Homework 9

Exercise 9.1. In this exercise, our goal is to show that the Hausdorff condition is not necessarily preserved by
taking quotient spaces. We will do this by constructing a topological space, the line with two origins, which is
homeomorphic to a quotient of a Hausdorff space yet not Hausdorff itself.
(i) Let Y = R ∪ {00 } be the real numbers union an additional point, which we call 00 (the “second origin”).
Equip Y with the following topology: any open subset of R r {0} is open when thought of as a subset of
Y , and if U ⊂ R is any open subset of R containing 0, then U , U r {0} ∪ {00 } and U ∪ {00 } are all open
in Y . In other words, U ⊂ Y is open if and only if one of the following two conditions hold:
• U contains neither 0 nor 00, and U is open in R; or
• U contains one or both of 0 and 00, and the result of replacing these elements by the single element
0, (U r {0, 00 }) ∪ {0}, is an open subset of R.
You may assume that this defines a topology; we call the resulting topological space Y the line with two
origins. If it is helpful you may assume that the topology on Y is generated by the following basis B:
B = {(a, b) ⊂ R r {0} ⊂ Y } ∪ {(−r, r ) ⊂ R ⊂ Y } ∪ {(−r, 0) ∪ {00 } ∪ (0, r ) ⊂ Y },
in other words, B consists of all open intervals avoiding 0 entirely, open intervals containing 0, and
open intervals containing 0 with 0 replaced by 00.
Prove that (Y , TY ) is not Hausdorff.
(ii) Let X = {(x, i) ∈ R2 : i ∈ {0, 1} be the union of the two lines y = 0 and y = 1 with the induced topology
from R2 . Note that X is Hausdorff, as more generally any subspace of a Hausdorff space is Hausdorff.
Let X be the following partition of X : the set X consists of the sets {(x, 0), (x, 1)} for each x ∈ R r {0},
as well as {(0, 0)} and {(1, 0)}. We might say, as we did in class, that X is the quotient of X by the
equivalence relation “generated by” (x, 0) ∼ (x, 1) for all x , 0.
Equip X with its quotient topology induced by X and the natural map p : X X . Prove that X is
homeomorphic to Y , the line with two origins described in (i). Hence, X is not Hausdorff.
Solution.
(i) Suppose U is any open neighborhood of 0 in Y . By the definition of TY it follows that U must contain
a small open interval (−ε, ε) ⊂ R. Now, if V is an open neighborhood of 00, then there similarly must
be some ε 0 > 0 such that (−ε 0, 0) ∪ {00 } ∪ (0, ε 0 ) ⊂ V . But if r = min{ε, ε 0 } > 0 then (0, r ) ⊂ U ∩ V . In
particular, U ∩ V , ∅. This means that 0 and 00 cannot be separated by open sets in Y .
(ii) First consider the map



 (x, i) x whenever x , 0
f:X Y ,  (0, 0) 0


 (0, 1)


00 .

This map is in fact continuous: Suppose U ⊂ Y is open. If U ⊂ R r {0} and U is open in R, then
f −1 (U ) = U × {0, 1} ⊂ X is open in X . If U contains 0 or 00 then by definition V = (U r {00 }) ∪ {0} is an
open subset of R. The preimage f −1 (U ) is one of V × {0, 1}, (V × {0, 1}) r {(0, 0)} or (V × {0, 1}) r {(0, 1)}.
Since both {(0, 0)} and {(0, 1)} are closed in R2 all of these sets are open subsets of X and therefore
f −1 (U ) is open in all cases.
Notice that f (x, 0) = f (x, 1) for x , 0. This means that f respects the equivalence relation defining X
and there is a unique continuous map f : X Y with f ◦ p = f .
In the other direction, define



 x {(x, 0), (x, 1)} whenever x , 0 and x , 00
д: Y X, 0 {(0, 0)}


 00


{(0, 1)}.


1
 Then one sees immediately that f ◦ д = idY and д ◦ f = idX , so we only need to check that д is
continuous. Suppose U ⊂ X is open. First, assume that {(0, 0)}, {(0, 1)} < U . Then p −1 (U ) = V × {0, 1}
for some open set V ⊂ R r {0} and д−1 (U ) = V is open in Y . If {(0, 0)} ∈ U or {(0, 1)} ∈ U then p −1 (U ) is
of the form V × {0, 1}, (V × {0, 1}) r {(0, 0)} or (V × {0, 1}) r {(0, 1)} for some open set V ⊂ R containing
0. This means that д−1 (U ) is one of V ∪ {00 }, (V r {0}) ∪ {00 } or V respectively. All of these sets are
open in Y and we can conclude that д is continuous.
In summary, we have found a continuous map f : X Y with a continuous inverse д : Y X and
there X and Y are homeomorphic.
Exercise 9.2. Let X = R2 r {0} be the plane minus the origin, with the usual (subspace) topology. Let X
be the partition of X consisting of sets {(2n x, 2ny) : n ∈ Z}. Namely, two points are in the same set of the
partition if and only if one is obtained from the other one by multiplication by a power of 2.
Let p : X X be the quotient map, and endow X with the quotient topology induced by X and p.
(i) Consider the map f : X S 1 × S 1 ⊂ R2 × R2 defined by

y) log x 2 + y2 log x 2 + y 2 +++

p p
(x,
f (x, y) = * p , *cos *2π + , sin *2π .
2
, x +y , ,
2 log 2 - , log 2 ---
Show that f induces a continuous bijection f : X S 1 × S 1 for which f = f ◦ p.
(ii) Show that X is compact.
(iii) Show that f is a homeomorphism.
Solution.
(i) We first note that f : X S 1 × S 1 is surjective: suppose ((a, b), (c, d )) ∈ S 1 × S 1 . Then there is some
ϕ ∈ R with cos ϕ = c and sin ϕ = d. Because log : R >0 R is surjective there is some r > 0 with
ϕ = 2π log r log 2. Set (x, y) = r · (a, b) and compute:
(x, y) r (a, b)
= √ = (a, b)
x 2 + y 2 r a2 + b 2
p

2π 2π √ log r
q
log x 2 + y 2 = log(r a 2 + b 2 ) = 2π = ϕ.
log 2 log 2 log 2
Consequently, f (x, y) = ((a, b), (c, d )).
Next, assume that (x 0, y 0 ) = 2n (x, y) ∈ X for some n ∈ Z. Then
(x 0, y 0 ) 2n (x, y) (x, y)
=p =p
22n x 2 + 22ny 2 x 2 + y2
q
x 02 + y 02
2π 2π 2π 2π
q  q  q
log x 02 + y 02 = log 2n x 2 + y 2 = log 2n + log x 2 + y 2 =
log 2 log 2 log 2 log 2
2π
q
= 2πn + log x 2 + y 2 .
log 2
But cos and sin are periodic with period 2π . Hence, f (x 0, y 0 ) = f (x, y). Conversely, suppose that
f (x 0, y 0 ) = f (x, y) for (x, y), (x 0, y 0 ) ∈ X . Then we have
 q  q !
2π 2 2 2π 2 2
cos log 2 log x + y = cos log 2 log x + y0 0

and !
 q  q
2π 2π 2 2
sin log 2 log x 2 + y 2 = sin log 2 log x + y .
0 0

2
 The function ϕ (cos ϕ, sin ϕ) is periodic with period 2π and injective on [0, 2π ). Therefore there
must be some n ∈ Z with
2π 2π
q q
2 2
log x + y + 2πn = log x 02 + y 02 .
log 2 log 2

Performing the previous calculations backwards, this means

2π 2π
q q
log 22n x 2 + 22ny 2 = log x 02 + y 02 .
log 2 log 2

The logarithm and the square root are injective functions R >0 R, so this let’s us conclude that
22n (x 2 +y 2 ) = x 02 +y 02 . But now, writing f (a, b) = ( f 1 (a, b), f 2 (a, b)) and remembering our assumption
that f (x, y) = f (x 0, y 0 ) we can compute

(x, y) (x, y)
q q q
2n (x, y) = 2n x 2 + y 2 p = 22n x 2 + 22ny 2 p = x 02 + y 02 f 1 (x, y) =
x 2 + y2 x 2 + y2
(x , y )
0 0
q q
= x 02 + y 02 f 1 (x 0, y 0 ) = x 02 + y 02 q =
x 02 + y 02
= (x 0, y 0 ).

In summary, we have f (x, y) = f (x 0, y 0 ) for (x, y), (x 0, y 0 ) ∈ X if and only if there is some n ∈ Z with
2n (x, y) = (x 0, y 0 ). This implies that f : X S 1 × S 1 descends to a bijection f : X S 1 × S 1 with
f = f ◦ p. Furthermore, this map f is continuous because f was continuous and X carries the quotient
topology.
(ii) Consider the closed annulus A = B(0, 2) r B(0, 1) ⊂ R2 r {0}. This set is both closed and bounded
and therefore compact by Heine–Borel. So it will suffice to show that p(A) p = X in order to conclude
2
that X is compact. For this, suppose that (x, y) ∈ R r {0} and write r = x 2 + y 2 . Then there is some
integer n ∈ Z such that 2n ≤ r ≤ 2n+1 . But this means that 2−n (x, y) ∈ A and p(x, y) = p(2−n (x, y)).
Consequently, for any p(x, y) ∈ X there is (x 0, y 0 ) ∈ A such that p(x 0, y 0 ) = p(x, y). In other words,
p(A) = X .
(iii) We have a continuous bijection f : X S 1 × S 1 from the compact space X to the Hausdorff space
S 1 × S 1 . Any such map must be a homeomorphism.