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Notes
Metals in the Periodic Table
Mainly in Group I, Group II, and the Transition Block
those near the staircase line
Properties
1. High density, melting point and boiling point
when a force is applied to a metal, the atoms can slide over one another
malleable: can be bent and beaten into different shapes
ductile: can be stretched to form wires
3. Thermal conductivity
heat energy can be transferred from one atom to another by vibration as the atoms are very close together
the outermost electrons also help to conduct heat
4. Electrical conductivity
when a metal is connected to a circuit, the free outermost electrons move towards the positive terminal
to replace them, more electrons are fed into the metal from the negative terminal
Extremes in Metals
Lightest: Lithium
Heaviest: Osmium
Most brittle: Manganese and chromium
Lowest melting point: Mercury
Highest melting point: Tungsten
Most expensive: Platinum
Rarest: Rhodium
Most abundant: Aluminium
Metallic properties
Alloys
a mixture of metallic elements or metallic with non-metallic.
Pure metals are weak as the layers of atoms slide over each other easily. in alloy of 2 metals, they have different
sizes of atoms so this distrupts the orderly layer of atoms making it difficult for atoms to slide over.
Eg of alloys
Uses of duralumin: it is light but strong and durable so used for aircraft parts, greenhouse frames,
overhead cables, curtain walling in high-rise buildings etc.
pewter: tin and lead
Uses of solder: mixture of tin and lead, has a much lower melting point than either of its components so
more easily fusible --- suitable for welding electrical wire together
Uses of stainless steel: is an alloy of iron containing chromium or nickel. Is the most expensive way
applications for:
cutleries
medical instruments
kitchen sinks
steel objects in chemical factories and oil refineries
Reactive metals tend to form positive ions easily, by losing electrons and forming compounds
unreactive metals prefer to remain in uncombined form, as the element itself
the order of reactivity is worked out from the metal's reaction (if any) with water or steam and acids
if there is a reaction, the metal displaces hydrogen
Metal + hydrogen ion ---> metal ion + hydrogen gas
magnesiu react with steam react with dilute acids with decreasing ease
m M(s) + 2H2O(g) --> MO(s) + H2(g) M(s) + 2HCl(aq) --> MCl2(aq) + H2(g)
aluminium Metal + Water --> Metal Oxide + Metal + Acid --> Metal Chloride + Hydrogen
zinc Hydrogen
iron
lead do not react with water or steam react with dilute acids with decreasing ease
hydrogen
copper do not react with water or steam react only with concentrated acids
mercury
silver
platinum
In the reactivity series, metals at the top, like potassium and sodium, react violently with cold water. Hence, they
are stored under the surface of oil to prevent water vapour in the atmosphere from reacting with them
Down the series, reduction becomes easier because the metals prefer to exist as atoms, as opposed to ions
For metal oxides like mercury(II) oxide, no reducing agent is needed - just heating alone
For observation, we’ll see silver magnesium metal coated with brown copper metal
Displacement is due to Mg atoms transfer electrons to Cu2+ ions forming Cu atoms.
Loss of electrons is due to it’s less reactive as less reactive metal has higher chance of losing electrons.
That’s why when Mg is placed in KCl, no reaction occurs.
Displacement of oxides
In general, the more reactive metal goes into solution displacing the less reactive.
For eg, if iron filings were slowly added, with stirring, to a blue solution of copper(II) sulphate, the blue color would
fade and become faintly greenish.
This is because the copper has been pushed out, and is left as pink copper metal, while the iron has gone into
solution as green iron(II) sulphate
The lower the position of metal in reactivity series, the easier for carbon to remove oxygen from metal oxide by
heating. At higher position, stronger heat is needed.
E.g. CuO reacts with C can be reduced by bunsen burner flame temperature
CuO(s) + C(s) --> Cu(s) + CO2(g)
For iron oxide to be reduced, it needs very high temperature.
The lower position of metal in reactivity series, the easier hydrogen remove oxygen from metal oxide by heating.
At higher position, stronger heat is needed.
E.g. PbO reacts with H2 can be reduced by bunsen burner flame temperature
PbO(s) + H2(g) --> Pb(s) + H2O(l)
The lower position of metal in reactivity series, the easier hydrogen remove oxygen from metal oxide by heating.
At higher position, stronger heat is needed.
E.g. CuCO3 reacts decomposes by heat of bunsen burner flame temperature
CuCO3(s) --> Cu(s) + CO2(g)
Extraction of Metals
Metals from Rocks
Occurrence of Metals
Metal ores are compounds, usually as:
Uses of Metals
Recycling Metals
There are many iron on the surface but copper and tin are seriously reducing.
High temperatures and pressures and greater depth increases hazards that prevent mining up to the lower part of
crust, although there are more metals further down
Ways to conserve metals
o Use alternative materials to replace the use of iron (e.g. use of plastic pipes instead of iron, use of glass
bottles for soft drinks instead of aluminium)
o Recycle unused metals by melting them to produce new blocks of clean metal
Recyling helps conserving metals, especially valuables such as gold and platinum.
o E.g. used computer parts processed to extract gold used for electrical contacts of processors and
memory chips
Recycling saves the cost of extracting new metals
Recycling benefits environment, e.g. if there is a car wasteland, it causes eyesore
Recycling metals can damage the environment by smelting process which sends a lot of fumes into the
air
Cost to separate metals from waste is high. E.g. separat metals in alloys is hard
Transport costs for collecting scrap metal is high, e.g. trucks should be used
People are not interested in depositing their used materials in recycling bins
Iron
Iron is extracted from the iron ore haematite, Fe2O3
Iron is extracted from the oxide in a blast furnace
Steel
Iron made from blast furnace is not good as:
Making Steel:
Impurities of iron is removed by blowing oxygen into molten iron to change the impurities into oxides. They are
then combined with CaO and removed as slag.
Carbon and other metals are added in certain amount to make steel.
o It is strong and quite malleable. It is used for car bodies, ships, railway lines and steel rods to reinforce
concrete
Hard steel – is a high-carbon steel with about 1% carbon
o It is harder than mild steel and less malleable. It is used to make tools
Stainless steel – is iron with large amounts of chromium and nickel
o It is hard, shiny and doesn’t rust. It is used to make cutleries, medical instrument and pipes in chemical
industries.
Rusting
Rusting – corrosion of iron and steel
Rust – brown solid product formed during rusting
Rust is hydrated iron(III) oxide Fe2O3.xH2O where water molecules varies.
Preventing Rusting
Paint
Grease or oil (also help to lubricate)
Plastic
Metal Plating – covering metal with thin layer of another metal (e.g. tin, chromium, silver)
MCQ Questions
1. Caesium is a metal that is more reactive than aluminium. Which reaction would produce caesium?
a. electrolysing aqueous caesium chloride
b. electrolysing molten caesium chloride
c. heating caesium carbonate
d. heating caesium oxide with carbon
2. Which of the following processes does not result in the formation of both carbon dioxide and water?
a. addition of a dilute acid to a carbonate
b. burning ethanol
c. burning methane
d. heating crystals of hydrated sodium carbonate
6. Which substance removes impurities from iron ore in the blast furnace?
a. carbon
b. limestone
c. sand
d. slag
7. An excess of iron filings is added to a solution containing a mixture of the ions Mg 2+, Ca2+, Cu2+ and Ag+. Which
2 metals will be displaced from this solution?
a. calcium and copper
b. calcium and magnesium
c. copper and silver
d. magnesium and silver
9. Why does the color of aqueous potassium bromide change when chlorine gas is bubbled into it?
a. a compound is formed between chlorine and bromine
b. a solution of potassium chloride is formed
c. the chlorine oxidises bromide ions to bromine
d. the potassium bromide is reduced
10. Which carbonate decomposes on heating to give a black solid and a colourless gas?
a. calcium carbonate
b. copper(II) carbonate
c. sodium carbonate
d. zinc carbonate
11. Which substance is not an essential raw material in the extraction of iron in a blast furnace?
a. air
b. coke
c. limestone
d. sand
12. Which element reacts with oxygen to form a compound that is a gas at room temperature?
a. magnesium
b. hydrogen
c. copper
d. carbon
13. Caesium is a metal that is more reactive than aluminium. Which reaction would produce caesium?
a. electrolysing aqueous caesium chloride
b. electrolysing molten caesium chloride
c. heating caesium carbonate
d. heating caesium oxide with carbon
15. Which of the following processes does not result in the formation of both carbon dioxide and water?
a. addition of a dilute acid to a carbonate
b. burning ethanol
c. burning methane
d. heating crystals of hydrated sodium carbonate
19. Which substance removes impurities from iron ore in the blast furnace?
a. carbon
b. limestone
c. sand
d. slag
20. What reacts with hydrochloric acid to give hydrogen?
a. ammonia
b. iron
c. silver
d. sodium hydroxide
21. Which carbonate decomposes on heating to give a black solid and a colorless gas?
a. calcium carbonate
b. copper(II) carbonate
c. sodium carbonate
d. zinc carbonate
22. Which substance is not an essential raw material in the extraction of iron in a blast furnace?
a. air
b. coke
c. limestone
d. sand
23. Which element reacts with oxygen to form a compound that is a gas at room temperature?
a. magnesium
b. hydrogen
c. copper
d. carbon
24. A sample of air is slowly passed through aqueous sodium hydroxide and then over heated copper. Which
gases are removed by this process?
a. carbon dioxide and water vapour
b. carbon dioxide and oxygen
c. nitrogen and oxygen
d. nitrogen and water vapour
25. When heated, solid X gives off a gas which turns limewater milky. The residue reacts with dilute acid and also
with aqueous alkali. What is X?
a. copper(II) carbonate
b. magnesium carbonate
c. sodium carbonate
d. zinc carbonate
26. An element is burned in an excess of oxygen. Which statement about the oxide formed is always correct?
a. it is a crystalline solid
b. it is greater in mass than the element
c. it is soluble in water
d. it is white in color
30. Which substance does not need air as a raw material for its manufacture?
a. ammonia
b. iron
c. sodium
d. sulphuric acid
32. Compound X reacts with some metals to liberate hydrogen and is used to make fertilisers. It gives a white
precipitate when added to aqueous barium nitrate. What is X?
a. ammonium sulphate
b. hydrochloric acid
c. potassium nitrate
d. sulphuric acid
33. Which industrial process uses iron as a catalyst?
a. making ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen
b. making ethanol from ethene and steam
c. making steel
d. making sulphur trioxide from sulphur dioxide and oxygen
35. How does the mass of a sample of copper(II) oxide change when it is heated in hydrogen and in oxygen?
36. Sodium is a metal. Using only this information, what can be deduced about sodium?
a. it has a low melting point
b. it is a conductor of electricity
c. it is less dense than water
d. it is very reactive
37. Which substance reacts with water to form a soluble compound and an insoluble gas?
a. ammonium sulfate
b. caesium
c. calcium carbonate
copper
38. Which compound does not give off a gas when heated?
a. hydrated copper(II) sulfate
b. hydrate sodium carbonate
c. magnesium carbonate
d. sodium carbonate
39. Which metal should be used in the sacrificial protection of the hull of a boat made from iron?
a. calcium
b. copper
c. lead
d. zinc
40. A coil of clean copper wire is suspended in a beaker of aqueous silver nitrate. Crystals of silver are deposited
on the copper wire. Which statement is not correct?
a. the copper is oxidised
b. the solution turns blue
c. the total mass of the crystals of silver increases gradually
d. the total number of positive ions in the solution is unchanged
41. In the manufacture of iron by the blast furnace, which are the main gases that escape from the top of the blast
furnace?
a. carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen
b. nitrogen, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide
c. nitrogen, oxygen, steam
d. oxygen, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide
42. When heated, solid X gives off a gas. When this gas is bubbled through limewater, a white precipitate is
formed. The residue after heating solid X reacts with dilute acid and also with aqueous alkali. What is X?
a. copper(II) carbonate
b. magnesium carbonate
c. sodium carbonate
d. zinc carbonate
Answers
1. b
2. d
3. b
4. b
5. d
6. b
7. c
8. b
9. c
10. b
11. d
12. d
13. b
14. a
15. d
16. b
17. b
18. d
19. b
20. b
21. b
22. d
23. d
24. b
25. d
26. b
27. c
28. a
29. b
30. c (sodium is obtained through electrolysis)
31. d
32. d
33. a
34. b
35. b
36. b
37. b
38. c
39. d
40. b
41. b
42. d
43. a
b. Water supplies are obtained from rivers, boreholes and reservoirs. The water must be treated before use.
Describe and explain the two main processes in the purification of water supplies.
c. Water supplies that have passed through iron pipes contain iron(II) ions, Fe 2+ and iron(III) ions, Fe3+.
In the presence of air, iron(II) ions are slowly changes to iron(III) ions.
Construct the equation for the reaction between iron(II) ions, hydrogen ions, H +, and oxygen to form iron(III) ions
and water.
Solution
1c. 4Fe2+ (aq) + O2 (g) + 4H+ (aq) ---> 4Fe3+ (aq) + 2H2O (l)
2. Calcium oxide is produced by heating a mixture of limestone and coke in a lime kiln.
Solution
2ai. It shows that the decomposition of calcium oxide in the lime kiln is a reversible reaction.
2aii. The decrease in carbon dioxide concentration causes the equilibrium to shift to the right to produce more carbon
dioxide to replace those that escaped. Therefore, more calcium carbonate decomposes to give calcium oxide.
2bii. It is used to treat acidic soils. It reacts with acid to produce salt and water.
Each metal can be used once, more than once, or not at all.
Solution
3a. aluminim
3b. copper/iron
3c. zinc
3d. copper
3e. copper
4. In separate experiments, powdered samples of metal X and metal Y reacted with solutions of nickel(II) sulphate
and of iron(II) sulphate. The following table shows how the colours of the solutions changed.
a. predict the order of reactivity for the four metals X, Y, nickel, and iron.
c. Write the ionic equation, with state symbols, for the reaction between iron and aqueous nickel(II) sulphate.
Solution