. 3
Examples 3 aud 4.
(a) Two t~r<:ular tank' anal., .. d by
"r,Ulnln. watr· mfthod
ib) .. (c) Momann and nn, (e"llons In
th.unk wall and b'''llab enm,,' ..
la"d-4r •• p.cu'tely
Mv

li10

IS)O
100

M,.
I
i{
,,.,
Mt
1S,900

2"" (b) (al

.,t
Right: Fig. 4.

t '1
ExtJ7Jlphs 3 aPEd 4
,t V.rtlul bend,", moments and (lnl t

i:.""~'
tt""oniin unk wall; udiliand
l
, 20
un,.nuII momenn In but slab
(a, Enmpl,,] (b) Exampl, .. M, 10 i T

. l_ i
1),001)
IJ,fOO
I I>''' "-
210 l' 7O<J
I~
I

9 10 M,. it M;'I'IOICID 1100 lifO Mr Me

«! (b)

193
 TAlILE VII!
C'..ALCULA nON OF !.lAl!l! SLAB IN EXAMPLE I

Distance from joinl 4' B' 12' 16'

M, (fixed edge) + 5,600 +2,370 --DO -].930 i -3,000 -3,360
M (balance) -840 -840 --840 --ll4O -840 -840
FlOal M, + 4,760 1,530 I -970 -2,770 -3,840 -4,200
M, (fixed edge) -+ J,110 --490 --1,750
I -2,640 -3,360
M (balance) -840 -840 -840 -840 -840 -840
i
Final M, +280 -1,330 -2,590 ! -3,480 -4,020 -4,200

(values In lb.ft/ft WIdth)

C..nnclu6ioDe

Annular Bue Subjected
The differential equation
uniform circular piate, written as equation 11 (Part 1), can
solved for an annulus if the appropriate boundary conditions are
applied. This has been done for annuli with different ratios of
inner to outer radius, the radial and tangential moments being
tabulated at various radii. The rotational sriffnesses at the inner
and outer radii and the moments due to unit peripheral moments
applied separately at these edges have also been obtained for such
annuli. These tables are not included here, but with this additional
information it is possible to analyse exactly the tanks previously
considered in Examples 3 and 4.
The results of these further calculations are shown in Fig. 4.
It will be seen that the values are almost identical with those
obtained by the simpler method, though the exact treatment now
gives appreciable values for the tangential moments, which were
ignored before. There does not appear to be any simple way of
estimating these tangential moments, but Fig. 4 at least gives the
designer some idea of this effect.
are
this approximate method, as are the
the base. The tangential moments 1n base
found from an exact analysis to be appreciable,
disregarded in the approximate method.
This is a paper explaining methods of analysis
forms of circular tanks and though it indicates which types con-
struction minimise the bending moments and ring tensions does
not purport to teach design. The ground reaction is supposed
unifonn, as with a very soft plastic soil. The smlctural behaVIOur
of such tanks when supported on elastic foundatIOns will be con-
sidered in a further paper. [To be published in future issue.-ED.]
REFERENCES
(2) Ghali, Amin. "The Structural Analy.is of Circular and Rectangular
Concrete Tank,." Ph.D. the,is, University of Leeds, 1957.
(3) B. S. Code of Puctice, C.P. 2007, 1960. "Design and Construction
of Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete Structures for the Storage
01 Water and other Aourous Liquids."
(4) ~~~' ti:~J:" "~,'bl!J~~tfK~~~:~~~:}re(J;';:~li~op':~e~~~~i):
Vol. I, 1952. Kozlekedesi Kiado, Budapest, 1952.
(5) Timoshenko, S. and Woinowsky-Kneger, S. Theory of Plales and
She/ls, 2nd Edn., McGraw-Hili, 1959.

194
The theory of the bending of circular plat.. on el.stic foundations is Additional Notation
~~":OOt!tl~ :.:a:n~' .":'.d~~d,:.men~l~se:u~ f3 = ;IYs~!folun~:ti: bending of a uniform plm on an
circular tanI<s reating on elastic ground with differ.,..t values ascribed to
the foundation modulus are compared numerically with the solution for Z" etc. = functions for the bending of a unifonn circular plate
pl",tic ground (which was obtained in Parts I and 2 of this paper (6);). on an elastic foundation.
The theory for the bending of an annular slab on an elutie foundation
i, referred to and an approximate solution for a very narrow annulus is Z' = dZ/d(frt).
also dttived; these are used together in the analysis of • circular tanlt A" etc. = integration constants.
with a projecting toe base. Next, the 'retaining wall' method of analysis Q normal shear force per unit length of a circumference.
is ""mined and ita range of applications investigated. Asymptotic solu- w' = dw/dr.
tions fot • circular plate and a beam on an elastic foundation are listed
lIDd compared; their use is demonstrated for this c[;<ss of structure. Finally, S.. ~ rotational stiffness, 0 1, w =
O.
an approximate method of analysi. is' described for u flexible annular Seq = Sq, = cross stiffness.
:dab b.... A guide to the usage of these various types of analysis is Sq. = shear stiffness, w = 1,0 = O.
appended. S' ,. = rotational stiffness without shear restraint, (J 1, W
occurring.
(Part 3) R" R" inner and outer radii"of an annulus.
The first parts of this article appeared in Ihe December 1963 and y = weight of water per unit volwne.
7anuary 1964 issues c" etc. coefficients for radial and tangential bending moments.

II. TANKS ON ELASTIC FOUNDATIONS Circular Plates on Elastic Foundation.

HE analysis of the forces and moments in the walls and bases
T of open circular tanks supported on plastic foundation was
explained in earlier pans of the paper. A plastic foundation has,
theoretically, a foundation modulus, k, equal to zero, which means
that settlements are infinitely large. This extreme case cannot
occur in fact and the general case must be considered; this is
governed by the ratio of the foundation modulus k to the flexural
rigidity EI of the base. For a strip footing the ratio of k to E1
is defined as 4,\' and calculations proceed in terms of ,\. Similarly,
for a plate resting on an elastic foundation the ratio of k to the
plate rigidity, D, is defined as f3' and f3 is the corresponding ruling
variable. The extreme case of ,\ or f3 equal to zero, which occurs
with k zero and EI finite must not, however, be confused with the
case when k is finite and EI or D is infinite. Then infinite stiff-
ness obtains (except for a rigid cantilever on an elastic foundation)
and a different analysis from the plastic case results.
In the earlier parts of the paper it was found that only joint
rotation needed to be considered, but once k is finite vertical dis-
placements at the joints may have to be introduced as additional
variables for some cases (but not for the approximate 'retaining
wall' analysis).
Once again the Winkler hypothesis is assumed, viz. that at
any point the foundation reaction varies linearly with the deflection.
The behaviour of the ground might be represented more realistic-
ally by the theory of elasticity, if E and I' values for the soil can be
obtained [note the research by Vesic (7) and by Barden (8)], but
a complete account of the interaction of the base and soil of a
foundation should also take account of whesion, the coefficient
of friction, and the effects of voids ratio and moisture content.
These further complications will certainly affect the analysis, but
the results given here, based on the Winkler theory, are a sub-
stantial development beyond the simple plastic theory for soil.
A full explanation of the theory of the bending by circular
plates on elastic foundations was published by Schleicher (9) in
1926. Since then Timoshcnko (5) and Hetenyi (10) have modified
Schleicher's work in attempts to make the solutions usable in design
work. The theory is now presented in summarised form. The
notation of srmbols which was used in Part 1 is retained; additional
symbols are hsted below:
• Fellow of Pembrol.. College, Oxford.
t Smior Engineer, MtHrI. Ove ATilP and Part1Urs.
t Figures in partnthtJtJ indicate References follotL'ing {he art ide
Note that references, figures, tables, tec., follow on {rom ParIS I aNd 2 i'~
their numhtrinK.
The differential equation for the defonnations of a circular
plate without any foundation support was given in equation 11
(Part 1). The elastic reaction of the foundation, kw, reduces the
nett plate loading and the equatiJn becomes
'V'w + (kw/D) = p/D . . . . (15)
The solution of this differential equation, for the R.H.S. zero, may
be obtained in terms of the four Bessel functions ber pr, bei f3r,
ker f1r and kei f3r, where f1' = kiD = 12(1 - v')k/Et'.
The general solution of equation 15 is, however, most con-
veniently written
w A,l,(f1r) + A,Z,(flr) + A,l,(frt) + AiZi(tn') .. (16)
with the l functions simply derived from the Bessel functions.
These l functions were originally derived and tabulated by
Schleicher (9), but they are also to be found in Hetenyi's well-
known book (10). They are oscillating functions, somewhat similar
to the functions such as sinh x. cos x which occur in the solution
of the equation for the bending of a uniform beam on an elastic
foundation.
The slope along a radius, dw/dr, is given by
w' = (A,l', + A,l', + A,l', + Ail',) . . . (17)
where l', = dl/d(flr).
These derivatives l'" etc" are not easily derived as with
circular and hyperbolic functions; however, they are also tabulated
in Hetenyi's book. The second derivatives can be fairly simply
expressed in terms of the original functions and their first deriva-
tives, with the first and second, and the third and fourth, functions
and their derivatives paired independently.
Four boundary conditions, usually two at the centre and two
at the circumference of the plate, give the values of the four inte-
gration constants A, to A,. The radial and tangential bending
moments in the plate can be written
M, = -D.{3'{A.[l, - (I - l'll',/f3r]
+ A,[ -Z, (1 1·)l'Jf3r]
+ A,[l, - (I - I·)l',/pr]
+ A,[ -l, - (I l'll'./f3r]) . (18)
and
M, -D.f3'{A,[,ol, + (1 - 1·)l',ff3r]
+ A,[ -Iol, + (I - 1·)l'Jf3r]
+ A,[ .. Z, + (l - 1·)l',/f3r]
+ A.[ -,ol, + (I - 1.)l'./f3rJ) . (19)
The normal shear force at any radius r is
Q = D.{3'(A,l', A,l', + A,l'. - A,l',) . . . (20)
In each of these three expressions the parameter of the l-
functions is f3r, where r is the radius at which the moment or force
occurs.

195
 When the plate is continuous across its centus the constants TABLE X
A, and A. become zero, since Z, and Z. tend (0 infinity as
BENDING MOMENTS IN A UNIFORM CIRCULAR PLATE ON AN
reaches zero. So for the solid disc there are only two boundary ELASTIC FOUNDATION WHEN EDGE ROTATION 6 = 1.
conditions to be found fflf each particular loading case.

Uniform Circular
to a Uniform M,=C, x D/R; M, C, >( DjR.
----T-
When the boundary of the plate is given unit radial rotation rlR Edge i 0·8 0·6 0-4
the boundary conditions are U' = 0 and 10' = 1 at r R. The
I 0·2 <i
integration constants are obtained by substituting these values in 1'241, ),221 1·201 j·184 1'173 I'Hi9
equations 16 and 17. The values of the constants then become 1·785 1'499 12l] 0·978 0·825 0·772
f3A, = -Z,/(Z,Z', Z,Z',)
and f3A, Z,/(Z,Z', - Z,Z',). 3208 2'164 J'IB9 I 0·452 0·007 -0,140
Substitution in the expressions for M" M, and Q gives the
plate forces for this loading case as Co 4·802 2'689! 0·979 --0'072 --0,583 -0-728
M, -(D/R)f3R. 6241 2'820 0·547 - 0419 -0658 -0'678
{--Z,.[Z" -Z' ,,(l-- .. )/f3r] +Z,. [--Z"
7·649 2-661 0·022 -0,594 -0-458 - 0·340
9-067 2-319 -0440 -0-608 -0'2IB -0,046
· (21)
10-49 1·86 -0,75 -050 --0,05 0'09
+Z,.[ --,Z,,-"-Z'jl-- 'l/f3rl)
11·91 J-34 - 0·90 -0·}2 0·04 0-09

· (22) 10 13-32 0-79 0·91 --0-16 0-06 0·05

and
--(Z"Z'" + Z,.Z',,)
Q = -(D/R').(f3R) - - - - - j'208 1-197 1-186 1'177 1·17J 1·169
(Z,.Z'" - Z"Z',,) 0-876 0-798 0-772
1·317 1'150 0997
These are the "runou,s" of the bending moments and
shears in a uniform circular disc on an elastic foundation a j'602 1-025 0525 0-156 -0-066 -0140
unit edge rotation. Numerical values of the radial and tangential
C, 1-920 G-~72 0-077 0-412 --0-656 0728
moments are given in Table X. Poisson's ratio has been assumed
to be equal to 0'2. 2208 0-713 0-198 --0,576 0-670 0-678
By putting r = R in the expressions 21 and 23 the edge
moments and forces required to maintain this edge rotation are 2-490 0545 - 0·352 0501 - 0-401 -0,340
obtained. These are the rotational and cross-sliffness values for 0- 348 - 0-I3J - 0-046
2-774 0-374 -0423
the plate; they reduce to
S" =M. = s•• _(D/R) ]-057 0-208 0-430 -0-200 0-020 0085
{-(Z,,'+Z,.')+ [(1--- 1')/f3R](Z',.Z_. -Z'"xZ,x))
3-341 0-054 - 0-394 0·087 0-068 0-093
-(D/R).f3R--------------
10 3'624 -0-085 - 0-332 --0-015 0-059 0-052
· (24)
and
S", = Q. sq.(D/R')
These stiffness coefficients, s, have been tabulated for a range
[(Z,RZ',R+Z,RZ'·,R)
= (D/W)(f3R) ' - - - - - - _ . _ (25) of f3R values and are given in Table IX, Poisson's ratio again
(ZIRZ' oR - Z,"Z' 'R») being taken as 0'2_

TABLE IX STIffNESS CoEFFICIENTS FOR A CIRCULAR PLATE ON AN ELASTIC FOUNDATION

10

13·32
Soo

5'00 1·210 1'356 1·836 2-556 3286 3-987 4-686 5-389 6·093

¢ 1
Q~ Q'b~--.--- +-
e= +1 . w=+l

M soo.D/R M = S{jQ_DjRl M ~ s·"". D/R

Q = sqo_DjRl Q sQq.DjRl Q
where D is the flexural rigidity of the plate and EP/l2 (1_1-'); (.- = l.l
M and Q are the edge moment and shear I unll cIrcumference;
and 11' k j D where k is the modulus of subgrade reaction.

196
 Othe!' Boundary ConditioDli and
Two other set3 of bounduy cooditioru are important in the Sqq = Q. = s D/R>
analysis of circular tanks; these are firstly II unit edge sway without =(D/R')(j3R)'{[(Z',JO)'+(Z\.)']iCz,aZ',,,-Z,..z',.)} .. (29)
rotatioo at the circumference, and secondly a unit edge rotation In the case of unit edge rotarion only the boundary conditions
only when no shear restraint is applied on the circumference. The are that
method of ca1cuIation is aimilu to that outlined above for the unit w' = 1 and Q = 0 at r = R.
edge rotation. The bending moments and normal shear in the plate then
In the first boundary case U! = 1 and w' = 0 at ,. = R. The become
bending moments and radial shear in the plate at any radius r (Z',.{Z'r- (l-v)/,Br)Z',r}
become +Z' .. { -Z,,- [(l-v)/pr)Z',,})
(Z',Il{Z,,-[(l-v)/,BrjZ',,} Mr=-(D/R)(j3R)
-Z',ll{ -Z,,- [(l-v)/,Br)Z',,}) [(Z'"e)'+(Z',.)']
M,=-(D/R')(j3R)' - - - - - - - - - - - - - · _ .. (30)
(ZtRZ',. - Z,.Z' ,,,) (Z',,,{,·Z,,+ [(l-v)/,Br)Z',,}
· . . . (26) +Z',lI{ -,.Z" + (l-v)/,Br]Z'.,} )
(Z',.{vZ,,+[(l-v)/,BrjZ',r} M (D/R)fQR)
-Z""{-'vZ,,+[(l-v)/,8r)Z',,}) ,=- II'
[(Z',II)'+(Z' ..)']
M, = -(D/R')(j3R)'
· . . . (31)
· _ .. (27) Q=-(D/R')(j3R)'{(Z',RZ'"-Z'uZ',.)/(Z',,,)'+(Z',.)'}}
and · . . . (32)
Q=-(D/R')(j3R)'[(Z',.Z',r+Z',.Z',,)/(Z,.Z',.-Z• ..z'llt)] In this case there is only one stiffness value, the edge bending
· . . . (28) moment, which will produce a unit edge rotation when the edge
Numerical values for Mr and M" with Poisson's ratio at 0-2, shear force is zero. This rotational stiffness is S' .. =M.=s' ..D/R
are tabulated in Table XI. (Z •• Z',.-Z•• Z',lI)
In particular the edge moments and forces, which are the cross + [(l-v)/,8R] [(Z'.lI)'+(Z',lI)')}
and sway stiffness values for a uniform circular plate are = (D/R)(PR)
S.q = M" (= S .. in equation 2S) [(Z/ ,.)' +(Z',.)']
_ . __ (33)

TABLE Xl TABLE XU
BENOING MOMENTS IN A UNIFOIlM Cn,euLAIl Pl.An ON AN BENDING MOMENTS IN A UNIFOIlM CIRCULAIl PLAn ON AN ELASTIC
ELA.STle FOUNDATION WHEN EOOE D£FUCTlON w=1.
FOUNDATION FOil EDGE UNIT ROTATION WITH NO EOOE SHEA" RESTIlAINT.

BR r/R Edge 0·8 <i.

-C}074 1·210 1·208 1·188
1·783 i 0·723 -HlI3 1·356 1-325 1·015
6·492 i 2-218 : -o·m; -2-040 . -2,769 - 2·978 1·836 1'695 0·489
, Cj 13·09 I 2-943 -1·939 i -3'SQ8 - 3·649 -3'56l 2·556 2·184 ' 1·312 0·()4) -0'111
21·26 2'019 -40406 -40402 I - 2-833 -2,092 3·286 ' 2·540 1·160 0'193 -0,265 I -C}387
31·49 -0·42\ i -7·167 -40498 : -1,257 i -0,067 3-987 ' 2·710 ~ 0·856 I ·0·071 i -0'312 -0,332
I I I
43·79 -4,12 i -9,30 -3'69 0·11 1-14 4·686 2·730 I 0·491 ! -0·238 ; -0'229 -0,160
58·09 -8'78 -10,26 ~2'24 0'8S 1·25 5·389 2'631 , 0'150 ! -0,298 i -0,122 -C}024
74·38 -14-oS -9'98 -0'65 1·00 0·74 6·093 -0,040 0-035
10 92-67 -19·54 I ·~8·66 c}62 I 0·78 0·19 10 6·797 0·039

0·025 i -0'011'0-0391-0.058 I -0,070 ·0·074 1,202 1'188

0'357, -0'158 : -0·544 I -0,808 ! -0·962 .. 1·01l 1·2.11 1·IK8 f 1-128 1·070 I 1·029 1·015
1·298 : -0'596 -1·818: -2,525 -2,874 2·978 1·327 1·151 0·909 ! 0'689. 0'541 0·489
i C. 2-618 -1·268 i -3-062 -3·597 - 3-610 -3,563 C. 1'471 1·089 0·603 ' 0·206 -0-037 -0,117
4-253 -2,155 -3-847: -3'349 -2-468 2-092 1·617 1·013 , 0')36 ~O·III -0,327 -0,387
6·297 -3-2521-4-212 . -2-340 . -0,663 i -0,067 1·757 923 0·138 -0,229 ":0'324 ·0·332
0' 1
8·757 -4-4821-4.173 -1'1771 0'636' 1·139 1·897 0·822 ·0·005 -·0·230 , .. 0'196 -0,160
I
11·62 -5-75 1_3-76 I -0,21 I 1·07 1·25 2-038 0·713 -·0·100 1-0,181 1-0-074 -0,024
2·179 ·0'120 -0,002 0-035
10 10 2·319 -0,066 : 0·024 0-039
I

191
 The stiffness coefficients which have been developed here TABLE XII!
are tabulated in Table IX and the runouts of the radial and tan- RADIAL
gential bending moments in the plate, for this last case, are given
in Table XII.
Note that the cross stiffness values s.q and Sq. are found to
be equal; this might have been expected from Betti's Theorem. Position acrosssiab Centre
If the foundation modulus k is put equal to zero the moments
and shears reduce to those in a circular slab with edge supports Final radial moments -140
only. Considering the circular plate with a unit edge rotation, if Final tangential moments -140
fJR = 0 the expressions 21 and 22 reduce to
M, = M, -(D/R)(1 \.),
which represents the spherical bending of a circular slab. The case
of unit edge sway also reduces to that of a circular slab carrying Then fJ' kiD = 3 X .2,240 X 12 X 12 X 0·96/3 X 10'
a uniformly distributed load of p = k.w per unit area. Then the X 144 X 0·833'.
fixing moment reduces to pR' /8 while the tangential moment at ThusfJ= 0·25, and fJR = 5·0.
the edge becomes vpR' /8; these are identical with the expressions From Table IX the plate rotational stiffness is
for a uniform pressure, p, on a fixed-edge uniform circular slab. 5' •• = 3·286 X D/20 0·164D.
It is unnecessary to supply tables of fixed-end moments for Since the uniform vertical load due to the head of water
the only common case of internal loading on a disc, that of a causes no bending of the base slab, only the edge vertical shear
uniform pressure on the plate', since these are simply the ronouts due to the differential weight of the wall needs to be considered in
of moments for a unit edge sway multiplied by the free deflection calculating the fixing moments in the base. This force has a value
of the slab, p/k, where p is the unifOimly-distributed loading. (It of 16·0 X 0·833 x (150 - 62"4) = 1,169Ib/ft run.
is supposed that the deflection p/k first freely occurs, then has to Now Sq. = 153·0 D/20' 0·0191D and 58. = 21·26D/.20' =
be restored.) 0·0532D. (Table IX)
The fixing moment at the edge of the slab when it deflects with no
edge rotation is therefore
EXAMPLE 5. M'" = 1,169 X (0"0532/0·0191) = + 3,250 Ib.ft/ft.
It is required to analyse the structural action of the tank which The rotational stiffness of the tank wall is Sw = 0·638D
was used in the first example in Part 1 when the tank is supported and the fixed-end moment in the wall is Mr ll = +4,140 Ib.ft/ft.
on an elastic foundation. A very soft subgrade will be considered Since the plate provides the vertical support at the joint and
with the modulus of reaction k equal to 3 tons/sq.ft/in. Young's S' 88 is now used for it, there no need to consider the vertical
modulus for concrete is taken as 3 X 10" Ib/sq.in. force equilibrium further and the joint is analysed by simple
moment-distribution, thus:
Wall Base
Distribution factors 0·796 0·204
Fixed-end moments +3,250
Balance -1,510

Final moments -1,740 + 1,740 Ib.ft/ft run.

With the joint now in equilibrium the final bending moments in
the slab can be found as the sum of the fixed-joint moments (Table
XI) and the joint-release moments (Table XII). These slab
moments are summarised in Table XIII.
The curves of the bending moments in the base are shown in
Fig. 5b, along with the moments and hoop tensions in the tank
wall. It is seen that the elastic foundation reduces the rotation
of the base joint and gives a large reduction in the bending
moments near the centre of the base slab, as compared with a
plastic foundation. The tangential bending moments remain of
significant magnitude and must be provided for in the base slab
reinforcement. This large reduction of the bending moments has
been produced by a very soft foundation; stiffer soils produce
correspondingly greater effects. The forces in the tank wall for
4760
a wide range of foundation conditions are shown in Fig. 5c.
The exact vlhlue attributed to the foundation modulus is not
critical in the calculation of the forces in the tank structure as the
bending moments are proportional to its fourth root. Thus 100
per cent change in the modulus value alters fJR by only 19 per
cent, and the final moments to a similarly small degree. The
numerical values of the body deflections of tbe structure would be
inversely proportional to the modulus value, but the deflections
would not usually be estimated in the course of this type of
computation.
(T a be Continued)
REFERENCES
(6) Lightfoot, E. and Michael, D. "The Analysis of Ground-Supported
Open Circular Concrete Tanks; I, On Plastic Foundations." Cit'il
Engineering oud Public Works Review, Dec. 1963 and Jan. 1964
/740 (7) Vesic, A. B. "Beams on Elastic Sub-grade and the Winkler's
j
I
Ie) Me Hypothesis." Proc. 5th 1>11. COllf. Soil Mech. F. Eltg. Paris, 1961
/ (8) Barden) L. "Distribution of Contact Pressures under Foundations."
4760 Geotechnique Vol. 12, 1962.
Fig. S. Circular tank 011 ela$lic foundation in Example 5. (0) jlrl.lcrurt, (9) Schleicher, F. "Kreisplatten auf Elasticher Unterlage.'· B'lin, 1926.
(b) elaslic and planic Joils compared) and (c) values for a range 0/ para- (10) Hetenyi, M. "Beams on Elastic Foundation." Michigan Univ
meters. Press, 1946.

198
 (PIIrl 4)
Parts 1, 2 and 3 appeared in 1M Dec. 1963, 7an. 1964 and Sept.
1965 issues resputiveiy.
Annular ~ on Ewtie Foundationa
The theory of the bending of annular slabs on elastic founda-
tions is similar to the theory for the solid disc which has been
outlined above, but four boundary constants mUlt now be evaluated.
Tabulation of the stiffness coefficients for the annulus involves a
further variable, the ratio of the innet' and outer radii R;/R., in
addition to the parameter f3(R. - R;). Tables of edge stiffness
coefficients have been published elsewhere (11):1: for the far end
fixed and the far end free conditions, with a range of the two
parameters fi(R. - R;) and R;/R•.
A shon toe is often provided round the perimeter of a circular
base slab to reduce the joint rotation. While in an exact analysis
the toe should be considered as an annulus on an elastic foundation
it can often be treated as a rigid beam cantilevered out from the
tank wall. It is found from a comparison with the analytical
solutions that the rigid beam stiffnesses are accurate to within 10
per cent at f3(R Q - R;) = 1, with smaller errors at lower para-
meter values. At greater parameter values the rigid beam asswnp-
tion gives excessiv~ stiffness values. The expressions for a rigid
cantilever on an elastic foundation are now derived.
Consider a rigid cantilever of length i,Alnd unit width. When
the restrained end is given unit normal deflection, end rotation
being prevented, the edge balancing shear and moment are
Sq. k X I X 1 = kl . (34)
and
S", = kl x ;1 = lkP . . . (35)
Similarly when the beam end sustains unit rotation and nonnll
deflection at the suppon is prevented the rotational and cross
stiffnesses are obtained. These are
Sq. = ; X I X I X k = 1kl' = S", as in equation 35
and
S .. = !kl' X (2/3)1 = 1kf3 . . . . (36)
The rotational stiffness of the rigid cantilever when no end shelr
restraint occurs is found to be
S'H = 1 X 11 X 11 X k x (2/3)1 = kl'/12 .. (37)
For this two-member tank base account must be taken of the
venical deflection and shear forces at the wall joint, as the applied
loads are divided between the inner and outer pans of the slab
to a statically indeterminate degree. The slope deflection method
of analysis then becomes the most suitable technique.
EXAMPLE 6
In Example 2 a tank with its projecting base slab supported on
• plastic foundation was analysed. The analysis when the founda-
tion is elastic, with a modulus k = 33 tons/sq.ft/in, is now
described.
The foundation constant f3' =
33 X 2,240 x 12 X 12 X 0'96
3 X 10' X 144 X 0'833'
giving p == 0'45, and pR = 9'00.
The stiffness values of the inner plate are from Table IX:-
S.. = ll'9ID/20 = +0'596D,
S .. = 74'38D/20' = +0'1859D
and S .. = 951-9D/2O' == +O'l190D.
The stiffness values for the cantilever toe are
__ S~~ kl'/3 = +~6ID, _________ _
• Fellow of Pembrolu Colleg" Oxford.
t Senior Engin,er, MetsrJ. OV4 Arup and Partners.
* Firures in parenth4J.s indicate Refer,nCts following Ihe arliclt.
S.. = ;kl' = -01)461D
and S .. = kl = +0'0615D.
The rotational stiffness of the wall is Sw =
O'638D.
Assuming zero joint rotation initially, the fixed-end moment
at the joint at the base of the wall due to the horizontal water
pressure is M'w = 4,140 Ib.ft/ft run, as before.
Now the entire base of the tank alone would produce a uni-
form settlement without any bending being induced; this can be
ignored. Similarly, if the pan of the base-up to the centre-line of
the walls was subject only to the pressure of water above it would
senle a distance yH /k and no bending would be induced, This
displacement, however, would cause the cantilevered toe to be
subject to an upward pressure of yH and on unit width (at the
joint) the resulting fixed-end moment and vertical force would be
M', = -yHI'/2 and V', = +yHI (uniform width being asswned).
The values in this case are -62-4 X 16 X 11'/2 = -1,125 Ib.ft
and 62'4 X 16 X Ii = 1,500lb per foot run of structure at the
joint.
The downward force V w due to the weight of the wall should
have half the weight of the wall as water deducted, since this has
already been allowed for. In this example, V", = 150 X 16 X
5/6 - 62'4 X 16 X 5/12 = 2,000 - 417 = l,5831b.
If the subsequent venical displacement of the joint is w and
the joint rotation is IJ, then the following equations can be estab-
lished for moment and venical force equilibriwn at the joint:
(0'638 +0'596 +0'046)DIJ +(0'186-0'046)Dw }
+4,140-1,125 =0 (38)
(0'186 -0'046)DIJ +(0'119+0'061)Dw+ 1,500= 1,583
These equations solve to give IJ = -2,628/D and w =
2,500/D.
The balanced joint members are then calculated by back-
substitution and are:
M w , " = 4,140 - 1,678 = 2,462,
M,o. = -1,125 - 121 - 115 = -1,361,
M b... = -1,568 + 465 = -1,103 Ib.ft/ft run.
The variations of the radial and tangential moments in the base
slab are shown in Fig. 6. From a comparison with the values for
the plastic foundation in Example 2 it is seen that the effect of
.~
'(a)
,uo
12600
15000
'(b)
-- -- Plastic
- - EI~'ti', {1lR. 9
Fig. 6. Circular ta"k with exltndtd ball 011 an f1aure foundation, Example
6. (a) rtructUrl, (h) moments and forctJ.
199
the elastic medium is not so great as when there is no toe on the
base slab. The joint rotation remains relatively small because of ,~
the balanced proportions of the base.
For other values of the foundation modulus these comments
remain valid, the chief effect of modulus variation for this type of
tank being on the rate of damping of the joint disturbances.

t 0/0'
Retaining Wall Method of Analysis
When the base slab of a circular tank is divided by a circular
flexible joint (see Figs. 3 and 4) a section through the tank
resembles a retaining wall. One method used to treat the structure
is to design the base slab to carry the tank wall fixed-end moment,
bu\ this method can be correct only fortuitously when the joint
rotation is zero. Now the vertical cantilever of a straight retaining
wall has no stiffness against outward lotation and it is unnecessary
to consider the joint deformations in the analysis. However, a
circular tank wall has considerable rotational stiffness and th ~
circular retaining wall type of structure is statically indeterminate.
Ib!/ft'Jj. liJooo;
13200
The moment carried by the base depends on the amount of joint
rotation.
In this retaining wall method the base slab will first be Mt 240
(b)
assumed to be rigid. Then the complete deflection pattern of the
foundation is defined by the joint displacements and the inner slab - - Retainin9 1Ii,,1I vAI"¢5
and toe can be treated as one member. A sector of the tank witb - - - - -. Andlyr.c~1 v41..... ( )
unit width at the wall radius is considered. The error of treating b,,.cketed
this area as rectangular in plan when in fact it is almost trapezoidal
is usually small. The method of analysis based on these assump- Fig. 7 Circular {auk alla/yuJ by Retaining WrJII U/OJII'J II' Exump!e 7.
tions is now described. (0) JlrHcllIft, (b) momellts and I(lfas
The structure is allowed to deflect vertically while the bas~
joint is held fixed against rotation. Vertical equilibrium is achieved
and needs no further consideration. The foundation reactive pres-
results from the exact analysis. The difference in the values of the
sure is uniform and is equal to the vertical load divided by the total
wall base moment, 280, is about 8 per cent of the wall fixed-end
annular area. The three unbalanced moments about the centre of
moment. If the base is assumed to be trapezoidal, the difference
the base are caused by the weights of the water and the wall and
is reduced to 2 per cent.
by the equilibrant of the fixed-end moment. This moment is
Provision of a toe on the base gives a structure which is
balanced between the wall and the base in the ratio of the stiffnesses.
approximately statically balanced. Thus similar joint moments
The rotational stiffness of the base slab, without vertical force
occur in the above example even when the foundation is assumed to
restraint, is found to be S' •• = (l/12)kL' (for any point on the
be plastic. When the tank section is L-shaped this effect is lost
base). The final moments in the wall and base are calculated as
~d the accuracy of thc retaining wall analysis is reduced. For a
before.
stiff foundation, when 131 becomes large, the retaining wall analysis
This simple method can be applied with accuracy only where
should not be used, particularly when there is no projecting toe
the base is very stiff, where {J(R. - R.) < I. Comparison of the
However, the base can then be assumed in many cases to be a finite,
exact and "retaining wall" rotational stiffnesses of the inner base
uniform beam on an elastic foundation and the retaining wall
of the tank used in Example 4, when {J(R, - R.) = 1'0 gives
analysis can then be followed in a modified form.
Exact "Retaining Wall"
S.. O'0777D O'0828D
S'.. O'0295D 0·0207D. Asymptotic Approximations
The differences reptesent in part the rotational stiffness of the It is possible to obtain fairly simple approximate solutions for
annulus itself and also the error in assuming a rectangular base the behaviour of various structural elements on elastic foundations
plan. when the parameters AI, {JR, {J(R, - R.), etc., become sufficiently
large. In the case of a beam with constant EI, for example, the
EXAMPLE 7 behaviour approximates to that of a semi-infinite beam once Al
It is required to analyse the structural action of the tank given in exceeds 3 or 4 (the lower limit for AI depends on the accuracy
Example 4 when the foundation is an elastic medium with a value required). There is then no effective "carry-over" from one end to
of foundation modulus of k = 3 tons/sq.ft/in and the base is the other.
The behaviour of a finite beam on an elastic foundation is
assumed to be rigid. The values for the tank wall are as before: -
S ... = O'638D thus seen to be asymptotic to that of a semi-infinite beam when AI
and is large enough. For a circular plate, however, the solution for
M"" = +4,140D lb.ft/ft run. infinite radius is not so easily derived, but an asymptotic solution
The stiffness of the base beam is is possible from the asymptotic values for the Schleicher functions
S. = (1/12) x 3 x 2,240 x 12 x 5'5" = O'054D. and their derivatives (10). A close parallel exists between the
extreme solutions for these two cases, as can be seen from Table
The moments of the weight of the water and the wall about the
centre of the base are XIV, where the expressions are all wrinen in terms of A. (It is
M. = 62'4 x 3'58 x 16 x 0'96 - 150 x 0'833 x 16 x 1'25 apparent that {J can be wrinen as \/2,>. since 13' = 4A' = k/D.)
= +9301b.ft/ft. The stiffnesses are seen to be identical in the two cases, except
The moment distribution proceeds as shown: - for the terms {I - (I v)/2>.R) and {I - (1 - I)/AR)
Wall Base which have to be included in the expressions for S .. and S' .. for
Distribution factors 0'922 0'078 a uniform circular plate. The run-outs of moments are writtcn in
Fixed-end moments +4,140 - 930 terms of the BA" CAr and DAr functions which apply for the semi-
Balance +2,960 - 250 infinite uniform beam, (where for the circular plate x = R - r)
The annular plate can be considered in a similar manner,
Fin~l moments + 1,180 -1,180 Ib.ft/ft run. depending on the value of {J(R. - R.). If, however, this is less
Th·: runout of moments is shown in Fig. 7 along with the than unity, tabulated functions should be normally used. If, in

200
addition, R./CR. R.) is large, such II IWTOW annulus may be provided some value of the foundation modulus is known. The
comidered as II rigid toe, When PCR. - R.) is not very high, each structural behaviour of such tanks resting on very soft ground
&eCtor may be treated as II finite beam (see Reference 12) for stiff- with the foundadon modulus taken as zero--the extreme plastic
neHeS and run-outs). When P(R. - R;) exceeds 6 asymptotic case-was explained in Part 1. It is seen that the complications
lIpptoximations may be used (12). Two examples of these asymp- resulting in taking an estimated value for the foundation mo:lulus
totic approximadons are given in Table XV, with exact valu!s are nor at all difficult and that considerable economies may be
coming first. obtained if elastic rather than plastic foundations are allowed for.
The circular retaining wall method of analysis, which was
explained in Part 1 for plastic ground, is still very quid and
TABLE XIV attractive even for an elastic foundation, provided the base is
assumed rigid. Even allowing for flexure in the base the analysis
ASYMPTOTIC SoLUTIONS FOR THE UNIFOIlM BEAM AND THE UNIFORM CIRCULAR
is not very difficult, so it is hoped that designen will utilise this,
PLATE ON ELASTIC FOUNDATIONS
as well as the simpler methods. A guide to the various types of
tank and the various methods of analysis considered here is in-
Sliffnesse-; and cluded in the Appendix.
Uniform beam Uniform circular plate
run-outs
REFERENCES
See 2DA (11) Michael, O. "The Structural Actions of Circular Tonk, and Pris-
matic Bunkers." Ph.D. Thesis, Leeds Univ., 1962.
S.6 = S6q 2DA' (12) Li~htfoot. E. "Moment Distribution." Spon, London, 1961.

S•• 4DA'
S'ee DA

0=1. w=O. Mr 2DA,O •• 2DAy'(R/r) [o".-(I-v)Ch/2Arj TABLE XVI

at end/edge M. t 2DA.vD),x 2DAy' (R/rl [vO.. + (1- v)CA,/2Ar] SUMMARY Of ANALYTICAL METHOOS FOR VAIUOUS TyPES OF GROUND-
SUPPORTED CIRCULAR TANKS
w=l. 0=0. Mr 2DA'.C.. 2D P v'{R/r) [C•• +(I-V)Bblkj
at end/edge M. t 20A'.v.C)" 20Aly'(R/r) [>C•• -{I-v)B,,!Ar.j
Structural element Aid for analysis
6=1. Q=O. M. D),.Ah DAy'(R/r) [Ah-(l-.·)o"./),r.]
at end/edge M. t D), .•·.Ah DAy'(R/r) [vA),x +(I-v)Dh/Ar.j
Circular wall i.H = 0 to 6
),H>4
t Only if edges restrained to remain paralic I.
Circular base

TABLE XV
COMPARISON Of EXACT AND ASYMPTOTIC VALUES Circular toe

Uniform annulus
Stiffness coefficients Uniform circular plate B(Ro-R,) = 4
(xD for stiffnesses) BR = 10 (in Example 3)
Annular base
inside wall
, BR = 0 I Plastic solution.
13·32 13·34 0·975 1·022
~(R.-R,) < I I ~:.: ~iid base
Sq6 = Seq 92·7 0·517 ~(R.-R.» I . Auume tinite beam. Ref. (12). Use
annular slab tables. Ref. (I I)
Sq. 1J16 0·536 'l(R.-R,»6 Asymptotic solulion-Table XIV
=--~-'=-=-~- ~-~-.~===========
,'ee 6'80 0·524
Appendix
GUIDE TO THE ANALYSIS OF THE VARIOUS TYPES OF GROUND-
SUPPORTED CIRCULAR TANKS CoNSIDERED IN THIS ARnCLE
Condu.ions For ease of reference the different kinds of tank and the different
This paper explains the theory required for the analysis of methods of analysis ~re classified in Table XVI which also identifies
ground-supported open circular tanks when the reactive pressure the examples given.
is proportional to the deflection of the foundation. The Tables Simple moment distribution solutions were possible in all
published here enable these tanks to be analysed quite easily, examples except Example 6.

201