A windlass wine press.

Taken from a sixteenth-cen-

tury woodcut.

Punishment for drunkenness:

the stocks. Taken from Spiegel
Menchliiher Behalinis by
Berger published in 1489 in
Augberg.
Cooperage. Taken from Libra
della Agricultura published in
1511 in Venice.
).-•••• .4Arj.:7)...11:
• ,;.." , , •••v
I (...; VT-esle"...7 "se u• •
Pte,
!•••-:

?7,
1,-,•-,. ••,7•P''''
c•-•"''. ---..
e•-•“,,.
c.- _. -, -- - raj ,-;•..

1 1,
1 ''..,_1/ N) 1 l ■ 1.
'n•

Steps in winemaking. Taken

from an Egyptian tomb
painting. ;

-Drinking champagne. Taken

from Opus Ruralium Comma- I
dorum by Piero Crescentio
published in Venice in 1493.
 Breaking the soil to plant Pruning vines. Taken from
grape vines. Taken from Harvesting the grapes. Taken
Opus Ruralium Commodorum
Oyu: Rumhum Cornmodorum from Opus Ruruliunr Cornme-
by Piero Crescentio pub-
by Piero Crescentio pub- durum by Piero Crescentio
lished in 1493 in Venice.
lished in 1493 in Venice. published in 1493 in Venice.

Caleb and Joshua bringing in

the wine grapes. Taken from
Biblia Germaniru Decinquarta
published in Strasbourg in
1518.
HISTORICAL MOVEMENT OF THE GRAPEVINE

A Geographic
Appreciation
(21 5
`geo!
Harm Jan de Blij

California
Eastern
U.S. China C •1 f Cr/ nr •

30"—

)/
Eastern N e w .„,^__
Argentina Australia Zealand

Chile

DIFFUSION OF
VITICULTURE WORLDWIDE

Diffusion of Viticulture Worldwide

MAJOR DIFFUSION ROUTES

OF VITICULTURE
IN SOUTHWEST ASIA AND
EUROPE

Imilm0.104 Ancient Routes

Greek Dispersal
...mt Roman Dill union
Later Expansion

Major Diffusion Routes of Viticulture in Southwest Asia and Europe

HISTORICAL MOVEMENT OF THE GRAPEVINE- - CALIFORNIA

1 I
11,
'20".

MISSIONS AND EARLY VITICULTURE

IN CALIFORNIA

1. SAN DIEGO (17E9)

2. SAN LUIS REY (1796)
3. SAN JUAN CAPISTRANO (1776)
4. SAN GABRIEL (1771)
5. SAN FERNANDO (1797)
E. SAN EUENAVENTURA (1782)
— . 7. SANTA BARBARA (1785)
E. SANTA INES (1804)
2. LA PURISIMA (17E1 7)
lu. SAN LUIS OBISPO (1772)
1). SAN MIGUEL (1797)
1?. SAN ANTONIO (1771)
13. IA SOLEDAD (1791)
14. SAN CARLOS (17,0)
15. SAN JUAN BAUTIS1A (1797)
15. SANTA CRUZ (1791)
17. SANTA CLARA (1777)
- C ®1,1 18. SAN JOSE (1797)
II 19. SAN FRANCISCO DE Asis (1776)
II I
i> District of 24. SAN RAFAEL (1217)
, 21. SAN FRANCISCO SOLANO (1E23)
c-)
Akaf ,
San Francisco 0
— . E 09 •®
0... I/

0 (:--,_4/5..„
ii
0 c5 .:,..,

\
I` District of
C I.,
1:4 m (y .
s
,,,,,
,, Monterey

0 II
.....E1 C•mlne Rost
© 1111 ........,
0 II ,......
I`
()II A
.

-57 I I

,—)5 ri, I,
I
District of Santa Barbara 35*—,
`.."...

PUEBLOS
0 (1)
--'''s
,, ' ∎ ■
0
O Los NGELES (1781) 0, s:: ..0
.... s

e E ,4.4c1FORTE (1797) 0 \O
,, c)
e SIN JOSE (1777) o
00 District of
PRESIDIOS o
El ® \'‘`‘‘ San Diego
SA , / DIEGO (1769)
sssoc)
s :)
El SANTA BARBARA (1782) Miles
o so loo 0
ip r.''.1EREY
-,, ( 1770) o 50 100 'it:, II
10115m•le , s II
CI Sc. FRANCISCO (1776) %)

170 •
0 ‘ Ill .
I i

Missions and Early Viticulture in California

A Geographic
Appreciation
i i1:1
Harm Jan de Blij
DIE WYNBOER
A Wine-lover's Notes
From Wild Vine to Wine
M OST of us have accepted confidently the theory
that the cultivated vine from which the
blessing of wine was spread throughout the
civilised world originated in or around Iran and was
in fact the forebear of those vines which yielded to
Omar Khayyam "the old familiar juice". It is also
accepted that in some very remote age it was carried
from Persia to Greece and in historic times made
its way thence along the shores of the Mediterranean
and through Europe.
That it is possible to look back further than
these events right into prehistory and to trace the
development of the wild vine and its influence upon,
and gradual adaption to, the social life of man, had
not occurred to me until I found myself immersed in
a remar':.able book coming from what you might think
to be an unlikely source.
ROM Britain comes a notable contribution to the
F wine world and to the entertainment of all wine
lovers. It is a work illuminated by a knowledge and
inspired with a spirit you would think more likely
to emerge from one of those countries in which men
have for centuries lived with the vine and studied
its ways, not only in their individual lives but in
the several institutions of Europe which constantly
seek to enlarge man's knowledge on the subject.
One, Edward Hyams, has for many years been
growing the vine in the South of England and study-
ing its history and prehistory. He must be a man
of much ability and inexhaustible energy. His know-
ledge is encyclopaedic, stretching from the first ar-
chaeological traces of the wild vine to today, em-
bracing all those parts of the earth's surface on
which the kindly provider of our wines is to be found
and collating all this against the background of the
history of men.
This, the latest summing up of human knowledge
of the history of the vine in its relationship with
mankind, was published last year under the compre-
hensive title "Dionysus", which I prefer to spell, as
Seltman does in "Wine in the Ancient World", "Dio-
nysos" and I have been told that some permit
"Dionysis". It seems that that this most ancient
god experienced, as Shakespeare did, difficulty in
spelling his own name.
We, in South Africa, are well accustomed to
writers who, after visiting us for a few months, write
authoritatively upon whatever subject they choose in
relation to South Africa. Such contributions even
if factually correct are necessarily very superficial.
If Edward Hyams has ever seen our vineyards it must
certainly have been on some such short visit. Prob-
ably he has not seen them at all. Yet I cannot find
one slip in his detailed history of the birth and
spread of those vineyards, and to that, to most of
us, familiar story he even adds some facts which I
Mei 1966 21
By Hastings Beck
did not know before. This I mention to show that
his research must be as sound as it is extensive.
To start with prehistory, the wild vine existed
long before mankind. It existed before the earth
underwent those upheavals which divided the conti-
nents and the oceans. So the primitive forebears of
the wild vines known today were separated and from
the original genus developed in different places dif-
ferent species in their Eurasian, Asian or American
spheres. Of these, one only, the vitis vinifera, though
not born great, was destined to achieve greatness or,
more correctly, to have greatness thrust upon it,
for it was man who raised it to the place of honour
which it now occupies in the civilised world.
The other varieties of wild grape remained unde-
veloped performing little if any service to mankind
over many millenia until the last century when
American wild vines came to the rescue of the vine-
yards during the phylloxera scourge.
It seems that the discovery of the wild vine graft
being resistant to phylloxera may not have been just
the result of a hit and miss experiment. Edward
Hyams has rooted out and I think revealed for the
first time the fact that when Cortez was conquering
Mexico he imported vine cuttings from Spain and
instructed that they should be grafted onto wild
vine stock. This was not, of course, as a safeguard
against phylloxera, which was then unknown, but to
speed up the production of wine.
The Spanish missionaries from Mexico who took
the vine to California a century or so later must have
known of this practice and possibly even have intro-
duced it into some vineyards.
NOTHER interesting point in the prehistory of
A the wild vine is that it was able to spread only
in the Northern hemisphere. Tropical heat has burn-
ed any wandering down into the Southern hemi-
sphere. This seems to give the knock-out blow to
Leipoldt's recollection, in his "300 years of Cape
Wines", that he had tasted wine made from a wild
grape in the Knysna forest. When that first ap-
peared I got into touch with a couple of our leading
experts who viewed it with very great doubt but,
perhaps out of affection for Leipoldt, which I shared,
did not entirely rule out the possibility.
In these notes, thus far I feel that I have been
fulfilling the functions of a wine steward who pours
very little out of the bottle into your glass so that
you may judge whether it is what you wish, If you
equate the style of writing with the bouquet, the
presentation with the colour and the contents of the
book with the body and character of a wine, you
will be satisfied that, in terms of wine, "Dionysus"
has a most attractive bouquet, a distinguished colour
and that it is a full wine of great character. In fact
it is so great a wine that next month I hope to carry
on the wine steward's duty and pour more into your
glass. •
The story of the vine
he vine is an important plant in his-
tory and culture. It is of great economic
and social significance. It is native to the ter-
ritory of the European Community. There
are indications the genus Vitis was in ex-
istence in the Pliocene epoch (from ten to
one million years before Christ.)
Antonio Niederbacher writes in "Wine in
the European Community," published by
the Office for Official Publications of the
European Communities that the Mediter-
ranean area has been inextricably bound up
with the vine and wine. The following is
taken from his article:
Mythology, painting, sculpture, poetry,
dress, eating habits, trade, medicine, even
religion, in short, the whole fabric of life
of the Mediterranean people, bear the im-
memorial imprint of the vine and wine.
Wine and the vine have not only per-
meated the culture of these countries, they
have throughout history helped determine
the type of society to be found in them.
„ The vine is a plant of settlement. It forces
man to give up his nomadic wanderings and
to establish himself on the land. To plant
a vine is to choose a place in which to live
for many decades, building homesteads,
villages and machinery. Planting vines
forces man to take on a more binding com-
mitment than that imposed by earlier types
of agriculture involving only the grazing of
animals and growing seasonal cereals.
The spread of cultivation of the vine
meant wine became a part of the general
diet. It was an energy-giving food that sup-
plemented the modest diets of the time. It
offered a sense of well-being and happiness,
and for the better off, new pleasures at the
table.
Wine and bread became staples of agri-
culture, irreplaceable in the diet of the mass
of people, and a symbol of hospitality. It is
with good reason wine was sanctified by
Christianity in the mystery of the Eucharist.
But above all, wine more than any other
drink, offers by reason of its different levels
of quality and its varying characteristics
such a range of choice and price that it is
drunk by rich and poor alike at all times.
Today we drink wine because we enjoy
it, because it is nourishing and because it
quenches the thirst. But, we also drink 'the
idea of the bottle of wine.' There is a
romance about the wine itself, the glass con-
taining it and the label describing the con-
tents. ,Wine complements the meal, it
enriches the table, adds color and fantasy.
Wine makes the meal a festive occasion. The
choice of wine is personalized, emotionally eluding vines and wine.
With the beginning of the Renaissance
involving those who sit down to drink it.
Wine has a language and ritual all its own. the vine and wine began to flourish again.
The discovery of America opened the gates
None of this can be said of other drinks,
of the entire world to the vine. The scourge
the primary purpose of which is to quench
of phylloxera, which almost put an end to
the thirst, as an alternative to water. They
cultivation of vines in Europe at the end of
differ from wine by remaining on the mar-
the last century, was defeated by means of
gins of gastronomy in which wine occupies
a contribution (resistant rootstock) from the
a center place.
new world.
The immense importance of both vine
The Office International de la Vigne et
and wine in the different facets of the social du Vin (OIV), the official body to which
life of the Mediterranean people is match-
belong almost all winegrowing countries,
ed by the great importance of viticulture in calculates the area devoted to vines in the
economic and political life.
world has stabilized the last few years at
The vine accompanied the spread of
around 10,100,000 hectares spread over 50
Mediterrean civilization from the Middle
different countries (one hectare equals 2.47
East to Greece and Rome and eventually ac- acres).
companied the expansion of Roman rule to Europe predominates with 17 countries
the Italian Peninsula, France, Germany and accounting for 7,204,000 hectares. Asia has
Spain. A large portion of the agricultural
1,459,000, America, 934,000. World pro-
population supports itself with the vine. duction of wine has been more than 300
For more than 200 years the importance million hectoliters for the last decade.
of viticulture has been such as to require Europe which has 71% of the total area
meticulous regulation of the production and under vines, accounts for roughly 80 % of
marketing of wine, with very strict rules total wine production. In 1981, Europe pro-
against fraud. Measures have been taken to duced 237 million hectoliters of wine.
limit cultivation in periods of excess supply. The last 35 years has seen a spectacular
Marketing regulations also have been im- worldwide expansion of viticulture and
posed. There is nothing new under the sun. wine production. It is notable that through
Wine has always been an inexhaustible and
this period of great expansion, acreage has
irreplaceable source of tax revenue. gone down in the countries that have been
Wherever vines were grown, merchants
growing grapes the longest, such as France,
in wine were to be found. As early as 1,500 Italy and Spain, while there have been big
B.C., Phoenician boats were crossing the
increases in eastern Europe (particularly the
Mediterranean with wine produced in
Greece, Italy and Spain. Trade in wine was USSR) and the Americas (particularly
connected with a number of wars. Roman Argentina and the U.S.).
wine merchants were among those who sup- In the last few decades, there has been
ported Cato's campaign for the destruction a twofold trend in consumption of wine. It
of Carthage, then the seat of a flourishing is going up in countries where viticulture is
wine trade. expanding, but which have not been tradi-
From the beginning, and for thousands tional consumers. It is declining in those
of years, trade in wine was dominated by countries which are large producers and
city-based merchants, not those who grew
the vines and made the wine. Not until the
17th century is there the first evidence of
commercialism by producers. We must
move to the 19th century to find the new
type of operator appearing. These were
producers joint undertakings or wine
cooperatives.
Today, of the 270 million hectoliters of
wine produced in the countries with free
economies, 100 million are produced and
marketed by wine cooperatives. (A hecto-
liter equals 100 liters or 26.4 gallons. A liter
equals 1.057 quarts.)
When the Roman Empire fell, viticul-
ture, like the rest of agriculture, decayed
rapidly. The fall of Rome and the barbarian
invasions marked the vine's lowest ebb. A
valuable role was played by monastic
orders, in particular the Benedictines and
Cistercians, who in the seclusion of their
monasteries preserved agricultural skills in-
WINES & VINES NOVEMBER, 1984
(40
consumers. ever tne past uecaue consump-
tion has dropped in Italy, France, Portugal,
Spain and Argentina. The U.S., Canada,
the United Kingdom, Austria, Germany
and Belgium continue to increase in per
capita.
Wherever vines
Consumption is increasing in wine-, were grown,
producing countries where the economy is merchants in
growing and in countries where licensed
beverages are high. Consumption of beer is wine were to
more than 800 million hectoliters compared be found
with 300 million for wine.
Wine is produced in five of the member
states 'in the European Economic Com-
munity (EEC). The relatively small area in-
volved is responsible for half the wine pro- Spain is the third largest wine producer
duction in the world. This explains why the in the world and has one of the greatest
European Community puts so much effort
acreages under vines. Portugal is the seventh
into regulating the market in regard to both largest producer.
quantity and quality.
Here are some of the facts and figures:
The EEC's vineyards account for 27% of
• 47 million inhabitants, 10 million in
the total area of vines in the world and pro-
Portugal, 37 million in Spain compared to
vides 38% of world production of grapes
270 million in the EEC.
and 48% of wine. A total of 2,550,000 hec-
• 2 million hectares of vines, 350,000 in
tares of wine grapes is distributed between
Portugal and 1,650,000 in Spain (60%
2,090,000 holdings. qualifying as producing wine with a
Wine is included in the EEC's Common
registered designation of origin as against
Agricultural Policy. To control wine
2,700,000 hectares in the EEC.)
surpluses, the Community adopted distilla-
• Average wine production of 40-50
tion as the instrument for regulating the
million hectoliters, 8-10 million in Portugal
wine market. The inevitable consequence
of this 1970 decision is that when wine
surpluses occurred problems arise on the
alcohol market. Also, making wine out of and 30-40 million in Spain compared to
surplus table grapes helps the fruit market 140-150 million in the EEC. The produc-
tion of liqueur wines, including the cele-
at the expense of the wine market.
brated sherry, port, malaga and madeira
This is one of the problems not yet resolv- amounts to three million hectoliters per
ed, and one which is becoming more and year. Quality wines amount to 6-7 million
more acute because the saturation point on hectoliters compared to 30 million in the
the alcohol market is not far off. EEC.
A second problem equally vexing, maybe • Export of 7 million hectoliters of wine
even more so, is the burden of taxes levied as against 25 million from the EEC
upon wine in certain EEC countries, which countries.
clearly tend to put a brake on consumption. • Table wines, which constitute the
A third major problem which has assail- major part of the Iberian production, total
ed the common wine market in an extreme- 35-40 million hectoliters against 110 million
ly acute form is currency fluctuation. One in the EEC. Half of these are white wines,
of the cornerstones of the EEC's Common but reds predominate in consumption.
Agricultural Policy is guaranteeing a single • A vineyard structure which is highly
price for each product. A price that has an fragmented and mainly under extensive
equal true value although expressed in dif- forms of cultivation. Much the same applies
ferent national currencies. In 1970, when to the winemaking structures (industrial and
the common wine market was established, cooperative), which are very similar to those
wine prices in France and Italy were near- in Italy. (Spain has 850 cooperatives with
ly the same. Consequently there was no 200,000 members accounting for half of
financial advantage in selling Italian wine total production.)
on the French market. The cost of trans-
portation could hardly be surmounted.
The suspension of convertibility of the
dollar into gold (August 1971) gave rise to
a system of floating exchange rates which
saw a progressive devaluation of weaker
currencies such as the Italian lira, and a
revaluation of stronger currencies such as
the German mark. Italian wine began to
enter the French market (and the U.S.)
because it was cheaper. The 1982 reform of
the common organization of the market in
wine was intended as an important step
towards resolving the problem by broaden-
ing the scope of the price guarantee for
wine.
The EEC has managed to absorb Greece,
and is now preparing itself for dealing with
Spain and Portugal. The problem is an in-
triguing and worrying one. The Iberian
Peninsula cannot remain outside a united
E urone.
It began in San Diego with Father Serra
Winegrowing in California
FILLED with love of God and zeal for the
honor and glory of "both Majesties"— God
and Carlos III, King of Spain— Governor
Portola and Father Junipero Serra took up
the 18th Century challenge to explore,
Christianize and lay claim to the unknown
Alta California.
As the first step, three ships, the San
Carlos, San Antonio and San Jose, plus two
land parties, left Mexico early in 1769 to
meet at San Diego. The San Carlos and San
Antonio reached San Diego in desperate
condition with many of their sailors dead
or very sick with scurvy. The San Jose was
lost at sea.
The land parties reached San Diego on
May 15 and July 1. Mission San Diego was
founded by Father Junipero Serra on July
16, 1769, the first of the chain of 21 mis-
sions that would stretch to Sonoma, 600
miles north.
The land parties, one under Governor
Portola and Father Junipero Serra, the other
under Rivera and Father Crespi, had a total
of 50 soldiers, 72 Indian archers, an
engineer, several interpreters, cooks,
muleteers, laborers and 700 large animals
such as cattle, mules, horses and donkeys.
The three ships, under Commandant
Vila, each with one or two missionaries,
carried such things as "large and small can-
non, chests of powder; jars of oil and of
brandy, casks of wine, sacks of beans and
of meal, stores of smoked meat, dates and
hardtack; bells and liturgical equipment for
future churches, agricultural implements
for the future farms; seeds, cuttings of
flowers and fruit trees; chickens and a dozen
pigs."
When the land parties reached Alta
California "they found vines growing wild
•ever
..: ,f7"""..• • • •
Circa 1890, the Greystone Cellars of The Christian Brothers in St. Helena, built by William
B. Bourn II, was reputed to be the largest stone winery in the world.
52
BROTHER TIMOTHY
and there was grass again." Serra wrote "our
animals have never fed so well — there is soil
and water everywhere. Even the mountains
can be cultivated."
Brother Timothy, perhaps the best-known
wine cleric since Dom Perignon.
As each mission was planned to be
relatively self-sufficient, annual plantings of
wheat and other foodstuffs were made and
perennial plants like grapes, olives and figs
were set out. Cattle and other livestock were
also established at each mission.
Wine for the Eucharist was essential. So,
a serious effort was made at each mission
to grow wine grapes and make a pure altar
wine. Wine for the dinner table and even
some brandy also was made. Records in-
dicate that one of the largest producers, Mis
sion San Gabriel, developed an annual pro-
duction of "400 to 600 barrels of wine and
about 200 barrels of brandy."
Having founded nine missions in 15 years,
Junipero Serra died in peace at Mission
Carmel and was buried with full religious,
military and naval honors. The Indians
"weeping and bearing field flowers"
lamented the loss of "their holy father, their
blessed father, the best man on earth."
Mexico declared its independence from
Spain in 1821 and on January 6, 1831 began
the "secularization" of the mission lands.
The days of mission expansion, glory and
power had suddenly faded. Yet, many of the
vines, trees, flowers and field crops lived on
to influence future developments.
In 1831 a dynamic Frenchman named
Jean Louis Vignes (certainly an appropriate
surname) arrived in Los Angeles and pur-
chased 104 acres on which to plant wine
grapes. The land included the area of
downtown Los Angeles where the Union
Station now stands. Vignes imported wine
grape cuttings from Europe, all of better
varieties than the Mission grape which had
been widely grown at the missions.
It is said that "in 1833 Los Angeles had
six wine growers owning nearly 100 acres
of vineyards and approximately 100,000
vines." Vignes was the best known and most
successful of these. His wines and brandies
were of excellent quality. His pride in his
products motivated him to send some of his
,
wines for an ocean trip to Boston and back
to improve their quality before sending
them to market.
William Wolfskill, perhaps more ag-
gressive than Vignes, planted 32,000 vines
in Los Angeles between 1838 and 1846.
About the same time he planted other vine-
yards as far north as Napa Valley and the
Putah Creek area of Solano and Yolo
counties.
He sold grapes in San Francisco for $25
per hundred pounds. His winery in Los
Angeles had a cellar capacity of 60,000 to
100,000 gallons, and his wines were said to
compare "favorably with the best French
and Madeira wines."
When gold was discovered in 1848, and
thousands of thirsty miners flooded northern
California in 1849, it was no longer
necessary to send wine to distant markets.
The market had come to California. Vine-
yards were rapidly and extensively planted
and winemaking became well established as
a commercial business.
A man with great vision, drive and op-
timism, Agoston Haraszthy, arrived on the
scene in 1849, and soon became well known
and influential. He imported European
grape cuttings in 1851 when living in San
Diego.
On June 10, 1861 he departed San Fran-
cisco on board the steamer "Golden Age" in
his effort to accelerate the arrival of the
golden age of California wine by touring
Europe, studying grape growing and wine-
making practices and returning to Califor-
nia with cuttings of the best wine grape
varieties to upgrade the California industry.
Reporting to the California legislature on
his six-month European study tour, he said:
"California can produce as noble and
generous a wine as any in Europe . . . I have
purchased in different parts of Europe
100,000 vines, embracing about 1,400
varieties." Haraszthy is deserving of the ti-
tle "Father of the modern California wine
WINES & VINES
industry."
In 1870 it was estimated that viticultural in-
vestments in California amounted to more
than $30,000,000 in gold.
George Husmann, former professor of
horticulture at the University of Missouri,
said: "A visit to this shore, in the summer
of 1881, convinced me that this was the true
home of the grape, and that California,
with her sunny and dry summers, and her
mild winters, was destined to be the vine
land of the world; that promised land where
everyone 'could sit under his own vine and
fig tree'."
Such men as Leland Stanford and Charles
A. Wetmore soon contributed their energy
and talents to the cause of wine. Wetmore,
in 1884, said: "On this coast the vine came
in with the first attempts in civilization; our
history will know nothing older than the
vineyard."
During the 1870s, '80s and '90s, many
vineyards in California (and also Europe)
were devastated by the root louse, phyllox-
era vastatrix, which fed on roots and caus-
ed decline and death of the vine.
In the 1880s, the Santa Ana Valley
vineyards were infected with "Anaheim
disease," later called "Pierce's disease."
Great economic hardship was experienced
during this sad period. Grafting or budding
onto resistant rootstocks is now done to
avoid phylloxera damage. Even though its
cause is known, Pierce's disease remains
without a practical preventive or cure.
JUST ONE GOLD MEDAL WAS
AWARDED AT OHIO JUDGING
Only one wine entered in the 1982 Ohio
Wine Producers Association judging —
Chelois from Meier's Wine Cellars — re-
ceived a gold medal. Meier's also tied,
with Heineman Winery, for two awards
as it received a bronze medal for Haut
Sauterne.
Heineman earned a bronze for Dry
Catawba and a silver for Pink Catawba.
Steuk Wine Co. had the most medals,
three, receiving bronzes for extra dry
champagne, 1980 Seyval Blanc and Ohio
Burgundy.
Eighty-six wines were entered in the
competition by 20 wineries. The judging
was held in conjunction with the Grape-
Wine Short Course at Columbus Feb.
15-17. A total of 23 awards were made.
Two notable scientific researchers of the
last quarter of the 19th century who left
their imprints on the grape and wine world
were Eugene W. Hilgard and Frederick T.
Bioletti, professors at the University of
California at Berkeley.
In spite of phylloxera, Pierce's disease and
economic losses, winemakers were en-
couraged when "35 gold, silver and bronze
medals awarded to California wines at the
Paris Exposition of 1889 attest to the im-
proved quality." Eleven years later, 29
California wineries gave a repeat perfor-
mance as they won 36 medals and four
honorable mentions at the Paris Exposition
of 1900.
Rudolph Jordan Jr., a previous owner of
our Mont La Salle property, said in his book
"Quality in Dry Wines," 1911, "California
offers possibilities by her soil and climate
that will give her a world-wide reputation
JUNE, 1982
for the quality of her dry wines."
Dwarfing most previous troubles, pro-
hibition became the law of the land from
the end of 1919 to December 1933. Sales of
altar wines and medicinal wines were heavi-
ly regulated but permitted to some wineries.
The Christian Brothers were among the
favored wine producers allowed to remain
in business throughout prohibition.
However, we prayed for Repeal and were
happy when it came.
With the great Depression of the '30s
weighing upon the economy, the grape and
wine industry recovered slowly from pro-
hibition. The shortage or absence of old, ex-
perienced winemakers meant that all of us
beginners had to have an open mind to learn
from the publications of the University of
California and listen carefully to such
authorities as W.V. Cruess, M.A. Joslyn,
L.G. Saywell, M.A. Amerine, H. Olmo,
V.L. Singleton and Harold Berg, all pro-
fessors at the University and dedicated to the
progress and perfection of California wine.
These men and others like them have set the
sound scientific foundations for our present
day wine technology.
Maynard A. Amerine believes that
"California has made more progress in im-
proving wine quality since the repeal of pro-
hibition than any other viticultural region
in a comparable period—in fact, no
wineries in the world today are better
equipped overall than those of California.
This has led to enhanced pride in quality
which is now an accepted part of the
California wine industry."
The high quality of Napa Valley grapes
and wines has caused new wineries to sprout
like mushrooms. Great wines and interna-
tional acclaim have crowned the Napa
Valley with glory. Attracted by the excite-
ment, many wineries of foreign background
are now in business in the Napa Valley. We
are delighted and flattered that our grapes
and wines have given them reason to join
us in the production of fine Napa Valley
wines.
From nothing in 1779, California grape
plantings have grown to 683,992 acres; the
1980 grape crop broke all previous records
as it reached 5,124,000 tons valued at
$1,338,681,000.; annual wine production
reached 439,036,000 gallons. The grand
total investment in vineyards, more than
400 wineries, brandy distilleries, brandy
warehouses, plus wine and brandy inven-
tories makes this a multi-billion dollar
agricultural industry. Grapes are regularly
the most valuable fruit crop of the No. 1
agricultural state, California.
I agree with Maynard A. Amerine when
he says "the future will surely be better than
the past. The best as far as wine quality is
concerned is yet to be."
Saint Paul wrote to my patron, Saint
Timothy, and advised him to "take a little
wine for thy stomach's sake and thy fre-
quent infirmities." Even though this was ad-
dressed to an earlier Timothy, I live by that
prescription every day.
(On the occasion of The Christian Brothers
Centennial year of winemaking, Brother Timothy
chronicled this history of California winemaking.
From the discovery by Spanish explorers of
grapevines growing wild to the contemporary
wine explosion, California's senior winemaker has
summarized industry highlights in this original
piece: "The Wine Industry, greater than the Gold
Rush').
 150 Years of
William Wolfskill,
a trapper from
Tennessee who William and
settled in the Simpson
George Yount, Napa Valley, Thompson plant
the legendary made 2880 gal- several newly

Napa Valley explorer and

frontiersman,
planted the first
vineyard in the N ,
lons of wine this
vintage. Grapes
from his vine-
yards were the
imported wine
grape vars-
ities—the first
other than the
Napa Valley on Yount's annual first northern Mission in the

Grape Growing his ranch near

what is today the
town of
Yountville.
production of
wine is approx-
imately 200
gallons.
California grapes
to be sold on the
San Francisco
market.
Napa Valley—on
their Suscol land
grant south of
Napa City.

1838 1844 1846 18526,_.

Queen Victoria The Smithsonian A suspension
was crowned Institution was bridge at Niagara
F'et"`;',;',,,ttjp;,,...4: 4, ■ ''';:- founded. Falls was
Vt,; ,..,.
' 4 ...• •-i, .4. • '.e..-,:- .. %,••••••:'s "The New York completed.
...-'•', " . ' ..‘• `•••• Z `'' ■ : ■ •• •%. *". .1-.1 v.t.....; Elias Howe pat-
ot , ''.. et* -...•
Herald" became
4t iii±j 1 the first U.S. China and the ented his sewing Harriet Beecher
:0 ,■44 : kUlieilit .!
'''',11t
newspaper to U.S. signed their machine. Stowe's "Uncle
employ first treaty of Tom's Cabin"
European peace, amity, appeared.
correspondents. and commerce.
Wells Fargo and
Co. was founded.

The first Napa Dr. George

wine transported Charles Krug Crane's Napa
outside the crushed grapes wines, made
county's borders with a press, the The Glass Works, from vitus yin- Grape culture in
was shipped in first used in California's first ifera cuttings California
this year. The Napa County. glass manufac- • acquired from employed more
shipment consis- The first stone The following turing plant, Agoston Harasz- labor than any
ted of 6 casks wine cellar in year, Charles made the first thy, are well other branch of
and 600 bottles Napa County was Krug winery is wine bottle in received in farming. In this
of Napa Valley built by vintner founded. the state on June Europe. vintage, Napa
wine. John Patchett. 16. The San Fran- Valley's 139
Sam Brannan, cisco plant wineries pro-
California's first employed 20 A telegraph line duced 297,000
millionaire, foun- glassblowers and from St. Helena gallons of wine
ded the city of 45 other full time to Calistoga was and 4,000 gallons
Calistoga. workers. completed. of brandy.

'A 1857 . ' 1859 . 1860 —1863 1865.. • . .•8 70 < `,-..
Louis Pasteur Work on the Suez Abraham Lincoln Lincoln issued Lincoln was Russia sold Heinrich Schli-
proved that fer- Canal began. is elected the Emancipa- assassinated. Alaska to the emann began to
mentation is President. tion U.S. for $7.2 excavate the
caused by living Proclamation. The Civil War million. ruins of the
organisms. South Carolina Lincoln deliv- ended. ancient city of
secedes from ered his Troy, in western
Czar Alexander 11 the Union in "Gettysberg Turkey.
began the eman- protest. Address" at the -
•
cipation of serfs dedication of the John D. Rock-
in Russia. Gettysberg Dr. Livingstone
efeller founded
Charles Dickens' Cemetery. explored the Standard Oil
"A Tale of Two Congo.
Company.
Cities" was
published.

I0
 The Napa Valley
"11111
The Great wine industry
4 ' NSA? was revitalized.
Earthquake hits The Volstead Act
California. In the was passed, and More than 6 mil-
By an act of the The Napa Valley, Napa Valley. the production, Prohibition was lion gallons of
state legislature, with an annual more than sale, or trans- repealed nation- table wine was
A case of Napa the University of production of 5 100,000 gallons porting of ally. 380 wineries produced by 47
Valley wine sold California, million gallons of wine were lost alcoholic bever- remained in Cal- bonded wine-
for approx- Berkeley, under I from 14,031 from splintered ages in the U.S. ifornia. In the ries. Grape
imately $2.50. the auspices of acres of wine tanks. was prohibited Napa Valley, prices per ton
The cost of ship- Professor E.W. grapes, and 140 by law. More grape prices reached approx-
ping a case of Hilgard, began wine cellars), than 700 Califor- between 1919 imately $100/ton.
wine overland research and accounted for nia wineries, 120 and 1933 had
from San Fran- instruction in more than 25% of of them in the declined from
cisco to Chicago viticulture and the state's wine Napa Valley. $50/ton to
was $4.80. enology. production. were affected. $19.75/ ton.

1875 1 18801, 1888 I 1906 1920 1933. 1945.,'

Captain Matthew Canned fruits George Eastman President The- The 19th Amend- The first U.S. air- End of World War
Webb became and meats first perfected his odore Roosevelt ment, granting craft carrier was 11.
the first person appeared in "Kodak" box visited the Canal women the right launched.
to swim across stores. camera. Zone (Panama), to vote, took George Orwell
the English the first time a effect. published "Ani-
Channel (21 New York streets London's "The U.S. president mal Farm";
hours, 45 min.). were first lighted Financial Times" ventured outside Russian Civil War Herman Hesse
by and was first the country while ended. published "The
Mark Twain pub- electricity. published. in office. Popular movies Glass Bead
lished "The First airmail of the year were Game".
Adventures of Dostoevsky pub- The first French flight from New "King Kong",
Tom Sawyer." lished "The Grand Prix car York to San "Cavalcade" Rogers and
Brothers race was held. Francisco. (Academy Hammerstein's
Karamozov". Award), and "Carousel"
"Queen opened in
Christina". New York.

In the Napa Val-

ley, winemaking
became the The first Napa
Napa Valley Valley Wine Auc-
principal indus-
wines stepped tion was held
try and wine
into the interna- and $140,000 was
grapes the top
tional spotlight raised for two
valued agri-
when a few of local health
cultural crop.
Twenty five them scored facilities.
Average grape
wineries were in very well in a
price was
Helicopters were the Napa Valley. highly publicized Napa Valley
$184/ ton,
used for the first Of these, only blind tasting in became the first
time in the Napa twelve made Paris, which region in Califor-
fs l
rNiOn
acreag e !sY 1'1
Valley to apply enough wine to included both nia to become
sulphur to the sell outside the California and an approved
pk*
P proxfr
vineyards. Napa Valley. French wines. viticultural area. ierhttlAabiva
'

Martin Luther John F. Kennedy Major anti-war The first female

404UV
Minutes after
King emerged as elected protests were cadets were Ronald Reagan
leader of cam- President. held in the U.S. admitted to the was sworn In as
paign for over the Vietnam U.S. Military President, Iran
desegregation. The U.S. conflict. Academy at freed 52 Ameri-
launched the West Point. cans who had
Hit songs of the first weather The U.S. lands been held hos-
year included satellite. the first people The first tele- tage In that
"Hound Dog", on the moon. vised debate country for
"Don't Be Cruel", Harper Lee pub- between incum- 444 days.
"I Could Have lished "To Kill A bent President
Danced All Mockingbird". and a presiden-
Night", and "Blue tial candidate
Suede Shoes". was held (Ford
vs. Carter).

&f, v NtKetr5- A? 5 ki
lqbe, •
 A eft 4,3!
TABLE 1
WORLD VINEYARD ACREAGE BY COUNTRY
2006 - 2009 AND % CHANGE 2009/2006
ACRES (000) (1)
% OF TOTAL
COUNTRY (2) ACREAGE % CHANGE
2006 2007 2008 2009 2009 (3) 2006/2009 (3)
WORLD TOTAL 18,178,969 18,174,171 18,194,466 17,926,094 100.0%
SPAIN 2.805,151 2,861,055 2,865,200 2,724,700 15.2% (2.9%)
FRANCE 2,066,561 2,129,724 2,096,285 1,966,510 11.0%
ITALY 1,850,300 (4.8%)
1,771,055 1,741,331 1,712,607
CHINA 9.6% (7.4%)
1,042,769 1,091,357 1.122,100 1,200,000
TURKEY 6.7% 15.1%
1,269,674 1.197.471 1,192,972 1,200,000
UNITED STATES 6.7% (5.5%)
937,179 936,509 937,399 943,750
IRAN 5,3% 0.7%
778,365 778,365 778,365 778,365
ARGENTINA 4.3% 0.0%
551.117 558,067 559.802 560,000 1.6%
PORTUGAL 3.1%
549,867 550,045 550,292 536,270
CHILE 3.0% (2.5%)
444,780 449,722 449.722 449,722
ROMANIA 2.5% 1.1%
470,216 463,631 479,468 441,153
AUSTRALIA 2.5% (6.2%)
390,600 430,487 427,718 402,639
EGYPT 2.2% 3.1%
363,904 369,066 380,425 385,000
MOLDOVA 2.1% 5.8%
346,896 341,655 337,227 337,000
SOUTH AFRICA 1.9% (2.9%)
278,524 284,165 321,230 325,000
BULGARIA 1.8% 16.7%
318,406 297.363 266,138 265,000
UZBEKISTAN 1.5% (16,8%)
250,006 245.123 252,536 250.000
GERMANY 1.4% (00%)
245,054 246,364 246,359 247.704
BRAZIL 1.4% 1.1%
217,000 193,413 196,133 200,000
HUNGARY 1.1% (7 8%)
186.892 185,967 185,967 195,000
GREECE 1.1% 4.3%
201,871 197,680 197,680 192,000 1.1% (4.9%)
ALGERIA 185,787 189.659 185,325 185,000 1.0%
UKRAINE 187,302 (0.4%)
175,935 175,194 174,700 1.0%
SERBIA (8. 7% )
153,575 155,673 163,086 163,300
INDIA 0.9% 6.3%
163,086 160,615 159,132 160.000
AFGHANISTAN 0.9% (1.9%)
123,550 123,550 123,550 123,550
GEORGIA 0.7% 0.0%
108,971 101,805 114,407 116,000
MOROCCO 0.6% 6.5%
140,600 141,835 116,807 114,000
AUSTRIA 0.6% (18.9%)
108,598 109.223 112,732 112.951
RUSSIA 0.6% 4.0%
109,465 109,960 107,736 107,000
CROATIA 0.6% (2.3%)
76.023 80,194 83,374 84,000 0.5%
SYRIA 10.5%
81.840 82.433 82,433 82,433
TAJIKISTAN 0.5% 0.7%
79,813 81,049 78,934 79,000
NEW ZEALAND 0.4% (1.0%)
56,020 62.754 72,600 76,928
TUNISIA 0.4% 37.3%
71,659 61,775 71,659 71,600
TURKMENISTAN 0.4% (0.1%)
69,188 69,188 69,188 69,188
MEXICO 0.4% 0.0%
72,460 72,321 64,137 64,000
MACEDONIA 0.4% (11.7%)
61,775 52,662 53,561 53,600
JAPAN 0.3% (13.2%)
46.702 45,961 45,961 45,961
SOUTH KOREA 0.3% (1.6%)
47,562 46,561 45,071 45,000
PAKISTAN 0.3% (5.4%)
34,265 37,863 41,817 41,800
CZECH REPUBLIC 0.2% 22.0%
38,347 42,027 40,282 40,282
SLOVENIA 0.2% 5.0%
40,594 39,749 39,749 39,749
SWITZERLAND 0.2% (2.1%)
36,781 36.687 36,744 36.744
ARMENIA 0.2% (0.1%)
34,836 34.834 35.558 35.600 0.2% 2.2%
LEBANON 31,950 32,617 32.617 32,617 0.2% 2.1%
YEMEN 30,996 30,690 32.563 32,600 0.2% 5.2%
PERU 28,436 30.163 30,163 30,000 0.2% 5.5%
SAUDI ARABIA 27,927 28,849 28,849 28,849 0.2% 3.3%
MONTENEGRO 24,710 24,710 24,710 24,710 0.1% 0 0%
SLOVAKIA 29,111 28,434 23,845 23,845 0.1% (18 1%)
CANADA 25,540 23,744 23,440 23,440 0.1% (8.2%)
KAZAKHSTAN 21,498 20,756 22,733 22,700 0.1% 5 6%
AZERBAIJAN 18,523 16,106 21,883 22,000 0.1% 18.8%

Copyr:ghi Trade Data Anc Analyses (TDAI

PAGE 29
 TABLE 1
WORLD VINEYARD ACREAGE BY COUNTRY
2006 - 2009 AND % CHANGE 2009/2006
ACRES (000) (1)
% OF TOTAL
ACREAGE % CHANGE
COUNTRY (2) 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009 (3) 200612009 (3)

WORLD TOTAL 18,178,969 18,174,171 18,194,466 17,926,094 100.0% (1.4%)

URUGUAY 21,191 21,379 21,011 21,200 0.1% 0.0%

ALBANIA 17,087 18,525 21.004 21,000 0.1% 22.9%
CYPRUS 22,365 20,247 20,823 21,000 0.1% (6.1%)
IRAQ 19,768 19,768 19,768 19,768 0.1% 0.0%
LIBYA 19,768 19,768 19,768 19,768 0.1% 0.0%
PALESTINE 17,737 18,953 19,521 19,500 0.1% 9.9%
KYRGYZSTAN 16,267 16,363 15,567 15,500 0.1% (4.7%)
ISRAEL 14,579 13,591 14,826 14,826 0.1% 1.7%
BOSNIA 13,096 12,602 13,591 13,591 0.1% 3.8%
BOLIVIA 12,212 12,424 12,424 12,424 0.1% 1.7%
NAMIBIA 11,120 11,120 11,120 11,120 0.1% 0.0%
JORDAN 9,009 7,633 7,685 7,685 0.0% (14.7%)
THAILAND 6,919 6,919 6,919 6,919 0.0% 0.0%
TANZANIA 6,425 6,425 6,425 6,425 0.0% 0.0%
MADAGASCAR 5,683 6,178 6,178 6,178 0.0% 8.7%
COLOMBIA 5,305 5,876 5,916 5,916 0.0% 11.5%
GUATEMALA 4,942 4,942 4,942 4,942 0.0% 0.0%
VIET NAM 4,942 4.942 4,942 4,942 0.0% 0.0%
ETHIOPIA 4,448 4,448 4,448 4.448 0.0% 0.0%
LUXEMBOURG 3,425 3,425 3,459 3,459 0.0% 1.0%
VENEZUELA 2,271 2.654 2,654 2,654 0.0% 16.9%
MALTA 2,471 1,977 1,977 1,977 0.0% (20.0%)
UNITED KINGDOM 1,853 1,730 1,730 1,700 0.0% (8.3%)
PARAGUAY 1,174 1,236 1,236 1,236 0.0% 5.3%
ZIMBABWE 865 890 890 890 0.0% 2.9%
PHILIPPINES 618 618 618 618 0.0% 0.0%
ECUADOR 198 210 210 210 0.0% 6.2%
BAHRAIN 124 124 124 124 0.0% 0.4%
BELGIUM 148 161 124 124 0.0% (16.4%)
NETHERLANDS 99 124 124 124 0.0% 25.5%
HONDURAS 74 86 86 86 0.0% 16.0%
UNITED ARAB EMR 69 74 74 74 0.0% 7.0%
REUNION 49 49 49 49 0.0% (0.8%)
KUWAIT 25 25 25 25 0.0% 1.2%
QATAR 25 25 25 25 0.0% 1.2%

'WORLD TOTAL 18,178,969 18,174,171 18,194,466 17,926,094 100.0% (1.4%)1

(1) Based on UN Food & Agriculture Organization data for 2006-2008 and Eurostat dafa. MA estimates and reports from
individual countries for 2009.
(2) Ranked by vineyards acreage 2009
(3) 0.0% indicates less than .1%.

Copynghl Trade Oata And Analysis (TDA) PAGE 30

1 14
 (die. Pr•Avi,tim
TABLE 3
WORLD WINE PRODUCTION BY COUNTRY
2006 - 2009 AND % CHANGE 200912006
(LITERS 000)

% OF TOTAL
COUNTRY (1) LITERS % CHANGE
2006 2007 2008 2009 2009 2006/2009
'WORLD TOTAL 28,729,000 27,128,800 27,173,900 26,759,900 100.00% (6.85%)1
FRANCE 5,302.500 4,654,700 4,280,600 4,700,000 17.56% (11.36%)
ITALY 5,460,000 4,918,100 5,047,000 4,650,000 17.38%
SPAIN (14,84%)
4,367,900 4,207,000 4,190,900 3,800,000
UNITED STATES (2) 14.20% (13.00%)
2,438,300 2,510,800 2,431,500 2,777,200
ARGENTINA 10.38% 13.90%
1,539,600 1,504,600 1,470,000 1,210,000 4.52% (21.41%)
AUSTRALIA 1,325,000 955,000 1,237,000 1,171,000 4.38% (1162%)
CHILE 844,800 828,000 869,000 987.000 3.69% 16.83%
GERMANY 899,500 1.036,300 999,100 928,000 3.47% 3.17%
SOUTH AFRICA 939,800 851,600 763,300 780,700 2,92% (16 93%)
PORTUGAL 754,200 604,900 562,000 600,000 2.24% (20.45%)
RUSSIA 628,000 600,000 600,000 600,000 2.24% (4.46%)
ROMANIA 501,400 528,900 678,600 560,000 2.09% 11.69%
CHINA 392,000 424,900 458,100 460,000 1.72% 17.35%
MOLDOVA 291,800 374,400 397,900 397,600 1.49%
GREECE 36.26%
351,100 387,300 360,000 350,000 1.31% (0.31%)
HUNGARY 327,100 322,200 340,000 340,000 1.27% 3.94%
BRAZIL 237,200 240,000 240,000 240.000 0.90% 1.18%
AUSTRIA 225,600 262,800 299,400 234,600 0.88% 3.99%
UKRAINE 216,000 210,000 210,000 210,000 0.78% (2.78%)
NEW ZEALAND 133.200 147,600 205,200 205,200 0.77% 54.05%
BULGARIA 175,700 179,600 160,600 200,000 0.75% 13.83%
CROATIA 120,000 120,000 120,000 120,000 0.45% 0.00%
SWITZERLAND 110,800 103.900 107,500 110,000 0.41% (0,72%)
MEXICO 105,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 0.37% (4.76%)
URUGUAY 92,300 100,000 100,000 100,000 0.37% 8.34%
GEORGIA 95,000 90.000 90,000 90.000 0 34% (5,26%)
JAPAN 92,000 90,000 90,000 90,000 0.34% (2.17%)
MACEDONIA 90.000 90,000 90,000 90,000 0.34% 0.00%
SLOVENIA 83,200 85,700 75,200 83,000 0.31% (0.24%)
ALGERIA 80,000 80,000 80,000 80,000 0.30% 0.00%
CZECH REPUBLIC 43,400 82,100 77,300 60,000 0.22% 38.25%
PERU 60,000 60,000 60,000 60,000 0.22% 0.00%
CANADA 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 0.19% 0.00%
SLOVAKIA 32,500 35,500 43,100 36,500 0.14% 12.31%
MOROCCO 41,900 35,000 35,000 35,000 0.13% (16 47% ,
TUNISIA 34,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 0.11% (11.76'/c;
UZBEKISTAN 23,100 25,000 25,000 25,000 0.09% 8.23%
KAZAKHSTAN 19,600 20,000 20,000 20,000 0 07% 2.04%
TURKMENISTAN 24,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 0.07% (16.67%
ALBANIA 17,000 17,000 17,000 0.06%
17,000 0.00%
LEBANON 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 0.06% 0.00%
TURKEY 25,300 14,000 14,000 14,000 0.05% (44.66%;
CYPRUS 21,800 14,900 14,700 13,000 0.05% (40.37%;
LUXEMBOURG 12,400 14,200 13.000 13,000 0.05% 4.84%
BELARUS 12,500 12,500 12,500 12,500 0.05% 0.00%
MADAGASCAR 9,000 9,000 9,000 9,000 0.03% 0.00%
BOLIVIA 7,000 7,000 7,000 7,000 0.03% 0.00%
LITHUANIA 7,200 7,000 7,000 7,000 0.03% (2.78%)

Copyright. Trade Data And Analysis (TDA)

PAGE 33
 TABLE 3
WORLD WINE PRODUCTION BY COUNTRY
2006 - 2009 AND % CHANGE 2009/2006
(LITERS 000)

% OF TOTAL
COUNTRY (1) LITERS % CHANGE
2006 2007 2008 2009 2009 2006/2009
ISRAEL 6,500 6,500 6,500 6,500 0.02%
LATVIA 6,000 0.00%
6,20C 6.700 6,100
PARAGUAY 0.02% 1.67%
6,000 6,000 6,000 6,000 0.02% 0.00%
TAJIKISTAN 6,200 6,000 6,000 6,000 0.02% (3.23%)
ARMENIA 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 0.02%
AZERBAIJAN 5,000 0.00%
5,000 5,000 5,000
BOSNIA 0.02% 0.00%
5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000
MALTA 0.02% 0.00%
6,500 4,800 3,200 4,000
EGYPT 0.01% (38.46%)
2,600 2,600 2,600 2,600 0.01% 0.00%
UNITED KINGDOM 2,500 2,000 2,200 2,200 0.01%
KYRGYZSTAN (12,00%)
1,800 2,000 2,000 2,000 0.01% 11.11%
ESTONIA 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 0.00%
BELGIUM 0.00%
200 200 200 200 0.00% 0.00%
WORLD TOTAL 28 729,000 27,128,800 27,173,900 26,759,900 100.00% (6.85%)1
(1) Ranked by quantity in 2009
(2) Includes domestic wine production. Does not include processin
g of imported
bulk wine. See appendix 5.

Copyright: Trade Data And Analysis (TDA)

PAGE 34