First question

a. TCP slow start is operating in the intervals [1,6] and [23,26].

b. TCP congestion avoidance is operating in the intervals [6,16] and
[17,22].
c. packet loss is identified by a 3 duplicate because congestion window
dose not drop to 1 and the increase has become linearly.
d. packet loss is detected because timeout and congestion window is set to
1.
e. 32.
f. the threshold is 21 during the 18th transmission round.
g. the threshold is 14 during the 24th transmission round.
h. packets 64 – 96 are sent in the 7th transmission round. So packet 70 is
sent in the 7th transmission round.
i. the new values of the ssthresh and congestion window size will be 4 and
7 because (4+3 =7).
Short answers:
1.
Both client and server need to know that they can be connected.
For client: actually, a two-way handshake is enough because it sends to
server and server sends back
For server: three-way handshake is needed since the server needs to
know the message it sends back to client (second message) is
successful. The third message from client proves that the server's
message (second message) is successful so the third message is
needed.
2. Since TCP does not know whether a duplicate ACK is caused by a
lost segment or just a reordering of segments, it waits for a small
number of duplicate ACKs to be received.
It is assumed that if there is just a reordering of the segments, there will
be only one or two duplicate ACKs before the reordered segment is
processed, which will then generate a new ACK. If three or more
duplicate ACKs are received in a row, it is a strong indication that a
segment has been lost.

3. The 2MSL timer makes the client wait for a duration that is enough time
for an ACK to be lost (one MSL) and a FIN to arrive (another MSL). If
during the TIME-WAIT state, a new FIN arrives, the client sends a new
ACK and restarts the 2MSL timer.

BY: MOHAMMED AHSAN ALI;