MYWak / od = 250 | 4 MASTERIN ENG [Tak or "hn WN? F— noe Ted ce kevulas erie Pa elue lo SMART LAB FoR ONLINE EXAMS Le. SBI/IBPS/LIG/Other Exams Sena =< ingevingero. | FOR MORE ire | INFORMATION Geen | SUEY i ) s_ Website : ae= 4a | ; (& Publishers SWakendra’s | | MAHENDRA PUBLICATION Pvt. Ltd. Delhi CONTENTS | HSOMPICHAPTERNAMEN SS [ro.No[sNoi] charrernawe [rs no} © Copyright Reserved @” seore ana Approsen & @® _intevection 720 eS ee See ie = - @ tens For reading 245 @ _evror Detection oss sentence Stucture 4647 (BJ Fin Blanks o4s07 1 ©® ® WRITTENICOMPOSED BY \ @ roun 1025 BD cioze test 108-17 | | HQ) Pronoun 2734 @)_Reanngementot Sentences 118.128 RESEARCH TEAM o\~ sw WP CE cnn’ san = | | @ wee 4146 @®_Prrase Replacement 149-157 ‘ \ aplisieaihy = | @ 4753 @)_Mis-Spett and inappropriate 156-163, ‘ubhi | MAMENDRA PUBLICATION Pvt, Ltd. © ses2 © _ synonyms and Antonyms 166175 Delhi = @ _ Prevosieén 63.71 @ idioms and Phrases 476-180 \ Ml disputes are subject to the jurisdiction of Dethi court only, @ Conjunetoh 72-78 Sra i ee lcci ca ___| ENGUSWTANGUAGENOLA ‘5 | wnwimahendrepubliestonorD 73 7Lahendea stearn English? 1. Youcanget more knowledge. sible: books, courses, videos and of you know English wel, an incredible aniount of resources becomes accessible: b course, a prea part ofthe Internet. | "a ‘You may get a better jobifyou know English. ‘Many positions require yout be fluent in English writing orspeaking. In those cases, yourkagwedge of English isacriicaladvantage, Itean help you getajob andadvanee furtberin our carer. Approach to English learning, People must have a clear purpose inlesring Bigsh. They must Know why they want 0 lean English. The awareness ofthe reason for leaming gives us the ight motivation and focus. English canbe learned for several | purposes. ft sould be a good idea to deni one's reason to lear English in order to encourage oneself continue learning English | tyouleam English is one ofthe most widely spoken languages around the world as wel as the most a English. you willbe able to getaead professionally HOW TOLEARN ENGLISH Read as many Englishariclesas youcan(e. stores newspapersandivs)onaregularbsis engtextson varius topcsinEglohtoinroeyearandestandng of gray |g Watch mosiesand TV programmesandlistento radio programmes n English aningnow words, |e Tovehancingy our seat’ leaming | wheneveryou fing new words, Find theirmeanings in the citionaryanduse them in writing. | w povuoapeah English without le. Te biggest problem mos pope ae naming Engh the ea They worry that they won't say things Correctly or thatthe will look stupid so they dont talk tral Dost do this The fest a 0 nm am thing todo asin a agai ge iti ing English egies rate So don lt ar stop you from geting wht yod i Like anything, leari Han Eee ee adi isthe most important skill in English language which i tested inv candi Readi ‘Theunderstandingability ofthe reader depends on Comparison Re Seisapurpe Adjusts reading speedtoneed Kecpste SPEED READING 4 i qd j — jeatonor 6 ENGLISH LANGUAGENOL’ ENGLISH LANGUAGENVOLA 7 | YS Wlakensaa's vowwimanendtapubll y Readsmulivondphrases ious competitive exams to ensure thal the ecananderstan documents(n English} and write inEnglish stheknowledge process of deriv meaning from written orprintedtext. Rea ler’ priorknowle Knovledgethatreading makes sense, Thisknowledge helps torecognize the words andmeanings. Clarity confusing partsof the text Shilled readers may predict what wll happen nextin astory/ text by using clues presentedinthe ext. slow and efficient Readers on Reads words Readsone werdatatime Readsto the endofthe Book™ Reads everything slowly and deliberately. Rereadssentencesto be sure of understanding Hasalimited vocabulary inthatarea Rarely attempts speed reading. Readseverthingimegolarly CCanhelpustoread and understand written information much more quickly Ibtorend large volumes of information quickly Facts that reduce Reading Speed Word-by-word rea Expanded length of time pentonteading eachblock movement repiession, ading. Fear of losing comprehension. Reading slowly Poore’ Lack of practice in valuation of which aspectsareimportantand which are unimportant. Theefforto remember everthing ratherthanta remember selectively ‘Tips forincreasing Reading Speed Work on yeeabulary improvement Determine your purpose before reading Try toread taser than normal speed, “Move yourhand orindex finger as you ead along Useeyeseffciently Increase your vocabulary by using dietionary asandwhenrequied. Donotvocalize the words Donotre-read words, ‘Toimprovereading speed, practice for about 15030 minutes each day. Train yoursewread more quickly by setingtime toread 4m the next chapter some pieces of texts are given to read Ereathelpincracking he exam. improve reading sil which would be of ‘Winn iahehaaPUDIEMIOR OTD, TS Wahenda’s _, se‘Whatare you talking about? Mina aid Veen ace walkin to the mall They wantto buy new clothes. Minhas som ve ‘one 100 Suen. Mans allng "sna! Veg Lond ht res! Bi bent” vane intr. ho ott ate sous money Veena calling “Wha ae yo aang ebour” This an wp tes! st homibe om ec aur tn ge" *Ok.ok.. "Minas whspering sid ‘Suddenly Vecne calling "OF my god! Lock a this des! rs bean | wants dress Oh, butook atthe pi Now Minus calin rOK oA "Wnatare vetting abou? Tinton hy ss! irl ble I even wantses " Vecnsis whispering sadly Now Minas sai an Veenaissadtoo They are walking ome. They have no new clothes, butthey how tat ex tine tne souls respest cal ter opin VOCABULARY ‘Whispering : Garima's Acting Garima works as a secretary, She answers phone calls and types ener. She rakes cofes, and goes to the post aie. She doestt ike her work. She i bored! °t would like to do something more exciting” she thinks, exciting jah speakingsony Garima actually wants to be an actress She 20°30 auditions, but she does passaty, She isconfused. She doesn tknow what todotosaWve this rable. so the decides to ash her Fcnd Ro Rit isa go stress, She is oot very fous, but she 5 more sucessful han Garima GGarimaasts Ritu tolook at lersctngandtltherwhalth problems Ritu is happy to help She watches Gari What serene watt ms” full She whes ote Inthe end, Grima ass er: "Well. he honest Rinwsmiles and sans "Garin you ats 8 Won what What the prablew™ Gare stacress Youact ery well Thereisenly cme pote Well" Rawanswen, “You Catching cold WS atentan's porumarerarapuesicnen t very wel. boty nah wo aut Leasthearaword!™ ENGUSHLANGUAGENOL| Ditferent people have diTeent remedies for cold. Int ‘mighteat chicken soupofel beter. Some people ake! stopthe fever, congestion, ndrumny nose be Uied Sat nd some ater coun counties, fo eample, pale otbasand dik warn iis, Other pepe eee cing hi 0 some sting edie when youve ead ‘Vitus stays in you longer because your body doesn't have a way to fg i ea tn Theisajohe hoverercotchingmecnewbenyeahareee Makcsabout ecko acu tefiyoa The a Landi. Bos candoanameang hones ‘ld, t goes like this: eisai ‘veracodfyoudn take medicine, butonly Tdaystogetoveracolifjoutakemedicie. VOCABULARY + cure ‘something that makes you wellafter being sick > titerany + realy. actualy exactly Imateausessickness togetndor ostep.tothrowamay > congestion Stopnetp (hen xournoseiscongested you cant breathe) > erable ery tere sting tear hcatin yourhead and body > remedy or something that makes you well > tiquia ‘et and run Hhewater ik > tngetover to6nish Bklayya Ekateya wos tte b Mantnapora, the a pitt of the Kur "¥Ymuany Years ago. His family lived a title away from people'sdin tors Kings. They used to clean other re shunned by grtp ke the if society Ekalowya and ther kids of his Parents professions seaneto goto school. What uses school jbo" Theirparentsofien them, “Youre not for carving garbage which i yur gay 9 “Dont gona “Y%), bor wesrelowborn poopl: they ate high halosyaduiondecstand "Why, but why?" he asked his mother, She "God! Why would Godmadeatlotus Ehaloy Bod was ge things S)) for ters and diny ings for us? Hast ‘Shesighed "Darling donthnow, butter rebounds we cannoterss, hiss Goes rule” Etalneya became que Frat day thon nortan thing fr him was to understand meaning ‘You know, kids (and grown ups) ate sometimes cruel. One day Ekalay ete watching it ty to escape. The ant ried and tried tl it ound ‘scapes, and his friends rapped a litle ant and le opening tthe edge ofthe tap and Orin nen wap tan at Ea owen apn ta Eaya stoped bem hing, “Trav aths ent ed Lin -aremeant tobe broken, Yam free, free", a : ee ee One dy Easy so eal oh tobe Heil his come athe fe near ilge He a ahi agg ot hariot one by one. What lovely clothes they wore! = ‘ an - ENGLISH LANGUAGENOL4 | wenmahen@apuBlenlonow 1S WlakendaasJing ster and calm. The boys, Last a ld man with any white hairand apts wie coe came out loking ern HUES 8 seemed ite seared ofthe ol man Ela heard is fate’ wie, "Come avay oy. Are A ne “Those ue the Kuru pines, with their texcher Drona The boy he jst patted i his fav came to practice aichery’ Dont gonear them.” "Father alt want saat fo the grandokdman."so saying, Eklavyaran towarsthe ok man Dron. vhat amazing things Aruna did! He By then the boys ha started shooting with Rows and arows. What amaing tings Aon it He Could uot at atarget with hej shat He could shoot with is eft hand as well he iE A the tence Diowa? His rons made ie chased hinge in icles, brought ai an ightain. 1 was Arjunaseyesnever et istecher was tke he wanedtoabsor® every bitof Drona Andyoucouldse that Dron too wasven proudotAduna ‘Thepeactce ended Fhalasya went upto ronaand with foldedhands sad, "Great sir pleas teach me “Ldow teach the labor," waste col teplyas Dronaturnedaay ” rain and fire, they bring night and day. How then ‘Master your artows dont seem to mind any Tits, they bring tain and ire they to «can you he bound ty stupid thoughts ot high ad low beh?” With this Ekalayya walked aay from the glaring Drona, ‘Thenestday,Ehakinyacarve asian of Dronaona ee trunk witha Hemadchinse!f bow andarows. Each day he \wouldbow beforethe tae practise shosingandimagineapat onhisback fom Dram ‘Some months passed. The grand princes and their master eame to the Forest ogsin. As Arjuna reached to take aim at a particularly difficult target, an arrow reached Anjuna's target before he could even aim Shocked the boys and their teacher looked around. They saw Ekalavy ho went upto toveh Drona’s feet. “Whois yourteacher™ Drona asked. Ekalavyaquiety led him tothe same Drnalookedsttforsome time ansaid, “If amour Gur, give me my fe,my guru datsana” “Ask srt, bowed Fkalayya. “I want yur right shun replied the sone Heated Drona, Without he right thumb 10 support how can any archer ever hold bow As Arunaandthe other princes watched is shock, Ekalya wordless ‘ulofThierighthumband dt at rows feet, Many yar passed great war as on Kunst teacen he Kava dhe Pandas, cousins who wee related. Anuta as onthe sie of dh Pandovas, His teacher Dona, and mary of his cousins, who had been Dron Students wth him. wereantheotherside [Afr the day'sbatte, 9 sad Drona was siting in his camp, Suddenly, ike arespectfl prayer arows fell nearhis eetone fer encther He lopked up and wo do youthink hea? Dron waspeches Sarr re Fe a pioneer seape cid iy een oeauci’by cites eee roms eyes file with aa, Sites rong lms and rexpecing he comet ony Ealnja you hee ae Meee cer sendsome boy the old mars Bhasour er ere, be taned nd nea Sey onthe ben YW Aitahentas’s nwimahenciopibnentioners 10 ars, He answered, “Yes, itis true, Bounds and limits are inthe mind. Real ENGLISH LANGUAGEIVOLA VOCABULARY Away + fr Shonned + avoided + Garbage ~ waste > Seared = afraidor >» Panted + tapped with hands Absorb = tearm » Courage = bravery ‘The Man Who Saved The Moon ‘kind-hearted ian, looking downintoa wel sa the reetion ofthe moon inthe “Oh! My God! The moon has fllen into the well” he muttered moumfully and hurried fetchahook iedtotheendof along rope (Quickly. eth hook fll deep intothe well holding fasto the rope. ‘Thehookhithewaterand reaching the botom ofthe wel caught fstoaton. “Thinking hatha got the moon, the man pled up the rope wih such force that broke and he ellsharply dow onhisback, nearly unconscious The fisting he saw when he recovered wasthemcon, which now shone serenely highup inthesky ‘Theman groaned in pin bu sid conenedy. “broke my back, bt, dank God themoon esaved VOCABULARY Retetion + mage > Muttered = saysomethingunclearty Serenely = ealmy » Groaned + ered ‘TheMagic Painting Once ypen ine dere was a person who loved opt, His name was Ankit, One ‘sy hemade a panting Le loveditsomuchthat he made ithis manterplee, ‘Thstightwten be step. am angel ame an esehis painting thatitshouldcome &. ewasatways lonely. He always waned companion to tlk toand share his work and secrets, Neat morning when he woke up he heard some sounds near his Painting, When he looked atthe panting he was shocked that it was aking! He ‘houshtthathis wish hadcometrue {nthe painting head madea man who talked anda flower which grew and needed \aterto ive, Theman also needed fod, Water and warmth. Thenewsof he mage ‘nting spread all ove the word Keven came in newspapers and nthe newssn ‘One night a thief came to sta! the pining, The moment he came i font of he Painting shoutedand ssid, Help' Help a thie? The thie got seared and an fos Ut. Luckily the police was nenrby. The police ran afer the thief-They aid stop or ‘cwilsoo eit ueppedndaunenced He sassnencd ash ee the painting. re ENGLISH LANGUAGENOLA ‘11 ewoninahendrapUliealon erg, TS 7Hahendea's‘Inthe court the ude gave the decision thatthe cubpit be fined fr Rs, 3000 plusarwoyea sty inthe prison From then onwards Ankit was careful aout the pining He sbvays hep it under secuntyinhishouse ‘One day the panting saidthatinwantedso be maried Then Ankthadtorake a female painting He made both he paintings marry and they lived happily ever, after His loneliness was also cued forever VOCABULARY = masterpiece = bestpleceot work > culprit ‘onewhahas commited crime What Is The Rate Of Inflation ‘There twhch he rice of everything go up called the" of inflaton’ For example. the pre of somthing RS. 100 'hisjearandestyeurthepeiebecomes poreximate Re L0stentherseof tion as he pis ofsomatinisRS 80 ‘hematerayearwidaratcof intone stheprseupta80s108)-832 yearly inflation rate 20% intaton 4950 -15%9 19f0 1920 197019 seni oafvouy nage be your S109006 Ben of aio er ane ea Corea ng hiShcer Sevoeferay yoo he fence not feel gn cod ne ea inflahonrat of te coun forapartcular yer. ‘Mutual Funds | Miva! nds notng but a common pool of money collected From a lotet people hich uved by on experienced fand manager sho ness the money inthe Sharemarket, NOL Many of Us ae experienced in investing diesty in the Equity market Mutual funds are boon tothe invesior who Joc’ have enough knoe to invest diet in the tnarketbutwntsto te ark nd gai bighe tums fomthe market Me X who has alot of experince ia the share market decides to starts > Mutual Fund Tecalls for prospective investors Say mvestas.B,CD ALE decide wo vest Re 10000 each, Mr. X would be staring his ‘Murua Fund witha corpus of Rs $0000 X would be eating Mutual Fandunisofface slueRe.10each anddistribute ital te investors, SoeachA.8,C DAE would get L00Dunits bch SPiakaaan's ammanerainpaaNeeneT 12 ENGLISHLANGUAGENOLA ENGLISH LANGUAGENVOLA 3 VOCABULARY © boon : © Corpus = sum ablesing Deforestation: Major environmental problem ores. Nume Jowa. burning, and Jottop ng f a chain uf ens ronment dearadatin that includes erosion, elim loss of biodiversity and genet ie in watershed funetions, and the apparent lass of hardwood. fuel wood. and tndowmient. at pollution. d asthetie stocks, Population explosion isa major basis for deci af the ein forests. These forests are being cut down ata tate to supply man with lumber, pasture Land, and fam land, The outcome of such human actives Is fnmentisbeing ruined. ant nd aninals ies radualy diminishing as csatin: the wort smost valuable em the natural habitats ae bested, Deforestation ogcurs because poople need land for agricultural poposes. Lange company clear vast amounts of tnd often for eatle pasturs til the bee markt. They alo sete fend fo lage Flanaton pd use pesticides and gation syste at are very harmo he land, The chemicals which are used dest pests il other animals and cause alto damage to surounding areas, The eh washes the chemicals ite the wale system Kiling the agua ile, The use of land in sucha way afets the surounding ares It also ean ake The forces countries to resource for funds place at focal and} people ase and for Income because off population growth cover debts nd People ase the an gran cause of defuresiavon which segavey rated a competi loa economy It utilize their only Ths. process takes atonal evel Locally, farming 10. generate ecgeoverty and SAN ionaltys Inggingconesions 6 4 gfdcvelon industries, infra for # id can not aes the ee theit desiructive Bs peice that half the © 5 PS counties comer fam 7 moisture trom the Ap! As resand plans are 5s SS awning ofthe tropical = Preduces. Evaporation 2 [pevapowranspiration trees and plans run re quantities of water to the foal atmosphere. promoting the formation of clouds and precipitation, Due to lest “abr aien, more of the Suns energy is able to warts the surface and the ait ahove which lads to increase he smrerattes and the ff Tand. ‘Tdas. it is novel polices and program of development. rapid nwsalcion, urbanization and growing consumeriam have revalted in the large scale dewruction of the ‘res, Dus tothe dificuly of defoesation, x majoe environments ngue many elashes have aien Beta gen itonmentat activist groups and those concerned ia deforestation activities The sohatons to isis of {cforestation lie in dealing with the rout cause. To reaolve the issue. experts have to consider the esonomie ‘oblems that lie a the hear af the situation. Many proposals have Been offered such a¢ sustainable waod Antses Uf forstaion continues ats currentrate then in just 10 yeas. thee willbe no move rainforest et a ‘Mand people willhethe wor sffeers lone term efecto activities, Hy tain in topical covering ofthe wees. Aesryed. the motte rain forest rapidly ea arocesses from the ‘orumahendlapablcalonond "S Wadena’jor chaleges What EPS MUSE BE AKEN 1 Governments and environmentalist ae 6B Seni and over popu deren otha current environmental onions wos" 84 POT causes of alarm tothe goverment Piss musts made And animals, Environmentalist and forestry errant the problem regarding continued deforestation practi onped if people would be min Tht meas, seed pfs suring Sfovesien Ne My Daripting in vecyling programs, Goverments shoud ao implemetesations tat Would sects resent the deforestation process. Government must encourage reforestation whch the soushrae es process Everyone must understand that rainforests are splendid, exceptional gittof matte on our valuable Ean preventive measures are not taken immediatly 1 top the effects of deforestation, humans wil bs ur grip severe crisis. They may Tose animals, plants, anther ategea possi frdreadsdtseasss that hill oF ogroyy race. All people mist join their hands to workout a plan hats apropriate for businesses, oven. am mag ‘mporanly the envionment. Another mprtnt tet to huran i tht deforestation leads et ony to speci anniilation butalot loss ofthe genetic diversity hat eould help cerainspeciesasusttoachansine Wor, Pep ae well familiar with the environmental criss hat can hapen de to deforestation, sil they are destroying hy envionment speed, ‘The effects of deforestation cam be devastating, It ean lose the land of its natural years, dangerous consequences will be visible, Deforestation can damage the ce ironm ‘rom at ability to ease land erosion, When an ate is cleared, he soi unde the sure i essentials seine ‘he roots that provid it structuel integrity and suppot Withou this support, the free of ater 138i), oF ba ‘ameause the lind tomove, either as one piece, or more commonly steadily and incrementally. Sol erosion duet Right to Information inetu Seforestation 1s the main cause of Costa Riss environmental alamity such as Mooding. desertification a 4, sedimentation in vers, long-term hydroelectric shortage, lasso wilde erst. and th: abs ious depletions the wood resourses, Such 2 severe climate change can be arrested through reducing topical deforsstaiak Deforestation bans and oratoriacaneffctivels work Fimplemente propel 3 Deforestation of fsa severe environmental destruction which an athe revved if damaged a curentae People eut down tees to meet out thei own neds without coming fate oulcme. They do not rennite damage they ae causing. The deforestation affess the pla lie. Pople fave general impression that tres af€ “Inrmation* rears don,t will gro bask in afew years. Plants will uate grow back, bathe fereswill be changed ina second eleases, cular, ends, Ioghooke, forestandmny never be the same, ionaremy Right ToInformation Act vere sichroblens st NEC29 VOU fog RT] Act India Every citizen hs thei telling people and EO¥eEHMENILOINSIANY act every citizen to seek any inform round the wor! Deforestation can US graduy otocores thereof. Some lawson Rig to Information alo em ping deforestation, We must gy WOrKortotake sample fmaterialusedinany work to know how the govemmen is nto. Right Infomation empowers ion fiom the goverament, inspect any government dacuments and seek confed Power citizens to officially inspect any government les the right to: Inspect woes, documents reson, sor cemifiedcopies of documentsor recon. Tike cenited samples ofmaterial bin int un Information in frm of pinto kets. Poppy, tapes, vide , cases or in anyother leone ay form, inching records, documents, emo, e-mails opinions advices, press contacts, reports, papers, samples, ress rc rt dels to matron lectoie {ern adfomsin clang pathy wich canbe scene spbiauor under obeo e e VOCABULARY ’ : — "Record includes: > Degradation = comingtoalonertevel @) Any document mamiscrptandfile oo ae (8) _ Any mit, ire, and fast copy document ee ‘ae (©) Any reproduction ot mage orimagesemtadiednsachmicfin(wheteelargdor not and > Aaeaie = rated towater (anyother maria producedty computer orany ote device; < face ‘Am pear cannot sk opiniones under th RTT Act nthe option Avieve lady on Pi Aecse, = Thateanbetakenadvantgeeforaongting Mower under Section 41) an apc can ask for"eaons"behind an adminis Sought-after + desired anublic authority, especially ithe isan “affected person”, ane eer ae ‘Aesthetic > beauty VOCABULARY oe ee: + astoppingatamactivityforanagrecd period oftine, = Empower -Togive thepowerto : . a ‘ENGLISH LANGUAGI Acceted reached“Thepredicateis the partofa sentence that tells something abou the subject Whatisa Sentence? 1 “Thepredicate always includesa verb A sentence isa group of words that expresses a complete id, Example "She fete ead” (tis a complete idea) (’Predicate"isalsoa erbthat means, "to state something.”) "Rahul i a good boy. “These are sentences yy express a complete Hea}: Te subject is Raul reese Now, what about Rahul? Mark wil quithis job He is a good boy “These are not complete sentences (they don't express complete idea}: She give me the (What did she give men) Wiltbuild the house. A direct object is aperson or thing thats affected bythe action of the verb, You could say tht = (Who will build the house”) i ‘Sos good boy" isa predicate DIRECT OBJECT the direct object "receives the action ofthe verb.” Tony watching a movie. {Us Tony watching the movie now? Was he watching the move inthe past? Or wl he be watching the movie _“Hebroke the window. eae nee) \Whatwasaffeciedby theaction? The window was, [sentence can express > Astaement So"thewindow" isthe drectobject. Example: You are tal : INDIRECT OBJECT F Aaveston ‘Example: Are you going to the market? Aningivctobjectisa person orthing thatthe actions done t fot Anorder Theindcctobjectusualy comes justbefow the dret object Fxample:iome int Hy comes jst ao re et Aw ‘Youcould also say thatheindirectobjectisthereceiverof the direct object, eg Example: [wish I were aim ‘Why sliould you know the Parts of a Sentence? ‘Once you know the parts ofa sentente, and how to combine them, you can farm logical sentences that wil be well understood by hers, smother wers.” Towhomdidhe givethe ers? Tos mother So"hismother"isuheindrectobjec oil © What are the parts ofa sentence? PARTS OF SPEECH Asemence mo minimali ave asubjertandapreictsometimestesabjetcanbeomitediftisundersond, sof spechare he bing blocs of English language. A sentence i made up of sof speech. Parts of pee a ‘rangedinciferentsequnces, ake diferent sentencescarying different mea (Thenjctinthinentence somite, since itisundertoodto be you" Youewvel) arying ing. SXAMPLE There arotherpars ofa sentence youcan we, nad jontoasubjectandaverb, Sybecr Fchool- noun, he pronoun, to- preposition, goes-verb “Toesubectiase person of thing shou which soning being stated ‘ese fourpars of speech when comeina special sequence, makea mesningfulsentence. “Rahulisa good boy" * sos © school ‘Wha isa ood boy’? " ronoun verb Rallis preposition noun So"Raat isthe subject. “of speech are- Noun, Pronoun, Adjective, Verb, Adverb, Peposition, Conjunction, Article and Interjection, For {alls of ach ofthese refer tothe following chapter. [5 ltakendna's somumnabendrapiblicationsry. 16 ENGLISH LANGUAGENOLA LANGUAGEVOLA 17) wwwmahendlapublieatoniGhd) 1S 7Wfakemdu:Pe NOUN Anoun isa wordthatnanesa person. apleeorathing Examples: Sar Ih cat New York Canada. rom school football ig Examplesentences X ——_Peoplelketogotothebeath Sheena passedthetest _ hat man horse X —Myparentsaretavetingto Jaipur extmonth ‘The wont "oun" comes fom the Latin word omen which means "Rame,"z agen ar indedhow wen placesandthings, Proper Nouns (Names) proper sun sth special won (or are et wewefor person pla er organ Me Ravi, Anita Lucknow nit ‘Sony-Amameisanoun tua ery spi nun-aproperoon Peper ncaa pei nies Common Noun ‘Acommonnoun begins witha lowereas tr unless tithe begining sentence. Forerample People mn g.bs, mother. father chil, person echo stent, ‘Animals cat, dog, fish. an snake ‘Things bocktabe. chair phone Places school ei, building. shop Hear tov. hate iden, ride Common noun Proper noun Common noun Proper noun man,toy Dinesh Sop esr tetas, MeDorahls woman ge anki monthds fem anu Sundny «oun, town India, Dei ook i eh tee ‘company Tat, Sony Silatenaa's mmrmancnaaeateneT Te oi NGL ENGLISH LANGUAGENOL SEN ‘The Collective Noun [Recognize acollecvenoun when yo Nouns: name of people place, and things. Collective nouns, special ls, name group ihings compose of ‘members {usually peepte}.Checkouthe cha below: army audience board cabinet ass commitee company corpration council epannent faculty family fen group iuy ory minoiy many public schoo! senate society team troupe Gsecorrectvertsand pronouns with cllectivenouns, Ech noun from the list ove is single ching. That thing, homeve, it made up of more thon one person. You cannot have commits, team, or family fone youneedat asttvo people tocompese he ni Because people behave as both herd animals and solitary centres, collective nouns can be ether singular or pra age ->shape-color-> origin > ma Examples: Anigelitlecoffee shop (Determiner opinion > size -> purpose/fint ‘My hugs new swimming poot (Determiner > size Several Chinese plasticcups (Determiner origin material) ‘The round yellow ball (Determiner shape-> color) seil>aworddescHIMg PURPOSE Adicts rom he sametyp Seniesa om ese psp inion nda ‘Abappy,smactman ‘Thebeuuifol original painting Angxpensiv butimporartrip Breen 1. Adjectives of Quality (Descriptive Adjetive)show thekinder quality ofa person or Adjectives of Quality answer the question: Of whatkind? 5 5. Distributive Adjective, which refertoeach one of number.as Each boy musttakehis tum, England expects every man todohis duty. Eitherpenwitldo. 6 Demonstrative Adjective pointout which person or thing is meant, Example Thatkoy isclever. These mangoesare sour Uhate such things. "wean benoviced that his and chat are used with Singular Nouns, these and hove wth Perl Nouns, Iterrogative jective What. whichand whose when they areused with nouns task questions, Example: Whatmannerofmanishe? Comparison of adjectives: Whosebookisthis? _Whichway shall we go? Positivedegreethe simplestform, ‘Comparativedegree ~comparing twothings or persons. Superlative degree ~comparing thre ormore things or persons. Positive Superlative large largest ores more horible ‘mosthorrble How tocomparedjectives 1 ‘Add -erand.esttoshortadjestivesofone syllable sometimes twosyllables) 1. London sa targeciy 2 Weissnnonestman Pottve Comparative Supertatve 3. The foolish oldcrow redo sing short shorter stontest 2 PROPER ADJECTIVE Adjectives formed fom Proper Nouns (eg, French wines, Indian tea, TA great greater greest * —tobaceo)aresometinnes called ProperAdjective smal sate smallest 3. Adjectives of Quantity show how much oa thing meant ou olde eldest ‘Adjectives of Quanity answer the question How mck? 2 Hashortadjcetveend with consonant and change they toandadd-erand-es Examples Positive Comparative Supertative Sine 2. Mehastteneigence hacky luckier Wukiest 3. Tokegreatcarcotyourhealh. ——&.—_Heshowedich ptinc, easy heavier heaviest SS. Hebastostallis wealth happier apes 4. adjectives of Number (Numeral Adjeste show how may pesos or things are mean on wise sillier sitet, Person erthing stands vale ait Adjectives of Number answertne question: How many? B aject se SN Gadd ceed Example - Positive Comparative Superlative 1. Thehand has five fingers. 2- Sunday isthe First day ofthe week. 5 fine finer finest AdjctivesofNumberareoftwo kinds- utmorses)and masts Fontofioneradecties(wih oor mores oshoncomparkan ‘(ay Definite Numeral Adjective, which denote an eae rumberas Postve Comparative Superatve One vo, three ete. These arclled Cardinal, peting lessappeating leastappeatng Fst, secon thin, et~Theseare led Ordinal roe ma sae Acari otro many. a8 Oka tga beauty rmorebesutiful smostbeutfl 410) Indeite NameralAdjstne, ich ove dome mentmen ert morale rmostalert, ‘All:many, few, some, any, several, certain, ee vles They change form consider Some aiectine are regular djectes and 0 orecopnie them a jae! from one degree tothe next You need tostudy thes chanbes Listofirregularadjectives, Positive Comparative Sopetive worse wort farther farbest beter test more ost ess heat ler eldest. Wwell(heatty) beter est Re ROR Never use-eror-estatthe same time you use mareot most, Theseareincorect: more shorter, mostalertest (Certain comparatives taken from Latin language haven postive orsupertatve degree. ‘Theyallendin“oF" butnotin“et™. Tey are weve inal. Five of them losttheircomparative meaning andareusedas postive fs, ‘Theyare: exterior interior, ulterior, major & minor ‘eg. Theesterior wallofthehouse ismade of stone; the interior wallsareof ood Herage samater of minor importance have ne lterior motive in offering youmy help, ‘Theothersevenareusedas comparative forms butarefllowedty“a"inteadct" hon ‘Theyre: Inferior, superior prior, anterior, posterior senior & junior sg RamanisinferiortoAjuyintlignce. Aju sinteligenceissuprior to Ramnan’s Heisjunior tall hiscolleagues, Allhiscollengusre senior to him. Points to Remember;~ Eachofthetaowords gives adiferent meaning therfore, tit bso know hem el Some/Any:: SOM: ise "ome”inostvesetnces Wee some farthest decantte nan, ‘Example: hayesomneiiends, ANYE RE" an" innate sentence orqutons ese yh coeblend ncaa ‘Example: Do you aveany cheese? -Hedoes'thaveany Irendin Chiaga, EXCEFTION!: Weuse"some"inaueston when fixing regengmeting tatters es ANY. Weuse“anymnegatvesentencesor question. Wewearyferbatheeunane, Example: Do you have any chees?- edaesa"™haveany renin Chicagy, SOMEBODY, SOMEWHERE, SOMETHING: We use something -inpostive sentences. le Would youre somebread? (offer) -Coul hvesome water? Geguqy snduncountale nouns. re” words - ‘Somebody, someone, somewher® a Example: Heliver somewhere ne ANYBODY, ANYWHERE, ANYTHING: Wee "an/ Words - abaya seriencesr questions ee, amps and anything - in ve Example Do you nowan thing ahout that boy?-She doesnt havean iret SSS rrr eee es BS Foremostifirst “These wowordsare synonyms, iether wordcanbe sed However. there issomediferenceintheirusae Foremost” ean ‘ihe bestorthemostimporatinatoporlsding poston na groupf people or things’, Forexample ‘Mr Kaporisoneofthe foremost authorities on animal protection pls. ‘Mr Kaporiste ist person start Tust(zo0) to potect the endangered species of enimals fom around the world Thesetnowordareth comparative ormsofthe word ile Thedtferenc is: es” sugess ‘amount some negative’ sessinachoiceoftvo! Forexample, Ste hase money than he (has). Which sthetesser ofthe wo evils, inking or smoking? {Both “drinking alcohol” and “smoking tobacco’ are evils, but we'd like to compare and decide which one is more harmful~"more negative" in thischoigeoftwo!) Elder,older; eldest, oldest “Elderand eldest” are used only of persons né“Tesser" suggests degree showing (theyare used with membersofthesame family.) “Elder isnotused withconjunetion han’ “Olderandoldes”are sed ofboth persons and things time (age) 8: Rahulismy elder brother. Ahmedishiseldest son Town Hallisthe oldest building in ourtown, Later latter; latest, last Laterandlatestrferto time Eg. lleislaterthanLenpected Thelatter chapters Latter antlastreferto position (hehascome late) Thavenotheardthe latestnews, (recent news) ofthe book are intresting (orderof position) Thelastchaperis boring, (order of position) Much/Many: *Muew odes ony uncountable nouns "They have so much money inthe bank." ‘Thehorse drinks somuch water” “Many modifies only countablenouns. ‘Many Americans travelto Europe,” collected many sources formy paper" LitteEew: Lite" modes only uncountable nouns “hen wasincolege, there was litfemoney spre” “Ther are afew doctors intown * Fer AFen, The Few em when we “nota lagene 1 "Hehad lite foodin the house” "ew" modifies only countable nouns. lhadfew reasons forhis pinion "without a preceding a, means "very few" mer”. But some orhand il. While the Few Few artists tive exariously. Tharmusicappeatstothe few. Srouhmodiesboth countable end uncountable nouns Tereisenough money tobuy a ‘or*none a al", On the other hand, a few i sed indicate isused fora special imitedmumber (not many butall}). 2 Sendmeafew boots thepiieanaiap ieee y.EXERCISE 3 the correct form ofthe words in brackets (comparative or superlative). ADJECTIVE __ EXERGISES Qt. Myhousets(big) sn. thanyours 2. Thistoweris (beatin hanthatone EXERCISEL Q3.Thisisohe intresting). took thaveeversed Pick the corret word from the brackets tomakethesentence messin 4 Non-smoers sly ive (ORB) than smokers Q.1. My fatherisan (strong. stronger ronges shite, QS Alwliayy thesis (G00... thn aholday inte mountains 2. Sheis(prey. prec, pein than bers. Q6.Whichisthe(dnget048). nnn animalinthe world? 027. issrangebutotenacokei (expensive) than ater, 3. Youarenotas(tlltlle, tallest) as your brother, 18. Whoisthe(rich) svoman on earth? 2A Taipndiechator sho soem G8 Tew sme ana QS. Thathastobethe interesting, mor interesting, mostntresting) ln Ihavesen. Sa ae meee Q6, Which University offers (the good the beter the bes depree courses? EXERCISE 4 Q7. Thisclownisnotas funny, funnier, fonniest) asthe oer ore, Fillin the Blanks with the following adjectives, eachof which sto be used only ones. ayy; clumsy; much; proud; skim He iscasiy the (bad, worse, worst playerinthe team, ‘ie wilds darks angry: cit; muy honest ‘The secondhalfof the play was(litle, les.the eas) interesting, arrow: blind QA. Tcamnotitthis_metalbow Q.10. What is(fa,farther,the farthest i nce youhaveever nun? 2. Thot___boynockeddownthe vase sean, osama 3. teminnearmiseth hand Potintheadjectivein old from the frst sentencent thesecondsenteaceinitscorretfrm a ages are (comparative orsupertative, QS. Cosarctonbigrousethis__pah Example: thaveafastearbutmy tHendhes9 car 6, Tigersae__—_ animals Answer: have afastcar,butmy endfor 7 Heispoor te hast __ money 4. Tisisa mee cat l'smuch than ind seat O& Helsan may doucdaingtie: 9. Theyhelpedthe __manerosstheroad 12. Here is Neclam She'sstuyearsoMd Her brother ising sokes 7 Q10. Lookarthe__ sky tisgoingtoran, G3. Tistssdiimeatendete Batterie wit anaseisk (Vise... exercise EXERCISES onthe worksheet. Findtheerorsandjustiyyouranswer Hehasaninteretinghobty butmyssterhasthe.. hobby inte wor 41. Kothats ther} om Abnar(B) ha Jeipr(C) the capita of Rajasthan (D) Anthea bobiays red good book. but father gavemeaneve, onetast 2. Rameshissmurtr(AV enough to get B) eet fortis) post without ey recommendations) ma 3. esi Priyanha(A)isthemeostniqu singer of(C/ourcollege(D)" a eer re 4. thisstiniscy comparatively eter (H) han that (Cw sn comer shop yesterday (D). Beekag EaEEE ten ingig tetas CS Semewnemiatonm i ietainnaritegi)siorunorteiins mares o las ofbock (A) on Englihrammarare(Byaviabl with but C) ison i theest ‘This magazine ischeap, but that onc is, Q7. LWokther (A) /that it would be all (B) the more better (C) fshe herself talked tthe groom (D). \Weliveinasmall house butmy grandparets'houssiseven. oo @8.- Shedoes not have(A}/some money tobuy B) anew refrigerator (C)/sosheis woried(D). eed Alken he THILEVEHE ery 9. Noma days(Ay the weather (8) getngorecad(C)fancolder(D). eek 10 Attretoaks A) vereinded interesting ut tat one was(C) the ere intersting )- Siesta SamnREmININT RT ace ENGLISH LANGUAGENVOL’ 7 6a wa MetendrapUOICSBORDD, TS. Wakondea ; es ee |yeu (werd) ¥ ward “adverb comes fromthe Latin word'ad'-(inadtin)and Ye Air tis word that adds more tothe meaning ofa verb, enadjective rancher dreamt about you ast night, (dreamt=verb;lastight-adver®) adjective; ncresibly=adver®) verb; quiteradverd) AdvrbtTine-Ths dows vic ani oie eR Raves hea, pictndstepenngaraieroterene Wesacucane eee aie Wika i mire sae Examples: Lerstak now. | | will do ittater. s usually placed afterthe verb when tis used inasentence as flows | He promised towritebacksoon. ‘What are you doing tomorrow? Hecalled yesterday eee phoned you yesterday train willarrivesoon, saw hera few months ago, ‘Last week saw them walking together, ystrugsled hardto reach the top. tne patients sleeping soundiy Adverboflace—This shows where an action orsomethingis dnc orhappens enswersthe question “Where? Intike adjectives, adverbs do not modify nouns Suchauiverbsareplacedafter the verb. CORRECT: The womanhas a beautitul davgher. (Adjective) Heishome INCORRECT: The womanhasabeautifully davehtr (Adverb) CORRECT: She was sillsad about it, (Adjective) INCORRECT: She wasstil sadly shout it (Adverb) ae canbe both adverbs and adjectives s follow far, hard, and long. Ii important to distinguish ho Examples:- Weare here, He went home. Wefoundhimoutside. Shelookedup. used don'tlive faraway fromhere.(Adverb) ivehere./ He fell down. /They are taking outside. He walked in Where ive isn'tfarfromhere, (Adjective) Wemet inthe 00, ‘She worked quite hard. (Adverb) ‘They lke to walk along the river Befoundthe work qutehard.(Adjecthe) Adverb of Manner This shows how an action or something is done. Itanswers the question “How?” The adver is Jrwe exercise regularly, wemay ive longer. Adverb) Plcedjustaftertheverbwhen itis usedinasentence t 2 They run happily Poe exercise regularly, wemay live longerlives. Adjective) _ ‘Adverbs usually answer the following que ‘camples:= Where? Home. (“I wenthome") When? Vesterday. (-Wemetyesterday.") How? Slowly, (-Theturtle moves slonly.") handled the sicuation well She istenedscerelytotheirconversation, The children ranhappilyotheir father ‘Shecriedouuly. He ives quickly, /She speaks softly ‘How often? Sometimes. Sometimes itstops responding”) ov long Temporariy.(Shestayswithustemporriy) | neyttetre oF Quantity —Thisansverstbequesins,“Tawhat prec?” or*How mush?” eal pd fis sre (Onrteam willsutelywin™) Hesnswered perfect: fo what degres? Very. She wasyery pleased”) Examples ‘Anadverbcandescribea verb 2). Wikveyemcenet winyes Boerum quickly Poe Yousretetatyrighe jAnadverb ean desribeanatectve: paceman e heisso beaut Ikistoo dark forusto se anything. (Before adjective) ynadverb can describe another adverb: Lastnightitrained very heavily. Before adverb) Freon Aerotech gn vee Adee een a yin ca pnadverhcan describe anentire sentence: ‘ten tse them, Examples of these adverbs include: never, rarely, sekdom, hardly ever, cccason sometimes, turally you don'thaveto come, hk Scteraly usualy frequently nearly always oflenandever Als included are: que ‘BitisntaNcUAGEVOL Cre eery _4 ip Weaentea’s eeeAnilineverdothat! . Examples: " {always brushmy tethaeramel LiL, Weottenmeetandchat SV Hearty renin Hewillneverhavefinishedintine RRR, 1 voiseariyae ewer Praveen seldom eadsthe Bibl Doesheevercometoplaychess? ‘Adverbs ofduration- Adverbs of duration show us the ngoftheaton ors. ‘They answer the following question Forhowlorg? He will foreverb her litle oy. Examples:- TE cures ntly changing Adverbs of probability- Adverbs of probabil following question: How likely? Heisprobablyin trouble ‘a Examples: ‘She will certainly forgetaboutit Maybewe'llcomeafr al, willprobably not work, Surely younrenotserious! Affirmative Adyerb (yes) and Adverb of negation (No) - exam Indeed, by all means,no, not at all, by nom: Examples: Ups my pres jut fron wily ystomy aestitea Yourusthavefeanstouthehaunedouserurey? Certainly wel ithis plac ofthe fol dour ltwouldndeedelpt hada Byallennscawiteveryou vant! ink you will not (Obno,notanother breakdown at the trafic lights! is nota all certain that the match willtake place. isby nomeans easy that we will finish itsoon, Interrogaive Adverbs (Question: When? Where? HOW? Why? How mugen | Exam! > ableoFinishal-he foo, | | Wherehave youbeen all the while? How could you have overlooked all these mistakes? Why doyouhave todosuchastupidthing? Relative Adverb: when, where, how, why “These words are the same inform as Interrogative Adverbs; but they are not questions. Examples: “Thetime when he arrivedis stil unknown, ‘Thescene where the accident occurred is closet the hospital. He [Nobody knows why he left in sucha hurry. Inmany cases (but not always!) adverbs have the following form: the only one who knows how fodoit. Adjective + Aly Examples: Quick +1y=quickly Strange ly=strangely Deai+ly=deadly Sudden +ly=suddenly Clever Really = really When anadjectiveends with)” replace the*y” with an ity show us the chances fer he action or state to happen. They answeebteavy +ly ~heavi~ ly=heavily Happy +ly =happi When theadjeetiveends with an “e” drop the happily True + ly tru +ly= truly ‘Aneasy way to identify adverbs, orto distinguish them from adjectives, isto look atthe ending, Mostadverbs are fort byaddingly twthe adjective, suchas: He worked quick! “a PIs ofthis adverb includes: yes, surely, cera adjective -ly adverb Exceptions ‘hefotlowingirregular adverbs donotendin—Iy. Pomparison ot Adverbs Mdicctive Adverb sarly early ast fast 300d much ard little ate far "rd (hardly means almost not) Ble (lately mn,tt __ © he Positive, the Com Sir tothe comparison of adjectives adverb ave ue degrees oF COMPAN ET ti tnd he Superlative Mos be Compara ; Nae ‘Comparative Superlative ee: more comfortably most comfortably beste more happily ‘mast happily bs. morekindy meskinly eam) sor lay stouly = more noisily ‘most noisily Some adverb donot take more/most when they are writen in comparatvesupertative instead they change aq {rom one degree toanothe Portne Comparative superine ‘bad, badly Worse worst, Lite Les tet Much More et wet beter test Forming Adverbs from Adjectives ‘Adverbs ae formed from adjectives by adding 4y. However, mall wus ending in-ty are adverbs The fllons| words are good examples of adjectives ending ny: costly, dsl end kindly, likely tively fol, mans andtimely ‘The comparative using moreand the supertativeusing mast ‘Adverb Comparative Supertative recently rmoreresenty mostrecey fectively moreeffetvely rosteetvely frequent more frequently most fequeny An the formation of Gimpaatves and superlatives, some adverbsareinegular Adverse Comparative Superatve well better test badly worse wore tile less leat much sore st “Comparative” meanscomparing something tosomething elie” Comparative adverb show us which to or sale Beer NO sronger Wesker ands oth —__—S—‘(ae ‘She writs faster than most people iy as ve Examples: Best nt east, ors, stongest, ses slowest They Iikecach ater best. Examplesentences: luwasthe mostboring experience Herantheslowestsobe ost Heknowsbe He shouethestrongestsohe won. nof Adverbs Adverbsofmanaer which answer the question ‘how?! normally come immediately ater the verbor after the object Iistaining heavily ‘She combed era gently. (NOT She combed gently herhalr) ‘She speaks English well (NOT She spas well English) Hewatkedstomly Adverbs of place (e.g, here, there, everywhere, nowhere, onthe roof et.) and adverbs of time (now, then, tay, ‘omornow, next week ee: )are usally placed alert vert oraferthe object i there sone ooked everywhere butcouldn'findanything. ‘They are coming next week. mores te sume ver hey usualy comeine llowing reaver of ane avers {shim yesterday lng the picture there Whenswo oplce ewillgomere tomorrow evening He pecormedwellat the conecrtlast ight Adverbsoffequeney which onserthe question “how often (eg aheays, oe, arly frequent ee )andsome other ‘verbs Tike ara, almost, early, as, quite ete, are nocaly put between the subject andthe Ve ihe verb Xe Where is it? al D Theballsintebox Thebalivomthebox Thetallisunderthebox. satsoue Pri shovse Praga howe Jaishoueianerto Pr shousinbetween Praga Praga'sowelanertio Pri sous and shoe Fri‘showe "\akeadea's wna UOROTD, 65 ~ ERGLSHT———_ Fra drt ade Eee Theclmbersstood __Temansond Themanstood ontoperibe betmeenthe —_opposteach mountain woenemies, thet, r_ & Theeremiessiod The gag, swolbehind ——_-nexttothe thepumpkins. ——theumbreliy opherandheldoy Themanlaoked —Themanwrote Themanlooked _Themanfooked rough he Theadirss——atthemailin——atteclockon —satathis desk telescope in fmthe package, thepestbox. heal ‘omhis chair shan ‘Thefollowing able contains rtesforsome ofthe mes Lequnty sed prepositinsin Enis roouin Pesguntie tame | room. building, see, county ; book, paperete.car at, picture, woe meaning nextiodyanobec forte, = coogi cds ie Aha, = i © surface oraveruin side lefrigh) {orafoor fortleision radio Jeflrrightofsomebodyorsometing hous fr public tispon ‘onthe ground, fowverthan(orcoveredty) somethingelse lowerthansomethingelsebatabove ‘round ‘covered by somethingese meaning ‘more than gttingtothe others (att acrors) overcoming an obstacle - igherthan something, botoe inthekthen, in London intheba inteesinatai.nthepiturinberd tthe door, atthe station, athe lube staconcert atthe par. Theeinema.atschool st work "he picture onthe wall London ies onthe Thames, onthe table onthe letnthe frst oor onthe bus 088 Plane on TY, on the radio Priyaisstndingby /nextto! beside theca. thebasisunder the table ‘hein arebelow he surface Puajecketoveryourshinone™ dearofagewatkoverthe bei ‘timboverthe wall "Pathabovethelake St We atesionag Ta Mle accor 0 Ee ee oo eting tothe other side(also over) rough something with mits ontop, botom ‘andthe sides, pass by something 0 ‘movement iopersonor building ‘movement toaplace country for bed into enteraroom abuilding towards ‘movement inthe direction afsomething (utnotsiretty toi) onto rmovementothe surface ofsomething trom inthesense of whee fom rr of \whotwhardoesitbelongto what docs by \whomade winpasive voice on valkingorriding onhoreback entering apublictanportvehiele o ensringacae /Tasi ot -eaving pubic anspor vehile outot Ieavingacar (Tax by seorfallofsomething raveling (other thon alkingorbaseiding) at forage about fortopcsmeaninasokat aout Thetellowing ea abide : Everonesms abby the judementof the cour abide with: West hound: These abounds nwa abscond fom: Ileabsconds tom elusses ony whenheisil atyent from: Theslrk is absent rom hie section sors in: Lata is absorbed in singing "omardtheie problems eae peaillgive you anteaabout the useot prepositions: hur tien throughthik andthin, absolveof: The judgeabsolvedthe oficial of charges ofcomution. \walkarossthe bridge, swim across the lake Aevethrough he tune! goto the cinema goto London/Treland sotobed g0inothekitchenhehouse 05 stepstowardsthe howe jump ontothe able flower fromthe garden ions «present from Abhishek pageorthe bookthepictureafa palace ‘book by Mark Train ‘on foot onhorseback getonthe bus sctintheear getofTthe tain setoutofihe tas : priceshaverisenby 10percent bycar by bus sheleamed Russi ats weweretalking about you abstain trom : Postal employees abstained fom their ates protesting spun the government’ inference Abundance of: There isabundanceofoiandnatral ge inthe Godavari basin, 'W. abundantin: Rice issbundantin the Godavari distit of Andhra Pradesh eto: The Goverment czededto the demand of he eking ens °S lahenca's. ewnmalendrapublietionrg, 67 [ENGLISH LANGUAGEVOLA,