iS FOR USE FALL CONE APPARATUS PART NO. 200000 GEONOR AS 1¥Fetes\Brutsanvsning\g200ePO. Box 99 Roa 'N-0701 Oslo. Norway + 8 Telefax. 47-67 14 5846 PO. Box 99 Roa Telephone: 47-67 15 92 80CONTENTS 1.0 GENERAL DESCRIPTION 2.0 PRINCIPLE . 3.0 CALIBRATION FOR UNDRAINED SHEAR STRENGTH ..... 4.0 DESCRIPTION OF THE EQUIPMENT veces. 5.0 MEASUREME! 6.0 TO DETERMINE THE SENSITIVITY §; 7.0 MAINTENANCE....... 8.0 ENCLOSURES... | eles Bruksanvisnng\e200eBie} GENERAL DESCRIPTION The apparatus consists of the following items: 1 201000 Fall cone apparatus with magnifier 1 200300 Fallcone 10 gr/60 degrees 1 200400 Falcone 60 gr/60 degrees 1 200500 Fall cone 100 gr/30 degrees 1 200600 Fall cone 400 gr/30 degrees 1 200800 Stand for fall cones 1 200900 Cup for remoulding samples 2.0 PRINCIPLE In the test it is assumed that the shear strength of a soil at constant penetration of a cone is directly proportional to the weight of the cone and has shown that the relation between shear strength s and the penetration h of a cone of weight Q is given by: s=A Or where K is a constant which depends mainly on the angle of the cone, but is also influenced by the sensitivity of the clay. The relation between depths of penetration and undrained shear strength is shown in the enclosed tables. ‘The standard cone used to determine the liquid limit has a weight of 60 g and an angle of 60°. The upper limit of plasticity corresponding to the liquid limit is given by the fineness number WF which is defined as the moisture content at which the cone impression is 10 mm. 3.0 CALIBRATION FOR UNDRAINED SHEAR STRENGTH For Norwegian clays, Skaven-Haug (8) by comparison with shear box tests, determined the correlation between the cone penetration and the undrained shear strength. A similar comparison has been made by T. Hultin (5) and Caldenius (3). The Royal Swedish Geotechnical Institute presented in 1967 a Proceeding with a new approach to the interpretation of the fall cone test, S. Hansbo (4) Fetes Braksanvisning\e2006SCRIPTION OF THE EQUIPMENT Four different cones are supplied, each of the cones has the following measuring range: Penetration ear Weight Apex angle in mm strength in vm? 400 gr 30° 4.0 - 15.0 2s 18 100 gr 30° 5.0- 15.0 4-045 60 gr 60° 5.0- 15.0 0.6 -0.067 10gr 60° 5.0 = 20.0 0.10 - 0.0063 ‘The selected cone is suspended from a permanent magnet. The cone is instantaneously released by pressing in the trigger (5) at the rear of the head (2). ‘The magnet is reset by pressing in the plastic covered knob on the push rod (3) until the release trigger (5) is reengaged. The push rod is situated above the height adjusting wheel (7). rhe correct vertical position of the cone to the sample surface is obtained by means of the height adjusting wheel (7). After the cone has fallen into the sample the height of penetration is read from the scale. The end cap of the cone is drawn out to a sharp edge on it's underside, This sharp edge is aligned with the mirror-reflected datum line by eye, to eliminate parallax error. The scale is provided with a magnifying glass (10). The apparatus must stand horizontally. 5.0 MEASUREMENT. Place the soil sample on the pedestal (8) underneath the cone holder (1). Select a cone and Place it in the magnet holder. Press the stem into the slot of the plastic stop pad and push the magnet iron end cap into the hole in the magnet holder until it makes contact with the magnet, so that it holds. Adjust the vertical height. The cone shall touch the soil sample before release. Release the cone. ‘The undrained shear strength is correlated on the measured cone impression as shown in the tables, 6.0 TO DETERMINE THE SENSITIVITY S¢ Measure the undrained shear strength on an undisturbed soil sample. Take the same soil and remould it completely using the cup and a spatula. | \Fees\Braksanvisning 2006Level the soil in the cup, avoid air pockets, and do the cone impression. Use the calibration table for remoulded soils to determine the shear strength. The ratio of the undisturbed to remoulded strength is defined as the sensitivity S, 7.0 MAINTENANCE, The scale may be adjusted by releasing the two screws with nuts (20). The friction wheel (15) can be adjusted for a tighter or looser grip by screwing or unscrewing the screws (12). These screws are hidden by the cover (11) which is held in position by 4 screws (21). To remove undesirable sideways movement, head to column, screw in the adjusting screw (22) until the desired clearance is obtained. The magnet holder assembly can be completely removed from the head by loosening the retaining screw (23) located under the head to the left of the scale holder. First remove the plastic knob from the push rod (3) and press the release trigger (5) so that the whole assembly can be drawn out of the head. The surface of the magnet sliding area should be lubricated with MO’ o It is essential that the apparatus is mounted horizontally, especially when using the 400 gr cone. The end cap of the cone and the contact area of the magnet system must be free from dirt otherwise the magnetic force will be drastically reduced causing the cone to fall unintentionally. 8.0 ENCLOSURES Drawing No. 22136 Calibration tables: A: for undisturbed clays, B: for remoulded clays Literature list 1 Flles\Bruksanvsningg2006SELe 2 AL ew Oe OL Ovd dois 3903 divas ann woiva | | | I | weorsnmox rvive AT@W3SSY OV3HE/_60 Calibration Table Fall-Cone 10 shear strength. Relation between depths of penetration and undrained The table has been taken from SGI Publication No. 14, A Undisturbed cla depths depths depths KPa Sddccddddddddddcddcddddddd KPa mn 14.0 14.2 14.4 14.6 14.8 15.0 15.2 15.4 15.6 15.8 16.0 16.2 16.4 16.6 16.8 17.0 17.2 17.4 17.6 17.8 18.0 18.5 19.0 19.5 20.0 BAVANANIAMAAAAAANAAA AAA AAANAAAAA AA etd teieted KPa PGglaateevennnneewwennnqnnarsreserersaaanan 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8Calibration Table Fall-Cone 60 gr/60°. gth. shear stren: 14. pths of penetration and undrained The table has been taken from SGI Publication No Relation between de; KPa depths KPa depths KPa depths 14 9.2 RIAN eeCeoveonnnonnnnneTes eesecdsddsdsscsddddddddd 14.2 14.4 14.6 14.8 15.0 15.2 15.4 15.6 15.8 16.0 16.2 16.4 16.6 16.8 17.0 17.2 17.4 17.6 17.8 18.0 18.5 19.0 19.5 20.0 QAO KN CCOMNHTTIAMMMMAN VAT dH HHOCODOAMANAAnDoODOMoO Hdd GAS A eae eee eee se ANN THOM OAOGIM THOM AHOATAMTMONAAOHAMENORODOHAMTNOLOD TITS IT TT TNN HHH MHHHGGCCCCOCCCOOE KEK KK kkk aadssnoeaalibration Table Fall-Cone 100gr/30 —_—_—_—— mone 100g r /3 0". Relation between depths of penetration and undrained shear strength. The table has been taken from SGI Publication No. 14. Undisturbed clay A. KPa 62 59 56 51 49 45 43 4 39 36 35 32 31 29 28 26 25 25 25 24 23 23 22 21 20 19 19 18 18 17 17 16 16 15 15 14 14 14 13 13 13 13 IAAI IAS woDDeawww DUBOGONUEDAVOEONLUDADOND POBTABADTEADARADADD BRU RULDLeOoLNU RE depths mm 14.0 14.2 14.4 14.6 14.8 15.0 15.2 15.4 15.6 15.8 16.0 16.2 16.4 16.6 16.8 17.0 17.2 17.4 17.6 17.8 18.0 18.5 19.0 19.5 20.0 a BoOUSOL ARR eOOM RYNNWHUWWWWWWOW EAECalibration Table Fall Cone 400 gr/30". Relation between depths of penetration and undrained shear strength. The table has been taken from SGI Publication No. 14. Undisturbed clay A. depths s depths s depths ram KPa mn bi Fam KPa 4.0 245 9.0 49 14.0 22 41 235 9.1 48 14.2 20 4.2 226 9.2 47 14.4 1g 4.3 216 9.3 46 14.6 19 4.4 206 9.4 45 14.8 18 4.5 196 9.5 44 15.0 18 4.6 187 9.6 43 15.2 17 4.7 179 3.7 42 15.4 17 4.8 173 9.8 41 15.6 16 4.9 166 9.9 40 15.8 16 5.0 159 10.0 39 16.0 15 5.1 153 10.1 39 16.2 15 5.2 147 10.2 38 16.4 15 5.3 141 10.3 37 16.6 14 5.4 136 10.4 36 16.8 14 5.5 131 10.5 36 17.0 14 5.6 127 10.6 35 17.2 13 oe. 123 10.7 34 17.4 13 5.8 118 10.8 34 17.6 13 5.9 114 10.9 33 17.8 13 6.0 110 11.0 32 18.0 12 6.1 107 a1. 32 18.5 12 6.2 104 11.2 31 19.0 qi 6.3 101 11.3 31 19.5 10 6.4 98 11.4 30 20.0 10 6.5 95 11.5 30 6.6 92 11.6 29 6.7 89 11.7 29 6.8 86 11.8 28 6.9 83 11.9 28 7.0 81 12.0 27 det 79 12.1 27 1.2 1 12.2 26 ie 76 12.3 26 7.4 m4 12.4 25 75 1 12.5 25 1.6 70 12.6 25 7 68 12.7 25 7.8 66 12.8 25 7.9 64 12.9 24 8.0 62 13.0 24 8.1 61 13.1 24 8.2 59 13.2 23 8.3 58 13.3 23 8.4 56 13.4 23 8.5 55 13.5 22 8.6 54 13.6 22 8.7 52 13.7 22 8.8 51 13.8 21 8.9 50 13.9 21r/ 60". Calibration Table Fall Cone 60 strength. Relation between depths of penetration and undrained shear The table is taken from SGI Publication No. 14. B. Remoulded cla: depths depths depths KPa KPa KPa 14 Scddcdcdddddddddccddddds 14.2 14.4 14.6 14.8 15.0 15.2 15.4 15.6 15.8 16.0 16.2 16.4 16.6 16.8 17.0 17.2 17.4 17.6 17.8 18.0 18.5 19.0 19.5 20.0 FNM TOOMMACIAMTNOROAOIAMTNORMACHAMTOHOROAOHAMSNONO PMMABAAHKS CoS eSossetd dt diddddddddddddadnanandadd FATT NOR MAQMAM THER OACHAMTNERBDAOIAMTNOROAOHAMTNON® VIII TIT TTON NNO HHHHHOOCSCOCCSCM ENE L EE NNN ewDOOaoaoae 13S| a Calibration Table Fall Cone 60 ar strength, Relation between depths of penetration and undrained she: The table is taken from SGI Publication No. 14. B. Remoulded cla: KPa depths KPa depths mm 9 KPa depths 14.0 +0 1. AQRQHHEN MK ARN wCLCDOVLHODOS Sdcddddddddddddddddcdddd6d 14.2 14.4 14.6 14.8 15.0 15.2 15.4 15.6 15.8 16.0 16.2 16.4 16.6 16.8 17.0 17.2 17.4 17.6 17.8 18.0 18.5 19.0 19.5 20.0 AN TOOM QAOAAMTM OF OHOHAMTMN OF OACHAMTNOROAOHAMTHOROD AAANANANNGCSCSSSS OSI SA AA AAAAANANNAAANA OOM MMM Om DAL MAOTAANMADOTACANCEMACA@RONEMAHONSORCONHNHEMM MAOOKH KKK GCGCGOHHHHHIGITSSI SI MAMMA aAdnaIITIITadadaad 2 TAM INEM MACH AMT MOM BAGHAM THON AHOTAMTNORORDOHAMTNOROD VHT TI TTT ATHNNHHHHHHHSCCCOCCCEERER EKER KEN OOD OTGOOOSLITERATURE LIST. 1. Bjerrum L. and Flodin N., 1960, The Development of Soil Mechani 1900-1925, NGI-Publ. No. 36, Oslo 2. Caldenius C., 1938, Nagra ron fran grundundersOkningar i Goteborg rOrande fasthetens variation Mom lerorna. Tekn. Tidsk. Vol. 68 H 51 3._Caldenius C. and LundstrOm R., 1956, The Landslide at Surte on the River GOta A. Iv. (Sv. Geol. Unders. Ser. Ca. No. 27), Stockholm. 4. Hansbo. S., 1957, A New Approach to the Determination of the Shear Strength of Clay by the Fall-Cone Test, Sw. Geot. Inst. Publ. No. 14, Stockholm Hultin T., 1937, ForsOk till bestamning av GOteborglerans haillfasthet. (Tekn, Samf. Handl. No. 2), Goteborg 6. Karlsson R., 1961, Suggested Improvements in the Liquid Limit test, with reference to Flow Properties of Remoulded Clays, Sth International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Vol. 1, page 171, Paris L.__Selmer-Olsen R., 1954, Om norske jordarters variasjon i korngradering og plastisitet, Oslo II, NGU 186 8. Skaven-Haug S., 1931, Skjcerfasthetsforsok med leire, Medd. NSB Vol. 6, Nr. 6 9. Skempton A.W. and Bishop A.W., 1950, The Measurement of the Shear Strength of Soils, Geotechnique Vol 2 No. 2 10, Moore D.G. and Richards A.F., Conversion of "Relative Shear Strength". Measurements by Arrhenius on East Pacific Deep-Sea Cores to Conventional Units of Shear Strength LL. Eden W.J. and Kubota J.K., Some Observations on the Measurement of Sensitivity of Clays 12, Kallstenius T., 1963, Studies on Clay Samples taken with Standard Piston Sampler, ‘Sw. Geot. Inst, Proceedings No. 21, StockholmFall Cone Apparatus Geonor fall cone apparatus FEATURES * Rapid, simple and accurate measurement of: — Undrained shear strength ~ Shear strength of remoulded samples and thereby sensitivity — Liquid limit we Testing capacity: Shear strengths of 0.01. to 200 kPa (0.001 to 20t/m2) Portable and easy to use Designed by the Norwegian Geotechnical Institute, NGI Soil TestingCTT MEM Py APPLICATION ‘The Fall Cone apparatus, first introduced in 1915, provides a rapid, simple and accurate method for determining empirically the undrained shear strength, the shear strength of remoulded samples and thus the sensitivity of clays, The equipment is also used for determination of liquid limit W. (or fineness number Wr). Four cones of different weight and apex angle are provided. ‘The diagram shows the relation of shear strengths in undrained and remoulded samples measured by cone test, vane tests and unconfined compres- sion test Norwegian Geotechnical Institute Publ. 41, Oslo ee ||| ms | mF | o a g om iF E a p AiR PI The shear strength of a soil (s) is proportional to the weight of the cone (Q) and inversely proporti- onal to the square of the penetration (h) of the ‘cone into the sample: s=K-Q/h? (Hansbo, see reference). The proportional constant (K) depends primarily on the angle of the cone and sensitivity of the clay, The shear strength is measured by placing the sample underneath the cone holder, with the tip of a cone touching the sample. After releasing the ‘cone from the magnet holder and measuring the depth of penetration, the shear strength of the undisturbed or of the remoulded sample is given in tables accompanying the apparatus DETERMINATION OF THE LIQUID LIMIT The standard cone used to determine the liquid limit WI (See diagram) has a weight of 60 gr and le of 60° (part no. 200400). The upper of plasticity corresponding to the liquid Is defined as the moisture content at which ‘cone impression is 10 mm (Karlsson, see referer ce) DETERMINATION OF THE SENSITIVITY ‘The undrained shear strength of an undisturbed sample is first measured. Thereafter, the sample is completely remoulded and the new shear strength is measured with the same water content. The ratio of the undisturbed to remoulded shear strength is defined as the sensitivity (S, in diagram), TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS OF CONES Fall Cone (part. no.) | Weight(gr) | Apex angel (1 | Penetration in mm | Undrained Shear Strength (kPa) | 200300 10 60 5.0- 20.0 4-0.063 200400 60 60. 5.0- 15.0 6 - 0.67 200500 7100 30 50-150 40-45 | 200600 400 so | 40-150 | 250-18 ORDER REFERENCES [“Fertno, | Eauipment Part No. Equipment 200100 | Fall cone apparatus 200800 ‘Stand for fall cones | 200300 to 200600 | Fall cones as above 200900 Cup for remoulding samples —_| | 200501 ‘Spare points for 100 and REFERENCES: 400 gr cones | = Hansbo, S.(1957):A new approach to the determination of the shear strenght of clay by the fall cone test Swedish Geot. Inst. Pub. No.14, Stockholm Karlsson, R. (1961): Suggested improvements in the liquid limit test, with reference to flow properties of Femoulded clays. Sth Int. Conf. on Soil Mech, and Found. Eng., Vol 1.p. 171, Paris.GEONOR AS|| Telephone: +47 67 14 75 50 P.O. Box 99 Rea} Telefax: +47 67 14 58 46 N-0701 Oslo, Norway} Enterprise No: NO.: 9119545567