Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Mangement of Fish
Mangement of Fish
and Methods
2. Refrigeration:
This means the temperature lowered so much that autolytic enzyme
activities and bacterial multiplication is slowed down. At 27° – 32°C
autolysis is quite rapid but at 6°C, the enzymatic activity is slowed
down and instead of ATP, only AMP is the break product. At 8°C
(frozen condition), it is the only IMP as end product. Lowering the
temperature not only limits the enzymatic activities also retards the
growth of bacteria. At -40°C, many strains of bacteria are destroyed
leading to ‘storage death’.
3. High Temperature:
Heat decomposes autolytic enzymes and thereby brings their activity
to a stop. A temperature in the range of 110°C – 121°C under a steam
pressure of 7kg per 6.45 square cm, kills all such bacteria which cause
fish spoilage. Even the spores of bacteria which are more resistant
than the bacteria themselves are destroyed. Thus, the application of
this principle is very effective in stopping all chances of spoilage and in
ensuring very long term preservation.
4. Dehydration:
Dehydration means removal of water which is useful in maintaining
the quality and period of fish. Moisture is very beneficial for the
growth and multiplication of bacteria. If the water contents are
removed, it makes bacteria very difficult to survive and even kills
them. Dehydration may be done by treating the fishes with alcohols or
suitable preservatives.
5. Salting:
Salt removes the moisture from the fish tissues by osmosis and further
it enters tissues and increases salt concentration to saturation point.
The presence of high salt concentration destroys autolytic enzymes
and halts bacterial activity. The bacteria slow down their
multiplication and are forced to spore-formation. Many microbes and
bacteria are destroyed as salt has a toxic effect upon them especially
the halophobic ones.
6. Fish Preservatives:
Many drugs and chemicals are used for preservation of fishes.
7. Radiation Treatment:
When fishes are exposed to low concentration radiations (gamma
rays), Bacteria, other microbes (Pseudomonas sp) are completely
destroyed. This is something very recent and effective means of
preservation.
The alimentary canal and other internal organs are removed and the
body cavity is washed. The washed and gutted fishes are kept in ice or
in refrigerators at low temperature.
i. Chilling:
Freezing the fish flesh to 0°C, prevents the putrefaction and extends
its life. For this purpose, large quantity of ice is used. The fishes are
kept in ice in large tanks or containers, having many layers of ice.
Constant supply of ice is maintained so as to keep the temperature to
0°C. Besides cooling some antibiotics like Aureomycin or Terramycin
are also mixed with ice in order to prevent bacterial actions.
ii. Freezing:
Indian frozen shrimps, flesh and shell flesh constitute 90% of the
earnings of fish export to other nations. Freezing method is an
important method of preserving food. The freezing process lowers the
temperature of fish to below – 1 °C resulting in the conversion of body
water of fish to ice effecting preservation for longer periods.
Freezing Methods:
There are different methods of freezing, the methods are chosen based
on the type of fish, fish size and availability of method also.
When the water content of the tissues gets frozen, the interstitial fluid
concentration increases which will ooze out of the body. This fluid
contains dissolved protein, vitamins, and minerals and gives an
undesirable appearance to the frozen fish.
Under each category of the above mentioned systems there are many
types of driers which can be adopted depending on the fishery
product.
iv. Salting:
Common salt acts as a preservative by preventing bacterial growth and
inactivating enzymes. This is one of the oldest methods of
preservation. The best method is to clean the fish by washing and then
gulting it and applying salt in sufficient quantity.
(b) Wet-salting.
(a) Dry-Salting:
During this process, the fishes are rubbed with salt and then packed in
tubes or tanks. Dry salt is sprinkled in between layers, as the fishes are
arranged in the container. The ratio of salt to fish range between 1:3 to
1:8 depending on the weather conditions and types of fish. After
keeping the fishes in tubes or tanks for 10-20 hours, they are removed
and washed. Then they are dried in the sun for 2-3 days.
Large fish, such as pomprets, catfishes, Jew-fishes, are split along the
dorsal line and guts, gills are removed. In case of thinner fish such as
ribbon fish, small pomprets etc. only a small dorsal cut is made
whereas Mackerch are split in the abdomen. All cut fishes are usually
washed in sea-water and applied salt in sufficient quantity.
Insufficient salt will leave moisture in the fish due to incomplete
dehydration and cause spoilage.
Commercial salt is generally containing salts of Ca and Mg. These
reduce the preservation capacity of NaCl. The colour and the odour of
the fish is also effected. Therefore, highly pure salt with a high NaCl
content must be used.
(b) Wet-Salting:
It is also known as ‘Ratnagiri’ method of curing. Wet – salting is
mostly practiced in Konkan district. Large fish such as Black
pomprets, Seer, Indian Salmon etc. are generally treated. The fish are
split, gutted and cleaned before salting. Cleaned fishes are packed in
large vats containing a concentrated solution of salt and stirred daily
till properly pickled.
v. Smoking:
Smoking is another important method of fish preservation. Three
percent of worlds food catch is preserved by smoking process. The
flesh of smoked fish is delicate, succulent, and delicious and can be
readily consumed without further processing. But smoked fish has a
poor storage life. Smoking is an intermediate step in the preparation
of canned smoked fish.
vi. Canning:
Canning is the second in importance among the modern methods of
preservation employed. In 1973, 2199 tons of canned food worth Rs.
5.24 crores was exported (mainly prawns). But by 1978 the demand
for canned shrimp declined to mere 102 tons worth Rs. 39 lakhs. This
is the due to the preference in world market for frozen food in place of
canned foods.
(3) They are cooked food, therefore can be consumed instantly without
any further processing.
Process of Canning:
The fish for canning should be always fresh. The fish is immersed in
cold or hot brine for shrinkage of tissues. This also will release gases
from tissues, reduce bacterial population and inhibit enzymatic
reactions. The process is called blanching. The blanched material is
filled in cans. The air or gases present in the cans is removed by
exhausting. This is carried out with the help of a vacuamizer or by
steam injection.
The cans are now sealed air tight. This is achieved by a process called
the double seaming. After seaming the cans are immersed in tanks
containing dilute detergents solution of Sodium phosphate. The
detergents will make the surface of the cans clean.
The cans are now heat processed in retorts using pressure steam. The
heat treatment kills all the bacteria present. Temperature and duration
of heat processing varies with the kind of fish and certain other
factors. The higher the content of bacteria in the fishes inside can, the
duration of heat treatment will be longer. After the heat processing the
cans are rapidly cooled. This will prevent over-cooking of fish and also
inhibit the growth of any thermophiles bacteria that withstood the
heat treatment.
Even after canning process some food inside the cans may be spoiled
due to various reasons like under processing, in-adequate cooking,
infection resulting from leakage through sutures of the can, and due to
spoilage that has already resulted prior to processing. Canned food is a
popular item in Western and Arab countries.
For this, the fishes are gutted, washed and salted. Then a preservation
material called Kodakka puli (dried pods of the fruit) are filled into the
abdomen of fishes. The processed fishes are arranged in wooden
bassels with additional salt and said fruit. Heavy weights are placed on
the top of the pile and the bassel is temporarily closed. When 3-4 days
have passed, self-brine runs off from the hole made at the bottom of
the barrel.
The fish shunk considerably and more processed fishes are filled ink
the barrel and pressed further. In this way barrel is completed filled
with pickled fishes. The salt taken is in the ratio of 45:100 kg of fishes.
If the above special fruit is not available Malabar tamarind, called
Goruka puli may be used for the preparation.
Fish Pastes:
Fish paste is prepared mostly in homes in Malabar from the sea fishes.
The fishes are cut into thin slices, salted and dried. When dry, the fish
flesh is mixed with spicy paste consisting of red chilies, mustard oil,
garlic, turmeric, tamarind and vinegar.
This paste is now called ‘hidal khunda’ in Assam. The fish paste is kept
in ditches dug in ground are covered for nearly a month. Then the
cover is removed and paste is dried and mixed with ground pepper
and packed in bamboo tubes. In Assam, fish paste called ‘shidal sukti’
is very popular which is made from dried fishes.
The Japanese prepare a tasty dish from the flesh of sharks and dog
fishes, which is known by the name of ‘shark-flesh paste’. In parts of
China and Philippine islands, there is a considerable trade in shark
fins, which are used for making soup. After being cut from the body,
the fins are well salted or dusted with lime and then dried in sun.
This is perhaps why the frozen fish is less valued. The denaturation
means the changed condition of flesh proteins in which the protein
cannot be extracted any longer by the known methods of solubility in
various salt solutions as applied to normal fish muscle for protein
extraction. It is evident that the actomycin fraction is readily changed
into insoluble state during frozen storage. Denaturation is stronger
during slow freezing than quick freezing. Moreover, poorly packed or
unwrapped fishes on freezing are denatured easily.
During gutting processes if the organs are not removed completely, the
remains of the organs enhances the autolytic reactions. Handling of
fishes during transport, marketing or even capturing may risk of
helping the bacterial spoilage.