UNIVERSITY OF MAURITIUS

FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE

PROSPECTS OF USING ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION IN

GOATS IN MAURITIUS

PUTTOO Hema Devi

This dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement

for the BSc (Hons) Degree in Agriscience and Technology

APRIL 2014
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................... vi

LIST OF FIGURES......................................................................................................... vii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .............................................................................................viii

ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................... ix

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................... x

INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................. 1

LITERATURE REVIEW.................................................................................................. 3

1.1 GOAT PRODUCTION IN MAURITIUS .................................................................. 3

1.2 ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION ................................................................................ 4

1.3 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION

OVER NATURAL SERVICE .......................................................................................... 5

1.3.1 Advantages ............................................................................................................... 5

1.3.2 Disadvantages .......................................................................................................... 5

1.4 METHODS OF ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION IN GOATS .................................. 6

1.5 MANAGEMENT OF BUCK ...................................................................................... 7

1.6 SEMEN COLLECTION ............................................................................................. 8

1.6.1 Dilution of semen ..................................................................................................... 8

1.6.2 Storage of semen ...................................................................................................... 9

1.7 MANAGEMENT OF THE REPRODUCTIVE DOE ................................................ 9

1.8 FACTORS THAT WOULD AFFECT THE SUCCESS OF ARTIFICIAL

INSEMINATION .............................................................................................................. 9

1.8.1 Heat detection........................................................................................................... 9

1.8.2 Timing of Artificial Insemination ............................................................................ 9

1.8.3 Quality of semen .................................................................................................... 10

1.8.4 The oestrus cycle of the Doe .................................................................................. 11

1.8.5 Age at first kidding and Kidding Interval .............................................................. 12

1.8.6 Nutrition ................................................................................................................. 12

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1.8.7 Housing .................................................................................................................. 13

1.8.8 Temperature and Humidity .................................................................................... 13

1.8.9 Artificial Insemination Record Keeping ................................................................ 14

1.9 REQUIREMENTS TO SET UP THE ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION CENTRE . 15

METHODOLOGY .......................................................................................................... 16

2.1 OBJECTIVES ........................................................................................................... 16

2.2 SAMPLING AND SAMPLE .................................................................................... 16

2.3 QUESTIONNAIRE................................................................................................... 18

2.3.1 Design of questionnaire.......................................................................................... 18

2.3.2 Questionnaire Structure .......................................................................................... 19

2.4 INTERVIEW............................................................................................................. 20

2.4.1 Interview structure ................................................................................................. 20

2.5 SECONDARY DATA COLLECTION .................................................................... 20

2.6 ANALYSIS OF DATA ............................................................................................. 21

RESULTS ....................................................................................................................... 22

3.1 DEMOGRAPHIC ..................................................................................................... 22

3.1.1 Age of the goat keeper population ......................................................................... 22

3.1.2 Characteristics of the goat keeper .......................................................................... 22

3.1.3 Occupation and experience in goat rearing ............................................................ 22

3.1.4 Expansion Plans ..................................................................................................... 23

3.2 STATUS OF ANIMALS .......................................................................................... 23

3.2.1 Herd Size ................................................................................................................ 23

3.2.2 Age at first breeding and the kidding interval ........................................................ 23

3.2.3 Goat breeds............................................................................................................. 24

3.3 NUTRITION ............................................................................................................. 24

3.3.1 Types of feed .......................................................................................................... 24

3.3.2 Amount of feed ...................................................................................................... 25

3.4 HEALTH AND MANAGEMENT ........................................................................... 26

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3.4.1 Health of the animals ............................................................................................. 26

3.4.2 Record Keeping...................................................................................................... 26

3.5 HOUSING SYSTEM ................................................................................................ 26

3.5.1 Housing system ...................................................................................................... 26

3.5.2 Materials used for construction of the shed ........................................................... 27

3.5.3 Disposal of Urine and Manure ............................................................................... 27

3.6 ADVISORY AND SUPPORTING SERVICES ....................................................... 28

3.7 BREEDING AND REPRODUCTION ..................................................................... 28

3.7.1 Heat Detection........................................................................................................ 28

3.7.3 Artificial Insemination: Awareness and willingness to adopt Artificial

Insemination .................................................................................................................... 30

3.7.4 Price for one Artificial Insemination Service......................................................... 30

3.7.5 Requirement for artificial insemination ................................................................. 30

3.7.6 Suggestions for implementation of Artificial Insemination Service for goats....... 31

3.8 INTERVIEWS WITH KEY INFORMANTS ........................................................... 31

3.8.1 Goat population ...................................................................................................... 31

3.8.2 Personnel involved in the Artificial Insemination Service .................................... 31

DISCUSSION ................................................................................................................. 33

4.1 Characteristics of the goat keeper ............................................................................. 33

4.2 Status of animals ....................................................................................................... 33

4.3 Artificial Insemination Service for goats .................................................................. 34

4.4 Goat Management ..................................................................................................... 35

4.5 Advisory and supporting services ............................................................................. 37

4.6 Requirements to set up the Artificial Insemination Centre for goats ........................ 37

SWOT ANALYSIS FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF GOAT ARTIFICIAL

INSEMINATION IN MAURITIUS ............................................................................... 38

CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................... 40

RECOMMENDATIONS ................................................................................................ 41

LIST OF REFERENCES ................................................................................................ 42

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APPENDIX I................................................................................................................... 45

APPENDIX II ................................................................................................................. 53

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 LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Average Slaughter weight of Goats……………………………………………1

Table 2: Population of goat keepers in Mauritius……………………………………....3

Table 3: Distribution of the Goat Farmers……………….…………………………….22

Table 4: Occupation and experience characteristics of goat keepers………………….23

Table 5: Age of First Breeding and Kidding Interval………………………………….24

Table 6: Frequency of kidding…………………………………………………………24

Table 7: Types of Feed………………………………………………………………..25

Table 8: Construction materials for Goat Shed………………………………………..27

Table 9: Preference and willingness of goat of goat keepers to adopt artificial

insemination technique………………………………………………………………..30

Table 10: Number of person involved in AI Service………………………………….32

Table 11: Checklist of items for the Cervical Artificial Insemination………………..32

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 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: Location of survey areas .................................................................................. 17

Figure 2: % of farmers that provide according to their age, sex, physiological state and
production capacity. ........................................................................................................ 25

Figure 3: Goat Waste Disposal Systems ......................................................................... 28

Figure 4: Heat Signs used by farmers ............................................................................. 29

Figure 5: Selection criterion of buck for mating. ............................................................ 29

Figure 6: Important Factors for a successful artificial insemination............................... 31

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I convey my gratitude to my supervisor, Mr. Kamlesh Boodhoo, for his excellent

supervision, keen interest, perfect guidance and his kindness. His valuable comments,
advice, criticism made this dissertation complete. He acted as a monitor and guided me
throughout the year and was always keen to provide assistance.

I would like to express my recognitions to my mum and for their cooperation and moral
and financial support. Without her, this determination was meant nothing. I would also
like to extend my special thanks to my sister Chayyah for her assistance in my study
and her all round support. I am grateful for my family who were all giving me moral
support in my academic success and providing a loving environment for me. Their
affection, support and persistent endurance encouraged me in completing my
dissertation

Mention of acknowledgement would be grossly incomplete without a general

expression of indebtness to Mr. A.Y. Moraby, Senior Research Development Officer at
the Animal Production Division and Mr. Maurice Tse Sik Sun, Principal Extension
Officer of Livestock at the Food Agricultural Research and Extension Institution.

viii
 ABSTRACT

The present study was conducted to investigate on the importance of using artificial
insemination; to identify factors that would affect the success of artificial insemination
and to find out the requirements needed in setting up the goat artificial insemination. A
survey was carried out to collect data among farmers from different regions such as
Triolet, Laventure, Petite Raffrey, Brisée Verdière, Bel-Air and Bon Accueil. The
targeted sample was 100 goat keepers chosen at random. Questionnaire and interviews
were used to collect the data. The questionnaire was designed and filled by the
randomly chosen goat keepers in the different regions and the interview was carried out
with the key informants. The findings revealed that goat is being mainly reared on a full
time basis (56%) and it is meant principally as a source of income. 81% of the goat
keepers were aware of the AI Service in Mauritius. 69% of the farmers were keen to
adopt the artificial insemination technique. All the farmers interviewed were able to
detect heat in their doe. For majority of the goat keepers, the factors that would affect
the success of artificial insemination were heat detection (48%) and good artificial
insemination timing (40%). Over the years, farmers have seen that there has been a
decline in goat production leading to low profit and yield. The interviews with the key
informants revealed that despite of having a significant number of goats, the laboratory
equipment and infrastructure; Artificial Insemination in goats could not be implemented
so far due to a lack of expertise to demonstrate the technique for inseminating the goats.
Also, it was found that to improve the breeds of local goats, there would be importation
of good quality breeds of goat from which fresh semen would be extracted and
inseminated to the does. Therefore, from this finding it is concluded that, even though
implementation of goat artificial insemination favour better genetic development of the
goats and improve the local goat production sector, it was not economically beneficial.
In addition, there might be disparate system of goat production.

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 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

AI Artificial Insemination

APD Animal Production Division

AREU Agricultural Research and Extension Unit

FAO Food and Agricultural Organizations

FARC Food and Agricultural Research Council

FAREI Food Agricultural Research and Extension Institution

FSFSP Food Security Fund Strategic Plan

MoAFS Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security

x
 INTRODUCTION

Goats are among the earliest domesticated animals since thousands of years. In
Mauritius, goats are mainly reared by the smallholder farmers and a few medium
farmers. Since the majority of the goats were of weak breed, the breeds of Anglo
Nubian, Jumna Pari and Boer were introduced to improve the goat production (FAO,
1989-2001). However, due to a lack of follow-up and a well-defined breeding
programme, there has been widespread indiscriminate breeding with the weak breed
resulting in the mixed breed.

There are very few farmers rearing goats in Mauritius and the possible reasons for a
decline in the goat production could be due to a poor quality of breeding stock and a
decrease in goat keeping activity and management. Also, it could be due to a lack of
incentives given to the goat keepers. Anon (2011, p.7), several weaknesses of the goat
sector has been highlighted. Amongst which a low growth rate and slaughter weight of
the animals were identified as major weaknesses. This could possibly indicate genetic
downgrading of the goats.

Table 1: Average slaughter weight of Goats

Year Carcass weight
(tonnes)
2007 64.8
2008 62.7
2009 62.9
2010 51.1
2011 51.2
2012 41.8
Source: (Statistics Mauritius, 2013)

Therefore, to overcome the weaknesses and for long-term development of the goat
sector, the Animal Production Division began in setting up of a goat Artificial
Insemination Unit. It is also planned to have an organised breeding programme in order
to improve productivity and upgrade the genetic development of the goats. Moreover,
Mauritius has a long history of artificial insemination in cattle and pigs. Artificial
insemination (AI) in cattle was first introduced and attempted in 1945 at Curepipe
Livestock breeding station (Sibartie, 1986). After the scourge of African swine fever,

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the artificial insemination in pigs was operational with self-evident results (Annual
report, 2011) promoting the pig sector.

As stated in the Food Security Fund Strategic Plan 2013-2015, slaughter statistics
showed 140% increase in goat production from 18.7t in 2008 to 45t in 2011.
Furthermore, local meat production from animals being home slaughtered is much
higher compared to the figures from slaughter statistics. Slaughtering of goat is mainly
associated with occasions such as wedding and end of year.

The construction of a ‘Goat multiplier farm at Mare D’Albert’ as a part of the Food
Security Fund Strategic Plan aimed at increasing goat production and setting up a goat
improvement programme through the use of Artificial Insemination.

It is in this context the study was designed based on the following objectives:

1. To investigate on the importance of using artificial insemination in goats.

2. To identify factors that would affect the success of artificial insemination.
3. To find out the requirements needed in setting up the goat artificial
insemination.

2
 CHAPTER 1
LITERATURE REVIEW

1.1 GOAT PRODUCTION IN MAURITIUS

In Mauritius, goat sector has traditionally used as a low input and low output system of
production. Normally, goat keepers operating in backyards possessed a few head of
cattle and goats for which they gathered low quality of forages from the vicinity. The
goat production had low production rates. Over the years, there has been a decline in the
population of goat breeders in Mauritius (Statistics Mauritius, 2008-2012). At present,
the population of goat keepers is relatively small (Table 2). Since decades ago, goats
have been reared for their milk and meat (Coffey, 2004). The introduction of Anglo
Nubian, Jumna Pari and Boer failed to improve the goat sector due to an improper
inbreeding programme. As stated in the Annual Report (2011), to improve the goat
production, the artificial insemination needs to be implemented.

Table 2: Population of goat keepers in Mauritius

District Number of GOAT

farmer Bucks Does Kids Total

Pamplemousse 600 1014 1471 2394 4879

Riviere du Rempart 634 1660 1906 2537 6103

Flacq1-LN3 378 882 1002 1164 3048

Flacq2-LN4 449 1007 1173 1383 3563

Plaines Wilhems 91 309 771 255 1335

Moka 55 160 382 112 654

Grand Port 290 1097 1444 265 2806

Savanne 218 546 980 506 2032

Black River 252 2075 2146 819 5040

Port Louis 88 405 489 201 1069

Total 3055 9155 11764 9636 30555

Source: (AREU, 2012)

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1.2 ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION

Artificial insemination (AI) is a process by which semen is collected from the male,
processed, stored and then artificially introduced into the female reproductive tract for
the purpose of conception. (Webb 2010). It can also be defined as the manual placement
of semen in the reproductive tract of the female by a method other than natural mating.
Artificial insemination is by far the most common technique used for breeding
intensively kept domestic livestock such as dairy cattle in Mauritius (Sibartie, 1988).
David, Geoffrey and Timothy (2001) wrote that for a successful use of artificial
insemination as a method for animal breeding, it involves three major theories which
are; the spermatozoa can survive outside the body, they can be reintroduced into the
female genital tract in such a way that there is successful conception rate and the fertile
period of the female can be diagnosed.

Brief History of AI

Artificial Insemination was the first applied reproductive technique that contributes to
control and improve reproduction as well as genetics. An Italian Catholic priest, Abbe
Lazzaro Spallanzani, who was also a biologist and physiologist, had contributed in
many experimental studies. In 1784, Spallanzani was the first one who succeeded in
performing artificial insemination in dogs. After 62 days, the dogs had whelped three
puppies (Foote, 2002).

In 1897, Walter Heape, a brilliant and outstanding biologist had established much of
basis of the relationship between seasonality and reproductivity. The research studies
carried by Foote (2002) states that Walter Heape also reported that artificial
insemination has been used in studies where rabbits, dogs and horses were
experimented individually. Consequently, the first AI Centre was established at
Cambridge and became a World Centre for reproductive studies in UK.

Furthermore, around 1899 and 1900, Russian Scientist E.I. Ivanoff began in conducting
artificial insemination research in birds, horses, cattle and sheep. Apparently, in 1931,
he successfully accomplished artificial insemination in cattle (Foote, 2002).

4
1.3 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF ARTIFICIAL
INSEMINATION OVER NATURAL SERVICE
Artificial Insemination in cattle was originally developed to control the transmission of
disease. This was done by avoiding the spread of potential pathogens from one animal
to another during mating. Moreover, the transmission was also prevented by physical
contact between individuals. The use of semen extenders containing antibiotics also
helps to prevent the spread of bacterial diseases (Jane, 2011). The various advantages
and disadvantages of using artificial insemination over natural service stated by Jane
(2011) are as follows:

1.3.1 Advantages
1) Artificial Insemination helps in reducing the risk of spreading infectious or
contagious diseases that can easily passed on other animals which are in close
contact or share the same environment.
2) It can increase the rate of genetic development and production gain by using the
semen from best possible bucks of proven quality for superior females.
3) Artificial insemination can be used to conserve rare breeds or endangered
species.
4) The risk of human injury is decreased.
5) The semen from males of high genetic merit can be used to inseminate a large
number of does.
6) Depending on the herd size, AI can eliminate the necessity of keeping one or
several bucks. Thus, it reduces the costs of feeding, housing, separate fencing
and labour.

1.3.2 Disadvantages
1) The procedure of artificial insemination requires expertise, well-trained
inseminators and special equipment.
2) A successful artificial insemination requires proper heat detection and good
timing.
3) It involves high costs due to semen collection, processing and importation.
4) It necessitates the knowledge of the structure and function of reproduction on
the part of operator.

5
1.4 METHODS OF ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION IN GOATS
Artificial insemination can be a successful strategy in the goat production depending
upon the knowledge and understanding of applied reproductive physiology, for
example, selection of breeding goats, method of semen collection, frequency of semen
collection, dilution rates, oestrus behaviour, heat detection and insemination technique
(Perry, 1947).

Ghalsasi (2004) described three different techniques of artificial insemination in goats

and sites where semen is deposited which are as follows:

1. Blind A.I
2. Cervical A.I (where semen is deposited in the cervix)
3. Laparoscopic intra-uterine A.I (where semen is directly deposited into the uterus)

1. Blind A.I

Blind artificial insemination is the deposition of semen into the anterior vagina of the
doe without an attempt to locate the cervix with the aid of a light source. This method
results in very low conception rates even after using neat semen. Moreover, this
technique is not practical if frozen semen is to be used (Ghalsasi, 2004).

2. Cervical A.I

With the cervical artificial insemination method, it is necessary to locate the cervix
with the help of a speculum and a light source. The inseminator attempts gently to push
the tip of the A.I pipette into the cervix and releases the semen. In almost all does it is
possible to pass the pipette through the cervical folds and deposit the semen into the
uterus. Therefore, this method results in better conception rate (Walton, 2010).

3. Laparoscopic intra-uterine A.I

John (2000) defined the Laparoscopic intra-uterine artificial insemination as an

advanced procedure which requires a skilled person, usually a trained veterinarian. In
this technique, the uterus must be observed by the experts through the abdominal cavity
and then the semen is deposited directly into the uterus lumen with an insemination
pipette guided by the use of a laparoscope.

6
Despite of its high cost, the benefits of intra-uterine insemination compared to other A.I
methods are; high rates of fertilization and ultimate conception with appropriate
technique, timing, equipment and high quality of semen are used (Henry, 2000).

1.5 MANAGEMENT OF BUCK

The quality of semen to be used in fresh or frozen form is largely dependent on the
overall management of the buck prior to collection. The optimum quality of the cells
produced both in vitality and morphology is highest during the cooler season and early
winter months when the buck is actively and routinely servicing the does (Kumaran,
2009).

To obtain high quality of semen, the buck should be managed properly. Bucks that are
trained to give semen in an artificial vagina require a lot of patience and diligence. It is
more desirable to train young bucks as their semen can be used for a longer period.
Besides, it is much difficult to train bucks that are two to three years old and have been
used for natural service (Scott, 2008). It is easier to build up the buck’s confidence and
overcome shyness when the buck is more familiarized with the trainer since birth or
from a young age.

The training of young bucks should start when they are five to six months old. It is
necessary to tie or confine the young bucks where they can observe the collection of
semen being carried out with other trained bucks (Scott, 2008).

Haskell (2008) mentioned that nutrition is an important factor that should be taken into
consideration during the training of bucks. Breeding bucks should have a suitable body
score and be physically fit. The breeding bucks need plenty of space to exercise and
they require feeds that will provide with tremendous energy. Bucks that are too lean
cannot produce semen of optimum quality or quantity. On the other hand, overweight
bucks are often lazy and less virile. Bucks in good condition will perform well if they
are provided with a good quality of forage-based diet supplemented with protein,
vitamins and mineral.

7
1.6 SEMEN COLLECTION
The collection of buck semen is obtained, most commonly by the use of an artificial
vagina. Semen may be collected from a buck on alternate days; that is three times in a
week (Salamon, 1987). Factors such as nutrition, animal housing and animal
management also contribute to a successful semen collection and processing techniques.

The buck must be prepared for semen collection by trimming all the hair around the
penis. Before collection, the area around the penis should be washed scrupulously with
saline solution to ensure that there will be no contamination in the collected semen with
foreign matter. Touching the penis with hand should be meticulously avoided during the
attempts to direct the penis into the artificial vagina so that the semen can be collected
in the cup provided at the end of the artificial vagina (Salamon, 1987).

Soon after collection, semen should be microscopically examined where the quality,
colour and consistency should be recorded. The semen is then further diluted depending
on the artificial technique to be used. Semen quality also depends on the shape of the
artificial vagina, the extent to which it is inflated and the temperature of the water it
contains. Semen should not be collected from the same buck more frequently than on
alternate days (Ghalsasi, 2004).

1.6.1 Dilution of semen

Soon after collection, semen should be microscopically examined. The semen quality,
colour and consistency should be recorded (Maxwell, 1987). The semen is then further
diluted depending on the artificial technique to be used. After the analysis of the sample
for sperm concentration, a proper dilution of cells is carried out to be used in the straw.
During the dilution process, the semen is subjected to one or several possible mediums.
Traditionally, these mediums (solution used for dilution) consist of the following:

1. Milk or egg yolk to prevent the cold shock .i.e. the falling down in body
temperature than normal.
2. Sugars to provide with a source of energy for the spermatozoa.
3. Antibiotics to destroy pathogens (Jane, 2011)
These mediums are needed to provide the semen with a resistant environment
particularly during the transportation of the fresh cooled semen. Glycerol added as
cryprotectant is used for the purpose of protecting the cells from any damage due to ice
crystals formation (Jane, 2011).

8
1.6.2 Storage of semen
Once the dilution is properly done and packaged in straws, the cells are subsequently
placed into a liquid nitrogen vapour. It is then submerged and stored into a liquid
nitrogen bath at -196 C (Gareth, 1987).

1.7 MANAGEMENT OF THE REPRODUCTIVE DOE

For a successful Artificial Insemination program, it is important to manage the doe
properly for breeding. Does must be in good health and physically strong to meet the
requirements for artificial insemination process. Good management is critical and if
needed, does should be supplemented with feeds providing with a good source of
energy for a 30-day period such as ½ lb. per day of energy giving feeds with minerals
and fresh water (Jane, 2011). Does should have a proper nourishment, a suitable
housing system and the required husbandry practices.

1.8 FACTORS THAT WOULD AFFECT THE SUCCESS OF ARTIFICIAL

INSEMINATION
The purpose of artificial insemination is to achieve high conception rate, improve
quality of breeds, increase profitability and yield. Henceforth, it is important to consider
the various factors that would affect the success of artificial insemination in goats.

1.8.1 Heat detection

It is required to detect the oestrus and identify its stages accurately for a successful
artificial insemination. Heat detection in does can be easily diagnosed. The does in heat
bleat frequently and become vocal. Another sign of heat is constant tail wagging from
side to side. In addition, the vulva can be observed to be slightly swollen and reddened.
Other signs will involve a decreased in appetite, cervical mucus discharge and the
frequency of urination increases as well (Luginbuhl, 2011).

1.8.2 Timing of Artificial Insemination

Allison and Hagevoort (2009) wrote that it is about 30 to 36 hours after the onset of the
oestrus; the ovum is released from the ovary. After the release, the ovum remains viable
in the doe’s reproductive tract for 12 to 24 hours. Similarly, the semen remains viable in
the doe’s reproductive tract at least for 24 hours.

9
For the cervical artificial insemination, it should be carried out 12 to 18 hours after the
oestrus exhibition. This implies that the semen should already be the doe’s reproductive
tract when the ovum is released. Either fresh or frozen semen may be used. If artificial
insemination is delayed, the conception rates will be low due to the aging of the ovum
(Allison and Hagevoort, 2009).

1.8.3 Quality of semen

For the success of an AI technique, it is essential that the sperm survive and its viability
should be excellent. Factors contributing to determine the semen quality are as follows:

 Temperature

The temperature of the fresh buck semen is 37.5C (Leboeuf, 2000). Therefore, if the
temperature of the semen increases, sperm motility increases and nutrients in the semen
are rapidly exhausted resulting in the reduction of semen’s the life span. Whenever
climates are so hot or humid, even housing and shade cannot prevent the body
temperature to increase, the number of sperm ejaculated and motility often decline
while the percentage of abnormal sperm increases. Spermatozoa die at a temperature of
45C or higher. Similarly, when the temperature is suddenly reduced, the sperm activity
is also reduced. If the temperature of the semen suddenly falls below 10C, spermatozoa
lose their potency even if the temperature is raised afterwards (Leboeuf, 2000). Casady
and Legates (1953) accounted that a controlled warm environment with temperatures
38C to 40C resulted in decreased sperm output and more abnormal sperm. Extremely
low temperatures can also cause the testes to be frozen.

 Sunlight

If semen is exposed to the sun for 30 to 40 minutes, sunlight can kill the spermatozoa.
Even a short exposure to the sun may have a damaging effect on the spermatozoa
(Branca, 2007). It is, therefore, important to have both climatically adapted goats and
provide conditions favourable for proper spermatogenesis and to ensure the maximum
fertility.

10
  Air

Oxygen present in the air increases the sperm motility and produces lactic acid which
reduces the pH of the semen (Branca.A and Cappai.P, 2007). Therefore, a decrease in
lactic acid and pH leads to the deterioration of the semen quality.

 Water

Water is an important factor in determining the quality of semen. Sperm is damaged

when it comes into contact with water due to changes in osmotic pressure (Flowers,
2013). Thus, it is important that pipettes, test tubes and other equipment must be
completely dry.

 Dirt, bacteria or aerosol sprays

Dirt such as faecal matter, hair, dust or urine damages the sperm motility. Thus, it is
important to maintain a proper hygiene and management with all precautions when
carrying out the semen collection and artificial insemination. The use of aerosol sprays
should be avoided when inseminating as very fine particles may lead to deterioration of
the semen quality (Flowers, 2013).

1.8.4 The oestrus cycle of the Doe

Oestrus is defined as the period when the doe will receive the buck or the time of
artificial insemination. The goat breeding season is normally from April to November
but there are some goats that cycle throughout the year. Usually, the oestrogenic phase
is for 3 to 4 days and throughout this phase the level of the hormone oestrogen
increases. The period of the oestrus lasts for 16 to 50 hours and if the doe is mated or
inseminated, there is more probability for pregnancy. After the oestrogenic phase, there
is the luteal phase which terms 14 to 17 days and hence, the cycle repeats itself (James,
2002).

Girma (2008) defined the oestrus cycle as the number of days between two consecutive
periods of oestrus (heat) of 21 days in does. The oestrus cycle may be further divided
into two phases, namely:

i. Follicular phase is the growth and expulsion of the ova or egg

ii. Luteal phase starts after ovulation and formation of the corpus luteum (yellow
body).

11
The introduction of a buck to group of does will promote ovulation and may even
synchronize does. Does that are kept separately will show signs of oestrus and will
ovulate within 6 to 10 days (Franklin and Quimby, 2002).

1.8.5 Age at first kidding and Kidding Interval

The age of first kidding can be easily recorded in a farmer’s flock. Normally, two
kidding per year is possible but seldom achieved. The variation in age at first kidding is
from young as 7 months and as old as 2 years. Kidding interval refers to the number of
day successive kidding (Saddul et al, 1999). Kidding interval is one of the major
components of reproductive performance that significantly influence the production
system. Under normal conditions, tropical goats should be kidding at least three times in
2 years. For this to be realized, kidding interval in most tropical goats varies from 180
to 300 days (Wilson, 1991).

1.8.6 Nutrition
The nutritional status of goat is the most prevailing factor influencing reproduction. The
nutritional requirement of goats is dependent upon their physiological state. Good
quality feeds and concentrates provides energy to the goats to keep them in good health
and physically strong. Nutrition is also the factor over which the producer has the most
control by either increasing or reducing nutrient consumption.

Diego and Soren (2007) considered that the body condition of a doe will certainly affect
the following:

 The period at which puberty starts

 At first oestrus, the conception rate
 Length of the postpartum interval

Before and during breeding season, there are changes that take place in the body
condition of both does and bucks. These changes have an impact on the reproductive
performance in does in terms of services per conception, lambing, kidding intervals and
the percentages of open does (Diego and Soren, 2007). Therefore, it is essential that the
body condition or change in body condition to be evaluated properly for a higher
conception rates. Also, clean drinking water should be available for goats.

12
1.8.7 Housing
A small barn or shed is needed to shelter the goats and reduce the exposure to the
different adverse climatic conditions. Despite, that there is variation in the types of
housing system; the common purpose is to protect the animals from climatic stress such
as heat, cold, rain and wind. It should provide a suitable environment for the goats’
physiological state. Another importance of housing is for effective goat production. For
optimum production efficiency, the housing system can be simple and of low cost
materials.

According to Alemu and Girma (2008), even when housing the goats in a well-
ventilated shed, it is also important to remove regularly the bedding soiled by manure
and urine; this minimizes the formation of excessive amounts of ammonia. Ammonia
can cause respiratory infections and pneumonia, especially the young animals.

1.8.8 Temperature and Humidity

Goats are susceptible to high temperatures and humidity. High environmental
temperature and relative humidity causes heat stress which can greatly affect fertility,
survival of the embryo and fetal development. Stress is also revealed by the inability of
goat to adapt with its environment and a phenomenon that is often reflected in a failure
to achieve genetic potential (Dobson and Smith, 2000). This implies that high humidity
increases the risk of heat stress at any air temperature and reproductive problems can
also be associated with an increase in temperature. In most cases, an increase in body
temperatures occurs from high environmental temperature but it can also be a result of
disease, for example, fever.

The first 21 to 30 days are the most critical period for conception and survival of
embryo in doe (Simth, 2000). If normal body temperature in doe is not maintained, it is
less probable that the embryo will survive. In addition, ovulation and conception rates
also decrease when the body temperature is not maintained at normal.

Like does, the fertility in buck is also affected by temperature and humidity. Dobson
(2000) accounted that a rise in body temperature for an extended period influences
significantly the quality of semen, sperm production and development. Extreme cold
temperatures can also be harmful in the fertility of bucks. In such extreme conditions,
the scrotum and testicles can freeze thus it slows or temporarily stops the production of
sperm. Heat stress in the bucks affects the process of spermatogenesis and can render
13
them temporarily sterile for 6 to 10 weeks. For these reasons, it is necessary to care for
the goats in maintaining proper environmental condition, for instance, the body
temperature, particularly during season when ambient temperature is high throughout
the year.

1.8.9 Artificial Insemination Record Keeping

There is no universally accepted definition of farm record keeping. However, Torres
(2001) has defined record keeping as keeping of all detailed records by a farmer of his
farm’s daily operations, income and expenses. He also added that record keeping refers
to the data collection activity of a research organisation which involves the keeping of
records of a group of farmers with some guidance and support from researcher.

Records are kept depending on the objectives of the farm, monitoring sufficiently the
flock productivity and inputs. Hence, it is essential to improve the flock productivity
and management. Also, the purpose of a proper record keeping is to evaluate the success
of the artificial insemination program. The appropriate way to determine the conception
rates is to keep accurate records on each animal’s cycle and each insemination.

According to Peacock (1996), the records to be maintained are:

 Serial number
 Tag number/ name and description of the doe inseminated
 Date and time of onset oestrus
 Date and time of insemination
 Tag number/ name of the buck that provided with fresh semen
 Date of doe assessed pregnant
 Date of calved
 Kidding interval
 Number of animals bought per year
 Number of births per year
 Amount of feed or fodder consumed

14
1.9 REQUIREMENTS TO SET UP THE ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION
CENTRE

Considerations must be given to the setting up of a strategic framework for the

development of the AI Centre for goats. At first, the project to set up a goat breeding
station for the improvement of goat production is planned as elaborated in the Food
Security Fund Strategic Plan-2013-2015 (MoAFS, 2013). However, the capacity of the
station was not sufficient to meet the requirements to set up the Artificial Insemination
Centre. Besides, infrastructure, laboratory equipment and good breeds of buck, there is a
need for specialised and experts practicing artificial insemination. There is also the
necessity to provide demonstrations of semen collection and training sessions given to
the goat keepers.

15
 CHAPTER TWO
METHODOLOGY

The methodology chapter stated the objective of conducting the study. It further dealt
with the animal husbandry practices and management carried out by the small-scale
goat keepers. Moreover, in the methodology, there was the description of the sampling
and samples as well as the data collection tools.

2.1 OBJECTIVES
The objectives of the survey were as follows:

 To determine the average number of goats reared by the small-scale farmers.

 To know if the farmers prefer artificial insemination or natural service for
breeding their animals.
 To evaluate the farmers estimation on the cost of one artificial insemination
service
 To explore on the requirements needed to set up the goat artificial insemination

2.2 SAMPLING AND SAMPLE

Convenience sampling allowed gathering of the useful data and information from
regions where the population of goat keepers were much higher. It was also less time
consuming as the regions where the survey was conducted, were not so far. The survey
was carried out in the districts of Pamplemousses, Flacq1-LN3 and Flacq2-LN4 where
there were more goat keepers than other regions (Refer to Table 2). In the district of
Pamplemousses, the survey was conducted in the villages Triolet, Fond du Sac, Petite
Raffrey, Congomah, Brisée Verdière and Belle Vedère. About 50 of the questionnaires
were filled by the goat keepers from the district of Flacq1-LN3, living in villages
namely; Lallmatie, Saint Julien Village, Petite Retraite, Grande Retraite, Bon Accueil,
Amaury and Laventure. Lastly, the remaining survey was carried out in the villages of
Sebastepol, Pellegrin, Montagne-Blanche, Bel-Air and Bramsthan found in the district
of Flacq (Figure 1).

16
 Figure 1: Location of survey areas

In Mauritius, the population size of small-scale goat keepers was 3055 according to the
list of goat keepers was obtained from the AREU at Saint-Pierre and it was recently
updated in January 2012. A sample of 100 goat keepers was chosen randomly which
represents 3% of the total population of goat keepers.

17
2.3 QUESTIONNAIRE
Prior to filling the questionnaire, the respondents were briefed about the objectives and
the importance of the survey. Normally, the survey was done door to door of people
rearing goats and each interview took approximately 10 to 15mins. However, despite
having the address of the goat keepers, it was difficult to locate them. Therefore, the
fieldwork took more time than expected and a few goat keepers were reluctant to
provide with information.

2.3.1 Design of questionnaire

A structured questionnaire (Appendix 1) was designed in English to gather information
from the small-scale goat keepers. It comprised with different sections such as the
demographic of the goat keeper, physiological status of animal, breeding and
reproduction, nutrition, health management aspects and the housing system. The steps
involved in designing the questionnaire were as follows:

1) Collection of background data for planning the survey design

2) Planning the questions
3) Drafting of the questionnaire in a logical sequence
4) Pre-testing the draft questionnaire with 2 respondents
5) Modification of the draft questionnaire in light of the feedback obtained during
pre-testing
 The question on status of animals was modified to know the actual number of
does, bucks, kids and specify other animals that are reared.
 In addition, the question on the costing of artificial insemination service and
willingness to use Artificial Insemination was altered into an open-ended
question.
6) Finalisation of the survey design and data collection.

18
2.3.2 Questionnaire Structure
DESIGN OF QUESTIONS
Demographic
Status of animals
Breeding and reproduction
Nutrition
Health and Management
Housing system
Advisory and supporting services
PURPOSE
 To gather bio data of the goat keeper
 To find out their purpose of rearing goats
and their future plans on goat business
 To obtain the actual number of goats being
reared
 To assess the awareness of the farmer
about the breeds of goat being locally
reared and about their kidding
management
 To know whether the farmer is able to
detect heat
 To find out if the farmer is aware of
artificial insemination service in Mauritius
 To determine according to the farmer,
what are the factors that would affect the
success of artificial insemination
 To find out the preference of the farmer for
serving the goats
 To find out the types and amount of feeds
given to the goats
 To know about the health status of the
goats and what type of health problems
mostly affect the goats
 To find out if farmers have a record of
their farm activities
 To learn about the different environmental
aspects where the goats are being reared
 To find out the supporting services that is
provided to the goat keepers
19
2.4 INTERVIEW
The interview was conducted with the Scientific Officer and a Senior Technical
Assistant at the APD of the Ministry of Agro Industry and Food Security at Réduit. The
interview surveys were done face-to-face in Creole, the native language understood by
almost everyone. Using the mother tongue language facilitated the interview and
relevant information was easily obtained. The interview questionnaire (Appendix 2)
was designed in English with open ended questions. The purpose for the interview was
to explore on the requirements needed to set up the goat artificial insemination.

2.4.1 Interview structure

DESIGNS OF QUESTION PURPOSE
Status of goats  To obtain the actual number of goats being
reared and the type of breed.
 To find out if there is importation on goats

Goat Artificial Insemination  To know about the advancement done in

Program goat production
 To evaluate on the problems associated
with the implementation of goat artificial
insemination.

Setting up of the Goat Artificial  To explore on the requirements needed to

Insemination set up the Goat Artificial Insemination
program

2.5 SECONDARY DATA COLLECTION

Relevant information was obtained by gathering data from the different institutions;
APD, AREU and FARC. Data on the population of goat keepers and artificial
insemination programme were obtained. In addition, past projects on artificial
insemination in cattle has given a better perspective of the research work. Information
was also obtained from the internet including Ministry of Agro Industry and Food
Security, Digest of Agricultural Statistics and Country report of Mauritius.

20
2.6 ANALYSIS OF DATA
The analysis of data was done using the SPSS version 20. After the completion of the
questionnaire, they were verified for errors and missing data. The data entry program
was designed in the SPSS and the analysis involves many calculations for the random
parameters being studied. Those parameters were mainly the percentage, mean,
frequency and cross tabulation of goat keeper’s population.

21
 CHAPTER THREE
RESULTS

3.1 DEMOGRAPHIC

3.1.1 Age of the goat keeper population

Out of the 100 interviewed goat keepers, 7% were aged less than 40 years old while
42% were aged between 41 and 50. 36% of the sample population were aged between
51 and 60 and 15% aged more than 61 years old (Table 3).

Table 3: Distribution of the Goat famers

Age (Years) % of goat keepers

< 40 7
41-50 42
51-60 36
˃ 61 15
Total 100

3.1.2 Characteristics of the goat keeper

63% of the interviewed population were male among which 62% were married and 1%
is Single as they were widower. 37% of them were female to which 24% were married
and 13% were widow. There were no goat keepers that were either single or divorced.
Moreover, the goat keepers were mostly concentrated in rural areas as 100% of the
participants that were interviewed were from small villages.

3.1.3 Occupation and experience in goat rearing

44% of the farmer reared goats as a part time job whereas the rest (56%) were fully
involved in goat keeping activity. Most of the goat keepers (30%) have reared goats for
more than 20 years. 28% of the population have reared goats for about 5-10 years and
24% of them for about 11-20 years. The remaining 18% of the population had recently
integrated in the business of goat rearing being less than 5 years. In addition, about
62.5% of the goat keepers were rearing goats mainly for income purpose. 20.8% of the
population were rearing goats for their own consumption. 16.7% of them were rearing
goats as a hobby.

22
 Table 4: Occupation and experience characteristics of goat keepers
Number of years Occupation as farmer Total

Part time Full time

< 5 years 9 9 18

5-10 years 17 11 28

11-20 years 8 16 24

> 20 years 10 20 30

Total 44 56 100

3.1.4 Expansion Plans

74% of the sample population intended to extend the rearing of goats as it was a source
of their income. Majority of them were planning to expand their business either by
buying more goats or cross breeding the animals in their herd itself. 26% did not want to
continue with the goat keeping activity in the future due to lack of space and financial
problems.

3.2 STATUS OF ANIMALS

3.2.1 Herd Size

The sample population of goat keepers had the highest mean of keeping 6 doe (female
goats) and 5 kids. The average number of buck is 4 and 2 is for the other animals that
were reared together with the goat such as ducks, poultry, sheep, rabbit and cows.

3.2.2 Age at first breeding and the kidding interval

Out of the 100 goat keepers, the range at which does were first allowed to breed was
from 5 to 9 months and the kidding interval ranges from 3 to 4 months (Table 5). In
addition, 93 goat keepers interviewed, responded that the frequency of kidding
throughout the year was 2 while the remaining 7 goat keepers answered that the
frequency of kidding was 1 in a year (Table 6). In addition, 92 farmers stated that there
were no specific months for kidding whereas 8 of them observed that kidding months
occurred between August and November.

23
 Table 5: Age of First Breeding and Kidding interval
N Minimum Maximum

Age (Years) 100 5 9

Kidding interval 100 3 4

(Months)

Table 6: Frequency of Kidding

Frequency of Specification Total
kidding

Yes No

1 1 6 7

2 7 86 93

Total 8 92 100

3.2.3 Goat breeds

93% of the interviewed goat keepers had the knowledge of the different goat breeds
being kept locally. Despite the fact that the goats which were reared were of ‘Local’ and
‘Boer’ breeds still 7% of the farmers were unaware of the breeds.

3.3 NUTRITION

3.3.1 Types of feed

57.6% of the farmers provided L’herbe bouric to their animals and 40.8% of them fed
their animals with Elephant grass (Table 7). Acacia was given to the goats by only
26.2% of them. During sugarcane harvest season, sugarcane tops were used to feed the
animals by 13.6% of the goat keepers. About 1.8% of the population gave their animals
other feeds such as Bois d’oiseaux and Guatemala.

Concentrates, minerals blocks and feed for growth were provided by only 62% of the
sample interviewed and 38% of them did not provide their animals with supplements.
All the farmers (100% of the population) provided fresh water daily to the goats.

24
 Table 7: Types of Feed
Feed % of goat
keepers
Sugarcane tops 13.6

Elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum) 40.8

L’herbe bouric (Stenotaphrum dimidiatum) 57.6

Acacia 26.2

Others 1.8

3.3.2 Amount of feed

Almost all the farmers provided 2 to 3 packets of feed to their goats on a daily basis.
54.4% and 47.6% respectively of the sample interviewed, provided feed to their animals
based on the age and physiological state (illness, pregnant, milking stage, dry or
healthy). According to 26% of the goat keepers, feed should be given to animals in
production capacity to have sufficient amount of energy (Figure 2). By so far, none of
the goat keepers had problems while feeding their goats.

Amount of feed
60 54.4
50 47.6

40
% of the 26
30
farmers
20
12
10
0
Age Sex Physiological Production
state capacity
Figure 2: % of farmers that provide according to their age, sex, physiological state
and production capacity.

25
3.4 HEALTH AND MANAGEMENT

3.4.1 Health of the animals

About 49% of the sample interviewed did not vaccinate their animals at all. 47% of the
goat keepers vaccinated some of their goats. Only 4% of them had vaccinated all the
animals in their herd. The farmers also stated that miscarriage, death of young kids,
parasites and even licks were the major health problems that their goats were having.

Moreover, a few farmers (17% of the population) had difficulties on treating the animals
when they were sick. On the other hand, 83% of them had no difficulty in treating their
animals.

3.4.2 Record Keeping

87.2% of the goat keepers did not keep any records of the activity occurring on their
farm. Only 12.8% of the targeted population had a record on the number of animals
bought per year, number of births per year, kidding interval and other remarks including
disease, miscarriage and death of the animals.

Out of 12.8% who had a record keeping, only 6.4% of them kept financial records and
they were the ones who possessed goats in a larger herd size; 20-25 animals (including
does, bucks and kids).

3.5 HOUSING SYSTEM

3.5.1 Housing system

Finance, availability of materials and space were the factors that 86.4% of the farmers
took into considerations when constructing the goat shed while 13.6% of them did not
pay particular attention during the construction of the goat shed.

Out of the 100 respondent, 78% of them allowed the goats to roam about while 22%
kept their goats inside the shed itself. 57% of the representative population separated
their animals while 43% kept their animals together in the same shed. Separation was
mainly based on age (47%) and sex (34%). 19% of the farmers separated their goats
according to the breed they had.

26
3.5.2 Materials used for construction of the shed
Most of the goat keepers had sheds which were made up of earthen flooring 63% while
29% of the shed were made up of concrete floorings. Furthermore, majority of the shed
(59%) were made up of concrete walls and 80% of the roof was of iron sheet. The door
and windows were mainly built with iron bars (Table 8).

Besides, 99% of the farmers had a proper housing system which were well ventilated,
providing shade and protection in all weather conditions but only 1% of them had a
poor housing system. Electricity was available in only 35% of the goat sheds while 65%
had no provision of light in the sheds.

Table 8: Construction materials for Goat Shed

Materials Walls Roof Door Window Floor

Concrete 59 19 1 2 23

Soil - - - - 63

Wood 16 1 15 15 8

Iron bars 2 - 47 64 -

Iron sheet 23 80 37 19 -

3.5.3 Disposal of Urine and Manure

About 52.4% of the goat keepers left the manure and urine on the ground itself, 21.4%
had let it drain on the soil and 15.5% of the respective sample had a constructed
drainage system. Other farmers disposed the waste as a ‘heap’ outside the shed (Figure
3).

27
 Disposal of waste

Others 10.7

Leaving it on ground itself 52.4

Let it drain in the soil 21.4

Constructed drainage system 15.5

0 10 20 30 40 50 60
% of the population

Figure 3: Goat Waste Disposal Systems

3.6 ADVISORY AND SUPPORTING SERVICES

78% of the goat keepers had officers from Veterinary services coming for visits while
22% of them did not receive any visits.

Normally, 61% of the goat keepers relied on their own experience gathered from
generation to generation about the goat keeping techniques. Only 21.5% contacted the
Extension officers at the AREU. Also, 17.1% seek information from other farmers
about goat keeping and management.

86% of the goat keepers were satisfied with the help and advice provided by the
Extension officers and other farmers while the rest (14%) were somehow not satisfied.

3.7 BREEDING AND REPRODUCTION

3.7.1 Heat Detection

44.9% of the goat keepers assessed heat in the doe by observing the mucous discharge
from vulva and swollen vulva. About 41.1% of them bleating and frequent tail wagging
was the most commonly signs used for detecting heat. Also, decrease in appetite was
observed as a sign of heat by 14% of the goat keepers (Figure 4). 100% of the
participants replied that they did not have any sort of problem in detecting heat in the
doe.

28
 Signs of Heat

Decrease in appetite 14

Bleating, frequent tail wagging 41.1

Mucous discharge from vulva,

44.9
swollen vulva

0 10 20 30 40 50
Percentage of Respondent

Figure 4: Heat Signs used by farmers

3.7.2 Criteria for selecting the buck for mating

42% of the goat keepers selected the buck (male) for mating with the doe according to
the buck’s body weight. While others, 30.7% of them selected the buck depending on its
size and 27.4% served the buck based on the height of the animal (Figure 5).

Selection of the Buck

50
42
40
30.7
27.4
30
% of
population
20

10

0
Body weight Size Height

Figure 5: Selection criterion of buck for mating.

29
3.7.3 Artificial Insemination: Awareness and willingness to adopt Artificial
Insemination
81% of the goat keepers were aware of the artificial insemination being carried out in
cows and pigs in Mauritius. Yet, 19% of the representative sample was not aware of the
artificial insemination service.

Out of the 100 goat keepers, 54 of them preferred natural breeding as they already have
the buck to serve the does. The farmers also stated that natural breeding was an easy
technique to be done and it was free of charge. However, 46 of the farmers opted for
artificial insemination service to improve the breeds of their animals.

Moreover, if artificial insemination proved to be successful than natural mating, 69 of

them would be willing to adopt it while 31 of the goat keepers still preferred the natural
mating to serve the goats (Table 9).

Table 9: Preference and willingness of goat keepers to adopt the artificial

insemination technique
Preference of the goat If AI proved to be more successful than Total
keepers natural crossing, would you adopt?
Yes No
Artificial Insemination 45 1 46

Natural mating 24 30 54

Total 69 31 100

3.7.4 Price for one Artificial Insemination Service

The price for one artificial insemination service ranged from Rs 5 to Rs 20 according to
the 54 people interviewed while the others did not want to reveal the price they were
prepared to pay. Depending on the success of the artificial insemination, even if the
price increased, 69% of the population would be still willing to adopt it while 31%
refused to adopt this service.

3.7.5 Requirement for artificial insemination

According to most of the goat breeders, a successful artificial insemination required a
good heat detection (47.7%) and good artificial insemination timing (34.9%). An equal

30
percentage of population (8.7%) responded that a good nutrition and proper
management of goats is vital for the success of artificial insemination.

Requirement for Artificial Insemination

Good Management of the goats 8.7

Good Nutrition 8.7

Good Artificial Insemination timing 34.9

Good Heat Detection 47.7

0 10 20 30 40 50 60
% of the farmers

Figure 6: Important Factors for a successful artificial insemination.

3.7.6 Suggestions for implementation of Artificial Insemination Service for goats

96% of the goat keepers had no suggestions towards the implementation of the artificial
insemination service for goats. Nevertheless, 4% of the population suggested that there
should be incentives given to the goat keepers by the government and good quality of
breeds should be imported to improve the local breeds.

3.8 INTERVIEWS WITH KEY INFORMANTS

3.8.1 Goat population

From the interview conducted at the Animal Production Division, it was found that
there were few goats being reared at Albion and Belle Vue. There were about 9 does, 6
bucks and 10 kids that were kept at the station. They were mostly of Local and Boer
breeds. By so far, goats have not been yet imported in Mauritius.

3.8.2 Personnel involved in the Artificial Insemination Service

Based on the information obtained from the interview, it was found that there are 20
personnel involved in the artificial insemination service (Table 10). These persons were
mainly involved in the cows and pigs artificial insemination. Also, the list of equipment

31
needed for the Cervical Artificial Insemination was obtained through the interview
(Table 11).

Table 10: Number of person involved in artificial insemination service

PERSONNEL NUMBER
Principal Veterinary Officer 1

Inseminators 4

Senior Technical Assistants 3

Technical Assistants 3

Laboratory Attendants 2

Stockmen 3
Driver 4

Total 20

Table 11: Checklist of items for the Cervical Artificial Insemination

Equipment
1. Speculum 
2. Lubricant 
3. Thawed semen or fresh semen 
4. A.I pipette 
5. Flashlight 
6. Straws 
7. Thermometer 
8. Laboratory reagents 
9. Liquid nitrogen 

32
 CHAPTER FOUR
DISCUSSION

4.1 Characteristics of the goat keeper

Based on the result of the survey, majority of the goat keepers were aged between 51
and 60. That is, the goat keepers’ population consisted of mainly elderly people. The
young generation were not involved in rearing of goat activities. Hence, this might be a
reason why there was a decline in goat production in Mauritius.

This group of farmers have been involved in goat keeping activities for more than 20
years. Through the survey, it was found that most of the farmers were man. Moreover,
the data collected revealed that income was the main purpose for which the farmers
were rearing goats and the work required more labour.

Rearing of goat was mainly the source of income for the farmers and Coffey (2004)
stated that rearing of goats proved to be profitable in terms of milk and meat production.
Hence, the importance of using artificial insemination in goats would be to increase
productivity.

Most of the interviewed farmers intended to expand their business in goat rearing in
future either by buying more goats or cross breeding their animals. Therefore, there
would be an opportunity to implement artificial insemination to increase the goat
production as Jane (2011) stated that artificial insemination increases the rate of genetic
development and production. Thus, artificial insemination might be beneficial for the
farmers.

4.2 Status of animals

From the survey, it was found that the goat keepers had more does and kids than bucks,
yet the number of bucks was significantly high. According to Pazzani (2008), the
advantage of artificial insemination is to maximise the sires’ buck and eliminate the
need of bucks on the farm. Artificial insemination would increase the number of does
and kids with a proper herd management whereby bucks would be eliminate and cost of
maintaining bucks would also be reduce. Therefore, this demonstrated that there would
be a need to improve the herd management.

33
Almost all the goat keepers responded that the frequency of kidding throughout the year
is 2 but very few were able to specify the appropriate kidding months. This finding was
supported by Saddul et al (1999) who stated that the ideal kidding rate is 3 in 2
consecutive years and the appropriate kidding months is between April and November.

Moreover, many goat keepers allowed their does to breed for the first time when they
were 5 to 9 months. Some of them have also noted that the kidding interval ranged
between 3 to 4 months of the goats which was shorter compared to the tropical goats.
The research study done by Webb (2010) showed that kidding interval of indigenous
goats was generally longer compared to Sudan goats (238 days) and Mali goats (265
days). Intervals of 220 to 300 days were typical of tropical goats. This implied that
some of the goat keepers managed their does properly and they have a shorter kidding
interval. Consequently, goats having a shorter kidding interval could be bred more often
resulting in better production.

The survey revealed that majority of the farmers was aware of the goat breeds being
locally reared. In the agreement with the FAO (1989-2001), ‘Local’ was the most
commonly breed reared in Mauritius and it was a poor quality of goat breeds. There was
indiscriminate breeding even with the introduction of the Anglo Nubian, Jumna Pari
and Boer which resulted in poor ‘Local’ breeds. Henceforth, this could be one of the
main reasons for the implementation of artificial insemination in goats.

4.3 Artificial Insemination Service for goats

Nearly, all the goat keepers were aware of the artificial insemination carried out with
cows and pigs in Mauritius. Yet, so far they were very few who preferred to adopt the
artificial insemination technique because firstly they needed to improve the breeds and
secondly, to increase the yield and profitability. In fact, those farmers who were not
aware of artificial insemination preferred the natural service as they did not have to
detect heat and it was free.

From the survey, it was found that generally goat keepers relied on mostly two signs of
heat. Firstly, it was bleating and frequent tail wagging; secondly, the presence of
vaginal discharge was observed. None of the farmers had problem in detecting heat
which implied that they had a good knowledge on breeding and reproduction aspects. If
ever the goat keeper missed to observe the signs of heat carefully, this might have an

34
impact on the artificial insemination technique. In addition to what Luginbuhl (2011)
stated heat detection is one of the major factors that would affect artificial insemination.
In addition, many goat keepers selected the buck for mating according to its body
weight. Hence, this might be a factor determining that the bucks were producing good
quality of fresh semen.

Since, AI Service has not yet been implemented locally; the farmers had to provide
estimation of the price which they were willing to pay for one AI service (Rs 5 to Rs
20). If ever the price of an AI service would be within the range given by the farmers,
this service would be affordable for the goat keepers who were willing to adopt the AI
technique. Still, some of them were willing to adopt the AI method even if the price
increased but depending on its success of conception. Unfortunately, some goat keepers
did not have an idea how much an AI service would cost and hence, they were unable to
rate it. But, if AI in goats would be successful, some of them might accept inseminating
their goats.

A large number of goat keepers considered heat detection and good artificial
insemination timing as the main factors influencing the success of artificial
insemination. Most of them did not know about the importance of nutrition and
managing the goats properly. Apart from heat detection, there were other factors which
were important for an AI technique as stated by Jane (2011) that good nutrition, proper
management, good heat detection and artificial insemination are important factors for a
successful AI.

4.4 Goat Management

The goat management including nutrition, housing system and health management was
important for a successful artificial insemination (Arrebola et al, 2012). Nutrition was
the most important factor influencing reproduction. From the survey which was carried
out, Elephant grass and ‘L’herbe bouric’ were the most common feed provided to the
goats as they were readily available within their vicinity. Concentrates and mineral
blocks were also supplemented to the goats by most of the goat keepers. Furthermore,
majority of them fed their animals based on their age and physiological state. In
addition, all farmers provided fresh water to their goats on a daily basis.

35
Practically, all goat keepers had constructed their goat shed by themselves without any
specific recommended plan. Still, the housing system provided good shelters and
ventilation to the goats. However, 65% of the goat keepers had no provision for
electricity in the shed. Many goat keepers separated the animals according to mainly
their age and sex.

A proper housing system of goats should protect from rain, allowing air movement and
reducing the accumulation of urine and faeces thus favouring a better hygiene and
sanitation (Luginbuhl, 2011). Based on the results, most of the goat keepers disposed
the waste of the shed on ground itself resulting in a poor hygiene and sanitation of the
housing system. Artificial insemination technique required a good sanitation as any dirt
or bacteria might result in poor conception rate. Therefore, it was important to maintain
the hygiene and sanitation of the shed for a successful semen collection and artificial
insemination.

Based on the results of the survey, about 50% of the goat keepers did not vaccinate their
animals. They have also stated that their goats died due to miscarriage. This implied that
the goat keepers did not monitor their animals properly and they had difficulty in
managing the doe during the parturition period. It was also important to have the
animals vaccinated to prevent infections and disease.

Despite of the fact that record keeping is considered as a good management practice in
Mauritius, a large number of goat keepers failed to keep records of their activity on
farm. This was because they were not used to it. Those who reared goats in a larger
number kept records about their profitability-income of their business. Moreover,
Peacock (1996) confirmed the findings through his research that record keeping is vital
to monitor the conception rates on each animal and each insemination. One of the
important factors that would determine the conception rates in goats would be
monitoring closely the kidding interval, recording the date and time of insemination, tag
number of doe inseminated, date of doe assessed pregnant and date of calving. This
could be achieved only with a proper recording keeping of the herd activity by the
farmer.

36
4.5 Advisory and supporting services

As most of the goat keepers had reared goats for more than 20 years, therefore, they
relied on their own experience and knowledge to overcome simple problems they
encountered. Yet, there were some farmers who contacted the Extension officers at the
AREU to get specific problem-related solutions. Most of them were satisfied with the
help and advice they received while some goat keepers still relied on themselves.

4.6 Requirements to set up the Artificial Insemination Centre for goats

The interview conducted at the APD provided with the relevant information and data to
meet the objectives of the study. According to the data collected, there were relatively
few goats being reared at Albion Station and the goats were mainly of ‘Local’ and Boer
breeds. Until now, there has been no importation of good breed of goat done to improve
the local goat herd population. Hence, if AI technique is practiced using the fresh
semen, there might be no improvement in the goat genetic development.

To set up the AI Centre for goats, there was not much investment done as purchase of
materials and laboratory equipment was completed in December 2011. Moreover, the
design for AI Centre was done with the aid of Engineering Division and the AI Unit for
goats would be situated adjacent to the pig AI Unit at Belle Vue. Since artificial
insemination in cows and pigs are already applied, therefore laboratory equipment and
infrastructure was not a major concern for implementation of goat artificial
insemination.

The model to be adopted for AI in goats would be importing good breeding bucks from
which semen would be extracted and inseminated to the national herd of goats.
Artificial insemination in goats has not yet been implemented due to a lack of expertise
and well-trained inseminators as revealed by the key informants.

As per the interview, it was found that there were significant number of personnel
involved in the AI Service mainly for cows and pigs. In that case, training of the
personnel involved for the artificial insemination in goats would not be difficult as they
already have background knowledge on the AI Service. At a later stage, goat keepers
would have to be trained in insemination and different topics need to be discussed
involving the advantages and purpose of goat artificial insemination, training of the doe,

37
collection handling and processing of the fresh semen, heat detection and method of
insemination and about a simple recording system.

SWOT ANALYSIS FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF GOAT ARTIFICIAL

INSEMINATION IN MAURITIUS

A SWOT analysis was carried out to identify major constraints and opportunities of
goat productivity that would be useful for implementation of the goat AI. Several
weaknesses were highlighted such as a low growth rate and slaughter weight indicating
a poor genetic development. Despite the fact that there were some risks associated with
the goat Artificial Insemination, the strengths would be considered to upgrade the goat
production sector in Mauritius.

GOAT ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION

STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES
 In Mauritius, AI service has already been 1. The goat sector has a very low
experimented with cows and pigs. growth rate.
Hence, AI can be practiced with goats. 2. Low slaughter weight of the
 The goat keepers had a general goats indicating a possible
knowledge on the AI service in genetic deterioration.
Mauritius. 3. The goat breeds are of poor
 AI service will help in the management quality.
goat herd population by minimizing the
bucks and optimizing the does and kids.
 Goat keepers knew how to detect heat in
doe and had a proper management of the
goat herd.
 There are well-trained personnel in AI
service to provide assistance in
inseminating the animals.
 Availability of infrastructure and
laboratory equipment for AI techniques.

38
 GOAT ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION
OPPORTUNITIES THREATS
 AI will promote the goat The AI Service runs the risk of
production and hence yield being ineffective without the initial
profitability. herd.
 Willingness of the goat keepers to Poor management such as
adopt AI Service is relatively high. nutrition, housing sanitation and
 The Government has the project of climates may have an adverse
importing good breeds of goat effect on AI techniques leading to
(FSFSP, 2013-2015) low conception rates.

 It is further planned that there will

be training and demonstrations of
AI in goats provided to farmers
and officers involved.

39
 CONCLUSION

The tendency of goat keeping activity might further decline because most of the
breeders were elderly people and the young generation are not involved in the goat
production. According to the goat keepers, this business required more labour and also
there is a lack of incentives for the goat keeper which has discouraged them from
continuing this activity. Therefore, this would automatically lead to a decrease in the
goat production in Mauritius.

However, for some goat keepers goat production was their sole income and they were
willing to expand their business and to improve their herd population. Artificial
insemination would therefore, minimise the cost of maintaining and feeding the extra
bucks on the farm and optimising the goats in production capacity. Hence, it is an
opportunity to implement the goat artificial insemination to upgrade the genetic
development of the goats, thus increasing productivity, yield and profitability and
promoting the goat sector in Mauritius.

Through the research, it was found that goat keepers have a good knowledge on heat
detection and reproduction management of the doe. The primary factor for a successful
artificial insemination is good heat detection; henceforth the training and demonstration
on AI technique would provide a better understanding on the breeding aspects to the
goat keepers. Furthermore, proper nutrition, sanitation and housing system should be
monitored which might lead to successful artificial insemination in goats and thus
increasing the conception rate and improve the goat sector. However, despite of having
the laboratory equipment and infrastructure, the implementation of Goat AI would be
incomplete without the experts and well-trained personnel. Through the findings, it was
found that the officers would have to be trained on the goat AI and at later stage; those
trained personnel would then demonstrate this technique to the other goat keepers.

40
 RECOMMENDATIONS

 To strengthen public-sector organizational and institutional capacity by

providing laboratory equipment, transport and training facilities.
 To establish artificial insemination field units, the purpose of which would be to
conduct artificial insemination breeding programmes in the 20 selected villages
with the goat keepers who were willing to adopt the AI service and to supply the
programmes with equipment and transport facilities.
 Importation of good quality breed of bucks for semen collection and to upgrade
the local goat production sector.
 There should be sensitization campaigns through posters, pamphlets, talks,
demonstrations and meetings with the Extension Officers. This will help the
goat keepers to have a better view on the prospects of using Artificial
Insemination.

41
 LIST OF REFERENCES

1. ALEMU, Y., & MERKEL, R.C., 2008. Sheep and Goat Management. Sheep
and Goat production Handbook for Ethiopia, 34-37.
2. ALLISON, C., & HAGEVOORT, R.G., 2009. Artificial Insemination of Dairy
goats, 17-20.
3. ARREBOLA, F.A., PARDO, B., SANCHEZ, M., LOPEZ, M.D., & PEREZ-
MARIN C.C., 2012. Factors influencing the success of an artificial
insemination program in Florida goats.
Available from: http://www.revistas.inia.es/index.php/jsar/article [Accessed on
4 March 2014].
4. BRANCA, A., CAPPAI, P., DATTENA, M., MARA, L., & PILICHI, S., 2007.
Animal Reproduction Science.
Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article [Accessed on
October 2013].
5. CASADY, R.B., MYERS, R.M., & LEGATES, J.E., 1953. The effect of
exposure of high ambient temperature on spermatogenesis in the dairy buck. 14-
25.
6. COFFEY, L., & MARGO, H, W., 2004. Goats: Sustainable production
overview.
Available from: http://www.attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/goatoverview.htmlPDF
[Accessed on October 2013].
7. DIEGO, G., & SOREN, R., 2007. Reproductive Management of sheep and goat,
114-117.
8. FLOWERS, W.L., 2013. Triennial Reproduction Symposium: Sperm
characteristics that limit success of fertilization.
Available from: http://www.journalofanimalscience.org [Accessed on January
2014].
9. FOOD AND AGRICULTURAL ORGANIZATION., 1998-2002. State of
World’s Animal Genetic Resources. Country Report, Mauritius.
10. FOOTE, R.H., 2002. The history of artificial insemination: selected notes and
notables. Journal of Animal Science 80, 1-10.
11. FRANKLIN, M.L., QUIMBY, W.F., JAMES, G.F., & ANDERSON, L.C.,
2002. Laboratory Animal Medicine, 534-535.

42
12. GEOFFREY, H.A., TIMOTHY, J.P., & DAVID, E.N., 2001. Arthur’s
Veterinary Reproduction and Obstetrics, 751-778.
13. GIRMA, A., 2008. Reproduction in sheep and goats. In: Sheep and Goat
production Handbook for Ethiopia, 61-66.
14. GHALSASI, P., 2004. Artificial Insemination in goats. In: Technical Training
Manual, Phaltan, Maharashtra Goat and Sheep Research and Development.
15. HASKELL, R., & SCOTT., R. 2008. Blackwell’s Five-minute Veterinary
consult Ruminant, 500-501.
16. JANE, M., 2011. Artificial Insemination: Current and Future Trends, Artificial
Insemination in Farm Animals.
Available from: http://www.intechopen.com/books [Accessed on November
2013].
17. JOHN, W.F., & HENRY, J.B., 2000. Applied Animal Reproduction, pp 141-145.
18. KUMARAN, S., & JOSEPH, D., 2009. Artificial Insemination and Animal
Production, 37-43.
19. LEBOEUF, B., RESTALL, B., & SALAMON, S., (2000). Animal
Reproduction Science. In: Production and storage of goat semen for artificial
insemination, 113-120.
20. LUGINBUHL, J.M., 2011. Housing and facilities for meat goats.
Available from: http://www.meatgoats.ncsu.edu/PUBS-
Files/Housingandworkingfacilities.pdf [Accessed on November 2013].
21. MINISTRY OF AGRO INDUSTRY AND FOOD SECURITY., 2011. Animal
Production Division, Annual Report.
Available from:
http://www.agriculture.gov.mu/English?Archives/Pages/Annual-Report
[Accessed on September 2013].
22. MINISTRY OF AGRO INDUSTRY AND FOOD SECURITY., 2013-2015.
Food Security Fund Strategic Plan, 34.
23. PEACOCK, C., 1996. Improving Goat Production in the Tropics: A Manual for
Development Worker, 229-230.
24. PERRY, E.J., 1947. The Artificial Insemination of Farm Animals, 338-340.
25. SADDUL. D et al 1999. Evaluation of the performance of the smallholder goat
production system in Mauritius. Réduit. Food and Agricultural Research
Council.

43
26. SALAMON, S., MAXWELL, C.W.M., & GARETH, E. 1987. Salamon’s
artificial insemination of seeps and goats. Journal of Animal Science, 17-20.
27. SIBARTIE, D., 1988. Milk and Beef production in Mauritius. Proceedings of a
seminar organised by the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Natural
Resources and the United Nations Development Programme, 33-39. Réduit,
Mauritius.
28. SMITH, R.F., & DOBSON, H., 2000. What is stress, and how does it affect
reproduction. Animal Reproduction Science, 743-752.
29. TORRES, A.D., 2001. Farm Management in Extension in the Philippines.
Rome. Food and Agricultural Organisation of the United Nations.
30. WALTON, A., 2010. Notes on the techniques of Artificial Insemination, 46-48.
31. WEBB, E.C., 2010. Reproductive status of goats in communal systems in South
Africa. South African Journal of Animal Science, 34, 18-20.
32. WILSON, T., 1991. Small Ruminant Production and the Small Genetic
Resource in the Tropical Africa. Animal Production and Health Paper. Rome.
Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations.

44
 APPENDIX I
QUESTIONNAIRE

I, Miss PUTTOO Hema Devi, student from the Faculty of Agriculture at the University
of Mauritius have to submit a project work as part of my studies BSc (Hons)
Agriscience and Technology. My project title is: “Prospects of using Artificial
Insemination in goats in Mauritius”.

Please fill in the questionnaire. The information will be kept in confidential.

SECTION 1: DEMOGRAPHIC
1.1 Age: ………..
1.2 Sex: Male Female
1.3 Where do you live? Rural Urban

1.4 Marital status:

Married
Divorced
Widow
Single

1.5 Occupation as farmer: Part-time Full time

1.6 For how long have you been rearing goats?

< 5years
5-10years
11-20years
>20years

1.7 Why are you rearing goats?

For own consumption
Income (Meat and milk production)
Hobby
Others (specify)

1.8 Do you intend to extend the rearing of goats?

Yes
No

45
If No, why you want to quit this activity?
……………………………………………………………………………..………….…
………………………………………………………………………………………..…

If you plan to expand your business, how will you increase the number of goats?
………………………………………………………………………………………….…
……………………………………………………………………………………………

SECTION 2: STATUS OF ANIMALS

2.1 Actual number of goats being reared:
Number
Buck (Male)
Doe (Female)
Kids
Total

2.2 Please state if other animals are reared:

Animals Number

2.3 What is the frequency of kidding throughout the year? …………

2.4 Is there any specific months for kidding, please specify?

Yes
No
……………………………………………………………………………………….……
……………………………………………………………………………………………

2.5 At what age female animals are allowed to breed? …….. Months

2.6 What is the kidding interval? …….. Days

2.7 Are you aware of the different goat breeds being kept locally?
Yes
No

46
2.8 What breeds of goat do you rear?
……………………………………………………………………………………….……
……………………………………………………………………………………………

SECTION 3: BREEDING & REPRODUCTION

3.1 How would you assess the doe is on heat?
Mucous discharge from vulva, swollen vulva
Bleating, frequent tail wagging
Decrease in appetite
Others (specify)

3.2 Do you have problems in detecting heat?

Yes
No
If yes, what type of problems?
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………

3.4 Based on what criterion do you select the buck (male) for mating?
Body weight
Size
Height
Others (specify)

3.5 Do you know about Artificial insemination?

Yes
No

3.6 Do you know about AI service in Mauritius?

Yes
No
If Yes, specify in which animals
…………………………………………………..………………………………….…
…...…………………………………………………………………………………….

3.7 Which method do you prefer to serve the goats?

Artificial Insemination
Natural mating

47
 Why?
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
3.8 If AI proves to be more successful than natural crossing, will you adopt it?
Yes
No

If No, why?
…………………………………….……………………………………………………
…………………………………..……………………………………………………...

3.9 Do you much can you afford for one AI service?

……………………………….…………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………….

3.10 If the price of one AI increases, will you be still willing to adopt it?
Yes
No

3.11 According to you what does a successful artificial insemination requires?

Good heat detection
Good artificial insemination timing
Good nutrition
Good management of the goats
Others (specify)

3.12 Do you have any suggestions towards the implementation of AI service for goats?
Yes
No

If yes, which suggestions?

…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………..................................

48
SECTION 4: NUTRITION
4.1 What type of feeds to you provide to the goats?
Sugarcane tops
Elephant grass
L’herbe bouric
Acacia
Other (specify)

4.2 How much of feeds do you provide to your goats daily?

…..………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………

4.3 Are concentrates and minerals blocks provided?

Yes
No

If yes, specify
……………………………………………………………………………………………
…..………………………………………………………………………………………..
4.4 Do you provide fresh water daily to the goats?
Yes
No

4.5 Amount of feed provided is based upon:

Age
Sex
Physiological state (illness, pregnant, milking stage, dry or healthy)
Production capacity

4.6 What are the main problems with feeding the goats?
……………………………………………………………………………………………
…..………………………………………………………………………………………
SECTION 5: HEALTH & MANAGEMENT
5.1 Are the animals in your herd vaccinated?
Yes (all)
Some
None

49
5.2 What type of health problems did your goat have?

Disease Goat died

Yes No

5.3 Do you face any difficulties on treating the animals when they are sick?
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………

5.4 Do you keep record of the following?

Number of animals bought per year

Number of births per year
Amount of feed/fodder consumed
Date doe assessed pregnant
Date of calved
Kidding interval
Financial records
Other remarks (disease, miscarriage, death,
etc…)

SECTION 6: HOUSING SYSTEM

6.1 What do you consider as appropriate in the construction of goat shed?
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………..………

50
6.2 Materials used for construction of shed
Walls Roof Door Window Floor
Concrete
Soil
Wood
Iron bars
Iron sheet
Others

6.3 Is it well-ventilated, providing shade and protection in all weather conditions?

Yes
No

6.4 Is electricity available in the shed?

Yes
No

6.5 Where do you dispose urine and manure?

Constructed drainage system
Let it drain in the soil
Leaving it on ground itself
Others (specify)

6.6 Do you allow the goats to roam about?

Yes
No

6.7 Do you separate your animals?

Yes
No

6.8 If yes, separation is based on what?

Age
Breed
Sex
Others (specify)

51
SECTION 7: ADVISORY AND SUPPORTING SERVICES
7.1 Do you have Officers coming for visits?
Yes
No

7.2 From where do you seek information for goat keeping and management?
Other farmers
Own experience
Extension officer
Others (specify)

7.3 Are you satisfied with the help and advice they provide you?
Yes
No

If No, why?
……………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………..

52
 APPENDIX II

INTERVIEW

1. Where are the goats reared by the APD division?

………………………………………………………………………………………
…...…………………………………………………………………………………
2. Can you state the number of goats reared by the APD division?

Number of animals

Doe
Buck
Kids
Total

3. Name the breeds of goats which are kept locally.

……………………………………………………..………………………...………
…………………………………………………………………………………….…

4. Do the APD division import goats?

...……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………..

5. Is artificial insemination technique being practiced for goat production?

...…………………………………………………………………………………..…
……………………………………………………………………………………….
6. Is there any model used for the goat artificial insemination?
………………..………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………….

7. (a) Are there any problems associated with the implementation of artificial
insemination with goats?
……………………………………………………………………………………..…
………………………………………………………………………………………..

53
 (b) If yes, can you give some examples of the problems?

…………………………………………………………………………………….…
…...…………………………………………………………………………………

8. What is the latest improvement being done in the setting up the goat artificial
insemination program?

..………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………….

9. What are the requirements needed to set up the goat artificial insemination?
..………………………………………………………………………………………
….......……………………………………………………………………………....

10. How many employees are involved in the artificial insemination service?
..……..……………………………………………………………………….………
……………………………………………………………………………………….

11. Do the employees and farmers undergo any specific training by the APD division
on artificial insemination?
..………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………

54