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    pak study

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    16 views9 pages

    Ali Ghar

    Uploaded by

    Mohammad Sarwar
    pak study

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 9
    Lecture 3 The Aligarh Movement The War af Indepordance 1857 ended in a deactor fr tho responsible for the war of 1657 and therefore, they were Subjacted to tihless punishment and merciless revenge ‘The Bren had alwaye looked upon the Musim ae ther remiss because they had ovsles them from power. YS tho war of 1867 this foolng was intensifed and. overy tempt wae mage to run and supprose the, Wusilne forever This the Mughal ns care tan end and ths ontnont went dict under the Bish cron, ‘Sir Syed Ahmad Khan mede modern education the way to progr ‘After the Muslin rule, the new cules, the Sxish, implemented a new duestonal paley ain elastic changos. The plcy rocketed fab Persian and etgjous education nschaale and mace Engtsh aa the ony fedum of evucton ae wall ee the oficial language n 1895. A wrong sttuce of overyhing mosem ara Westem, sn osinainain to make tse of the opporuoties opening under ihe few regime was eveated among the Muslims. Ths tendency. had i continued long. would have Provod least for he Musi community Suen wore tha says of cespatr and despongerey when Sir Syed appeared on the fotizon of Musin Inca to fescue ther. Sir Syed had the conviction that fegoneraion ofthe indian Mucime hag not ata veuslzed that mankind Nod tered 8 very Important phase off axsiance, 2. an ora of felice ard learang whien was te source of brogress and prosperity forthe Beish. Therefor mote education became the plot of His ‘movement fr tho rogeneraton of the Inlan Muslin, wolen brought 2 compte orientation io Sie Syed? feat and foramestebjesive west modernize tha Nustine folowing the Waster kira velies thal could. create. iendly fimcsphere for the two communities. Ho phiosopny and English Meratre © get along wit tho ling peopl. started tho Aigath movement. He hac wo Immodiate objectives F view +) To remove the alate of tension bat IMustars ana ne itis government, ana the 2) To induce em 12 get jobs and ate facitiss under the new govervent To him his was the only way fo the Muss to prosper. Pakistan Studies (Pak) vu “Tho ideas of Sir Syed may be summed up as fllowing 1. To cteate an armosphore of mutual un 2. To parauede Muslims to abetan trom agtatenal police Fortuna, Syed Ahmad Khan was able to atzact a numberof sincere friends whe sharad his ‘iow ang help har Amang ther ware wel-koown furos hea Nawab Mahain ul Mulk, Nava Vigar ul walks wait Shiv Nase Aad Cloragh Al, Mohammad Hayat and Zakaula Al hese personales aévoceted the cause set by Sir Syed Ahmad Khan. Some Engtsh professors like Bach, Marcon. Raloigh and Amol sina contnbctod greatly in bulking up the Alger collage nts (Syed Ahmad launched his edvcational movement by salting up Gulshan [School et Murodazed - 1260" Vietria Schoo! at Gazbut in 1853; Scenic [Alger in 1834; Aigarh Istinte Gazatte paring information on Nsory = ‘ancien! and modern, sclonce of agriculture, natural sconces, physical sciences and Advanced Natematics 1366, Commitee Suding Yor the Educational Progress ef Musims - 1870 Mohammedan Aagio-Oriental School (MAO) at Aigath 1875 af the pain of English pusie schools and later ised tothe leval of college in. 1677 and urversty #1220, Mohammedan Educatoral Cortaranco (1886), whieh mo! evory yaa t take stock otha eaucztonal prablame ofthe Nuslms and o persvad them to gel modern education and abstan from police: ka became a potical mouthpiece ofthe Indian Muslins and the forerunner of the Al India uslen leaoue. Betdns ie prominent sola io the educational upit of i Muslims. Syed Ahwrad Khan's witigs clayed important clei Popularing the Idaela for which the Algam stood. He Ral (Rsbabarsaghawatonind in 7856; and one witngs ae Loyal Mohammedan of Inda:TabyevulKalary and KhulbatiAhmadya rooted out the Imisunderstanainge abeutIelamig teachings and helped create a cordial relation between tho Bush Government ana the indian Musims and also helped ia Tommave the misunderstanding aout Islam and Chistian It was ths platform fom where Syed Aniad Khan storaly fonhace he Mustine «Jam the Rinda domirated palteal pari the Inian National Congress. He repteted tie UrdvHind controversy inated by Hdus and predicted that both the Seats for Mustns and also promoted the idea that Hidus and Muslims are two distinct natons, which lad Ye tre Two Nation nao Syat Anead Khaw's Algah Movement played a signfeant fol w bing about an inten! raveliton amcng the Incian Mustmrs, Thus Algarh Movement succeeded in achoving its major fsbjecives ana boosted up me doprestod Muslm commun tobe teal staus orator © Conia Vinal vey of aa Sir Syed Ahmad Khan and His Contributions ‘ho great amancipato af me idan Mustine Si Syed Ahmas Khan wae born at Dem 1817. ‘Tha fs the ceiod when the great Mughal Empire was close to 2 complete collapse. Sit Syed's {amily nad aleady joined the East Ine Company and his matornal grardiahor sorvad i Ian and Surma undor he Brtsh govornment. Sx Syos got mee! t Engaah fram Ms maternal Tamiy. SM eam weas, “Fac ths Wight mle the affas of the sate and fst conacte wh ‘Westar leeming ard siizstion he waa ndabted to he maternal gfansfoter.” (SM. kan Mager Wusien inda p18). si Syac was very heathy by Dh and Ns grandfahar remarked "A Jats boon Homme fary” (id. 18) The dua of Si Syaa forced hen To fn Ihe Balle 3s hood clerk in 1803. The death of his brothar made him serus ard eneraate te face the Nevroaee of Me courageously Another event that charged im entaly waa the War ot Independance by 1857.4 1881, he passed examinain and became subuge Al the ave af the War of independence ho was pacorming tho cuties es sub-jdga hr Bjpote. He established feducstonel nsitutions and afar coming al Aigeth ho feuvareted he aepatons to work fr tho Sepressea Wusims of tha Subcontinent Ha cevatad his emir ie or tis urpate to being the Muslim close tthe Bitsh He ciec on March 27.1898 ard nas bured in Agar, Ho tock responsibilty of the Inlan Muslims when they fad bean town in backwardness, oproacion nde humuston. The Brtch held them etimizal tthe War whip the Hinaus has won tha Sean bemg antiMusier farce n auch anveonment, St Syed guded Ne communty to rjers tho Ife. To Or Galb--Abis, "Si Syed Ahmad Khan was among a vety few leaders produced by Muclim Inia, who the Mohammad Al Jinnah mage a tremendave. contrbution in guiding the dosinios ote atan Muse” (DFG. NBG, Musim Svuggle fr Ineependance, p. 1") Sir Syed and Poities Inthe pola arora, Sir Syod carved numerous successes; he eradicated mcunderstondings totween the Misti and tha Bish inised die to the past parieular icons. Awaoring among the Muslims about th politcal ups and downs ard co-olsonce i the presence of ce ator i Ingia was another centnbuton of Sk Syed. He moivatoe the Musima to abeor tho Imocam eaueaion of fa West because ins was Be very matve ef ho Westar expansion ithe word. He wsualzed the orght future ofthe Muslin F they engaged themselves in the Wastor teaming ‘Sr Syed won the Brin contlence and coral rlatonanp by saving thar vee dung the War ot independence. He utlzed ts relatonshi fino betarmert ofthe Muslims. twas a subile Situation Besause te government hed pul the War camos on the Muslin shouldars and 28sauliog Wow avery aspoct of ite: “These avents wore attauma fr the Musume he memoas Used by (ham shocked the chized world The detestaion of Delhi as a conte of Must eukie was horrendous, Bahadur Shah Zafor.wae exiled to Rangoon Li. osson sho! tree Mughal princee and later 24 princes ware tied and cnecitad; 2 vast cosan of Baad there was: Some Muslims ware shot dead and tei dead bodies were toa io the river Jama. "(0D8!. 9. 1) [AU Muslims were custed fram land, property and employmarts that mace ‘hom thid class citzane of nda. Ths sraatod revengoful sentimante among the Musima who detested Bit their cite and cvation. Si Syed was ofthe view that Bish were 2 cess ecvated, iss and discipinod natin and occusied india wih the now war stategy and rrunitons thet could nat bo metchod by te Iai and parteulaly by the Mustme. Thorofora st tho natura the Muslens Should woud hamsslves according tothe pace ofthe to aod mow sate © Conia Vinal vey of aa Sir Syed published Loyal Mchammedans of India and Risala Asbeb-iSaghawatHind that helped both tre natons to redross ther grevances. In 1885 the indian National Congross was foundnd but Sie Syed named te Muslins from he sinisler aspratons of the Hindus, Anche {actor was tht he intended the Muslims o abstain fom the pois that could osu incon with the rune ration. Urduttind! Controversy rd grow a common language af altho Indians cegarceas of cig a religion but 1867 tho Bena Hindus staid campaty to replace Urdu by Hind, To gain me abject, thay Gecared humerous ctoarzatons. which dscouraged Sr Syed who said to Shakespeare that since now both the nations sould no! Ivo tagather.. Later the folowara of Si Syed tad thai level Bost ave Urdu language. Manain Uk was the culating person wha cxganiad the Musi ft dilense of Ur Muslims-o¢« Nation Se Syed ted he war ran fre Muss Some wer iene mat ne casa Heat “te working relatianshib’ betnean the two naicns as cre he said: “Hindus and Muslims should trytobe of ore mins n matare whienafected mor progfece” He favaed Separate wectoate fot the Mims in 1883 saying thatthe majonty would ovurie Tha tterests of the monly. (& Hardy po. 13837), United indian Patriotic Aseoctation Inte, ne eet up he Patrote Revocation to meat the propaganda of the Congress. Musline and Hints joined tw Associaton, advocated the Musims emotions Mohammedan Defense Association In December 1803, Sr Syed founded the Associaton. ts mai purpcee wae te protect the Bolical rots and social ight of he Muss Sir Syed was areal because he contieuted araat fo the Musi stugale fr identity. Oto von Biomac servodtho Gorman raion with th Melp ofall govornmont sources but Sit Syod ed tha Same witout all hs To Kha Sev Sayeos, “Mary ts have been pail To Si Saye parteuary by modern educated Musims for bsing dating onough to put forward such views in an go which woe by no mean lero of folerant” Or Khali Bin Sayeed, Pahictan th Fetmative Phase: p17) © Conia Vinal vey of aa Lecture 6 ‘The Khilafat Movernent ‘Tho Kiatat mevomant Kas a rigo-pateal mevemart gunched bythe Must of Siish Inala for the ratonion of the Otoman Cadphaln and Tor ot handing over the contol of Musi holy places to nen Musina TTumey sed win Germany Wand War 1. Ae M began to fea the war, conceme ware eapressed in India about the fur of Turkey. It nas a peak period rom 1819 fo 1822 casing Gemonstations. boycott and cther pressure by the wo major communes, the Hindus ana the NMueline. Uaing brthers, the Ilan Muslin Yeaized ther relgieus duty to heb the Mul Country ewan the extra tertrial attachments based on IslaryAvother factor sama tothe frst ‘was thatthe Indian Busi considered Otfoman Caliphate asymo of unity ef the Muslin mots oe Una 4. Otoman ktlatat shout be kept ntact 2. Tertoral solar of Turkey be preserved. 3. Canelot holy the olaces should nt ba given to nor-Musins, Dimensions: “Tho wrkings of the usin telloctuals ocovoked the sentiments for the preservation of Khia nd retention ofthe Musime coniol of te nov places. The Musiine journalism played 2 va to steer the drection of the sruggle. Zaminar of Zafar Al Khan. Comrade. and Hamdard of Maulana Muhammed Al Jauner. and. A-tial of Maulana Abul Kalor Azad ete. were the prominent nenepazere and magaznes whi performed that Guiae 2 expose thei resentment “The Ales posed tumitating terms on vanqusad Turkey. Delhi in November 1819 was arranged fn which the Congress leaders ike Gandhi and Neb partepated i bie nay, te major polteal parte Joined hangs to ass0u the njueoe 9 the Muslim community. Thase slaps wefe announced 2 No particpaton in vtory calabrations, 5 Boyce areich cosce + Non Cooperation wih the Government “The second Khilafat Conference (Anisar was hel in Dec. 1819. Waulana Muar: [Shaukat Al jred to soccin aor dai ralocted fam pian. In Jan. 1020, M.A delegate 12 Viearoy wnie Maclars M.A. Jauhar t Europa, Tha knitat Comte decides Stari ron-conperation in cotaboration with Congress in May 1920, Rowlett Ast, 1919 Role Act was a black le iniuced in india. To the law, the government got authoiy 2 petevaute any ndan and the avvested had no acy cf egal assistance ond ih to appa uct Es'tte ‘Letres da Cachet in France before tha Franch Revaluton ibnan resigned fom Me Crna egisatine ns pots gh Ineidont, Apri 193 “The people gathorod in Jlfanwala Bagh at Amritsar but Genora Dyer ocened fre to isprse the trong thai east a hugo human eaouatice (C70). i eoneldered one ef the gract agadies 1a Inala. 1940, by Kling Goveror Punjab, Si Michaat © Dayar, Ram Munemmad Singh Azoe {ot revenge af the Inon massacre. ‘Tha Nagpur Secolcn ofthe Congtces [Dee. 1920) approved non-coapetation wit Government but ainnah opgosos and left the Congrose because Ne was agalt ihe use cf owra.caneuuional reans of proesis. 16 © Conia Vinal vey of aa Return Ties Boycot of courts and edcationalinsttstons ‘Resige om Jobe {ater resign fom poticw and mittary jobs FRefusalio pay axes. Knafat Conteronee, Karaent, July 1921 Inthe session the cartipants expressed thar loyay to Turkish Sultan. They decid to continue the agtation ang supported Ataturk expa foreign frees trom Ture. Hijeat Movement 1920-24 ‘he Indian lama (raligove laedars)daclarad Indl ‘Darul Harab! Darl Harad moans the place (country) ahare Muslims are ot afoned fo perform thet reigiovs practices. Inthe salt svat, the Muskms should migrate ‘othe naarest sae place. The ule Issued verdicts fo goto Datu Iain. Afghanistan. There wae an impression that King ct Alghanatan would welcome ‘har. So tha migration look piace al arge seat: Inilally Aighar's walcomed them Late they closed the botder ang pushed the migrants back to the Indian tertories. It resuted in loss of lives and money. Many dee durng the mation. Some wart to Soviet Union fom Afghanistan bocates thay mad mating in ale nw End ofthe Movement Mopiah Revolt Malabar Coast, near Kalicut Moplahs were te descendants of the Arab Musi sald inthe Sub-Continont even before the firnal of Muhammad Bin Qasim, In August 1221, they tavated against Hindu lands whats treatment was very brutal wit ther. Lator ths clash charged as Mpiahs versus te Police and Hindu, This embitored the Hindu usin elton ‘hore was an inereace In violence day by day ard the Cnerachet nelson (UP) i Fooeuary 1922 “worsened the siuation. The Congress vokiniers sat a poe stabon on fre and 21 policeman wore led. Gandhi suddenly calod off tie movement. Developments in Turkey In 1022 Aittutk emerged a9 6 natonal leader and rocketed powora of Sultan. Next ho was Sppaintes Chet of ne state by Grand National Aceansly In Marah 1824, Klatt wae abolenee ‘The caused a mHlesproad resentment among the Indian Musi, They sect delegations 1 ‘Turkey but ales to achive tei cbjecves 1. tt wae re-tfamation ofthe rosy that rolgion is a moblizing force and gpecaly Islam has mobiizatin capacty 9 organza masses. 2. Kiwas the movement aunched on the basis of exam, Later, he auch mavarent but Pan llamo santments eantnuse 3 resulted in te eutering ot ne usin, 4. HinduAtusin unity proved shoreived, Roactvaton of the Muslim League and athar Musi organisations te restart he oetivt Separate nation wae the great eucoma, © Conia Vinal vey of aa Lecture ALLAMA IQBAL’s Prosidontial Address Docomber 1930 Dr Allama Muhammed lebal ranks amongst the Muslin intectuals who left @ deep impact on Nistor. He ineprac Musime ot the Sub-Contwent ana beyend. He ifueed 2 raving spt ang larly in the insian Musas. He presented a amowoce of hee plea! hie and talked how ‘that would Relp to achieve the goal of Urmab. He presented a vision ard dream his AEahabad arose. 4: Background ‘The Hindu-Mustin question ac great importance and stood crucial to Bris Indian istry afer 4867, escecialy hr the 20th century, To Muslin, the Key issue emaied ‘separate Wont. They tag tna lave bot to make te val nations angereand tnt the Musine are eeparsta maton having iifarent eutirm and chvilzaon, interests ard rights. The Two Nations theory could not {ascnate tha Hindus and the British pocples because they baleved in teritoral natonalsm” Tha Hindus deased to absors them in their maerty but thay could not face the arguments of the ‘Muslim itllckats. fy 1830, Musiins had developed» sense of Wetland palicl demands Iepeldelvered his Presidential eddress ints backaround. Inbats siay i Europe, 1308-08. hoped to crystalie his thoughts. He returned 0 iain 1908, tnd started wark an the root of Muslim desine and the meshaniem to upit the Mute. He ‘amined tha to folow the teachings of he Holy Prophet (PBUH) practesly as te Weal loader Ho emphasized on the Meals. teachings and princiles of liam. He sought sakation tough Islam He was ewatded wth wany prominent sca pastons: + Tie ofS as eonferag in 1022 + Member Punjap Legislative Counc 1927-1930) Ho dolvored lectures on Islam in Allaarh. Hyserabad and Madias (1928-25). At Alahabad, he rested ovar he mootng ana celvared i am aus acarese. “The Address, December 1830 Iypal pleserted a raview of the palieal and social ston of ida and solution of the tis belating india. He evalvatnd the mportanca of ra of Islam th thn vas of Musims of Beilsh India. He ai that the European vow of duality ofreion and state doce not apply nere the Inn sacity. Rejecting the sacuiarem he sa calgion te not totaly personal fae Ho oxpsinas that islam offre an etnicl order, socto.poltea svuctre, legal tramawark, coco ot Ia etre and cuitzaton. t's a ing, dynamic fore that has 2 proteund in pact doth es of Indian Must. Wh the Torco of liam the ceateted ard deoten'ed people have boon tumed Imo an arganiaed tere. ‘Tho Musine ore not wing to aubmorge that relcus indialty. Thay have lack of bust foor of domincton tom Hindus. tthe Brn want any set o atarnat harman E WoUls Be Impose Unless the communel queson Is sete. i's historical recy that Ind iso continent whabled by Aivaree people. Ne palical arrangement may be accepiable witout recognicng he recht. + Ifthe Mustins have an epscrturity to dovelop in accordance with thet Islamic ‘viteaton and tation, they mould be wing te secrfge ther Wes for incl, + “Fedaralem cannot cuzcoed witout recognizing the national wontty of tho © Conia Vinal vey of aa Pakistan Studies (Pak) vu + Terral redstibution of Bri India on the basis of relgion has bacome a hae of tne ce puniaa, NWEB, Sind ang Baloenistan be amalgamates into a stat, seit ovement win the Bish enpte or witout The formation of such 2 cansoldated North Westem Vusim state appears to bo tha Thal destiny of the Muslims, at fas! of Noh Wee! da. To India, il tf peace and sacunty duo te intra bance ot 1 gla i a prop bung force in India that has given moral consciousness and poltical identity the pooole. Iyoate aaaress is torestu and tglalprazenttion cf the Muse eae na. Why enous tmey be rated 362 police enttyraiher than a mnosiy? + Temioral adustmonts wit eneble the Musime to develop thomsches in + Ressinbuton oftertbry developed later on concept of Wusim homeland

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