D1f—Subcommitee 6 on Strengthening and Repair RE. Shaws, Jr, Chair CW. Holmes N.J.Altebrando, V.C. M.J. Mayes EM, Beck JW. Post RM. Bent L.Seum J.J. Cecilio D.L. Sprow E.G. Costello R.W.Stieve CR Hess W. Thornton G.J.Hill RULR Tide Dig—Subcommittee 7 on Aluminum Structures E.G. Costello, Chair JR. Kissell T. Anderson R.C. Minor F.G.Armao E.R. Pickering R, Bonneau D.D. Rager R.C, Briden W. W. Sanders, Jn* M. V. Davis PJ. Sullivan P.B. Dickerson JL. Uebele Dih—Subcommittee 8 on Sheet Steet RD. Block, Chair W.Jaxa-Rozen J. E.Roth, VC. RD. Lawrence It RE. Albrecht* T. Pekoz* 0. W. Blodget* CW. Pinkham R.B.Corbit JL, Uebele J.D. Duncan* B.D. Wright JA. Grewe D1i—Subcommittee 9 on Reinforcing Bars MJ. Mayes, Chair JE Myers S.L. Cotham C.K Nicholson D. P. Gustafson D.R. Scott RM. Kotan D1j—Subcommittee 10 on AASHTO/AWS Bridge Welding Committee C.R Hess, Cochair, AWS M.A. Grieco, Cochait, AASHTO AWS D1 Representatives WG. Alexander* CR Hess N.J Altebrando* D.L. MeQuaid* ER. Beckmann J.K. Mieske L.E.Collins* D.K Miller A.R. Fronduti*™ JLB. Myers AASHTO Representatives E, Hartwell T. Niemann C. W.Holmes* R.W.Stieve® R.D. Medlock KK Verma Advisor D1k—Subcommittee 11 on Stainless Steel Welding A.W. Sindel, Chair ‘M.J. Harker BM, Butler, VC. GJ. Hill RE. Avery® M.L. Hoitomt D. Baird E.R. Holby* RD. Block W.Jaxa-Rozen R. Bonneau RM. Kotan F.C. Breismeisier D. Kotecki H, Chambers JW. McGrew RB. Corbit J. Merrill E.G. Costello JE. Roth D.A. DelSignore D. Shapira J.D. Duncan* B.D. Wright G.A.Gix* 0. Zollinger D1l—Subcommittee 12.00 Seismic Welding Issues D. K. Miller, Chai R. Hamburger, V.C. N.J. Altebrando* J. Malley M.J. Mayes D.L. McQuaid* E.M. Beck J.K. Merril® RM. Bent WA. Milek F.C. Breismeister D.C. Phillips BLM. Butler JW. Post S. Camo* D. Rees-Evans L.E.Collins T. Schlafly E.G. Costello* RE. Shays Jr SL. Cotham AA. Taylor* ML. Hoitomt RHR Tide RM. Kotan CM, Vang D.L. Long KK. Verma* S.Mahin® Dim—Standing Task Group on ‘New Materials D. Phillips, Chair WA. Milek D.K. Miller JW. Post B.M. Butler D. Rees-Evans ML, Hoitomt D. Shapira RD. Medlock A, W.SindelOl:Foreword 000, Siructural Welding Code—Steel, but is included for information dling and Gas Cutting in Building Construction was published by the iidge welding specification was published separately in 1936, The two 1.1 document but were once again separated in 1988 when the joint as published to address the specific requirements of Stato and Federal is, the D1.1 code changed references of buildings and bridges to st espectively, in order to make the document applicable to a broader ‘igures indicates an editorial or technical change from the 1998 edition. ing indicates a revision from the 1998 edition. icant technical revisions contained in D1.1:2000: { have been revised the 2020 edition. Those new units rationalize the Ze will rarely be a direct conversion equivalence. 2 the new code, AWS D1.6, Structural Welding Code—Stainless Steel psand electrodes have een added, Al 1Also, the previous minimum temperature designations that indicated temperature limits, by whic AWS BI, Standard for Welding Prox iard WPSs, can be used for D1.1 work iiockig sing maria hs ben approved for backing ‘quired to be informed inthe use of WPS. oproved in order to prevent coating failures, ‘eview WPSs for Cade conformance, E block is excluded for calibration purposes. Requirements for verify 3 permitted range in section 6, Part F, Annex K shall be used, ke fillet welds have been made. ‘ess have been established ye been tabularized ed. explain the rationale for the code addressing only piping porosity in its ration have been revised, contains filler metal tensile end yield strength data extracted from the to be construed as necessary requirements for proqualification, but are side by the limitations of Table 3.1 and section 3. lal Testing of Welds, provides additional details of test specimen prepa- hiory and is intended only to provide insight information i {code are requirements that supplement the text.‘Non-Mandatory Annexes. Those annexes are not requirements but are provided as options that are permitted by the code. Though they are not mandatory, it is essential that all provisions of these annexes be followed when the option to use them is exercised. Index. As in previous codes, the entries in the Index are referred to by subsection number rather than by page num- ber. This should enable the user of the Index to locate a particular item of interest in minimum time. Errata. [tis the Structural Welding Committee's Policy that all errata should be made available to users of the code. Therefore, in the Society News Section of the AWS Welding Journal, any errata (major changes) that have been noted ‘will be published in the July and November issues of the Welding Journal. ‘Suggestions. Comments and suggestions for the improvement of this standard are welcome. They should be sent to the Secretary, Structural Welding Committee, American Welding Society, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126. Interpretations. Official interpretations of any of the technical requirements of this standard may be obtained by sending a request, in writing, to the Managing Director, Technical Services, American Welding Society, 550 N.W. Leleune Road, Miami, FL 33126 (see Annex F).a Table of Contents Page No. General Requirements 1.2 Approval. 1.3 Mandatory Provisions. 1.4 Definitions. 1.5 Welding Symbols. 16 Safety Precautions... 1.7 Standard Units of Measurement. 1.8 Reference Documents.. Design of Welded Connections. 2.0 Scope.. 7 Part A—Common Requirements of Nontubular and Tubular Connections, 2.1 Stresses. 2.1.1 Allowable Base-Metal Stesse.. 2.1.2 Allowable Increase. 2.1.3 Laminations and Lamellar Tearing. 2.2 Drawings on 2.2.1 Drawing Information... 2.2.2 Joint Welding Sequence. 2.2.3 Weld Size and Length . 2.2.4 Groove Welds. 2.2.4.1 Symbols. 2.2.4.2 Prequalified Detail Dimensions 2.2.4.3 Special Details. 22.5 Special Inspection Requirements 2.3 Groove Welds. 2.3.1 Effective Weld Length. 23.2 Effective Area .. 2.3.3 Patil Joint Penetration Groove Welds 23.3.1 Minimum Weld 2.3.3.2 Effective Weld Size (Flare Groove).. 2.3.4 Complete Joint Penetration Groove Welds 23.4.1 Weld Size . 2.4 Fillet Welds 2.4.1 Effective Throat 2.4.1.4 Calculation. 2.4.1.2 Shear Stress. 2.4.1.3 Reinforcing Fillet Welds. 2.4.2 Length 2.4.2.1 Effective Length (Straigh) 2.4.2.2 Effective Length (Curved) 2.4.2.3 Minimum Length 2.4.3 Effective Area xii‘CONTENTS 2.4.4 Minimum Leg Size.. 2.4.5 Maximum Fillet Weld Size. 2.4.6 Intermittent Fillet Welds (Minimum Length) 2.4.7 Fillet Weld Terminations. 2.4.7.1 Drawings. 2.4.7.2 Lap Joints 2.4.7.3 Maximum End Return Length 2.4.7.4 Stiffener Welds... 2.4.7.5 Opposite Sides of Common Plane 2.4.8 Lap Joints... 2.4.8.1 Double-Fillet Welds. 2.4.8.2 Minimum Overlap. 2.4.8.3 Fillet Welds in Holes or Slots 25 Plug and Slot Welds... 25.1 Effective Ate smn 2'5.2 Minimum Spacing (Plug Welds) 2.5.3 Minima Speing (So Wel. 2.5.4 Slot End 2.5.5 Prequalified Dimensions. 2.5.6 Prohibition in Q&T Steel 25.7 Limitati 2.6 Joint Configuration 2.6.1 General Requirements for Joint Details. 2.6.2. Combinations of Welds. 2.6.3 Welds with Rivets or Bolt... 2.7 Beam End Connections. 2.8 Becentricity Part B—Specific Requirements for Nontubular Connections (Statically or C 2.9 General 2.10 Allowable Stresses... 2.11 Skewed T-Joints. 2.11.1 General 2.11.2 Prequalified Minimum Weld Size 2.11.3 Effective Throat... 2.11.3.1 Z Loss Reduction 2.12 Partial Length Groove 2.13 Filler Plates. 2.13.1 Filler Plates Less than 1/4 2132 Fler Plates 1/4 in (6mm) or Lager 2.14 Fillet Welds 2.14.3 Corner and T-Joint Reinforcement 2.14.4 In-Plane Center of Gravity Loading. 2.14.5 Instantaneous Center of Rotation 2.15 Built-Up Members. 2.16 Maximum Spacing of Intermittent 2.17 Compression Members 2.18 Tension Members. 2.19 End Return. 7 2.20 Transitions of Thicknesses and Widths. bee eo UU ARDRDDDR AaRRRADRDDUL Past C— specie Requirement for Cytally Landed Nontabla Como‘CONTENTS. 221.1 Symmetrical Sections. 2.21.2 Angle Member 2.21.3 Continuous Welds 2.22 Allowable Stresses. 2.23 Combined Stresses... 2.24 Cyclic Load Stress Range. 2.25 Comer and T-Joints, : 2.25.1 Fillet Weld Reinforcement. 2.25.2 Weld Arrangement. 2.26 Connections or Splices Tension and Compression Members. 2.26.1 RT of UT Requirements.. 2.27 Prohibited Joints and Welds.. 2.27.1 Patil Joint Penetration Groove Welds 2.27.2 One-Sided Groove Welds... 2.27.3 Intermittent Groove Welds. 2.27.4 Intermittent Fillet Welds 2.275 Horizontal Position Lit 2.27.6 Plug and Slot Welds. 2.27.1 Fillet Welds < 3/16 i 2.28 Fillet Weld Terminations. 2.29 Transition of Thicknesses and Widths 2.29.1 Tension Butt-Joint Thickness, 2.29.2 Shear or Compression But-Joint Thickness. 2.29.3 Tension Butt-Joint Width. 2.30 Stiffeners.. 2.30.1 Intermittent Fillet Weld. 2.30.2 Arrangement. 2.30.3 Single-Sided Welds . 2.31 Connections or Splices in Gompresin ‘Members with Milled Joints 2.32 Lap Joints 2.32.2 Hole or Slot Spacing . 2.33 Buill-Up Sections... 2.34 Cover Plates 2.34.3 Terminal Fillet Part D—Specific Requirements for Tubular Connections 2.35 General 2.35.1 Eccentricity 2.36 Allowable Stresses. 2.36.1 Base-Metal Stresses 2.36.2 Circular Section Limitations. 2.36.3 Weld Stresses . 2.36.4 Fiber Stresses 2136.5 Load and Resistance Factor Design 2.36.6 Fatigue.. 2'36.6.1 Stress Range and Member Type. 2.36.6.2 Fatigue Stress Categories. 2.36.6.3 Basie Allowable Stress Limitation. 2.36.64 Cumulative Damage. 236.655 Critical Members. = 2.36.6.6 Fatigue Behavior Improvement... 2,36.6.7 Size and Profile Effects.CONTENTS: 2.37 Identiti 2.38 Symbols... 2.39 Weld Design 2.30.1 Fillet Welds 2.39.1.1 Effective Area 2.39.1.2 Beta Limitation for Prequal 2.39.1.3 Lap Joints 2.39.2 Groove Welds. 2.39.2.1 Prequalified Partial Joint Penetration Groove Weld Details 2.39.2:2 Prequalified Complete Joint Penetration Groove Weld Details Welded from One Side without Backing in T-, Y-, and K-Connections : — va 2.39.4 Circular Connection Lengths. 2.39.5 Box Connection Lengths... 2.39.5.1 K- and N-Connections ion of the Strength of Welded Connections... 2.40.1 Circular T-, Y-, and K-Connections..u0snn 2.0.1.1 Local Failure. 2.40.1.2 General Collapse. 2.40.1.3 Uneven Distribution of 2.40.1.4 Transitions.. 2.40.1.5 Other Configuration and Loads. 2.40.1.6 Overlapping Connections.. 2.40.2 Box T-, Y- and K-Connections. 2.40.2.1 Local Failure. 2,40.2.2 General Collapse... 2.40.2.3 Uneven Distribution of Load (Effective Width) 2.40.2.4 Overlapping Connections. : 2.40.25 Bending. 2.40.2.6 Other Configurations. 241 Thickness Transition 2.42 Material Limitations... 2.42.1 Limitations... 2.42.1.1 Yield Strength 2.42.1.2 ASTM A 500 Precaution. 2.42.1.3 Reduced Effective Yield . 2.42.1.4 Suitability for Tubular Connections. 2.42.1.5 Box T-, ¥-, and K-Connections.. 2.42.2 Tubular Base-Metal Notch Toughness. 2.42.2.1 Charpy V-Notch Requirements. 2.42.2.2 LAST Requirements 2.42.23 Alternative Notch Toughness. 3. Prequalification of WPSs 3.1 Scope... 3.2 Welding Processes. 3.2.1 Prequalified Processes. 3.2.2 Code Approved Processes. 3.2.3 Other Welding Processes. 33 Base Metailler Metal Com! 3.4 Engineer’s Approval for Auxiliary Connections... 3.5 Minimum Preheat and Interpass Temperature Requirements 3.5.1 Base Metal/Thickness Combination . 3.5.2 Annex XI Option. adCONTENTS: 3.53 Alumate SAW Prat and Ines Temperatures 3.5.3.1 Hardness Requirements se 36 Limitation of WPS Variables. 3.6.1 Combination of WPS. 3.7 General WPS Requirement. 3.7. VerticalUp Welding Requiements 3.7.2 Width/Depth Pass Limitation 3.7.3 Weathering Steel Requirements. 3.7.3.1 Single-Pass Groove Welds 3.7.3.2 Single-Pass Fillet Welds. 3.8 Common Requiremens for Parallel Electrode and Multiple Electrode SAW. 3.8.1 GMAW Root Pass. : . 3.9 Fillet Weld Requirements 3.9.1 Details (Nontubular) 3.9.2 Details (Tubular) 3.9.3 Skewed T-Joints 3.93.1 Dihedral Angle Limitations. 3.9.3.2 Minimum Weld Size . 3.10 Plug and Slot Weld Requirements, 3.10.1 Diameter Limitations 3.10.2 Slot Length 3.10.3 Depth of Filling. 3.11 Common Requirements of Partial and Complete Joint Penetration Groove Welds 3.11.1 FCAW/GMAW in SMAW Joint. 3.11.2 Corner Joint Preparatio 3.11.3 Root Openings. 3.12 Partial Joint Penetration Requirements. 3.1241 Definition. 3.12.2 Weld Size 3.12.2.1 Minimum Prequalified Weld Sizes 3.12.3 Joint Dimensions... 3.124 Details (Tubular 3.12.4.1 Matched Box Connections 3.13 Complete Joint Penetration 3.13.1 Joint Dimension 3.13.2 }- and U-Groove Preparation 3.133 Tubular But Joints. 3.13.4 Tubular T-, Y-, and K-Connections 3.13.4, Joint Details Qualification 4.0 Scope van Part A—General Requirements 4.1 General... : 4.1.1 Welding Procedure Specification (WPS) 4.1.1.1 Qualification Responsibility... 4.1.1.2 Previous WPS Qualification 4.1.1.3 Impact Test Requirements... : 4.12 Performance Qualification of Welding Personne 4.12.1 Previous Performance Quali 4.1.2.2 Qualification Responsibility 4.13 Period of Effectiveness. 4.1341 Welds and Welding Opto 4.13.2 Tack Welders. oove Weld Requirements.hrections... tions... pete, Connections. > Only... jnection WPS with {ncetion WPS Using GMAW-S iss 1374.15.1 BSW, EGW, GTAW, and GMAW-S... 4.15.2 Other Welding Processes. 4.16 WPS Requirements (GTAW) 4.17 WPS Requirements (ESW/EGW), 4.17.1 Previous Qualification. 4.17.2 All-Weld-Metal Tension Test Requirements Part C—Performance Qualification 4.18 General. 4.18.1 Production Welding Positions Qualified 4.18.1.1 Welders. 4.18.1.2 Welding Operators 4.18.1.3 Tack Welders. 4.18.2 Production Thicknesses and Diameters Qualified. 4.18.2.1 Welders or Welding Operators. 4.18.2.2 Tack Welders.. 4.18.3 Welder and Welding Operator Qualification Through WPS Qualification 4.19 Type of Qualification Tests Required ns 4.19.1 Welders and Welding Operators... 4.19.1.1 Substitution of RT for Guided Bend Tests 4,19.1.2 Guided Bend Tests... 4.19.2 Tack Welders. 4.19.2.1 Extent of Qualification. — : 4.20 Weld Types for Welder and Welding Operator Performance Quali 4.21 Preparation of Performance Qualification Forms... 4.22 Essential Variables 4.23 CIP Groove Welds for Nontubular Connections 4.23.1 Welder Qualification Plates. 4.23.2 Welding Operator Qualification Plates for ESW/EGW..... 4.24 PIP Groove Welds for Nontubular Connections... 4.25 Fillet Welds for Nontubular Connections 4.26 CIP Groove Welds for Tubular Connections. 4.26.1 Other Joint Details or WPS... 4.27 PIP Groove Welds for Tubular Connections. 4.28 Fillet Welds for Tubular Connections 4.29 Plug and Slot Welds for Tubular and Nontubular Connector 430 Methods of Testing and Asseplance Criteria for Welder and Weg Optio Qualification. 4.30.1 Visual Inspection 4.30.2 Macroetch Test. 4,302.1 Plug and Fillet Weld Macroctch Tests... 4.30.22 Macroetch Test for T-, Y-, and K-Connections 4.30.2.3 Macroetch Test Acceptance Criteria 430.3 Radiographic Test... 4.30.3.1 Radiographic Test Acceptance Criteri 4.30.4 Fillet Weld Break Test. 4.30.4.1 Acceptance Criteria for Fillet Weld Break Test 4.30.5 Root, Face, and Side Bend Specimens. 4.31 Method of Testing and Accaptance Criteria for Tack Welder Qualification, 431.1 Visual Acceptance Crit 7 = 431.2 Destructive Testing Acceptance Criter 4.32 Retest. 4.32.1 Welder and Wel 4.32.1.1 Immediate Retest. 4.32.1.2 Retest After Further Training or Practc 4.32.13 Retest After Lapse of Qualification Period of Effectiveness. Operator Retest RequirementsCONTENTS. 432.1.4 Exception—Failure of a Requalification Retest 432.2 Tack Welder Retest Requirements. 432.2.1 Retest without Additional Training, 432.2.2 Retest After Further Training or Practice. 5. Fabrication. 5.1 Scope... 5.2 Base Metal. 5.2.1 Specified Base Metal : 5.2.2 Base Metal for Weld Tbs, Backing, and Space 5.2.2.1 Weld Tabs : 5.2.2.2 Backing 5.2.2.3 Spacers 5.3 Welding Consumables and Electrode Requirements. 53.1 General. : 5.3.1.1 Certification for Electrodes or Electrode-Flux Combinations 5.3.1.2 Suitability of Classification... 5.3.1.3 Shielding Gas 5.3.1.4 Storage 3.1.5 Condition. 5.3.2 SMAW Electrodes... 5.3.2.1 Low-Hydrogen Electrode Storage Condi 5.3.2.2 Approved Atmospheric Time Periods. : 5.3.23 Alternative Atmospheric Exposure Time Periods Established by Tests. 5.3.24 Baking Electrodes... sen 5.3.25 Electrode Restrictions for ASTM A S14 or A 517 Stel 5.3.3 SAW Blectrodes and Fluxes. 5.3.3.1 Blectrode-Flux Combination Requirements. 5.3.3.2 Condition of Flux.. 5.3.33 Flux Reclamation. 5.3.3.4 Crushed Slag... : 5.3.4 GMAWIFCAW Electrodes. 5.3.4.1 Low-Alloy Electrodes for GMA\ 5.3.4.2 Low-Alloy Electrodes for FCAW. 5.3.5 GTAW.. : 5.3.5.1 Tungsten Electrodes. 5.3.5.2 Filler Meta... 5.4 Blectroslag and Electrogas Welding Processes. 5.4.1 Process Limitations... 5.4.2 Condition of Electrodes and Guide Tubes 5.4.3 Condition of Flux ‘5.4.4 Weld Starts and Stops. 5.4.5 reheating. 5.4.6 REPRIES even 5.4.7 Weathering Steel Requirements. 5.5 WPS Variables... 5.6 Preheat and Interpass Temperature 5.7 Heat Input Control for Quenched and Tempered Steels 5.8 Stress-Relief Heat Treatment 5.8.1 Requirements 5.8.2 Alternative PWHT 5.8.3 Steels Not Recommended for PWHT 5.9 Backing, Backing Gas, or Insert 5.10 Backing, o 5.10.1 Fusion,CONTENTS 5.10.2 Full-Length Backing, 5.10.3 Backing Thickness. 5.10.4 Cyelically Loaded Nontubular Connections. 5.10.4.1 External Attached Backing 5.10.5 Statically Loaded Connections. 5.11 Welding and Cutting Equipment 5.12 Welding Environment : 5.12.1 Maximum Wind Velocity. 5.12.2 Minimum Ambient Temperature. 5.13 Compliance with Desi 5.14 Minimum Fillet Weld Sizes. 5.15 Preparation of Base Metal 5.15.1 Mill-Induced Discontinuities... 5.15.1.1 Acceptance Criter 5.15.12 Repai 5.15.2 Joint Preparation 5.15.3 Material Trimming .ro.ons ‘5.15.4 Thermal Cutting Processes. 5.15.4.1 Other Processes 5.15.4.2 Profile Accuracy 5.15.4.3 Roughness Requirements. 5.15.4.4 Gouge or Notch Limitations 5.16 Reentrant Corners . 5.17 Beam Copes and Weld Access Holes. 5.17.1 Wold Access Hole Dimensions. 5.17.2 Group 4 and 5 Shapes 5.18 Temporary and Tack Welds. 5.18.1 Temporary Welds 5.18.2 General Requirements for Tack Welds. '5.18.2.1 Incorparated Tack Welds... = '5.18.2.2 Additional Requirements for Tack Welds ee '5.18.2.3 Nonineorporated Tack Welds... os ‘5.19 Camber in Buit-Up Members. 5.19.1 Camber. 5.19.2 Correction... 5.20 Splice in Cyetially Loaded Structures. 5.21 Control of Distortion and Shrinkage.. 5.21.1 Procedure and Sequence 5.21.2 Sequencing.. 5.21.3 Contractor Responsibility 5.21.4 Weld Progression 5.21.5 Minimized Restraint. 5.21.6 Subassembly Splices. 5.21.7 Temperature Limitations 5.22 Tolerance of Joint Dimensions.. 5.22.1 Fillet Weld Assembly. 5.2.1.1 Faying Surface 5.22.2 Partial Joint Penetration Groove Weld Assembly 5.22.3 Butt Joint Alignment. 5.22.1 Girth Weld Alignment (Tubular) 5.22.4 Groove Dimensions, '5.22.4.1 Nontubular Cross-Sectional Variation. 5.2.4.2 Tubular Cross-Sectional Variations... 5.2.4.3 Correction. sn 162 162 162 162 163 163 163 163 163 1A 164 164 164 164 164 164 164 164 164 164 164 164 164 165 165 165CONTENTS: 5.2.4.4 Engineer's Approval . 5.22.5 Gouged Grooves 5.22.6 Alignment Methods. 5.23 Dimensional Tolerance of Welded Structural Members. 5.23.1 Straightness of Columns and Trusses 5.23.2 Beam and Girder Straightness (No C: 5.23.3 Beam and Girder Camber (Typical Girder) 5.234 Beam and Girder Camber (without Designed Concrete Haunch).. 5.23. Beam and Girder Sweep .. 5.23.6 Variation in Web Flatness.. 5.23.6.1 Measurements. 5.23.6.2Statcally Loaded Nontubular Structures. 5.23.6.3 Cyclically Loaded Nontubular Structures. 5.23.6.4 Excessive Distortion .. stn 5.23.65 Architectural Consider 5.23.7 Variation Between Web and Flange Centerins.. 5.23.8 Flange Warpage and Tilt. 5.23.9 Depth Variation. 5.23.10 Bearing at Points of Loading 5.23.11 Tolerance on Stiffeners. 5.23.11.1 Fit of Intermediate Stiffeners 5.23.11.2 Straightness of Intermediate Stiffeners. : 5.23.11.3 Straightness and Location of Bearing Stiffeners... '5.23.11.4 Other Dimensional Tolerances. 5.24 Weld Profiles. 5.24.1 Fillet Welds 5.24.2 Exception for Intermittent Fillet Welds 5.24.3 Convexity = : 5.24.4 Groove or Butt Welds. 5.24.4.1 Flush Surfaces. 5.24.4.2 Finish Methods and Values. 5.25 Technique for Plug and Slot Welds.. 5.25.1 Plug Welds . 5.5.1.1 Flat Position 5.25.1.2 Vertical Position... 5.25.1.3 Overhead Position 5.25.2 Slot Welds 5.26 Repairs 5.26.1 Contractor Options. 5.26.1.1 Overlap, Excessive Convexity, or Excessive Reinforcement. 5.26.1.2 Excessive Concavity of Weld or Crater, Undersize Welds, Und:reutting, 5.26.13 complete Fusion, Exesive Poon, o Sig Icons. '5.26.1.4 Cracks in Weld or Base Metal 5.26.2 Localized Heat Repair Temperature Limitation. 5.26.3 Engineer's Approval 5.264 Inaccessibility of Unacceptable Welds. 5.26.5 Welded Restoration of Base Metal with Mislocated Holes 169 169 169 169 169 “AM m1 ATL “AT im m “ATL “ATL 72 172 “TZ “TZ “72 1 ITZ 5.30 Weld Cleaning... a 5.30.1 In-Process Cleaning... 5.30.2 Cleaning of Completed WeldsCONTENTS 5.31 Weld Tabs. 5.31.1 Use of Weld Tabs ‘5.31.2 Removal of Weld Tabs for Siatically Loaded Nontubular Structures... 5313 Retmva of Weld Tis forCyeticlly Loaded Nootbulr Stet. 31.4 Ends of Welded Butt Joints. Inspection. Part A—General Requirements 6.1 Scop a= 6.1.1 Information Furnished to Bidders 6.1.2 inspection and Contract Stipulations. 6.1.24 Fabrication/Erection. 6.1.22 Verification Inspection. 6.1.3 Definition of Inspector Categories. 6.13.1 Fabrication/Erection Inspector. 6.1.3.2 Veri 6.13.3 Inspector) 6.14 Inspector Qualification Req 6.1.4.1 Bases for Qualification... 6.1.4.2 Term of Effectiveness 6.1.43 Assistant Inspector. 6.1.44 Bye Examination ooo 6.1.45 Verification Authority 6.15 Inspector Responsibility. 6.1.6 Items tobe Furnished tothe Inspector. 6.1.7 tnspector Notification 62 Inspection of Materials. 63 Inspection of WPS and Espen 63.1 WPS 63.2 Welding Equipment. 64 Inspection of Welder, Welding Operator, and Tack Welder Qualifications... {64.1 Determination of Qualification. = 6.42 Retesting Based on Quality of Work 6.43 Retesting Based on Certification Expiration. 65 Inspection of Work and Record. 65.1 Size, Length, and Location of Weld. 65.2. WPS.. 65.3 Blectrode Classification and Ung 65.4 Scope of Examinations. 65.5 Extent of Examination . 6.56 Inspector Identification of Inspections Performed 6.5.7 Maintenance of Records Part B—Contractor Responsibilities 6.6 Obligations of the Contractor. 6.6.1 Contractor Responsibilities. 6.6.2 Inspector Requests. 6.6.3 Engineering Judgment. 6.6.4 Specified Nondestructive Testing Other Than Visual. 6.6.5 Nonspecified Nondestructive Testing Other Than Visual. Part C—Acceptance Criteria. 6.7 Scope. 6.8 Engincer’s Approval for Alternate Acceptance Criteria 6.9 Visual Inspection... o _ 6.10 Liquid Penetrant and Magnetic Par‘CONTENTS 6.11 Nondestructive Testing. 7 6.11.1 Tubular Connection Requirements. 6.12 Radiographic Inspection 6.12.1 Acceptance Citi fr Sacaly Lauded ‘Nontubular Connections. 6.12.1.1 Discontinuities oe 6.12.1.2 Hlustration of Requirements. 6.122 Anceplance Cite for Cytcly L [Loaded Nontubular Connections 6.12.2.1 Tensile Stress Welds.. st 6.12.2.2 Compressive Stress Welds 6.12.2.3 Discontinuities Less Than 1/16 in. 6.12.2.4 Limitations : 6.12.25 Annex V Illustration. 6.123 Acceptance Criteria for Tubular Connections. 6123.1 6.12.3.2 Mustration 6.13 Ultrasonic Inspection . 6.13.1 Acceptance Criteria for Stati 6.13.2 Acceptance Criteria for Cyc 6.13.2.1 Indications ene 6.13.22 Scanning. 6.13.3 Acceptance Criteria for Tubular Connections. 6.1331 Class R (Applicable When UT is Used as an Alternate to RT) . : 6.13.3.2 Class X (Experience-Based, Fitness-for-Purpose Criteria Applicable to T-, K-Connections in Redundant Structures with Notch-Tough Weldments).. lly Loaded Nontubular Connections. cally Loaded Nontubular Connections .. Part D—Nondestructive Testing Procedures. 6.14 Procedutes nn 6.14.1 Radiographic Testing . 6.14.2 Radiation Imaging Systems 6.14.3 Ultrasonic Testing... 6.14.4 Magnetic Particle Testing... 6.145 Dye Penetrant Testing. 6.14.6 Personnel Qualification... 6.14.61 ASNT Requirements... 6.14,6.2 Centification 6.14.63 Exemption of OCI Requirements. 6.15 Extent of Testing. 6.15.1 Full Testing 6.15.2 Partial Testing. 6.15.3 Spot Testing. 6.15.4 Relevant Information Part E—Radiographic Testing 6.16 Radiographic Testing of Groove Welds in Butt Joins.. 6.16.1 Procedures and Standards. f 6.16.2 Variations 6.17 Radiographic Procedures 6.17.1 Procedure n 6.17.2 Safety Requirements 6.17.3 Removal of Reinforcement. 6.173.1 Tabs. : 6.17.3.2 Steel Backing. 6.17.3.3 Reinforcement 6.17.4 Radiographic Fil 6.17.5 Technique...‘CONTENTS: 6.17.1 Geometric Unsharpness 6.17.5.2 Source-to-Subject Distance. 6.17.5.3 Source-to-Subject Distan 6.17.6 Sources... 6.17-7 101 Selection and Placement. 6.17.8 Technique. 6.17.8.1 Film Lengt 6.17.8.2 Overlapping Film. 6.17.8.3 Backscatter 6.17.9 Film Width 6.17.10 Quality of Radi 6.17.11 Density Limitations. 6.17.11.1 H& D Density 6.17.11.2 Transitions. 6.17.12 Identification Marks 6.17.13 Edge BIOCKS ss 6.18 Supplementary Radiographic Testing Requirements for Tubular Comections 6.18.1 Circumferential Groove Welds in Butt Joints 6.18.1.1 Single-Wall Exposure/Single-Wall View 6.18.1.2 Double-Wall Exposure/Single-Wall View 6.18.1.3 Double-Wall Exposure/Double-Wall View... 6.19 Examination, Rept, and Dispeiton of Rasogrpb. 6.19.1 Equipment Provided by Contractor. 6.19.2 Repors.. 6.19.3 Record Retention. Part F—Ultrasonic Testing of Groove Welds 6.20 General. 6.20.1 Procedures and Standards 6.20.2 Variations. 6.20.3 Piping Porosity. 6.20.4 Base Metal. 6.21 Qualification Requirements 6.22 Ultrasonic Equipment. 6.22.1 Equipment Requirements. 6.22.2 Horizontal Linearity.. 6.22.3 Requirements for Test Instruments. 6.22.4 Calibration of Test Instruments. 6.225 Display Rang = : 6.22.6 Straight-Beam (Longitudinal Wave) Search Units 6.22.7 Angle-Beam Search Units 6.22.7.1 Frequenc} 6.22.7.2 Transducer Dimensions... 6.22.73 Angles 6.22.74 Marking.. 6.22.75 Internal Reflection 6.22.7.6 Bdge Distance... 6.2.7.7 IW Blocl 6.23 Reference Standards 6.23.1 IW Standard.. 6.23.2 Prohibited Reflectors. 6.23.3 Resolution Requirements 6.24.2 Gain Control.CONTENTS: 6.24.3 Internal Reflection: 6.24.4 Calibration of Angle-Beam Search Uni 6.25 Calibration for Testing... 6.25.1 Position of Reject Control 6.25.2 Technique wv 6.25.3 Recalibration.. 6.25.4 Straight-Beam Testing of Base Metal 6.25.4.1 Sweep.. 6.25.4.2 Sensitivity. 6.25.5 Calibration for Angle-Beam Testing, 6.285.1 Horizontal Sweep. 6,255.2 Zero Reference Level... 6.26 Testing Procedures. 6.26.1 “X" Line.. 6.26.2Y” Line 6.26.3 Cleanliness. 6.26.4 Couplants. 6.26.5 Extent of Testing. 6.26.5.1 Reflector Size. 6.26.5.2 Inaccess 6.26.6 Testing of Wel 6.26.6.1 Scanning. 6.26.6.2 Butt JoiMts enon 6.26.6.3 Maximum Indication.. 6.26.6.4 Attenuation Factor. 6.26.6.5 Indication Rating.. 6.26.7 Length of Flaws : 6.26.8 Basis for Acceptance or Rejection. 6.26.9 Identification of Rejected Area. 6.26.10 Repair. 6.26.11 Retest Reports 6.27 Ultrasonic Testing of Tubular 6.27.1 Procedure 6.27.2 Personnel... 1 Y>y an 6.27.3.2 Sensitivity Calibratic 6.27.4 Base-Metal Examination 6.27.5 Weld Scanning .. 6.27.6 Optimum Angle. 6.27.7 Discontinuity Evaluat 6.27.8 Reports.. 6.278.1 Forms .. 6.27.8.2 Reported Discontinuities.. 6.27.83 Incomplete Inspection 6.27.8.4 Reference Marks.. 6.28 Preparation and Disposition of Repors. 6.28.1 Content of Reports ns 6.28.2 Prior Inspection Reports. 6.28.3 Completed Reports. 6.29 Calibration of the Ultrasonic Unit with IIW or Other Approved Reference Blocks 6.29.1 Longitudinal Mode. 6.29.1.1 Distance Calibration... 6.29.1.2 Amplitude...CONTENTS 6.29.1.3 Resolution : 6.29.1.4 Horizontal Linearity Qualificat 6.29.1.5 Gain Control (Attenuation) Qualification... 6.29.2 Shear Wave Mode (Transverse)... 6.29.2.1 Index Point 6.29.2.2 Angle.. . 6.29.2.3 Distance Calibration Procedure... 6.29.2.4 Amplitude or Sensitivity Cs 6.29.25 Resolution 6.29.26 Approach Distance of Search Uni 6.30 Equipment Qualification Procedures 6.30.1 Horizontal Linearity Procedure. 6.30.2 dB Accuracy. o 6.30.2.1 Procedure 6.30.2.2 Decibel Equi 630.23 Annex D. 6.30.24 Procedure 6:30.2.5 Nomograph.. 6.30.3 Internal Reflections Procedu... 6.31 Flaw Size Evaluation Procedures... 6.31.1 Straight-Beam (Longitudinal) Testing. 6.31.2 Angle-Beam (Shear) Testing. 6.32 Scanning Patterns.. 6.32.1 Longitudinal Discontinuties. 6.32.1.1 Scanning Movement A. 6.32.1.2 Scanning Movement B. 6.32.1.3 Scanning Movement C. 6.32.2 Transverse Discontinuities. 6.32.2.1 Ground Welds.. 6,32.2.2 Unground Welds... 6.32.3 Elecroslag or Blectrogas Welds (Ad 6.33 Examples of dB Accuracy Certification Part G—Other Examination Methods... 6.34 General Requirements. 6.35 Reiaion imaging Systems Including Real-Time Imaging. 6.35.1 General 6.35.2 Procedures. 6.35.3 Procedure Qualification. 6.35.4 Personnel Qualifications 6.35.5 Image Quality Indicator. 6.35.6 Image Enhancement, Procedure. ional Scanning Pattern. 7.1 Scope. 7.2 General Requirements... 7.2.1 Stud Design 7.2.2 Ate Shields. 7.23 Flux 7.24 Stud Bases 7.25 Stud Finish. 7.2.6 Stud Matetial ooo 7.2.7 Base Metal Thickness... 7.3 Mechanical Requirements.‘CONTENTS 7.3.1 Standard Mechanical Requirements. 73.2 Testing, 7.3.3 Engineer's Request. 73 Absence of Quality Control Tests 735 Engineer's Option to Select Studs. 74 Workmanship 74.1 Cleanliness. 74.2 Coating Restrictions... 74.3 Base-Metal Preparation. 75 Spacing Requirements. 7A8 Ac Shield Removal 1A.7 Acceptance Criteria. 7.5 Technique . 75.1 Automatic Machine Welding. 75.2 Multiple Welding Guns. 75.3 Movement of Welding Gu 715A Ambient and Base-Metal Temperature Requirements 75.5 FCAW, GMAW, SMAW Fillet Weld Option TSS.1 Surfaces... 755.2 Stud End.. 753.3 Stud Fit Fillet Welds). 755.4 Fillet Weld Minimum Size 755.5 Preheat Requirements. 755.6 SMAW Electrodes. 753.7 Visual Inspect 7.6 Stud Application Qualification Requirements 7.6.1 Purpose. 7.6.3.2 Recorded Information 7.6.4 Number of Specimens. 7.65 Tesi Required 7.6.6 Test Methods. 7.6.6.1 Bend Test. 7.6.6.2 Torque Test. 7.6.6.3 Tens 7.6.7 Application Qualification Test Data. 7.1 Production Control 7.7.4 Pre-production Testing, FTAA Statt of Shift oon 7.7.1.2 Production Member Option. 7.7.1.3 Flash Requirement. 7.714 Bending... TAS Event of Failure. 7.1.2 Production Welding... 7.13 Repair of Stud .oeno 7.74 Operator Qualification 7.75 Removal Area Repair 78 Fabrication and Verification Inspection Requirements. 7.8.1 Visual Inspection 7.8.2 Additional Tests a 7.8.3 Bent Stud Acceptance CriteriaCONTENTS 7.84 Torque Test Acceptance Crit 7.8 Engineering Judgment. 7.8.6 Owner's Option. 8 Stengihening and Rearing Bsising Sirucres 8.1 General 8.2 Base Metal 8.2.1 Investigation. 8.22 Suitability for Welding... 8.2.3 Other Base Metals. ns 843 Design fo Swengthenng and Reps. 8.3.1 Design Process won 8.3.2 Stress Analysis. 8.3.3 Fatigue History, 8.344 Restoration or Replacement. 8.3.5 Loading During Operations 8.3.6 Existing Connections 18.3.7 Use of Existing Fasteners. ‘84 Fatigue Life Eahancement ‘84.1 Methods. : 8.4.2 Stress Range Increase... 8.5 Workmanship and Technique 8.5.1 Base-Metal Condition... 8.5.2 Member Discontinuities. 85.3 Weld Repairs Base Metal of Insuffi 8.5.5 Heat Straightening. 85.6 Welding Sequence. 8.6 Quality 8.6.1 Visual Inspection... 8.6.2 Nondestructive Testing. Annexes—Mandatory Information. ‘Annex I—Effective Throat. ‘Annex H— Effective Throats of Fillet Welds in Skowed T- Joins. ‘Annex IlI—Requirements for Impact Testing ‘Annex IV—WPS Requirements.. or ——- ‘Annex V—Weld Quality Requirements for Tension Joins in Cyelically Loaded Structures. ‘Annex VI—Flatness of Girder Webs—Statically Loaded Structures : ‘Annex Vil—Platness of Girder Webs—Cyclically Loaded Structures. ‘Annex VIII —Temperature-Moisture Content Charts... ‘Annex IX—Manufacturers’ Stud Base Qualificaion Requirements ‘Annex X— Qualification and Calibration of Ultrasonic Units with Other Approved Reference Blocks. Annex XI—Guideline on Alternative Methods for Determining Preheat. ‘Annex XII—Symbols for Tubular Connection Weld Design... Annexes—Nonmandatory Information Annex A—Short Citcuiting Transf ‘Annex B—Terms and Definitions ‘Annex C—Guide for Specification Writers ‘Annex D—Ultrasonie Equipment Qualification and Inspection Forms.. ‘Annex E—Sample Welding Form : for Preparation of Technical Inguties for the Structural Welding Committ ‘Annex G—Local Dihedral Angle.. 7 ‘Annex H—Contents of Prequalified WI ‘Annex J—Safe Practices ‘Annex K—Ultrasonic Examin: jon of Welds by Alternative Techniques...‘CONTENTS. Annex L—Ovalizing Parameter Alpha... ‘Annex M-—Code-Approved Base Metals and Filler Metals Requiring Qualification per Section 4 Annex N—List of Reference Documents. ‘Annex O—Filler Metal Strength Propertics.... Commentary . Foroword CL. General Requirements C1.1 Scope... C2. Design of Welded Connections. 2.1.2 Allowable Increase. €2.1.3 Laminations and Lamellar Tearing. 2.2.3 Weld Size and Length... 2.47.1 Attachments.. 4.7.5 Opposite Sides of Common Plane. €2.48.1 Double Fillet Wels. €2.48.2 Minimum Overlap €2.6.2 Combinations of Wel €2.63 Welds with Rivets or Bolts. C28 Becentricity. €2.9 Genera... €2.10 Allowable Stresses (Statically or Cycically Loaded Nontubular Connections). 2.14.1 Longitudinal Fillet Welds = . (€2.14.4 and C2.14.5 Alternative Design Strength of Fillet Welds €2.16 Maximum Spacing of Intermittent Welds. ae 2.17 Compression Members, 2.18 Tension Members won 2.19 End Returns €2.20 Transition of Thicknesses or Widths 2.21.5 Continuous Welds. €2.23 Combined Stresses. €2.24 Cyclic Load Stress Range... (€2.27 Prohibited Joints and Welds €2.20 Transition of Thicknesses or Width : €2.29.2 Shear or Compression Butt Joint Thickness... 2.30 Stiffeners.. = €2.30.1 Intermitent Fillet Welds €2.32.1 Longitudinal Fillet Welds €234 Cover Plates. 2.35 General (Tubular Connections) 2.36 Allowable Stresses (Tubular). 236.1 Base-Metal Stresses. 2.36.3 Weld Stresses... €2.36.6.2 Fatigue Stress Categories. 236.63 Basic Allowable Suess Limitation. (€2.36.6.6 Fatigue Behavior Improvement... 2.36.6.7 Size and Profile Effects. €2.40 Limitations of the Strength of Welded Connections. 2.40.11 Local Failu €2.40.1.2 General Collapse. 2.40.13 Uneven Distribution of Load (Weld Sizing) €2.40.2 Box T-, ¥-, and K-Connections 2.40.2. Local Failure €2.40.2.2 General Collapse.‘CONTENTS: C2.40.2.3 Uneven Distribution of Load (Effective Width), €2.40.2.4 Overlapping Connections... €2.40.2.5 Bending, €2.40.2.6 Other Configurations. €2.42 Material Limitations. €2.42.1.5 Box T-, Y-, or K-Connections. €2.42.2 Tubular Base-Metal Notch Toughness. €2.42.2.1 Charpy V-Notch Requirements. €2.42.2.2 LAST Requirements... C3. Prequalification of WPSs... €3.2.1 Prequalified Processes... C3.3 Base Metal/Filler Metal Combinations C35 Minimum Preheat and Interpass Temperature Req C3.6 Limitation of WPS Variables €3.7.2 Width/Depth Pass Limitation... €3.7.3 Weathering Steel Requirements. C Table 3.7 Electrical Limitations. Table 3.7 Requirement for Multiple Electrode SAW. C Table 3.7 Requirements for GMAW/BCAW ween €3.10 Plug and Slot Weld Requirements. €3.11.2 Comer Joint Preparation. €3.13.1 Joint Dimensions. C Figure 3.3 Effective Weld CA. Qualification C4.1:1.1 Qualification Responsibility. C4.1.2 Performance Qualification of Welding Personnel (C4.1.3:1 Period of Effectiveness —Welders and Welding Operators (C4.2.4 Positions of Test Welds. C4.4 Type of Qualification Tests C Table 4.2 WPS Qualification—Complete Joint Penetration Groove Welds; Number and Type of ‘Test Specimens and Range of Thickness and Diameter Qualified ...u.nar a (C4.7 Essential Variables 4.7.1 SMAW, SAW, GMAW, GTAW and FCAW C4.8.3.2 Longitudinal Bend Tests... C4.8.3.3 Acceptance Criteria for Bend Tests (C4.10.1 Type and Number of Specimens to be Tested... 4.11.1 Type and Number of Specimens—Fillt Welds... 4.12 Complete Joint Penetration Groove Welds for Tubular Connections (C4.12.4 T-, Y-, and K-Connections without Backing Welded from One Side Only. (C4.12.4.4 Weldments Requiring Notch Toughness. a C4.15 Welding Processes Requiring Qualification (C4.17 WPS Requirements (ESW/EGW) . (C4.17.2 All-Weld-Metal Tension Test Requirements (C4.18 General = C4.22 Essential Variables. C Table 4.11 CTable 4.8. C4.26 CIP Groove Welds for Tubular Connections. CS. Fabrication. C5.1 Scope 5.2 Base Metal.... 5.3.1.3 Dew Poinl/Manufacturer’s Cerificaton. xxiCONTENTS: 5.3.2. SMAW Electrodes, 5.3.2.1 Low-Hydrogen Electrode Storage Condition (C5,3.3.1 Blectrode-Flux Combinations. 5.3.3.2 Condition of Flux 5.3.3.3 Flux Reclamation €5.3.3.4 Crushed Slag, (5.3.4 GMAW/FCAW Elect 5.4 Blectroslag and Electrogas Welding Processes (C5.5 WPS Variables. 5.7 Heat Input Control for Quenched and Tempered St C5.8 Stress Relief Heat Treatment €5.10 Backing... €5.10.2 Full-Length Backing 3.10.4 Cyclically Loaded Nontubular Connections... - €5.12.2 Minimum Ambient Temperature : : 404 C5.13 Compliance with Design = (C5.14 Minimum Fillet Weld Sizes 5.15 Preparation of Base Metal. €5.15.1.2 Repai 5.15.2 Join Preparation. 5.15.43 Roughness Requirements 5.16 Reentrant Corners 5.17 Beam Copes and Weld Access Holes. 5.17.1 Weld Access Hole Dimensions 5.18.2 General Requirements for Tack Weld 5.19 Camber in Built-Up Members.o.nn 5.22.1 Fillet Weld Assembly 5.22.2 Partial Joint Penetration Groove Weld i Asenbly 5.22.3 Butt Joint Alignment €5.22.4.2 Tubular Cross-Sectional Variations. €5.22.4.3 Corection.. €5.23.2 and C5.23.3 Beam and Girder Straighiness (C5.23.4 Beam and Girder Camber (without Designed Concrete Haunch). €5.23.6.1 Measurements. 5.23.62 Statically Loaded Nontubulr Structures €5.23.6.4 Excessive Distortion : (C5.23.8 Flange Warpage and Tilt. C5.23.10 Bearing at Points of Loading. €5.23.11.4 Other Dimensional Tolerances. 5.24 Weld Profile 5.26.1 Contractor Option (Repait) 5.26.2 Localized Heat Repair Temperature Limit 5.26.5 Welded Restoration of Base Metal “ae 4 406 406 t 406 406 406 408 408 408 408 410 AO | A10 410 10 AI = = 5.27 Peening 2 5.28 Caulking. se 12 5.29 Arc Sttik28 on 412 C5.30 Weld Cleaning 412 C531 Weld Tabs.. 412 C6, Inspection C6.1 Scope 6.1.1 Information Furnished vo Bidders €6.1.2 Inspection and Contract Stipulations. 6.1.3 Definition of Inspector Categories €6.1.5 Inspector Responsil a3 43 43 43 ata wd aCONTENTS a 44 414 414 aus €6.1.6 Items to be Furnished to the Inspector €6.1.7 Inspector Notification. C6.2 Inspection of Materials. (C6.3 Inspection of WPS Qualification and Equipment és nmpeston of Welder, Welding Open, nd Tick Walder Qualiticatons.. ©6.4.1 Determination of Qualification aus €6.4.2 Retesting Based on Quality of Work.. 44 €6.4.3 Retesting Based on Certification Expit 414 C655 Inspection of Work and Records a €6.6.1 Contractor Responsibilities. 414 C6.6.2 Inspector Requests. sn ld 06.6.4 Specified Nondestructive Testing Other Than Visual. nl €6.7 Seo 415 C6.8 Engineer's Approval for Alternate Acceptance Criteria 415 69 Visual Inspection 415 41S €6.10 Liquid Penetrant and Magnetic Particle Inspection. 415 C6.11 Nondestructive Testin AIS ©6.12.2 Acceptance Criteria for Cyclical Loaded Nontubular Connections 16 3.1 Acceptance Criteria for Statically Loaded Nontubular Connections... 16 €6.13.2 Acceptance Criteria for Cyclically Loaded Nontubular Connections... 416 C6.13.3 Ultrasonic Acceptance Criteria for Tubular Connections. : AIT C6.14 Procedures... AIT C6.14.6 Personnel Qualification AIT C6.15 Extent of Testing. AIT C6.15.3 Spot Testing. AT €6.16.1 Procedures and Standards (Rad eric Tsing) 418 €6.16.2 Variations.. . 418, ©6.17 Radiographic Procedure 418, €6.17.2 Safety Requirements. 418, €6.17.3 Removal of Reinforcement 418 €6.17.3.1 Tabs. vs stn 418, €6.17.3.3 Reinforcement AB €6.17.4 Radiographic Film... 418 €6.17.5 Technique 418, €6.175.1 Geometric Unsharpnes. 418 06.175.2, C6.17.5.3 Source-to-Subject Distance and Limitations 418 €6.17.6 Sources €6.17-7 101 Selection an €6.17.83 Backscatter (€6.17.9 Film Wil €6.17.10 Quality of Radiographs €6.17.11.1 H & D Density €6.17.11.2 Transitions. €6.17.12 Identification Marks €6.17.13 Badge Blocks. 6.19 Examination, Report and Disposition of Radiograph. €6.19.1 Equipment Provided by Contractor. €6,19.2, C6.19.3 Reports and Retention €6.20.1 UT Procedures and Standards 6.20.2 Variations. (€6.20.3 Piping Porosity... €6.22 Ultrasonic Equipmet.. €6.22.6 Straight Beam (Longitudinal Wave) Search Uni 418 419 419 419 419 419 419 A 1D 419 419 419 419 420 20 420 421 21CONTENTS: €6.22.7.2 Transducer Dimensions... 6.23.1 IIW Standard C Figure 6.22. 6.23.2 Prohibited Reflectors €6.24.1 Horizontal Lineati €6.24.2 Gain Control 421 421 421 42 42 421 06.244 Calibration of Angle Beam Search Unit 421 06.25.4.1 Sweep : 421 €6.25.5.1 Horizontal Sweep sei2 €6.26.4 Couplants. €6.26.5 Extent of Testing... ©6.26.5.1 Reflector Sizt €6.26.5.2 Inaccessibilit CTable 6.6. €6.26.6 Testing of Welds.. C6.26.6.4 Attenuation Factor. C6.26.7 Length of Flaws €6.26.8 Basis for Acceptance or Rejection. €6.27 Ultrasonic Testing of Tubular T-, Y-, and K-Connections. C7. Stud Welding CTA Scope 7.2 General Requirements C725 Stud Finish. C73 Mechanical Requirements. C74 Workmanship. 7.4.6 and C74.7 Are Shield Removal. C75.1 Automatic Machine Welding... 75.5 FCAW, GMAW, SMAW Fillet Weld Option. C7.6 Stud Application Qualification Requirements. 7.6.1 Purpose... 7 €7.7 Production Control C7-7.1.4 Bending 2 422 422 8.3 Desig for Stenting and Reps C83.1 Design Process. €8.3.3 Fatigue History... €8.3.5 Loading During Operations.. (C8.3.7 Use of Existing Fasteners... (C8.4.1 Fatigue Life Enhancement (C8.4.2 Stress Range Increas C85 Workmanship and Technique . (C8.5.2 Member Discontinuities.. C8.5.4 Base Metal of Insufficient Thickness. 85.5 Heat Straightening, €8.5.6 Welding Sequence. C8.6 Quality . Annex CXI—Guidelines on Alternative Methods for Deter XII Preheat—Background Review and DiscussionCONTENTS CXI1.1 General Observations CXI1.2 Basis of Predicting Preheat. CXIL.3 Scope of Proposed Preheat Requirements. CXI2 Restraint. AI Relation Between Energy np and Fillet Leg Size. ‘CXI4 Application. Index. 435 435, 436 436 836 437 439 | osList of Tables Table 21 Effective Weld Sizes of Flare Groove Welds... 2.2 Z Loss Dimension (Nontubular) 23 ‘Connection Welds 24 ‘or Reversal Stresses (Nontubulrs) 2.5 Allowable Stresses in Tubular Connection Welds.. 2.6 Stress Categories for Type and Location of Material for Circular Sect 2.7 Fatigue Category Limitations on Weld Size or Thickness and Weld Profile (Tubular Connection 2.8 — Z Loss Dimension for Calculating Prequalified PJP T-,Y-, and K-Tubular Connection Minimum, Weld Sizes. 2.9 Terms for Strength of Connections (Circular Sections). 3.1 Prequalified Base Metal—Filler Metal Combinations for Matching Strength . 3.2 Prequalified Minimum Preheat and Interpass Temperature... 3.3. Filler Metal Requirements for Exposed Bare Applications of Weathering Steels 3.4 Minimum Prequalified PIP Weld Size (E). 3.5 Joint Detail Applications for Prequalified CJP T-, Y-, and K-Tubular Connections 3.6 Prequalified Joint Dimensions and Groove Angles for Complete Joint Penetration Groove Welds in Tubular T-, Y, and K-Connections Made by Shielded Metal Arc, Gas Metal Are (Short Circuiting, ‘Transfet) and Flux Cored Are Welding. .oon: : : : 3.7 Prequalified WPS Requirements. ' 4.1 WPS Qualification—Production Welding Positions Qualified by Pla, Pipe, and Box Tube Tests 4.2. WPS Qualification—Complete Joint Penetration Groove Welds: Number and Type of Test 94 ‘Specimens and Range of Thickness and Diameter Qualified se 43 Number and Type of Test Specimens and Range of Thickness Qualified WPS Qualification; Partial Joint Penetration Groove Welds 412 44 Number and Type of Test Specimens and Range of Thickness Qualified WPS Qualification, Fillet Welds. 112 4.5 POR Essential Vari FCAW, and GTAW.. 46 POR Essential Variable Changes Requiring WPS Requifeaion for Electroslag or Electrogas Welding. : 4.7 Table 3.1 and Annex M Steels Qualified by POR Stels.. 4.8 Welder Qualification—Production Welding Positions Qualified by Plate, Pipe, and Box Tube Tests... 138 49 elder and Welding Operator Quaifcaton—Number an Type of Specimens and Range of ‘Thickness and Diameter Qualifie: : 4.10 Welding Personnel Performance Essential Variable Changes Requiring Requaifeatn. 4.11 Electrode Classific 5.1 Permissible Atmospher 5.2 Minimum Holding Time. 53 Altemate Siess-Relief Heat Treatment. 54 Limits on Acceptability and Repair of Mill Induced Laminar Discontinuities in Cut Surfaces... 5.5 Tubular Root Opening Toler 5.6 Camber Tolerance for Typi 7 Camber Tolerance for Girders without a Designed Concrete Haunch... 5.8 Minimum Fillet Weld Sizes ns o 6.1 Visual Inspection Accoptance Criteria, le Changes Requiring WPS Requalifcation for SMAW, SAW, GMAW,62 63 64 65 66 4 72 M4 M1 I-t Xie x12 Ad Ki ca 22 C23 24 C25 C26 27 C41 C42 6.1 ca 82 UST OF TABLES Ultrasonic Acceptance-Rejection Criteria (Statically Loaded Nontubular Connections) . Ultrasonic Acceptance-Rejection Criteria (Cyclically Loaded Nontubular Connections). Hole-Type Image Quality Indicator (IQ1) Requirements Wire Image Quality Indicator (IQ1) Requirements. ‘Testing Angle Mechanical Property Requirements for Studs : ‘Minimum Fillet Weld Size for Small Diameter Studs Equivalent Fillet Weld Leg Size Factors for Skewed T-Ioints, Impact Test Requirements... ‘Code Requirements that may be Changed by WPS Qualification Tests. Susceptibility Index Grouping as Function of Hydrogen Level “H” and Composition Parameter Row inimum Preheat and Interpass Temperatures for Three Levels of Restraint. ‘Typical Current Ranges for Short Circuiting Transfer Gas Metal Arc Welding of Steel ‘Acceplance-Rejection Criteria . Survey of Diameter/Thickness and Flat Width/Thickness Limits for Tubes. ‘Suggested Design Factors Values of 3D Structural Steel Plates. Structural Steel Pipe and Tubular Shapes. Structural Stee! Shapes. Classification Matrix for Applications. ‘Weld Notch Toughness. HAZ Notch Toughness, Ultrasonic Acceptance Criteria for 2 in. (50 mmm) Welding, Using 1270" Probe. Guide to Welding Suitability Relationship Between Plate Thickness and Burr RadiusFigure 24 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 2.10 211 2.12 243 214 245 2.16 217 218 2.19 2.20 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 3.10 3 41 42 43 44 4s 46 47 48 List of Figures Details for Prequalified Fillet Welds. Filler Plates Loss Than 1/4 in. (6 mm) Thick . Filler Plates 1/4 in. (6 mm) or Thicker. ‘Transition of Thickness of Butt Joints in Pats of Unequal Thickness (Tubular). Double-Fillet Welded Lap Joint. ‘Transition of Butt Joins in Parts of Unequal Thickness (Nontubulat) ‘Transition of Widths (Statically Loaded Nontubular), Examples of Various Fatigue Categories Design Stress Range Curves for Categories A to F—Redundant Structures (Nontubular) Design Stress Range Curves for Categories A to F—Nonredundant Structures (Nontubulat).... ‘Transition of Width (Cyclically Loaded Nontubular). oo Fillet Welds on Opposite Sides of a Common Plane of Contact. Allowable Fatigue Stress and Strain Ranges for Stress Categories ee “Table 2.6), Redundant ‘Tubular Structures for Atmospheric Service. Parts of a Tubular Connection... Fillet Welded Lap Joint (Tubular. Tubular'T-, Y-, and K-Connection Fillet Weld Footprint Radius. Overlapping K-Connections ‘Weld Bead in which Depth and Width Exceed the Width of the Weld Face Fillet Welded Prequalified Tubular Joints Made by Shielded Metal Arc, Gas Metal Arc, and Flux Cored Are Welding. : Prequalified Partial Joint Penetration (PIP) Groove Welded Joint Detail... Prequalified Complete Joint Penetration (CIP) Groove Welded Joint Details. Prequalified Joint Details for PIP T-, Y-, and K-Tubular Connections. Prequalified Joint Details for CIP T-, Y-, and K-Tubular Connections ' Definitions and Detailed Selections for Prequalified CIP T-, Y-, and K-Tubular Connections. 93 Prequalified Joint Details for Complete Joint Penetration Groove Welds in Tubular 'T-, Y-,and K-Connections—Standard Flat Profiles for Limited Thickness... Prequalified Joint Details for Complete Joint Penetration Groove Welds in Tubular 'T., Y-,and K-Connections—Profile with Toe Fillet for Intermediate Thickness. Prequalified Joint Details for Complete Joint Penetration Groove Welds in Tubular , ¥, and K-Connetions—Concve Improved Profi or Heavy Seti or Fag Prequalified Skewed T-Joint Details (Nontubular). Positions of Test Pipe or Tubing for Groove Welds... Positions of Test Plate for Fillet Welds . Positions of Test Pipes or Tubing for Fillet Welds. Location of Test Specimens on Welded Test Pipe enn: Location of Test Specimens for Welded Box Tubing... xxvii rc49 4.10 4a 442 413 4.14 4.5 4.16 417 4.18 4.19 420 421 422 423 424 425 4.26 427 428 429 430 431 432 433, 434 435 436 437 438 Sa 32 53 54 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 UST OF FIGURES Laation of Test Specimens on Welded Test Paes—Electslg and Elecrogas Welding — WPS Qualification Location of Test Specimens on Welded Test Plate Over 3/8 in. (10 mm) Thick—WPS Qualification. Location of Test Specimens on Welded Test Plate 378 in. “co mm) Thick and Under_—WPS 119 120 Qualification... 121 Face and Root Bend Specimens. 122 Side Bend Specimens.. Reduced-Section Tension Specimens Guided Bend Test Jig.. ‘Alternative Wraparound Guided Bend Test ig ‘Alternative Roller-Equipped Guided Bend Test Jig for Bottom Be All-Weld-Metal Tension Specimen. sa 126 126 127 of Test Specimen.. Fillet Weld Soundness Tests for WPS Qualification... 130 Pipe Fillet Weld Soundness Test—WPS Qualification 131 ‘Test Plate for Unlimited Thickness —Welder Quali 132 ‘Test Plate for Unlimited Thickness—Welding Oj 132. Location of Test Specimen on Welded Test Plate Verification for Fillet Weld WPS Qualification. 133 134 Tubes But Joint Welder or WPS Qualification wih Bectng., 134 ‘Acute Angle Heel Test Restraints not Shown) 135 ‘Test Joint for WPS Qualification. 136 (Comer Macroetch Test Joint for T-, ¥-, and K-Conneetions without Backing on Box Tubing {for Complete Joint Penetration—Welder and WPS Qualification... Optional Test Plate for Unlimited Mhickness—Horizonal Postion — Welder Quali ‘Test Plate for Limited Thickness—All Positions—Welder Qualification Optional Test Plate for Limited Thickness —Horizontal Position —Welder Qualification Fillet Weld Root Bend Test Plate—Welder or Welding Operatot—Option 2.. Location of Test Specimens on Welded Test Pipe and Box Tubing —Welder Qualification Method of Rupturing Specimen—Tack Welder Qualification Butt Joint for Welding Operation Qualification—Electroslag and Electrogas Wel Fillet Weld Break and Macrocich Test Plate—Welder or Welding Operator Qualificat OPLION Levene : Plug Weld Macroeich Test Plate Welding Operator or Welder Qualification. Fillet Weld Broak Specimen—Tack Welder Qualification... Edge Discont in Cut Material. Weld Access Hole Geometry ‘Workmanship Tolerances in Assembly of Groove Welded Acceptable and Unacceptable Weld Profiles ‘Weld Quality Requirements for Elongated Discontinuities as Determined by Radiography for Statically Loaded Nontubular Structures. : Maximum Acceptable Radiographic Images Per 6.12.3. : For Radiography of Tubular Joints 1-1/8 in, (90 mm) and Greater, Typical of Random Acceptable Discontinuities.. ‘Weld Quality Requirements for Discontinuties Occurring in Cyclically Loaded Nontubular ion. Tension Welds (Limitations of Porosity and Fusion Discontinuitis) ... ses 182 ‘Weld Quality Requirements for Discontinuities Occurring in Cyclically Loaded Nontubular ‘Compression Welds (Limitations of Porosity or Fusion-Type Discontinuities) 183 Weld Quality Reqirerens for Elongated Discontintes sx Determined by Reclogrphy of ‘Tubular Joints... . Class R Indications. Class X IndicationsUST OF FIGURES 69 6.10 6.11 6.12 6.13 614 6.15 6.16 6.17 6.18 6.19 6.20 621 6.22 623 6.24 625 6.26 1 72 73 1 VII vanl-2 Kt K2 Xl XU X12 XL3 XL-4 K-10 Kl K-12 KA3 Kaa Hole-Type Image Quality Indicator (IOI) Design... Image Quality Indicator (Wire Penetrameter) Radiographic Identification and Hole-Type of Wire IOI Locations on Approximately Equal ‘Thickness Joints 10 in. (250 mm) and Greater in Length Radiographic identification and Hole-Type or Wire IOI Locations on Approximately Eau ‘Thickness Joints Less Than 10 in. (250 mm) in Length Radiographic Identification and Hole-Type or Wire 1OI Locations on Transition Joints 10 in, (250 mm) and Greater in Length Radiographic Identification and Hole [Less Than 10 in. (250 mm) in Length. Radiographic Edge Block Single-Wall Exposure—Single-Wall Double-Wall Exposure—Single-Wall View. Doubie-Wall Exposure —Double-Wall (litical) View, Minimum Two Exposures. Dosble- Well Expoure—Doubl- Wall View, Minimum Three Expos. ‘Transducer Crystal Qualification Procedure of Search Unit Using IIW Reference Block ~ International Institute of Welding (IIW) Ultrasonic Reference Blocks Qualification Blocks a lan View of UT Scanning Patterns... ‘Scanning Techniques. ‘Transducer Positions (Typical). Dimension and Tolerances of Standatd-Type Shear Connectors. ‘Typical Tension Test Fixture. ‘Torque Testing Arrangement and Table of Testing Torques Location of WPS Charpy Specimens. : “Temperature-Moisture Content Chart to be Used in Conjunction with Testing Program to Determine Extended Atmospheric Exposure Time of Low-Hydrogen Electrodes, Application of Temperature-Moisture Content Chart in Determining Atmospheric Exposure Time of Low-Hyérogen Electrodes... Bend Testing Device nse 5 : Suggested Type of Device for Qualification Testing of Small Studs, Other Approved Blocks and Typical Transduce Zone Classification of Steels Critical Cooling Rate for 350 VH and 400 VH Graphs to Determine Cooling Rates for Single-Pass Submerged Arc Fillet Welds... Relation Between Fillet Weld Size and Energy Input... = Oscillograms and Sketches of Short Cireuting Are Metal Transfer. Example of the Use of Form D-8 Ultrasonic Unit Certification, Example of the Use of Form D-9. : Example of the Use of Form D-10. ‘Standard Reference Reflector Recommended Calibration Block ‘Typical Standard Reflector (Located in Weld Mock-Ups and Product Transfer Correction. : Compression Wave Depth (Horizontal Sweep Calibre ‘Compression Wave Sensitivity Calibration ‘Shear Wave Distance and Sensti Scanning Methods... Spherical Discontinuity Characteristics. Cylindrical Discontinuity Characteristics Planar Discontinuity Characteristics. Discontinuity Height Dimension Length Dimension... Display Screen Marking.UST OF FIGURES K-15 Report of Ultrasonic Examination (Alternat Ll Definition of Terms for Computed Alpha fe Procedute) Commentary C21 Examples of Lap Joints... 22. Balancing of Fillet Welds About a Neutral Axis 2.3 Shear Planes for Fillet and Groove Welds. 2.4 — Minimum Length of Longitudinal Fillet Welds in En C25 Eccentric Loading C26 Load Deformation Relationship for Welds €2.7_ Maximum Clear Spacing When Using Intermittent Welds in Connections Between Rolled Members... 363 C28 Local Buckling Under Compression... 29 Application of Eq, 1 to Fillet Welded Members: €2.10 Fillet Welds in Axial Compression ... C211 Typical Structural Applications... €2.12 Example of the Applicaton of Intermittent Welds in Tension Members 2.13 Examples of Boxing, | 2.14 Single Fillet Welded Lap Join : 2.15 ‘Transition in Thickness Between Unequal Members .. €2.16 Application of tntermittent Fillet Welds to Stiffeners in Beams end Ginder.. C2.17 Fillet Welds in End Connections... €2.18 Relationship of Terminal Development to Weld Size.. €2.19 IMlustrations of Branch Member Stresses Corresponding to Mode of Loading. €2.20 Improved Weld Profile Requirements... " | C221 Simplified Concept of Punching Shear. 2.22 Reliability of Punching Shear Cri Using Computed Alps ° 2.23 Transition Between Gap and Overlap Connections €2.24 Partial Length Groove Weld... C225 Upper Bound Theorem. €226 Yield Line Pattern... 3.1 Examples of Centerline Cracking €3.2__Deiails of Alternative Groove Preparations for Prequalified Corner Joins ©A1 Type of Welding on Pipe Tat Does Not Require Pipe Qualification C5.1__ Examples of Unacceptable Reentrant Corners. C52. Examples of Good Practice for Cutting Copes C53 Permissible Offset in Abutting Members C54 Correction of Misaligned Members... €3.5_‘Typical Method to Determine Variations in Girder Web Flatness C5.6 Illustration Showing Camber Measurement Methods 5.7 Measurement of Flange Warpage and Tilt .ncwon 5.8 Tolerances at Bearing Points anu. C81 Microscopic Intrusions. C82 Fatigue Lie C83 Toe Dressing with Burr Grinder. €8.4 Toe Dressing Normal to Stress. C85 Effective Toe Grinding, C86 End Grinding... C87 Hammer Peening.. C88 Toe Remelting..