Aw competition
ee fence soot ey PREPACE
fo me in the preparation of this book. 1 shall feel richly
rewarded if this book is found’ helpful tudent
community, Silrestions For pu by ine student *
book will always be Renee eee improvement of the
R. DHILLON —
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Contents
PART I
The ART OF PRECIS WRITTING
1. Introduction a
9, Requiremenis of a Good Precis [3
3, Hints for Writing a Good Precis 1
4, Titles — - 16
§.. Prose Style in Different Ages ia
PART Il
PRECIS WRITING FOR UNIVERSITY «,
EXAMINATIONS
6 Fully Solved Exercises 24
4. Exereises with Points and Aids to Vocabulary 47
#, Exercises with Aids to Vocabulary we
9 Unsolved Exercises for Practice 4c
PART 1 i
| PRECIS WRITING FOR LOWER COMPETITIVE
EXAMINATIONS
10. Fully Solved Exercises 69
11. Exercises with Polnts aad Aids to Vooabuiu,’ 81
"a, Exercises with Aids to Vorsbulary a
13, Unsolved Exercises 2" Fractice i CONTENTS
_ PART IV
PRECIS WRITING FOR HI COMPETITIVE
- : EXAMINATIONS /
14. Fully Solved Exercises i 1
1§. Exercises with Paints and Alds to Vocabulary 158 ©
16. Unsolved Exercises volo eL6t— 196
PART I
THE ART OF
PRECIS WRITING Introducti on
Meaning of the word ‘Precis’ | The word ‘Precis’ is
pronounced ax PRA-SEE. It came tothe English via
ihe French which received it in turn from Latin, The
Latin word ‘PRAECIDRE' (PRAL*belore and CIDRE-to-
cul off) means to cut off in front,
Since its absorption in the English language its meun-
ing has undergone some change. ‘The word ‘Precis’ now
means ‘precise’, ‘definite’, ‘exael’, ‘concise’, The Cham- ~
ber’s Twentieth. Century Diclionary defines it as ‘a
precise or abridged statement’,
Pregis, os used in the English lpjauiine joday, denotes
_aclear, briel, accurate, well connected abstract, summary
of gist of a written or spoken matter. [ls utility has
been amply recognised and mare emphasis is being laid,
on the developrfient of the faculty to write a Precis. ~
Precis writing is more an ar than & science.
The Object, Importance and Wiility of Precia :
The object of precis writing is 10 bring owl faithfully the
salient or main idea, theme or meaning of an original
document, writing or speech in a concise, clear, simple,
colterent and natural language while preserving the: spirit
cof the original. 5
The importance and ulility of the art of precis writing
canno! be over emphasised. The life today has become
over-busy, Speed is now the essence of lime, Every
one isin haste, Few have the time or paticnee to pause,
think and perform at leisuce. Hence the need for short,
lucid and well connected narrative, paragraph or exercise 10 : 4 : : 11
has grown with the passage of time for every one ities of the student and would .
has to deal with a plethora of files, documents, corres. ith developing the BG 5 Ot dana isi,
pondence and all sores of written exercises. The advan make him @ 80 ife. i
: enormously in later life.
‘tages of precis writing, therefore, are obylous. —
4 Z : i]
Hence more and more stress is being laid on th Essentials of a Prec:
leteneae | The precis of a given paragra he
desirability of inculcating this important art. Afi thie “ona 8 '
best time for acquiring this act and developing it is when le be ihe faittiful representation el ie ideas Ry, te
eae steps into the college for higher studies. 7 auihor in your own brich and Hee eae eyinniever
Dive to the great importance and utility of this ack The material facts ar points shoullal Heioueht out clearly
academic institutions and universities the world over the author wants (0 cial details superfluous phraseology
make provision in their syllabi for graduation classes and putting aside unessentla , Wa narratlve should.
i ity. The resu
and ambiguous verbosity
aive a sense of completeness, ¥
2, Gompactness | All the ideas reproduced from
require their alumei 10 acquire good grasp of the essen
tials of his act and efficiency in the application of it
essentials, Practically in every competitive examination
" : a gr ‘hole.
a good percentage of marks is set apart for testing’ the iginal piven passage should form a compact wie
aciliiy of the competitors in writing 9 precis of a given Lael une should convey a sense of unily
Passage. More and more attention is therefore being with each other. ;
. Mevoted in the classroom by teachers to he!p the students: Brevity : Brevity ls the essence, of a good precis,
in acquiring, developing and mastering this valuable art. — tt Tyeested bi the process of shifting Benue A
3 . q real. 44} ht
Tt requires patience, perseverance and constant | ancssential, by avoiding repetition anes anal
exercise to acquire it, bot once acquired it pays rich ornamental phrases and. the aa ‘AIL the essential
dividends in later life. It has direct and practical utility” not be achieved at the cast of clarity. clearly but bricily
too, It is an exercise in mental discipline and training | ideas of the author should be given cone of words
in lucid self expression, clarity of thought, economy of and concisely. There should only be ¥
words, quick comprehension and critical analysis of but not of ideas. .
what one reads or writes. Ii develops in the student the — 4, Clarity : lv is absolutely casential that ont Geo
feu of marshalling his ihowghis in a natural sequence impart elarity to what one wrilts. Ane i 7S esto wary
an i iy bee ine taf red I i i iting. -Otherwise »
expressing Lhem with judiciously selected words in so in the case of precis Wil heey In day-to-day
a well knit narrative.
j purpose of the precis would be d
Knowledge of ihis unique technique is thus of great
i ist i Ty writien
i i short concise gist is generally
life a precis or a eet te, Berpoeasion (0-G0
“value afd importance it-present day world in every walk for a person who has no! 4
of life ated one has Bt we his 3 ah The ato trate original. Or Stiga eat ihe
of ihis great art comes through grasp of its essentials clear, unambiguous and brie eat original passage.
and fundamentals and by exercise in their application. essential ideas and main Tere palsatt compechend the
Though not very difficult yet it requires hard labour and | To achieve that one must himself &
: ; and those
constant practice to become a good artist. main ideas wh eis TE each EF the precis-
Below are given guiding principles and fundamentals should bs [rier FEeeralaleae but brief language:
of good precis writing, A thorough study, good grasp #) Cobgrence : ‘Coherence Ineans attachment of one
and constant application of jhese would surely restilt senienee tothe other tv form A eonnective ont seas 12
nuouUs Narrative thereby achieving a com
BREE mate otra ae
“| 4
Sentences. I should be a well eae a m
6, Logical and natural, > Thi
Hae ab es ‘natural order of See pHehi on ‘ee
in w sentences and ideas follow one aft
other in ap unbroken chain, One sentence Miliges
1 sha
ite ena a oe eres eal aoatinae! tithe
aC. ie me shou fun 1
eee ties A Hire through the boa oe eevee,
1 wUra! succession or sequence
would impart a beautiful and logical CMPRIOR Te Ee
exercise an ideal whi is writ i
and endeavour to hae eee waliegahieil ahsire
:
2
Requirements of a
Good Precis
Tithe : Itisa must, Every pisce of precis should be
given o title—a heading=-even when it has not been
asked for, The tile or heading is the precis of the preeis
and indicates what is 16 follow. A word, a pharse of
even a shore pretly sentence can be the ‘heading’, The
given paragraph, if well studied and understood would
itself suggest the heading’. The writer should locate the
very word or key phrase, It would generally be found
in the opening or closing sentence but sometimes it may
be somewhere in the middle also.
Person: As a rule precis should be written inthe
third persom Even dialagies and speeches showld! be
reported in (Hird person. ahha :
Tense | Generally ihe precis is written in the past
tense exceplin rire cases where the pasicular words
used by the author of the original passage are of utmost.
mip lance, ul
Form of Speech ; A precip is always in indirect form
of speech except in very very rare cases where full justice
cannot be done to the author of the original passage
without incorporating a few wards in the presis im their
original form, ee Fal ;
Length : If the precis writer isnot required to adhere
(oa particular length or number of words the golden rule
is to limit the preeis 1 one-third of the lengib of ihe
Original passage piven, . ; 3
a,
Hints for Writing a
Good Precis.
1, Read the given passage carefully and tr
WT ! ¥ to under-
stand if. You may have to Tead i several times to ae
nee ernip apes subject matter, [Do not start
& precis unless You vi i
Reeth you have understood the piven
2, Mark owt or underline the main th
; 1 § cme of th
given piece and iis subordinate ideas and arrange Theat
Acaard lo their relative value, importance and seques
‘ 4, tow make oul a rough sketch or draft givi
L Biving the
Tain theme and all the ideas in the original eee, a
coherent, fOMINUGWS Harralive form using your own
simple language, The length of your rough draft should
r Paka ae to anes of the original passage. Avoid
il perfluous remarks, ill s a
fous: UslTalions, txamples, quota
4. Do net give your personal comm i
i" enls.or views,
You are to be raitoful to the author of the original
Passage and should only put forth what he wants io.
convey, Give your attempted precis a. simple, concise
and well connected form so that the reader may under-.
stand it easily, ‘ :
5, As already pointed out the precis siould be in
‘indirect speech’, ‘third -person’ and ‘past tense’ unless
of course a particular universal truth. is to be necessarily
capressed, i 3 p
‘IS
& Opening sentence of a precis is always very
important. Ii indicates what is to follow, So bo careful
about. it, — 1 4
"9, When you are required to write a precis of more
1kgn one paragraph apply all the rules to each para,
'g, Do not borrow highflown, ambiguous words or
phrases from the original passage. — That is suicidal for a
good precis, Use your own simple, concise and’ idio«
watic English, Avoid spelling, punctuation and gram
migti¢al mistakes. : Hi 7
0. Now revise your draft keeping im view, all the hints
and requirements of a good precis given above,
10."Never forget io give your precis-& suitable title.
That iz a nunst © = . ie
HINTS IN NUTSHELL
1. Understand the given passage well’
2.° Mark of underline the points or ideas.
3, Prepare a rough draft in your own words avoiding
évery supentiuity. r j ‘
4. Give only the views of the author of the passage.
5, Use only indirect form of speech, third person and
past iense. ig “Hoge!
© 6, Be careful of the opening sentence of your precis, .
Thijs important, Mi els t
* 2 PoMark the certtral idea in each paragraph, '
8, Your precis should be simple, concige, clear and
a coherent narrative. . :
9, Revise your draft keeping in view the above points.
‘10, Do not forget to give a suitable tille to your preeis, 4
Title
EXAMPLES OF TITLE BEING FOUND IN THE
FIRST SENTENCES
1. Revenge is a kind af wild justice, which the more
Man's mature runs ta, ihe more ought law to weed it
opening lines
3. The joys of isuvenity are secret, and so aré their
ericfiand frars, They cannot utter the one, nor they
Wi net utter the other. Children sweeten labours, but
they make misfortunes more bitter, they increase the
care of life, but they mitigate the remembrance of death,
(Recen's Essay OF Parents and Children)
opening lines
EXAMPLES OF TITLE BEING FOUND IN THE
LAST LINES
I ‘Nuptial love maketh mankind; friendly love per-
FEL, but wanton love corrupteth and emoseth it."
: (Bacon's Esrap (OF Lave’)
- ending lines
. 2. A man cantot speak to his som byt as a father; to
‘his wife but as a husband ; to his enemy bul upon ierms ;
fect
| eB Te Ses ae eee Sh
out, For as for the first wrong, itdots but offend the a
pe the revenge of that wrong putteth the law out
of office
(Sacon's Brey ‘OP Revenge’)
IT.
whereas a friend may speak as the case requires, and not
as it sorteth with the person. Bul to ¢humerate these
things were endless. T have given the cule i where a man
cannat filly play his own part, iC he has nota friend, he
Tay quit the stage,
(Bacon's Essay (OF Friendship)”
last line |
A careful study of the above pee will reveal, that
the title can usually be traced or, located if we pay
attention to the first and last lines, but this should mot
be taken for granted. Students are advised io study the
whole passage thoroughly and ¢hen only select the title,
The tithe must always throw light on ihe substance or
Bist of the passage.
4 5 a
os
'
Prose Style in Different Ages
SOME LINES FROM IMPORTANT ENGLISH
WRITERS OF DIFFERENT AGES
FRANCIS BACON (1561-1621) | Prose-writer.
Lines from ‘Of Marriage and Single Life’
He shat hath wife and children hath given hostages
to fortune; for they are impediments to great enter-
prises, either of virtue or mischief, Certainly the best
qworks, al of greatest merit for the puslic, have pro-
ceeded from the unmarried or childi¢ss men; whieh bork
in affection and means, married and endowed the public.
Vet it were great reason thal those that have children
should have greaicsl care of fulure times; unto which they
know they must transmit their dearest pledges,
DRYDEN : .1 Tth century Poet, pros-writer, drama-
tist and critic.
Lines from'4n Essay of Dramatie Poesy
It was that memorable day, in the first Summer of
the late War, when our navy engag’d the Dutch, A day
wherein the iwo most mighty and best appointed Fleets
which any Age had ever seen, disputed the co mmand of
the greater half of the Globe, the commerce of Nations,
and the riches of the Universe. While these vast foat-
ing Bodies, on either side, mov'd against each olher in
parallel lines and our Countrymen, under the happy
Conduct of his Royal Highness, went breaking, by little
and little, into the Line of the Enemics, the noise of the
ide tt nee ee Sima mits or eee a at
19
Cannon from both Navies reach’d our Ears about the
City; so that all Men, being alarm’d with it, and ina
dreadful suspense of the event, which they knew was
then deciding, every one went following the sound as his
fancy led him; and leaving the Town almost empty, some
took towards the Park, some across the River, others
down it all seeking the noise in the depth of silence,
ADDISON : [8th century Prose-writer,
Lines from ‘fhe Scope of Satire’
This club of which 1 am a member, is very luckily
“composed of such persons as are engaged in different
ways of life, and deputed as Il were out of the most con-
spicuous ¢lasses of mankind, By this means 1 am
furnished with the preset variety of hints and materials,
and know everything that passes in the different
ahailort and divisions, nol only of (his great cily, but of
dhe whole kingdom.
CHARLES LAMB ; [9th century Prose-writer.
Lines from ‘The Old aud the New School Master’
My reading has been Jamentably desullory and ime
methodical, Odd, out of the way, old English plays,
and treatises, have supplied me with most of my nOLION,
and ways of feeling. In evervihing that relates (o science,
Tama whole Encyclopaedia behind the rest of the world.
I should have scarcely cut a figure among the franklings,
or country gentlemen, in King John's days. 1 know less
geography than a schoolboy of six weeks’ standing.
THOMAS CAR YLE: Victorian Prose-writer and
social reformer,
Lines from ‘The s ‘ero as Peet”
Dante, for depth of sincerity, is like an antique Pro-
Bag too; his words, ike theirs, come from his very heart.
need not wonder if 1 were predicted that his Poem
might be the most endiring thing our Europe has yet
made; for nothing so cnaires a5 & truly spoken word, 20
T.S. ELLIOT i 20th century Post,
critic,
Lines from 'The Metaplyalea! Poers'
Teonyson and Browning’ are ports, and they think,
but they do not feel their thoughts as immediately as the
odour ofa rose. A thought to Donne was an experience;
it modified his sensibility, When a poct’s mind is per-
fectly equipped for its work, itis constantly amalgarmiat-
ing desperate experience. The ordinary man’s experience
is chaotic, irregular, fragmentary. The latter falls in love,
or roads Spinoza, and these two experiences have nothing
to do with each other or with the noise of the typewriter
or the smell of cooking; in the mind of the poet these
experiences are always forming new wholes,
Moter—The readers would have realised that the
English language has been changing all along the route and
has undergone draitic turns rt tieists as it has coasted to
us front the f6rh century. 4 forlorn with phese styles
will he @ positive asset, f
dramatist and
PART I
PRECIS WRITING
FOR
UNIVERSITY
EXAMINATIONS 6
Fully Solved Exercises
EXERCISE I
We should face facts as they exist. Weare multilingual
‘it is true, and a very poor country too. The fear of get-
ling employment or mot ectting employment springs, out
of that poverty of ours. But once we togk courage in
Poth auchands and began to work, poverty would vanish,
and then those languages ahich have created a narrow
regional spirit instead of being the curse that they seem
ta. WS today, would function as magnificent vehicles of
Or
expression the tich variety of cultural patterns and.
modes of living and thought that we have developed, Let
us hope that day dawns very soon, A regional language
as the medium of instruction can facilitate the process of
education, ‘thelpathe child to learn wilh ease and
interest, But if it is theust on ananwilling minority wed
to another allied language it can vitiate the very process
of education. It is supposed to help and would create
diMculties of a socio-political nature, (1 #0 words)
Aids to Vocabulary fs :
. Multilingual Having many languages
Springs =-comes, arlses
Vanish ~ disappear, go off
. Regional —of regiou, of area
Magnificent —good, wonderful
Vehicles medium 24
Patterns —models
Modes —way, pattern
Facilitate —io help, make easy
Thrust -—foree
Fitigie spoil) corrupt
Socto-poilivea! . —nature of social and political
2a type.
‘ointa for precis writing
1, Quirs is a multilingual and poor country.
2, Onee we wipe out poverty—the languages can be
fl preat asset to us, » 4
3. A regional language can enable the’ child to learn
with case and interest.
4.10 the latiguage is forced upon the unwillin =
lation, it checks rather than help the process eed
lion. sé ‘
Precia -
‘Our country though poor yet has many languages. If
with effort. and ean we are able io ite out
poverty these languages will become a great asset. A
regional language can help the child in picking up things
easily. It is only when a language ‘is forced upon the
people that it checks the very progess of education,
(5B words} A feel “
Title
{i) Education and Regional Language ,
(ii) Multi-lingual state—a blessing,
EXERCISE 2,
To tread ihe path of philosophy is to seek after truth
and follow a way of life, Before a man sets outon the
quest after truth, he must fulfil certain conditions.:
First, there must be discrimination between the real and
‘he uarerl, The statement means, not thal a man must
possess complete knowledge of absolute reality, which js
attained only after long practice of meditation, but that
4
25
he must unfailingly subject the nature of things to a
rigid analysis by discriminating between what is transitory
and what is abiding or between what is true and what ts
false, The se condition is detachment from the
selfish enjoyments of life. The aspirant must learn that
the highest good is realised mot through worldly
pleasure, but through a continuous, search for the infi-
nite, the enduring joy. This ideal of renunciation must
be realised by a gradual purification of the seeker's heart
and mind. A third condition is that the student must
acquire tranquility of mind, self contra], pati¢nec, poise,
burning faith in things of the spirit and self surrender.
These are called the six treasures of life. The thirst for
release is the fourth condition, Deliverance from
spiritual darkness, entrance upon the path of illumination
comes only through annihilation of the false ego. When
the ego dies, all troubles cease says Sri Ramakrishna.
Such a condition of being does not imply the loss of
one's individuality but rather the altainmentof a great
individuality, -Tor we é¢an lose nothing that is real,
Kalidasa, the great poct and dramatist, has beautifully
expressed this truth. He says that the ideal of renuncia-
tion consists in owning the whole world while disowning
ones own self, (280-words)
Aids to Vocabulary ;
To tread —to cover, move
Quest —stareh, keen desire to find
Discriminatton, —difference, distinguish
Meditation —ihinking
"Rigid having no flexibility, stead-
i fast i
Transitory = temporary, shortlived
Abiding. | ~-lasting, permanent -
Detachment aloofness
Aspirant ~ —one'whg desires, craves
Endurlag —lasting
Renunciation —to give up
PSA eh ee 26
12, Gradwai —continuous
13, Aegiire — PEERS
14, Tranquility _ peace, calm
15. Deliverance salvation
16. Iiveimation light
17, Annihilation —killing completely, finishing.
Points for precis making
1, Philosophy means a search of truth.
2. A person who wants (o seek truth must be able
to distinguish
Hulten a! between real and unreal, temporary and
3, The aspirant for truth must know that the hi he
good is realised not thi i ehraiteh
goodiis rsalla m™ rough worldly pleasures but through
4. Peace of mind i i i
penenunnclitisseses) is another attribute which a truth
5, He must prepare himself for losing his individuat: |
identity and attaining a higher one.
Precis : i i
The path of philosophy implies a constant search of
the truth. Areal understanding of truth aetna
qualities. ‘The seeker must be capable of distinguishing
between real and unreal, temporary and lasting things.
He must realise that highest truth and sulvation cannot be
achieved through worldly comforts but through their
renunciation. This ideal needs a constant search of the
lasting joys. He must do away with his false ego. With
ego's death many troubles automatically fade away. By
-disowning his own self, he can, own the whole world.
(90 words}
Title treat
(i) Truth and Salvation C
(ii) Search of Truth and Renunciation.
- EXERCISE 3
There dé u famous speech recorded of an old Narse
thoroughly characteristic of ihe. Teuton, “I believe
27
neither in idols nor demons,” said he, “IT put my sole
trust in my own strength of body and ‘soul.’’ The ancient
crest ofa pickaxe with the motto of “Either 1 will find a
way or make ome," Was an cx ression of the same sturdy
independence which to this day distinguishes the deseen-
dants of the Norsemen, Indeed nothing could be more
characteristic of the Scandinavian snythology than that
ithad a god witha hammer, A qman’s character is seen
in small matters, and from even so slight a test as the
mode in which aman wields a hammer, is energy may
in some measure be inferred, “Thus an eminent Frenchs
man hits off in a single phrase the characteristic quality of
the inhabitants of a particular district in which a friend
cof his Roses to settle and buy land. “Beware,” said
he, “of making a pilrchast there ; Lknow the men of that
depariment , the pupils who come, fram it to our yeterl
nary school at Paris do not strike hard upon the anvil j
they want emery 5 and you will not get a satisfactory
_ return om any capital you may invest there." A fine and
just appreciation of character, indicating the thoughtful
observer ; and strikingly ilustrative of the fact that it is
the energy of the individual men that gives strength to &
State, and confers a Value ever. Upon the very sol which
they cultivate. 4
“The cultivation of this quality is'of the greatest
importance ; resolute determination in. the pursuit of
worthy objects being the foundation of all true greagness
of character. Energy enables aman to force his way
through irksome drudgery and dry details, and carries
him onward and upward in every. station in life. It
accomplishes more than genius, willr not one-half the
disappointment and peril, It is not eminent talent that
is required to-ensure success in any Bursunt, 0 much as
purpose, —net merely the power to achieve, but the will
to labour energetically and perseveringly. Hence enersy
of will may be defined to be the very gentral power af
_ character in a man—in a word, it ts the Man himself, I.
gives impulse to jis every action, and soul to every effort.
Thus hope is based on ji,—and it is hope that gives ihe
real perfume to life. 28
Aids to Vocabulary
» Characteristic —typical
dots —images
Demons ~sapirits (satanic spirits)
Sale —only
Crest ~emblen
Distingulshes * —separates, difference
Descendants followers, next genera=
tion
& Mythologp * legends
9.° Fnferred derived
10, Mlwstrarive __ —kiving examples
li. Confess puts, grants
IQ, Soil land
13, Resolute firm
14. Irksavie not pleasant
13, Drudgery uninteresting work
16, Peril danger
17, fmpuise —feeling
ts for Precis-making
- Norsemen believe in pure strength,
Strength ii an Impression of sturdy independence
which they maintain to their day,
A pood observer can notice the character of a
person from small details, i
It is the individuals who give strength to the
State. é r
This is an extremely important quality ina trul
great character, Fo tor safeies weal:
Energy accomplishes more than genius,
For success it isthe will-to labour energetically
that matters, :
, Precis z ;
_ The belief that Norsemen have t-ust in pure strength
is amply revealed by the fact tlt their God is Topresent-
29
ed carrying hammer. Strength is an impression of sturdy
independence and chis‘is maintained by Norsemen to the
present day. Energy is an extremely important quality
ina truly great character. [t is the energetic individuals
who make a state strong. Energy can accomplish more
than even genius and talent, what matters in life is not
the Power to achieve but the will to work ceaselessly for
the goal.) This. needs energy. A good and minute
observer can understand the character ofa person by
secing his trivial actions. The cultivation of this quality
(energy) is of paramount importance as it provides the
resolution so badly needed in pursuit of noble objects
did js the very basis of true and great character,
(135 words}
Title
(i) Energy—All Important
(it) Energy=-basis of character,
EXERCISE 4
In the Veda we have ancient thought expressed in
ancient language. Without insisting on the fact that
even chronologically the Veda is the first book of the
Aryan nations, we have in it, at all events, a period of
intellectual life of man to which there is no parallel in
any ether part of the world, In the hymns of the Veda
we gen man deft to himself to solve the riddle-of the
world, We see him crawling on like a creature of the
earth with all the desires and weaknesses of “animal
nature. Food, wealth and ee large family-and a
long life, are the themes of his daily prayers. But he
begins to lift up his eyes. He stares.at the tent of heaven,
and asks who supports it? He opens his cars to the
winds, and asks them whenee and whither? He is
awakened from darkness and slumber by the light of the
sun and him whom his eyes cannot behold, and who
seems to grant him the daily pittance of his existence, he
calls his life, his breath, fis brilliance Lord and Protector.
He gives names to all the powers of nature and after he
has called the fire—Agni, the sun light—Indra, the
storms—Marut, the dawn—Usha, they all seem to grow 30
al
naturally into beings like himself, nay, greater than him-
self. He invokes them, he praises them, he worships
them. But still with all these-gods around him, beneath
him, and above him, the carly poet seems ill at ease with-
in himself, (360 words)
existence and hoped and prayed for the fulfilment of his
own essential requirements, Nevertheless the post of the
age felt that something was missing and was far from
happy. (about 110 words):
Title
Aida (i) Vedas reflect the age
1. hata equal {ii} Vedas and Aryans.
rawiing —moving ; :
4. Stare —10 see continuously, Renee > f f
4. Shonbe Heep seer wal gpm magna i ew ne
onl ‘ isl ap re }
5. Fitance A eae Of TEMUneralion Being popular means being’ liked by a lot of psople
6. Protector one who protects or saves. instead of just a few close friends and that is a big wish,
i. lavoker —=To pray to All the same you, too, can be well liked if you are willing
8. Beaeash —bhelow to be on guard against the perils of popularity.
9, Tat-ease —nol camforable Let us consider some of these. You cannot be polite
and friendly to some and not to others without the word
ctting around aso what kind of person you really are,
hen you ane considering other people take time, to be
friendly with the folks older than you are—your neigh-
hours, teachers, parents and other relatives. If you
‘Lreal them with respect, they are fou think of you
as a likeable person, not as a good for mathing hoy. And
do not forget lo be kind to the little kids too. Again
you must dhink of others and consider theit wishes. A
majority wins, you know, and if you arc out-voted in the
discussion of what to do and where to go, remember
Points for precis making
1. In Veda the ancient thought has been expressed
in ancient language,
9, Veda belongs toa period of life when intellectual
activity had begun,
4, It reveals man having oll desires and weaknesses
of animal nature,
4. Man at that time also prayed to God and recog-
nised the different forces which were more power-
ful ‘ 4 i :
‘ 239 i that being a good sport is another way to lielp your
4, The poet of the age felt ill at cage at that time, popularity. A good lover does not complain when the
Precis plans do not go his way, Atthe same time do not be
ufraid thal you are risking your popularity to stand up
for what you think is right. It lakes courage to say so,
and is appreciated, (260 words)
Vedas—the first book of the Aryan civilization reveals
that man had already started having intellectual exer-
cises. Wedas truly reflect the age and tell us about man
al that early age, Man had all thé desires, cravings and
weaknesses of animal nature, He did realise that there Aids to Vocabulary
were superior beings than him and recognized the
different forces, He was certain of the existence of an 1. Ov guerre cautious
‘All Powerful God and was prepared to submit before his 2. Perils angers
authority, He knew that he had to struggle for his 3, Folks —people 32
4. Good sport
p ting (helpful) manner
5. Appreciated applauded
Points for precis making
1, Everybody likes to gain popularity.
7. Yo remain popular aftcr geting popularity is
difficult, ;
43. Respecting elders, loving youngers, caring for all,
are a few things which cat) help a person in retain
ing popularity.
4, Bold decisions also help in making a person
popular.
Precis | 4
Popularity is almost Universally cherished. But i is
not casy to maintain popularity even afer Baining it, It
needs a@ [ot of tact and careful handling, Respecting
elders, loving youngers, caring for all, are a few things,
which can helpa person. In it sportive behaviour ein
also help a ae Boa long way, Standing up boldly
for right things needs guts and courape bul is positively
applauded. Consideration of others’ views and opinions
ean be another asset, (ahout $0 words)
Title ;
(i) Mow to retain popularity
Gi) Popularity and its retention
(iii) Tips for retaining popularity
EXERCISE 6
_ In India, no one section of the community seems to
miss fim opportunity to goon strike. Almost everyday
weread inthe mowspapers of some one oar the other
Boing on sirike, quite often for the flimsiest reason one
Cin imagine.
Strike is a legitimate weapon of the worker to get
better pay, rhorter hours of work and better working
conditions when all the other methods have failed. But
to resort to strike because some action has been taken
taking things in a spore
a3
om an erring colleague or because some headstrong
subordinate was not treated with respect, is meaningless,
Unfortunately in India the tendency to go on strike
scema to be fairly wide-spread not only among workers:
but also among others. Thé taxisdrivers goon strike if
ithe police asks them to fix meters, Students goon strike
because they feel the question is too stiff for them to
answer. Slum-dwellers goon strike because they have
been asked ta move into new tenement# built for them,
Strikers are the last to realise that they are the ulti-
mate losers in most cases, Their gains are only apparent,
Thereased wages may not benefit them unless they are
related to increased productivity. When an employer is
forced to increase his workers’ wages, wilhaut a corres:
ponding increase in production, as is most often the ease,
his cost of production goes up and this in turn increases
the price of his prodwet. So, though the worker may
get more, he will have to spend more to get his minimum
requirements and this is what is happening today,
{About 240 words}
Aids to Vocabulary
L, Fitnestesr —insianificant
2, Legitimate —Icgal
3, Resort to —take to, adopt
4. Ereig —doing wrong
5, Headstrong obstinate, stubborn
6, Subordinate —ol inferior rank
7. Sp —difficult
8. Tenenients —small quarters
9, Linihnate —tinal a
10, Sluacatefters —-living in dirty or in-
sanitary conditions
~ production
—al the same time.
H, Prockecsivity
12. Corfespandding
Points for precis making
1. Almost everyday the news of strikes is seen in the
newspaper columns. a
2, Every section of society goes on strike and that
too for insignificant things.
3. Strike is a weapon for getting the genuine demands
fullfilled when other channelschave failed but unfortuna-
tely it is being widely misused.
d, Strikers do nol realise that the increase in wages
without increased productivity do not increase his.real
Wages.
Precis
Hardly a day passes when we do not find some or the
other wings (section) of society going on strike, Unfor-
tunately the strikes are indulged in for most trivial
causes. Sitike is certainly a legal aca pen in the hands
of workers ta be used when all other channels have
failed. Hut it is being used most indiscriminately. The
workers do not realise that even if they get their pay
packets increased, ultimately ihey only will have to bear
the brunt as their necessities will cost more, (About $0
words)
Title
(i) Strikes in fadia
(ii) Strike as a Weapon
EXERCISE 7
Fascism, in the words of Mussolini, believes that "war
alone brings up to its highest tension all human energy
and puts the siamp of nobilily upon the people who have
ihe courage (0 micet it’. Again a doctrine which is founded
on the harmful postulate of peace is hostile to Fascism.
The Fascist then is one who believes that the bombard-
ment ofopen towns wilh fire, poison and explosives
{in other words, modern war} is intrinsically good. He
is one who rejects the teachings of the prophets ariel
helieves that ihe best society is national sociely living in
astate of chronic hostility towards other national societies
and preoccupied with ideas of slaughter, He is one who
despises non-altached individual and holds up fer admi-
fation the person who, in obedience to the boss who
35
happens at the moment 10 have grabbed a political power
syslematically, cultivates all the passion (pride, danger,
envy, hatred) which the philosophers and the foun
of religions have. unanimously condemned as the least
worthy of human beings. All Fascist planning, therefore,
has but one aim to make the national society more
efficient as a war machine. Industry, commerce and
finance are all controlled for this purpose, CAbout 200
words).
Aids to Vocabulary
1. Fascism —anti-bolshevism, political party
Oppesed 16 a0cialism
2. Pension strain, unrest
3. Doctrine —principle
4, Postulate —bring forward
45, Hostility enmity
6. Bombardwent —throwing of bombs
7, Explasive —likely to cause explosion
a Initrinsicatly —belonging naturally
9, Prophers —siges
10. Slaughter —mass killing
TL. Bae —jealousy
12, Unanimously —
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