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    11 views31 pages

    s11 PDF

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 31
    STEEL FOUNDERS’ SOCIETY OF AMERIC. = ‘Supplement ‘Supplement ‘Supplement ‘Supplement ‘Supplement ‘Supplement ‘Supplement ‘Supplement ‘Supplement STEEL CASTINGS HANDBOOK SUPPLEMENTS 7 8 9 Supplement 10 Supplement 11 Design Rules and Data .......+. A ses $2.00 ‘Summary of Standard Specifications for Steel Castings .. No Charge Tolerances oer + $200 Dratting Practices for Castings + $200 General Properties of Steel Castings... e200 Repair Welding and Fabrication Welding of Carbon and Low Alloy Steel Castings ....... + $5.00 Welding of High Alloy Castings coon + $5.00 High Alloy Data Sheets, Corrosion Series ..... + $5.00 High Alloy Data Sheets, Heat Series sees $5.00 A Glossary of Foundry Terms... + $200 Hardenability and Heat Treatment ....... + $200 3-Ring Binder for Supplements Steel Castings Handbook Supplement 11 Hardenability and Heat Treatment ed Preface This supplement describes the concept of hardenability and gives a method of determining the hardenability of cast steel from the chemical composition of the steel. In addition, the metallurgical features of various heat treatment cycles, are reviewed. This information can be used as an aid in selecting the proper cast steel alloy and the heat treatment required to produce the desired final mechanical properties and microstructure, Chapter references in this supplement refer to chapters inthe Steel Castings Handbook, Sth Edition, published by the Steel Founders’ Society of America, Contents > HARDENABILITY End Quench Test Calculated End Quench Curves Application of Ideal Critical Diameter, O Cooling Rate Equivalence Specifying Hardenability Hardenability Bands Application of Harder Alloy Content . Quench Severity. Heat Treatment Quench Cracking Microstructure and Properties HEAT TREATMENT | ‘Annealing Normalizing peers Hardening by Quenching ......... Other Quench Hardening Processes ‘Tempering i. ‘Stress Rellet Hydrogen Removal Solutiontzing ‘Aging tor Precipitation Hardening Efficient Heat Trestment REFERENCES. ty Concepts in Alloy Selection 3 CASTING CENTER (PEARLITE) ‘50 % MARTENSITE CRITICAL COOLING RATE (MARTENSITE ) CASTING SURFACE { MARTENSITE) TEMPERATURE Time Fig. 1 The diference in the cooling rates atthe surface and center of a steel casting andthe resulting microstrctares ‘obtained. P Lee sone It 0.0107 $ insioe olaMeTER Fig. 2 and determination of hardenabiity (I in, = 25.4 mm) B. Pesformiag the end quench test |A. Jominy test specimen and support for water quench HARDENABILITY Hardenability is the property of steel that governs the depth to which hardening occurs in a section during quenching. It should not be confused with hardness, which is the resistance to penetration as measured by the Rockwell, Brinell, or other hardness tests. Hardenability is of considerable importance because it relates directly to the strength of steel, as well as to many other mechanical properties, notably toughness and fatigue properties. The principal method of hardening carbon and low alloy steels consists of quenching the steel from the austenitizing temperature. Steels vary in their response to this quenching operation because the depth below the surface of a part to which the part hardens will ne i 2 800 © ao ¢ 400% 8 #700 ¥ 8 sof oo Lf q i jut b L L L L & bx 9 oes ees 27) : . DISTANCE FROM QUENCHED END- in 400) {200 Fa: adqurch hes of agin an vcr inne a a 100 e DISTANCE FROM QUENCHED ENO ~ mm co ; cep otraie * CARBON -% : Fig 32 lfc caton comet on, tempertue for 4 2 Thay et carn ta ayn =, 6 One disadvantage of increasing carbon is its effect on 2 AM, sthetemperatoreat which martensite stars torr, eo}- 4 igure 32 shows the relationship of the M.. temperature z {othe carbon content (7) The daa are for both carbon and Tow alloy ste incting thatthe lowering of he Mf tempertureisprimayamateroearbon content Os 1 1320 25 Steel is less plastic at a lower M, temperature and less able to accommodate the volume change of about 1.5% ee ee eee ee which is associated with the transformation to marten- Fig. 30, End-quench hardenabilty of site. Moreover, the higher-carbon martensite is harder sickel-chomism-molybdenum boron (6B30) cst steel as and more brittle than low-carbon martensite; higher compared to $630 cast sted stresses, and sometimes distortion and cracking, there~ fore result, ‘Since varying the carbon content alone cannot 1040 steel is at 5/16 in. (8 mm) from the quenched end. produce the hardenability required by many applica- Doubling the carbon content increases hardness, but tions, alloying elements are added. The effects of raises hardenability only slightly, several important alloying elements on hardenability 16 DISTANCE FROM QUENCHED END ~ peeeslee eget 6 HeVaLUE, 5.00° 3.00 19 076 0.80 DIAMETER OF BAR - i \cnor saur ar soe ¢ [Sen 50 ewALUE (SEVERITY OF QUENCH ) 5.00 STRONG BRINE QUENCH, VIOLENT AGITATION POOR 8RINE QUENCH, NO AGITATION POOR WATER QUENCH, VIOLENT aciTaTION VERY 6000 oil. QUENCH, 6000 ot QUENCH, MODERATE. AGITATION POOR Ol QUENCH, No AGITATION DIAMETER OF BAR - mm 9.20" a se 7 8 8 DISTANCE FROM QUENCHED END OF THE END-QUENCH HARDENABILITY SPECIMEN, DATA ARE FOR CORRESPONDING TO CENTER OF ROUND BAR, SIXTEENTHS OF AN INCH Fig.88 Grossmannchart relating bar diame thischartto evaluate severity of quench (6) are illustrated in Figure 5. A virtually unlimited number of alloy combinations could be visualized due to the large number of possible combinations of earbon and alloying elements. The actual choice of alloying elements, i. of the grade of steel, depends, however, on a number of practical considerations. Cost and availability of the element must be considered. Cost related factors will include raw materials, melting loss, and reliability of the addition. In all cases the carbon content should be only high enough to produce the strength and hardness required by the application Unless there is some overriding reason to specify 4 given alloy, first consideration should be given to a grade which has appropriate hardenability and which isalready in production in the foundry that will produce the castings. Use of such an alloy will simplify the procurement of castings because it will make use of the foundry's experience and will not require the foundry to integrate another alloy into its production schedules. This last point is important when small numbers of castings are ordered ‘Quench Severity. The Grossman chart (Figure 33) can be used to obtain Hf values for quench severity under ‘operating conditions (6). As an example of the use of the chart, the hardness at the center of a 1.2

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