Chemical composition of the bio-oil (%wt., dry basis).

CHA PAL ResPAL

Acids 17.20 51.40 33.70
Formic acid 0.07 0.71 0.81
Acetic acid 13.27 45.97 22.97
Propanoic acid 0.24 2.07 4.44
Isocrotonic acid 0.28 0.14 0.48
Propanoic acid, 2-methyl- 0.57 - -
Butanoic acid 0.72 0.35 1.08
Pentanoic acid 0.50 0.62 0.91
Pentanoic acid, 4-methyl- 0.74 0.45 1.37
Pentanedioic acid, 3-propyl- 0.81 1.08 1.64
Esters 6.70 4.70 6.18
Methyl acetate 1.01 1.22 -
2-Propenyl acetate 0.49 0.27 0.42
Acetic anhydride 0.70 - -
Vinyl acetate 0.58 0.52 1.74
Methyl butanoate 2.03 0.99 1.93
Vinyl butanoate 0.27 0.15 0.12
2-Propenyl butanoate 0.64 0.97 0.86
Allyl acetylacetate 0.74 0.24 0.59
Isobutyl isobutanoate 0.24 0.34 0.52
Linear aldehydes and ketones 10.79 5.75 9.24
Acetaldehyde 0.02 0.02 -
Acetone 0.68 1.06 2.45
2-Butanone 0.53 0.06 0.15
2-Pentanone, 1-hydroxy- 1.00 0.37 0.23
3-Penten-2-one 0.85 2.30 1.74
2-Pentanone 2.53 0.90 0.28
2,3-Pentadione 3.82 0.05 0.16
2-Butanone, 4-hydroxy-3methyl- 0.47 0.22 0.40
2-Pentanone, 4-hydroxy-4-methyl- 0.14 0.19 0.10
Octanal 0.55 0.42 1.35
2,5-Heptadione, 2,6-dimethyl- 0.20 0.16 2.38
Cyclic ketones 3.46 2.74 5.53
Cyclopentenone 0.46 0.33 0.72
Cyclopentanone 0.22 0.12 0.21
Cyclopentenone, 2-methyl- 0.31 0.23 0.50
Cyclopentenone, 3-methyl- 0.23 0.14 0.48
Cyclopentanone, 2-methyl- 0.12 0.07 0.40
Cyclohexanone 0.15 0.04 0.29
Cyclopentenone, 2,4-dimethyl- 0.30 0.85 1.04
Cyclopentenone, 3,4-dimethyl- 0.34 0.15 0.30
Cyclohexanone, 1-methyl- 0.14 0.08 0.26
1,2-Cyclopentanedione, 2-methyl- 0.06 0.13 0.12
Cyclopentenone, 2-hydroxy-3-methyl- 0.84 0.34 0.64
Cyclopentenone, 2-hydroxy-3-ethyl- 0.29 0.26 0.57
Furans 8.04 5.32 9.84
Furan, 3-methyl- 0.46 0.35 0.66
Furfural 0.17 0.04 0.09
2-Furanone, 2-methyl- 3.54 2.78 2.79
2-Furanmethanol 1.76 0.98 1.55
Furfural, 5-methyl- 0.86 0.48 2.05
Furfural, 5-(hydroxymethyl)- 0.24 0.18 0.44
2-Acetylfuran 0.31 0.19 1.19
Dibenzofuran 0.28 0.19 0.25
γ-Heptylbutyrolactone 0.42 0.13 0.82
Alcohols and Sugars 8.32 10.58 3.59
Methanol 8.02 9.92 2.57
Ethanol 0.07 0.10 0.05
Levoglucosane 0.23 0.23 0.67
Lactose - 0.33 0.30
Ethers 0.57 0.24 0.30
Propane, 1-ethoxy-2-methyl- 0.12 0.10 0.11
Butane, 1-ethoxy- 0.41 0.05 0.05
Pentane, 2-ethoxy- 0.04 0.09 0.14
Other oxygenated cyclic compounds 4.20 1.33 2.90
2,3-Dihydropyran 1.82 0.69 2.00
Propylene carbonate 0.53 - -
Phenylacetone 0.20 0.07 0.16
1,2,4-Trimethoxybenzene 0.44 0.20 0.46
1,2,5-Trimethoxybenzene 1.21 0.37 0.28
Phenols 23.13 11.65 17.53
Alkylated phenols 5.41 2.90 8.12
Phenol 0.80 0.78 0.90
Cresol 1.97 0.51 2.42
2-Methylhydroquinone 0.24 0.09 0.23
Catechol, 4-ethyl- 0.34 0.22 0.16
Dimethylphenol 1.28 0.94 3.40
Ethylphenol 0.22 0.15 0.40
1,3-Benzenediol, 4-ethyl- 0.19 0.07 0.15
2,5-Dimethylhydroquinone 0.28 0.14 0.25
2,6-Di-tert-butyl-p-cresol 0.09 - 0.21
Phenolic ethers 17.72 8.75 9.41
Guaiacol 2.94 1.19 2.00
Cynamaldehyde 0.28 0.10 0.12
Methylguaiacol 2.56 2.50 3.38
Methoxycatechol 1.53 1.46 1.48
Guaiacol, 4-vinyl- 0.79 0.45 0.29
Ethylguaiacol 1.03 0.33 0.39
Vainillin 0.67 0.19 0.14
Acetophenone, 3,4-dihydroxy- 0.18 0.17 0.17
Syringol 2.01 0.84 0.15
Eugenol 0.24 0.08 0.24
Isoeugenol 0.84 0.35 0.42
Acetoguaiacone 1.71 0.29 0.13
 Benzoic acid, 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy- 0.88 0.21 0.25
Guaiacylacetone 1.17 0.42 0.13
Acetophenone, 3,4-dimethoxy- 0.48 0.06 0.10
Syringol, 4-propenyl- 0.41 0.11 0.02
Hydrocarbons 4.73 0.70 1.43
1,4-Pentadiene, 2-methyl- 0.11 - -
2-Hexene 0.20 0.16 0.46
Cyclopentene, 1-(1-methylethyl)- 0.11 0.05 0.42
Cyclooctane 0.06 0.03 0.11
Decane 0.12 0.09 0.11
Benzene 0.11 0.05 0.17
Trimethylnaphtalene 0.88 0.12 0.16
Fluorene 0.53 0.05 -
Methylfluorene 0.35 0.07 -
Fluorenol 0.53 0.08 -
Tetramethylnaphtalene 0.46 - -
Ditolylmethane 0.37 - -
Phenantrene 0.11 - -
Antracene 0.15 - -
Methylantracene 0.28 - -
Pyrene 0.21 - -
Methylpyrene 0.15 - -
Nitrogen compounds 0.32 1.11 1.81
Aniline 0.13 0.06 0.21
2-Formylpyrrol - 0.11 0.22
2-Pyrimidol - 0.11 0.26
sec-Butyl nitrite 0.10 0.10 0.22
2-Acetylpyrrol - 0.58 0.74
3-Pyrimidol, 2-methyl- 0.09 0.15 0.16
Unknown 12.54 4.49 7.95
UK1 5.47 2.53 3.50
UK2 3.95 1.66 4.16
UK3 3.12 0.30 0.29