ALSTOM 1 & DISTRIBUTION Course PC3, Dubai Application of Protective Relaying to - Distribution and Sub-Transmission Systems 25" - 29" March 2000 Distance Protection:- Basic Principles, Characteristics, Relays and Application (Lecture) Presented by J.W. WrightDISTANCE PROTECTION Popular, Widely Used on Sub-Transmission and Transmission Systems Virtually Independent of Fault Current Level (Zs/Z, Ratios) Fast Discriminative Protection:- Zone 1 or ‘Aided’ Distance Scheme Time Delayed Remote Back-Up:- Incorporated at little extra cost Directional e VT’s Required ¢ Fault Resistive Coverage Limited by Load Impedance and Distance Protection Characteristic ¢ Affected by Power Swings, Loss of VT Input (fuse failure) « Additional Features can be incorporated:- Directional E/F Protection Power Swing Blocking VT Supply Supervision Fault Locators Event Recording Disturbance Recording APO2d84DISTANCE PROTECTION - LECTURE CONTENT ¢ Basic Principles of Impedance/Distance Measurement ¢ Quantities Used for Measurement of Phase and Earth Faults « Replica Impedance Settings for Phase and Earth Faults ¢ Characteristics:- Mho, Quadrilateral etc. Cross Polarising Memory ¢ Applications:- Zones of Protection Underreaching/Overreaching Earth Fault Consideration Power Swings e Distance Relays:- General Types LFZR Optimho APO3639ADVANTAGE OF DISTANCE PROTECTION Measutes 2,X or R cottectly itespectwe of system condrbons . Compate with Instantaneous Overcutent Protection :- = Zs = 100 —2 ~ Zs 2 lon -. Is > 7380A. With one Sovtce out of service 3 +— Zz = lon ——+ 7 O-O e T (©) Teg + MSxto = 6640A VB x 10 For ony opetahon for lie faults Is < 66408 Is < 6b40A IMPRACTICAL > 7380A “. OVERCORRENT RELAY CANNoT PRoviDE ADEQUATE PROTECTION+ =i Kerib Ke= O€ At faCSoth) Xc# LARGE 8- LInnnnnn_f_} L a 4 $ TT SimPurFiaD UNE DmPeDANcE See SSSSingle Line Diagram SOURCE SUS A LINE es ; FAULT POSITION Impedance Seen at Measuring Location for Line Faults ixGENERATION {t« x DISTANCE RELAY NOkmAL LoaD FAULT IMPEDANCE MEASURED Zg= Ve = Ze ae RELAY OPERATES WF Ze eZ wueeeE Z = SETTING INCREASING Vg HAS RESTRAINING EFFECT .*. Vg cauuep RESTRAINT VoruRe INCREASING Teg HAS OPERATING EFFECT BASIC PRINCIPLE OF DISTANCE PROTN.Single Line Diagram E SOURCE BUSA LINE - Zs Ze ATO =, | 4 } 7 FAULT POSITION Impedance Seen at Measuring Location for Line Faults ~ ix = Ze ~ 2 STasLé 7 PLAIN IMPEDANCE CHARACTERISTICbAcancedD SEAM IMPEDAWTE REA. CA > 12,0- -~ + fF . mar" | OPEgATE FoR OPELATION Force Force Fo > Fe =~ | Fo Ve > Vecsitanr = Ve Tg = Lopceare > Ip FoR A FAULT AT THE REACH PomT , AMPERE TUENS ARE ADSLSTED So THAT _ Fe = Fo Fe = Ve o Fox kiIg AT REACH PoT Ng = ke Ve kee 2 Zz Ze SETTINGMoumae To Reavy 2V Cuaar ro RAAY ot | Reeica rmeevance » B AmPeRE Tuans & Vr Lz TRIP ContDITIAN ¢ 1 Sal DB I< a WHERE 3 Tae conmimons Ve < Trt wir ie Zand oo Fe 24~ INPUT QUANTITES FOR CORRECT MEASUREMENT FAULT Vegsteamit Topeeane A-8INPUT QUANTITIES FOR G/é FAULTS FAULT Veestpainir I OPERATE A-B B-c Ve @ I, ce ~INPUT QUANTITIES FOR $/h + 3 FAULTS CONSIDER A ‘B-C’ FAULT :- Zs, Te, Zur at Ve. = E-IZs, = 22, {2s +Zu} -I,Zs, = 1,25, +2T,Z Var = -Tals, = I.Zs, Ves = 9°Var+oVe, = of 2T,2.+ L281} +aTls, Vee = a Ve, + at Ven * e{2Z,2, + I. 2514+ aL Zs, Teg = @I,-a2, = (at-a)Z, Tee * oT,-atI, = (a-o%)Z,USE OF Veg 1S NOT SUITABLE FoR $id Favus Ire ~ ee IF Veg AND Teg ARE USED TO OBTAIN Zea: Zea = VRQ = a*(27,21,)+ (a*+a)T, 75, Teg (at-a)Z, = 2a* Z,, + (arse) Z¢, (a*-a) (a*-a) = 2.1240" 2, 4 1 180" 2,, v3 /-90° v3 L490 = 2 £30" 2, + 4 1%". 2s, B B Zs is a Vatable factot ~ “. RELAY WILL NoT MEASURE THE SAME IMPEDANCE UNDER ALL CONDITIONS 1F Vginy AND Igy ARE used.CORRECT MEASUREMENT FoR 8-C FAULT ee BY USING Ve-Ve AND I,-ITe ——eE Vg-Ve = (ot) (22,Z,,+1,251)+ (a-o)Z, 25, Ig-Z, 2(a*-a)Z, “Zep = Ma-Ve 2 ZyeZsy . Zs Ig -Te = * i Zi, “. RELAY CAN BE CALIBZATED IN TERMS OF THE POSITIVE SEQUENCE IMPEDANCE OF THE PROTECTED LINE. DISTANCE RELAYS ARE DESIGNED To USE Vg. + Tee AND WiLL AUTOMATICALLY TAKE THEM Fom THE CONNECTED 3d VOLTAGES AND CuReents.INPUT QUANTITIES FOR $/6 FAULTS FAULT A-B B-C C-A Veesteaint I OPERATE Va - Ve In-Te Vg - Ve Ig-Te Ve -Va Te-Ta > SS SELECTED INSIDE RELAY NO SETTING ADJUSTMENTS REQUIRED APART FROM Z, = PHASE REPLICA IMPEDANCE.INPUT QUANTITIES FOR @/E FAULTS FAULT Veesrepinit Loveeare A-E Va t Iq? B-E C-ELan Ta+Ta-Te 2 3BCeLo.Vea = Vai + Vez + Veo a *GIZ, +C,1,7., +CIeZie * 2C,0,Z.,+ C.D. Zio . I, + Col, Zuo Zu {2er I, Zee} . Zu { 26d, + CL, *CoTe-Zee- Coe} i 5 Zu {262, + Cole ~CoLef Zee -Ih} Ieq * 20.1,+CoI. + Tey = 3CoL, . Veq 7 Zu f Iea + Ley { Zee tend} Zur IMPEDANCE MEASURED BY AN UNCOMPENSATED RELAY :- Zeq = Vea Tea + Zuf + Bey { BegezayyRELAY Powe. SuPPLsam, : (| ES = Tea +! ~ Len *! Ze > Ru [t > Bef BH] » ZL +{ Beo-tuh] Eur J- suey aor aA ~ “> Tea =2 Ten +O Ze- @ufi+ Sf 2 2h] ~ = fuZen ¢ Bo =] 2p 2 Bit ni aie sf ty] = afi + al > Zufi+ Be -] = Zo.RESIDUAL COMPENSATION FOR E/F's. To measute Z,, under all conditions :- Relay cotrert Ip must have avalue aien by Vea: Zu Ir Zu [ Tea o Tew { 22s] =Zu Ie o. Te must equal Ipeq+ Zen {Zesty tut . Must add a cuvet = ae Zoey Zo {Zsgeterh Lew 32u “, RESIDUAL COMPENSATION = Ky. Tew whee Ky = Zro-Zer = ResiQvAL]NEUTAAL Btu COMPENSATION FACTOR With this compensation the telay will measote Zi) itsespechve of the number and position of system earthing points . EXAMPLE If Zio: 4% ResiDuAL compensation = Zho-Zi.Tey = 4-! Tey =Tey Stu 3 With single end feed to fault - would need to double coed.CURRENT MIXING FOR RESIDUAL COMPENSATION Tear Tat) Bie Se \ aren Bzu 3 TeaZu iz . + Leu {Zegte ame a )INPUT QUANTITIES FoR CORRECT MEASUREMENT FAULT Veesteawr Topeeare A-8 Va - Ve Ia -Ig B-c Ve - Ve Ig-I, c-A Ve - Va Ie-La A-E Va Tat Kw.Len B-E Ve Ig + Ky. Lew c-E£ Ne Te+ Ky. Ten~ NEUTRAL IMPEDANCE REPLICA COMPENSATION LINE CT’S mm me 4 2 : ---» IpZPH me | 4 { 3IC a ZPH fe IoZpH SET Zpu = Zr1 SET Zn = (Zr -Zr1) 3 USUALLY 2Zy = 2Zpy FOR OHL’S ABOVE METHOD ALLOWS FOR 2Zy # 2ZpyH WHICH IS ESPECIALLY IMPORTANT FOR CABLE DISTANCE PROTECTION WHERE 2Zy < 2ZpH AND 2Zy IS SOMETIMES NEGATIVE. ix Zpy~Zy Ze = EARTH-LOOP IMPEDANCE / FOR @-E FAULT ONA [| 7% CABLE [x APoIsetNEUTRAL REPLICA IMPEDANCE FoR E/F COMPENSATION Zu O-=—-@ = =—_ +4) ea a-e foult Voltage Ven measuted by telay can be determined fam Sequence dhagtam :. Vea Vey+Ners Veo = 2¢,T,2,,+CLeL, Teq = 26, +CoI, Tey = 3¢0T. REPUCA IMPEDANCE CiLcurTs :- Tea Zi Z, = PHASE REPLICA MMPEDANCE = Ziy 212 Zz Zw = NEUTRAL REPLICA IMPEDANCE Zz Lea passes through Z, © Len passes through Zy Tey 2, N Zw adivsted so that ZIZ produced actos teplica equals Vgq measuted by tela, ~Tea Z, + Ten.Zn z1z (2C,1,+CoTe)2, + 3CoT. Zn Ven + 2C.0,Z1, +CoTeZio Equating £12 + Vea > (2C,L,+ CoD.) Zir+ 3CoLeZw = 26,,2,+CoLeLic Cole Zu + 3CLeZw * ColeZio BColoZw + CoTe{Zio-2uy Zw = Zeo~Zes 3 Zn = Zo-Zu 3 = Zup-Bn Z, = Ky.Z, 32, whee Ky = Zte-Zur (as Z:= Zu), ut FoR OVERHEAD LINES Loo = (Zu [Zuo] = | Zu! B1Zut Le, SCALAR ComPEeNsATION Fok cabes [Zio (Zu, ~. VECTORIAL COMPENSATION may be used. - Ky = Zener (kul [Bw 32, - Kw =Puase ROTATION € . DIRECTION OF POWER FLOW UNE Fon operat ers —_—_> a “| 5 ve 4 ils PHASE FAULT — et fitay RePLica id ae | IMpeDances Zone: 2 Jn EouPada tons (——t4 INPUT CTs mrvens eS SP] LINE wre Rie | ZONE 3 : | T— comparators F : AMPLIFIERS, | wees om 1 NEUTRAL IMPEDANCE, REPLICA PHASE AND NEUTRAL REPLICA IMPEDANCES ( BASIC MM3T SCHEME)“APY LEN Oe 3x CROSS - POLARISED MHO | | | & R QUADRILATERAL LENTICULAR ~ aX 5X Zn R R OFFSET am MH IMPEDANCE DISTANCE RELAY CHARACTERISTICS,IMPEDANCE RELAY Eathest form of distance telay Veesceamt Topepate (from faulty phasess)) Iz Z (+eplica) Compare Veesntamrr with IZ Operate if Veccy < IZ jax No Account TAKEN oF PHASE ANGLES .. CHARACTERISTIC 1S A CIRCLE | Iz Divide by I WirTHin) THE CiRQLe |(IMPEDANCE RELAY Wr cHARACTEgSTIC 3- Vv Slope > ¥ = Z Wh CHARACTERISTIC :- ZzIMPEDANCE RELAYS ARE NON - DIRECTIONAL OF LITTLE USE ON AN INTERCONNECTED SYSTEM WITH INFEEBS FRoM BoTH ENDS oF PROTECTED LINE Y}; TRIP REGION DIRECTOWALISED ( Ui) UNLESS~ DISTANCE PROTECTION COMPARATOR « COMPARES TWO SIGNALS S, AND S « OPERATES OR RESTRAINS FOR PARTICULAR RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN S, AND S, “@ + RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN S, AND S, FOR OPERATION DEFINES CHARACTERISTIC « TYPES OF COMPARATOR :- * * * apo2349 AMPLITUDE PHASE SEQUENCE Compares magnitudes of S, and Sp Compares phase between S, and S2 Monitors sequence of +ve and -ve half cycles of S, and S2PHASE COMPARATOR OPERATION TWO INPUTS:- S; AND S2 OPERATION WHEN Sz LAGS S; BY BETWEEN 90° AND 270° 4 OPERATE Se RESTRAIN WHEN Sz IS WITHIN +90° OF S; S2 hos / RESTRAIN | / 2 i poze ~ANY IMPEDANCE CHARACTERISTIC THAT CAN BE PRODUCED BY ONE COMPARATOR CAN BE PRODUCED BY THE OTHER TO CONVERT SIGNALS REQUIRED BY ONE TYPE OF COMPARATOR TO THOSE REQUIRED BY THE OTHER SIMPLY ADD AND SUBTRACT THE SIGNALS e.g. UNDERIMPEDANCE CHARACTERISTIC AMPLITUDE COMPARATOR: S2a = 1Z S1A=V PHASE COMPARATOR: S2p = S1a-S2q =V-IZ S1P = Sta + Soa =V+IZ AMPLITUDE COMPARATOR: S2a=S1p-Sgp =21Z~IZ S1A = Stp + Sop =2V=V AMPLITUDE COMPARATOR Vs Vs PHASE COMPARATORgx ~ S ° A < 90 hsp IR STABLE ~ VOLTAGE TO RELAY CURRENT TO RELAY = T REPLICA IMPEDANCE. TRIP CONDITION : 90% /Sy - Sp < 270° WHERE Sex V - IZ FIG2 - IMPEDANCE CHARACTERISTIC GENERATION (VIA PHASE COMPARATOR) Bisto4e ~STABLE VOLTAGE TO RELAY CURRENT TO RELAY REPLICA IMPEDANCE TRIP CONDITION 90% “Sy - Sp < 270° WHERE FIG2 — IMPEDANCE CHARACTERISTIC GENERATION "_ 'MEMoRY’ PoLAgiseD Vere- FAveT OR A COMBINATION OF THESE.SELF POLARISED MHO Most populat chatact erishe SIMPLE LESS SENSITIVE To POWER SWINGS, OHM ¢ STRAIGHT LINE ON ADMITTAACE ‘v DIAGRAM INHERENTLY DIRECTIONAL Ke Combines impedance and driectona! in one characteristic Operates for F,, but not for F, | SETTINGS ‘- Z — REACH SETTING 2 — CHARACTERISTIC ANGLE.INPUTS To PHASE Comparator jx MHO OFFSET Mioyx STABLE IR VOLTAGE TO RELAY = Vv CURRENT TO RELAY = I REPLICA IMPEDANCE = Z TRIP CONDITION 90°« /5,- Sp < 270° WHERE See V-i Sp =v ‘MHO’ CHARACTERISTIC GENERATION VIA PHASE COMPARATOR) aN isto?JX STABLE R V = IZ, DIVIDING BY I :- S2aV-iZ « 7,-7 3 oa ow Zp ‘MHO’ CHARACTERISTIC GENERATION — SEQUENCE COMPARATOR VOLTAGES —, FOR MHO CHARACTERISTIC », Fault outside > characteristic Fault on boundary Fault inside IR characteristic * Vpol = v /-90° FIG | Zas002 7— COMPARATOR LOGIC VARIABLES ‘Sine wave inputs A B A=V-IZ B=vi90 | | f JI | | | | A | I A LT ‘Squared inputs | | t | TI T | ft i B | Ltt ttl | 1 Logic states AB AB AB AB AB AB AB ‘AB AB AB AB AB AB Restrain condition Operate condition FIG2 Ze5e05Ea 5 > > Em FORWARD CLOSE-UP FAULT SG. REVERSE CLOSE-UP FAULT CLOSE-UP FAULT X_= POLAR MHO DIRECT STABILITY oR CLOSE - UP ASYMMETRICAL FAULTS aN asheDISTANCE RELAYS USED FOR DISTRIBUTION CABLE PROTECTION REQUIRE A CHARACTERISTIC ANGLE ~ SETTING WHICH WILL USUALLY DIFFER GREATLY FROM SOURCE ANGLE: USING 100% X-POLARIZATION MEANS SOLID CABLE FAULT IMPEDANCES ARE WELL AWAY FROM CHARACTERISTIC DIAMETER -> SLOW OPERATION FOR CABLE APPLICATIONS, ESPECIALLY WHERE THE COMPARATOR IS OF THE BLOCK AVERAGE TYPE, MINIMAL LEVEL’S OF X-POLARIZATION SHOULD BE USED TO ENSURE OPERATION FOR CLOSE-UP FAULTS. 100% CROSS POLARIZATION NOT IDEAL FOR CABLE APPLICATIONS ae DisreeOFFSET MHO ZONE 3 MHO WITH EXAGGERATED "STABILITY NOTCH' IMPEDANCE STARTER FOR 3ph FAULTS THERE IS NO HEALTHY PHASE. ALL PHASES SUFFER LOSS OF VOLTAGE FOR A CLOSE-UP 3ph FAULT IN FORWARD OR REVERSE DIRECTION. ZO ACHEIVE DIRECTIONAL SENSITIVITY FOR 3ph FAULTS, A oTABILITY NOTCH OR MEMORY VOLTAGE POLARIZING SYSTEM IS REQUIRED. DURING CLOSURE OF BREAKER ONTO A CLOSE-UP 3ph FAULT IT WILL BE SEEN BY AN OFFSET MHO ELEMENT OR BY A STARTER ELEMENT. SUCH NON-DIRECTIONAL ELEMENTS CAN BE ALLOWED TO TRIP WITHOUT DELAY FOR A SHORT PERIOD AFTER LINE ENERGISATION. ~ 3ph CLOSE-UP FAULT CONSIDERATIONSMEMORY POLARISED MHO FORWARD 36 FAULT S27 V-1Z - IeZ, -I-Z Si: E . T-eZs+IeZe S2'+Ze-2 , Si ZprZsREVERSE 3¢ FAULT Zr I--Ip Zs I, S2 . V-IZ -V+leZ = IpZ- +I-Z Sr = — *IeZg+I,Z- S2': Zp+Z ; S,'* Ze+Ze———_ € FIG.37 - RESonavT TYPE VOLTRGE MEMaRY SINUSOIDAL INPUT ar / VOLTAGES SYNCHRONOUS POLARISING J CUTPUT VOLTAGES ae \ ‘a> 11 CYCLES Maa ve > Vite Ve > Vite CLOCK PULSES 252 X POWER FREQUENCY FIG.38- McDERN SYNCHRoWOUS hemoay SYSTEM SS a$“#KLhn&zTl{lrTvrvreri OOFault FAULTY f\ INCIDENCE PHASE / VOLTAGE { | CVT ERROR 16%o SYNCHRONOUS FOLARISING a (BEFORE SQUARING AND 90° PHASE SHIFT) SELECTING LEVEL OF CRote AuAeIZIAG TD OvERCnT CVT XQanGiGnT fO2 A Cins€-ue Paar ASE? Fer- (Va +V¢) FULLY CROSS POLARISED Vkas-(Va +Ve)+ 0-16 Ving asl |-Le PARTIALLY CROSS POLARSED U Vaa= Va + 0:16 Veg ~Aye Vy ———___| A-E POLARISING MIXING CIRCUIT EXAW ELE OF SYNCHQONCUS PLARMNG SVSTER Rt CHASE To ern Paucrs Fe “a Vrs = (Ve 0-16Vina] (2902 RT ra(] Ay — He Ve Ve PARTIALLY CROSS-POLARISED Veer Velo 0°16 Vea B-C POLARISING MIXING CIRCUIT EXAMS OF SvACxBoNoUS PocnartinG foe Phase TO Puasa Fauers~ Polarising System Gives Unique Modified Mho Characteristic Self polarised Fully cross polarised Unique “> characteristic Extra resistive ~ Zs =6 coverage R Conventional 16% partially cross polarised Cross Polarised MHO Characteristics ~ Showing Resistive Expansion x Source impedance / relay setting ratios Solidly earthed system zo26060Offset Mho Char. for Cables - Dir". Element Operation for Forward Fults Zone 1 zw je A> Direction element (memory polarised) Relay "Forward Fault ‘The problem associated with healthy phase/memory polarised characteristics for cable application is overcome by means of a combination of offset mho and associated directional elements. The offset mho characteristics produced using voltage and current from the faulted phase(s) have fixed reverse offset equal to 16% of the forward setting. The characteristic doesn't change depending on fault position ‘or source impedances. Solid faults on the cable willie on the RCA and hence fast operation will result. The offset mho characteristics are non-directional and polarised directional elements with RCA of 45 ° are used to distinguish between forward and reverse faults. For forward faults, the directional characteristic is offset by -Zs on the impedance plane, thereby increasing sensitivityOffset Characteristic for Cables - Dir. Element Restraint for Reverse Faults 4 x se <<— Directional element -1\ aC (memory polarised) Zs Reverse fault R Reverse mm Fault Relay Using a reverse offset means that the distance element will operate for reverse faults. To avoid unwanted tripping for a reverse fault the memory polarised directional line will restrain for faults in the reverse direction and prevent tripping.Ground Fault Characteristic ™® Provides better ground fault resistive coverage on short lines Load ‘The Quadrilateral characteristic gives better ground fault resistance coverage on short linesJX LOAD AREA POSSIBLE LOAD ENCROACHMENT PROBLEMS FOR OFFSET MHO ZONE-3 ALLEVIATED BY USING OFFSET LENTICULAR ZONE 3 ainTime Z3A 13 Z3C ZiA = 80% oF Zag Z2A = 1202 OF Zag ZA (eomwnen) = 1208 of {Zna + Zen} ZONES OF PROTECTIONZONE | a FAST OPERATION Trips Citcuit Breaker without Delay as soon as Foutt within Lone | Reach is detected. » REACH SETTING Cannot be set to 1002 of Protected Line oF may overteach into next sechon. Ovetreach caused by possible ettots in 1 CTs VTs Zune information Relay Measurement Possi@e f OVERREACH ZONE! = Zi T ZL : Possible Incottect Tripping fo Fault at F’ “. ZONE | SET TO ~ O82, ZonE 1 = O82. - > 7ZONE | SETTINGS FOR TEED FEEDERS ZIC = O-8Zac 18 = O8Z ae Ls ZIA = O-8Zag Bg= ZONE | SETTINGS FOR DIRECT INTERTRIP SCHEMES ZIA Zi Effectwve Zone | Reaches af A and B must overlap. Otherwise : No tip for fault ot F’ ZA i ZB t oc. Effect ve ZIA and ZIB must be > O-SZ SETTINGS FoR ZONE | = 0-82, ARE OK,MINIMUM ZONE | REACH SETTING Dictated by = MINIMUM RELAY VOLTAGE FoR FAULT AT ZONE | REACH POINT TO ENSURE ACCURATE MEASUREMENT Minimum Voltage depends on telay design eg. ELECTROMECHANICAL s:- 6 9 GF volt: ELECTRONIC '- 1-93 volts, VOLTAGE [REACH CURVES These show limit of voltage down to which the Claimed +elay accutacy can be maintained . Jos RELAY ReDcH As 100 Pete) | 19 20 30 40 So 60 To 8 4 loo NO oF SEMING Vours a5MINIMUM VOLTAGE FOR OPERATION on \S MUCH LESS THAN MINIMUM VOLTAGE FOR REACH PoINT AccueAcy te Vop ~ oO! Veen RELAY OPERATES FoR CLOSE-UP FAULTS WITHIN THIS VOLTAGE LIMIT (FoR SELF POLACISED RELAYS) ~ * LIMIT ON Vop DOES NOT APPLY WITH > MEMORY POLARISATION CALL FAULTS) > CRoss PoLAgSATION (UNBALANCED FAULTS). x FoR FAULTS CLOSER To RELAY THAN REACH PoINT THE RELAY MAY OVERREACH of UNDERGEATH GEYOND (TS SPEciFIED Actu@Aey BoT WILL OPERATE CORRECTLY BECAUSE THESE FAULTS WiLL BE SEEN WITHIN THE RELAY REACH .SYSTEM IMPEDANCE RATIO :- SIR sr : R Zs /Zn whee: Zs = Soviee IMPEDANCE KeHIND RELAY Za = REACH SETTING Veen = ~‘MINIMUM VOLTAGE FoR REACH fot AccuRacy L, CAN GE EXPRESSED IN TERMS OF AN EQUIVALENT VALUE OF SIR may SER may > Esmew Za min Znmm = Zs max SER maeSTR apy FOR Sip FAULTS Measuged RY KELAY Ve gig > VOLTAGE MEI Voip > MINIMUM SYSTEM VOLTAGE FoR AccuRATE OPERATION Ve gig > Veen Vegig : Zins » Vgsig = _Zn - Void 2 En +251 Zm+zs; “Zit? 2) Void Zn Vegig FoR Vedig > Vera Zo .V¢ig > Veer <. Zsi4 Em 2 Void Em+zs, Ea Vern Zs1 4) < Void zn Vera Zsi < Ved -1 Zany VeraEXAMPLE — (FoR ih eAULT). Veig = 0-95 x NOvoly = 104-5 vols Veea = | volt. Zsi 2 lo4s-1 << 103-5 ZaSTR ma, FoR @IE FAULTS Fi Zs N¢in ©) Nex Zs2: Zs Zm:B® fe es Zso: Psi Zno=q2n Fo es Ve gin = Veit Ver+Veo = _ Zar (2+q) » Vein Zn (24q)+ Zs1 (2p) FoR AccoRATE OPERATION Vega > Veen vs Zn (2+9) . Vein > Vern Zen (24q) +E; (Lep) Zn (2+q) +Zsi (Lep) 4g Vin Zn (1+9q) VRPA [+ {ze . zs < Vow aq) Zar Vera Zs g Vein _ | 5 2rq Zn Vera ‘erp ————EXAMPLE (FoR PIE FAULT) Zs < Waist 1) Ze Zny Vern, 2p Lek q=p Zs: ¢ Von -| Zn Vera Let Vee, = | volt Voin = 0-95 x 63-5 vol = 60:3 volt. Zs1 gg 603-1 << 543. ZarZONE 2 * Covers last 20% of line net covered by Zone |. * Provides back-up ptotechon for temote busbats, Z2G TIME ZG ZIH & H 1 To allow fot ettors Z1G o> 12 Zen Zone 2 is time delayed to discriminate ustth Zone | ey on next section for faults in fitst 202 of next Section, Normal time setting for Zone 2 = O-2 SEcs.MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE ZONE 2 REACH TO ALLOW FOR EQUAL ZONE 2 TIME SETTINGS Z2A (erry MAX Z1B err) MIN A Zu B Zi2 Z2A must not reach beyond Z1B i.e. Z2A (err) MAX must not reach further than Z1B (FF) MIN Z1B settine = 0.8Z,2 Z1B erpyMIN = 0.8x082Z,. = 0642Z,, Z2A (rryMAX < Zi + 0.642, 1.2Z2Asertine < Zi1 + 0.64Z2 Z2A settinc < 0.83Z,; + 0.53 Zi9 apo252Zone 2_on adjacent line sections ate not Normally time graded with each athet. 226 ——_ 2S ee ZIG ZIH @ H F Overlap only occurs for faults in first 20% of following line . Faults at ‘F should +esutt tn operation of ZIH and Tripping, of citcuit breaker ‘H’. If 'H fails to trip possible causes ate —> —_ZIH operates but tip telays fail. ees ee Selayss Ton FZH_ may operate but will act trp if followed bby the same trip telays. Fault must be cleaed at G by 22G Z2@ need not be time graded wih #24.— ZI and trip telays opente Cweuit breaker fails to tip. t No advantage in hme grading 22 with 22H + Unless 22H + trip telays eneigse a 2°¢ erreur breake trip coil .—> IH fails to operate. y Results in tace between breakers 'G’ anc ‘H? if Z2H and Z2G have the same time sethng . ' Can only be overcome by time grading Z2G wih 22H. Z2G ZLH ZIG Zin x ache ——x} G Problem with this : Zone 2 tme delays neat sovice on systems with sevetal line sechens will be large . End sone faults on lines neatest the infeed Source pont will be cleaed ven slowly.ZONE 2 TIME SETTINGS ON LONG LINE FOLLOWED BY SEVERAL SHORT LINES - 226 Z2G teaches into 3° line secton . To limit temote back-up clearance fot afautt at Ff, the time setting of Z2G must discriminate with 3H.ZONES OF PROTECTION ee TECTION SEPARATE MEASURING ELEMENTS FoR EACH ZONE aS REACH _ ZONE 220 2x Time BLA z2¢ ZA 8 Zic N Zi c > 228 COMMON MEASURING ELEMENTS FOR ZONE! ANO ZONE 2, 234 z3¢ Se 276 Te Z2A z2¢ Zia Zic A 28 ¢ za | SETnNes. se nriNes) ZIA % 80% of Z,, Z2A = 1202 om Zag Z3BA (FoRwaRD) | 120% of {Zra +Zes}ZONE TIME COORDINATION - IDEAL SITUATION ZONE-L- +Z1 = INSTANTANEDUS (15 - 35mS QUADRAMHO) TONE-2:- +22 = +2l(down) + CB(down) + Z2(reset) + MARGIN eg. 122 = 35 + 100 + 40 + 100 = 275nS ZONE-3:- 423 = tZe(down) + CB(down) + Z3(reset) + MARGIN eg, 123 = 275 + 100 + 40 + 100 = 51SmS NOTE: Where upper and lower zones overlap og zone-2 a sees beyond zone-1 down, he upper and lower zone tine delays will need to be coordinated eg, +Z2(up) to exceed tZ2(down),~ LFZP 11x SERIES R-S91IC SERVICE MANUAL CHAPTER 2 Page 119 2-—4 ban (ioe z LENTICULAR ZONE 3 BOUNDARY oF Loa vez PaaS one 6 A B INHIBIT MAIN COMPARATOR INHIBIT COMPARATOR | OUTPUT fb—nuert | mouTEs c2 c1 f B A

APPAZENT IMPEDANCE Sage Undeneach = fastr x100%. ez whee Ze = REACH SETTING Zp + EFFEMVE LEACH UNCOMPENSATED GARTH FAULT RELAY. Zu Rear. 7 Impepance SEEN = [1+ 2ro- Bede] amu RELAY. IMPEDANCE SEEN > xZu ali Limit of Operetion is when Tepedance Seen> Zy This cecvrs when =x TE -. EFFECTIVE REACH = = Zo pee] Kw Boge Vrdeweah > 21> BE. es KE aUNDERREACHING DUE To BUSBAR INFEED setweEn ET EEO BUSBAR INFEED BETWEEN RELAY AND FaAUCT Ta Za Ta+Ig Ze ‘al RELAY LOCATION Nea * TaZa + (La+Tg)Zg Iq + Ia Ze * In+2Zg + Te 2g xs Zh Ta um RELAY WITH SETING Za+Zg wir UNOERREACH WITH INFEED. RELAY WITH SETTING ZaeZg eZ .Zg war MEASURE ConescTY ta WITH INFEED PRESENT BUT IF INFEED 1S REMOVED THE RELAY WILL OVERSEACH . MAnMuM ALLOWABLE SETTING DICTATED BY :- 1. LOAD IMPEDANCE 2. NON OPERATION FoR REVERSE EARTH FAULTS.WHAT RELAY REACH SETTING To ENSURE FAULT AT F OF OPELATION 7 1S REQUIRED \S AT BouNDAgY IMPEDANCE SEEN Fok FACT ATF = Zg+ Oqele. Ze a Limih of Operothon is when Impedarce Seen = Reach Sethag ~.REaCH SETING CEQuiked > Zg+ Leelp. 2. ae~ ~ OVER -REACH IMPEDANCE SEEN < APPARENT IMPEDANCE age Overteach = Ze- Fe ~r100F Fe whee Ze = REACH SETTING Ze > EFFECTIVE REACH. OVER-REACHING DUE To PAAALLEL LINE OUT OF SERVICE teay. | Zu, tun, to x (Zu1,a, Be), > Deo . Zon Also Tei Zer> Teo Zoo Relay Voltage = Cl+x) (2 2c 21j +Teo%ie) - To tom =I « + - Det cof \+x) (22+ 20) By Relay Cunet = Ig+ Too { #5 = 3Te0+ Teof HEE] > Toof aoe ey 2 Impedance Measued = zat Cas) - Fetch React, Setting = Bry = Impedance Measuied at selon valance - Bont 1 Dota hey EFretrive Pee = (lex) Zy PELCENTAGE oveldeteh > Zr-tg - (H2)21-hiooZ: x-l60h zh Ze —For TWprcal 4ookeV Line Zoom + O-& Afiem. Zep = O-UAN/ tm Bo + O-bR/km. 2. ome Zou > _O4™ Zeof{2rtheoy orb fo.su+ oney = O-l6d. Fage Ovenench > lo-4f. ZONE | REACH SOMETIMES EDUCED Flom O82, + 065 2%, To PREVENT ovediFichyG n.6. Mutua) Compersathen cannot help. Probability of fault with lie our is Small.Close-up Ground Faults Can Operate Phase Elements Zone -1 4 | A-E fault Note : Source impedance is zero PH - G Elements not Ideal for PH - PH - G Fault B-C-E resistive fault Note : Source impedance is zeroBiased Neutral Current Level Detectors Ground fault High set neutral 40 comparators enabled current detector ! my (Slope = 0,76) Ty (Amps) N Low set neutral 1 current detector Phase fault (Slope = 0,1) comparators enabled 041 1 10 34 100 Greatest | Phase difference current | +1, (Amps)FAULT RESISTANCE m™ Main causes :- ARC RESISTANCE. TOWER FOOTING RESISTANCE. MIB-SPAN FAULTS - VEGETATION ARE RESISTANCE Various formulae :- Van Warsingten S250 Reve * re M/Hot ane Arrabelou Rane + 352 A/H. ot are _ T Ackermann Race + 3000 BiH. ore zr At lew current values ot Rage ftom formulae abe different At cusents > 3000A the values ate similar Pr Ios 4000R , Rage tanges from 0-062 R+e 0-092 Fee this case Remar is Small compated with line wmpedance TowER FooTING RESISTANCE Any value from fractions +e hundteds of ohms Reduced by counterpeises under towers and earth wiies, MIS SPAN FAULTS Caused by vegetation growth en line breaking and telling Any value up +o loo's of ohms. Distance protection cannet be selad on to operate. 0g. Zpaucrriss on IA selays with Zisman t 63-Sohms. ~ Directional Garth fault compariion oF phase Compemion sheld be used.DEF Features (Options) ™@ Time delayed tripping ® Instantaneous high set tripping if no zone 1 ground distance @ Aided tripping ™ Choice of directignal measurement by comparison of: @ V, against |, @ |, against |, @ V, against |, © Vy +I, against |, ™ Magnetising inrush detector Transmission models only Directional Earth Fault Protection si ™ Covers high resistance faults which are undetectable with distance protection alone = Time delayed back up and/or signal-aided fast DEF tripping is possible ™ To cover all applications a choice of directional element polarizing quantity is idealZero Sequence Voltage Polarising of DEF Optional Ig Polarising of DEF Vo = small since Zgo totalDiagoresy ourfer FIG.L- Bleck DAG@Am ee A TYPICAL Dunc Peareed$ DEF DIRETIANAL ELEMENTLFZP 11x SERIES R-S9LIC SERVICE MANUAL CHAPTER 2 Page 313 Operating time (s) Current (Multiples of Is) Figure 7-17 IEC Characteristics (Time Multiplier = 1)LFZP 11x SERIES R-S9LIC SERVICE MANUAL CHAPTER 2 Page 314 100 10 Operating time (s) 05 1 5 10 50 100 Current (Multiples of Is) Figure 7-18 American Characteristics (Time Mulitplier = 1)LFZP 11x R-S911C SERVICE MANUAL CHAPTER 1 Page 93, ~ MAIN BUS ~ % ‘oPTIMHO @ STANDBY RELAY ~ FEEDER 1 FEEDER 2 ~ Figure 28 Typical Double Bus Installation with By-pass FacilitiesPOWER SWING BLOCKING 1.0 INTRODUCTION Power swings are variations in power flow which can be caused by sudden removal of faults, loss of synchronism between the ends of the power system, or changes in direction of power flow. Such disturbances can cause generators on the system to accelerate or decelerate which in turn leads to Power swinging. The result of a power swing may cause the impedance presented to a distance relay to move away from the normal load area and into the relay character- istic. In the case of a transient power swing it 1s obviously important that the distance relay should not trip. In the case of a loss of synchronism it will be necessary to split the ‘system at the mst convenient point. Most of the distance relays affected should not trip except those at the required disconnection point. Therefore, some method is required to prevent a distance relay from tripping during power swings. This is achteved by means of a power swing blocking relay which inhibits distance relay operation in pre-selected zones. 2.0 IMPEDANCE CHARACTERISTIC OF A POWER SWING A power swing will normally start from a load condition. If we consider the emf's at each end of the system as E, and E, (see fig 1), then a power swing can be simulated by considering the fotation of one voltage with respect to ‘the other. The impedance measured at one end of the line will be given by the ratio of V,/I. The locus of this impedance as E, rotates relative to E, represents the ratio of source emf's at each end of the system and may be represented by a series of circular loci{ with centres on the extension of the total system impedance. The position of the centre of the circle and radius will depend on the ratio of E, to Ey. Typical power swing loci{ are shown in fig 2. The angle @ subtended on the locus from the outer points of the total system impedance A' and 8! represents the angle between source emf's E, and £3. The general expression for Z = Y,/I is given by (n= cos @) = § sin ® Zo= Ugg + 2, + Legit ~ SATU TTS (n= cos 0)? + sin? @ SA (n = cos 8) - j sin @ z, a - Mr" Tees aimeePage 2 where : 2. eA & and Z; = total system impedance = Ze, + Z + Zoq When E, = Eg, the locus of the pover swing becomes 2 straight Tine bisecting the total s¥stem impedance. when E, > Ege n> le Distance fron B' to centre of circle = _“T Radius of cirele = 2 nee] When E, < Eg, n E, superimposed on mho and quadrilateral Zone 1 characteristics. Tt can be seen that the quadrilateral relay is more sensitive to small angle stable power swings than the mho relay. The quadrilateral relay does, of course, provide better resistive fault coverage than the mho relay. Since resistive fault coverage is mainly a concern for earth faults, a good compromise is to supply a relay with quadrilateral earth fault elements and mho or cross polarised mho phase fault elements. The earth fault elements should be controlled by a neutral current detector so that they cannot operate for balanced power swings. Zone 2 and Zone 3 characteristics are more likely to operate for small angle power swings than Zone 1 as shown in fig 4. However, since tripping 1s time delayed, there will be no tripping if the power swing passes through the characteristics before the time has elapsed. ~Page 3 4.0 BLOCKING OF DISTANCE RELAYS DURING POWER SWINGS This ts achteved by using an additional single phase-phase impedance measuring element with a characteristic surrounding the outermst distance relay charactetistic. Fig 5 shows the principle. The time for the power swing to pass between the characteristics is measured. If this 1s longer than a set value then a power swing has occurred and tripping is blocked. If the time is less than the setting, ‘then a fault condition has occurred and normal tripping is allowed. The time setting should be just less than the fastest time for a power swing to pass between the two relays. The maximum rate of power swing may be approximately 360°/second and the time taken for the characteristic to pass from @, to 83 will be 8 seconds. In order to cater for the fastest power swings it is normal to set the power swing blocking relay with as large a reach as possible consistent with load discrimination. When circular distance relay characteristics such as the mho» offset mho and impedance types are used, the power swing blocking relay should have a diameter of at least 1.3 times the diameter of the outermst distance relay characteristic and a time setting of 50 milliseconds. The factor of 1.3 1s calculated using the worst conditions of positive reach error for the distance element and negative reach error for the power swing blocking element. In practice power systems are rarely of the simple two-ended form depicted in figure 1 and so it 1s difficult to determine power system swing locti on an tmpedance diagram for a distance relay at a particular location on a system. Experience has shown, however, that power swing blocking systems of the type described above are effective in preventing incorrect relay operations during power swings on complex systems. 5.0 TYPICAL POWER SWING BLOCKING SYSTEM A typical power swing blocking system for a three zone distance relay is {Vlustrated in figure 5. A power swing blocking starter characteristic (zone 6) measures A-B phase impedance. This characteristic has settings which are ganged to the relay zone-3 settings such that its diameter {s of a fixed ratio to that of zone 3 and such that it 1s concentric with the zone-3 characteristic. In this particular example the zone-3 characteristic of the distance relay can be set to a lenticular shape and so the zone-6 starter also will have a lenticular shape. The power swing blocking logic depicted in figure 6 gives power swing blocking indication and alarm plus blocking of selected distance zones, {f the A-B impedance measured by the relay enters the zone-3 characteristic after having been between zone-6 and zone-3 for longer than SOmsec. The PSB signal resets when the A-B impedance measured leaves the zone-6 characteristic.Page 4 To prevent incorrect operation of the power swing blocking logic a safe impedance margin mst exist between the power swing blocking starter characteristic and the load impedance area. The following additional steps are taken to provide a relfable pover swing blocking system : lL. 3. 4, 5. Since the PSB system relfes on A-B impedance measurement, it must be ascertained that current is flowing in the A and B phases before blocking fs allowed, This 1s to ensure that PSB maloperation will not be possible {f the PSB starter operates during a single pole dead time. If any pole ts dead (no current or volts on any phase) then blocking ts prevented during the dead time and for 240ms afterwards to prevent incorrect blocking due to a power swing caused by reclosure of @ phase onto a permanent fault. An extemal PSB inhibit input 1s provided to cover the functions of the tany pole dead’ logic described in (2) where busbar VT's are used. Power swing blocking 1s prevented if a neutral current detector operates, to allow distance relay tripping 1f an earth fault occurs during a power swing. Power swing blocking 1s prevented 1f the distance relay VT supply supervision system detects a YT fault, since such a fault could lead to incorrect PSB alarm and indication. ~GB nee $a J FIG. LOAD REPRESENTATION ON IMPEDANCE DIAGRAM. Zsa A Ze 3 Zea — — — =z Va WREDANCE meASueED ATA + Ya =z THiS VAQIES AS Eq GoraTES EELATWE 7D EQ FIG. VECTOR DIAGZAM Fok A Powel SwiNGFig. I- U SIMPLE Two -ENdED PoweER SYSTEM FoR POUER SwwG ANALYS~ ~ Eas [Eal C( GaotrSco°) = /éal Es = 1&| Case -,%0) = 1€s\Gse - \l&lSn6 Imeadance Seen ab pant a = B= Va = Nas Ga - D2sa Ts Gn- fe = Gr-€e Zr 2 Casa tte + Bsc) (Bsa +2. +25q) zy B= Ex -3sa = 1&al . Zr ~ Zsa i Ea -Ea = lEal.2r Bsa sn. Br -3, (Gal -lési@se +JlE_! Sine n= Gse +5840 (éel Ze n. Er Cn-Gse -jSne) (n-Gos0* + Sint DERIWING AN EXPRESSION FoR POWER Swine IMPEDANCE LocusInpaoanee MERSUEED AT A Ya Za * = (Zsa+Zut Zsa) a. (n-cos@)-3809 _ (A- cos 8)"+ sin" 2 Zr.n. (n-cos)-j5:n8_ _ Zsa (a-cos®)*+ 510° whee n+ £ Zr * Zsa +2u+Zs8. wien Ens€g °- Leeus 1s STRAIGHT LINE BiIsECNNG TOTAL SYSTEM lePavanic€ ~ Nt feos of CLE = wen Earks azr abel pemned Fon Cente’ of CUE To Bhs Sm win EacEy i Ae! paws o¢ eters 2 Unl2r = a2t Cus)! ear comet t, Bey ste oe ete A? spt > eae PoweR SWING BLocIING Locus.Locus FoR -_* léat>leal XY Locus (als lal , ~~ . — Locus Fo Igal cléal —— . @ FoalGal=/Eal crocus 1S steneaT une © 40° To Zr AnD Bisecring ar © Foal alr! crocus is cecce with Radws adérl nz] CENTRE “DISTANCE Feo B ON GxTRapiAmD Zr verroR= lZrl atrel © Fea lal <>) <> <>) => ———— cE onto fault cE a =< Sams = wn sc => 5 zones of distance protection are provided which will be illustrated later in the presentation, Comprehensive intertripping (or Direct transfer tripping) schemes are selectable. ‘These include blocking schemes and all have selectable unblocking logic available. Overcurrent protection to provide backup protection for close up faults is included. This is also used to provide stub bus protection, trip on reclose and switch on to fault protection, ‘Supervision of the Voltage Transformer (VT) inputs detects fuse failure or miniature circuit breaker operation. Directional earth fault protection for high resistance earth faults is provided, Circuit breaker fail protection provides for backtripping via an output contact. Power swing detection allows the user to generate blocking, tripping or alarm signals.LFZR Protection 50 Instantaneous overcurrent element [ 68 | S1N Time overcurrent ground fault element 67N Directional earth fautt element 68 Blocking element ‘This summarises the protection supplied by the LFZR relay. Basically the ANSI numbers covered by this relay are Distance protection Directional earth fault protection (mode 2 time delayed) and Instantaneous overcurrent protectionPhase Fault Characteristics Directional (reverse) Directional (forward) Blinder (reverse), Phase fault characteristics are MHO. No lenticular option is available as load blinders are included to prevent problems associated with load encroachment, Note that zone 3 must have an offset (Le. it cannot be set purely forward or reverse looking), The directional line for the phase fault characteristics is fixed at 45 degrees and is always memory polarised regardless of which polarising voltage is chosen for the distance elements.Ground Fault Characteristic | 23 (reverse offset) This slide shows all the mho/quadrilateral characteristics available. ‘The zone 1X is shown in the reverse direction and zone 3 is shown in the reverse offset position. ‘The ground fault quadritateral characteristics have been combined.Available Versions @ LFZR114 e ingle/three pole tripping m LFZR112 © Three pole tripping only © Opto selectable setting groups = LFZR113 © Three pole tripping only All versions have a normally closed contact for Relay inoperative Alarm,LFZR Non-Protection Functions ™ Substation network communications via K-bus Modem communications using IEC870 IRIG-B port for real time clock synchronisation = Fault and event recording with automatic printing ™ Fault record summary LFZR Non-Protection Functions (Continued) ™ Disturbance recording (oscillography) ™ Real time calendar clock (1ms resolution) ™ Fault location and instrumentation = Multiple setting groupsOptimho Models Trans & Sub-trans & Back up © Option (order) sub-trans distribution LFZP Model 111 114 121 123131132 151 Phase distance 02000 00000 o Ground distance OOOO O00 O° DEF oO oO oo Fault location Oo O° Fault/l with m/c C000 000 Overhead lines 00 0 00 oO Oo U/ground cables O° Oo Open-delta/3L VTs oo Single pole tripping O O 0 O Distance elements 18181812 121212 9 6 6 Quad. or mho G/F/D qmmm qmm m zezre0 ELECTRICAL STRUCTURE Iy somes || my vu >| Iqlgle, Ip L_betenenaston_| seine (ta Serial ek a | ———\ | Level detector Optional boards shown i rt Analogy s00H )ptional boards shown in red outline ser Zone 1 and 2 > Asc ace ‘iepped tones Settings from cigs bus Zone 3 board + Power mieg Mocking ‘Analogue bus: remote terminalSERVICE MANUAL CHAPTER 2 Page 13 LFZP MODEL Phase Distance Ground Distance DEF Fault Location with Mutual Compensation Overhead Lines Underground Cables No. of Distance elements Independent Zones Reach Stepped Zones Single Pole Tripping VT Supervision Power Switching Blocking Loss of Load Accelerated Trip Feature No. of output contacts Schemes BASIC Z| EXTENSION PUR PUR UNBLOCK PORI POR] UNBLOCK POR2 POR2 WI TRIP POR2 UNBLOCK POR2 WI TRIP UNBLOCK BLOCKING BLOCKING 2 Distance Characteristic Z1.ZIX.ZIY.Z2 Phase Z1.Z1X,Z1Y.Z2 Ground Z3 Phase 23 Ground DEF Polarising Neg. Seq. Volts Zero Seq. Currents Zero Seq, Volts Zero Seq. Volts+Current MY oon. 18 Zi 22 ZIX ZY im QL 112 cone 18 2 Z3 ZIxX ZIY » R crag 13 18 Zi 22 Z3 ZIX ZIY reaa 114 cone 12 Zi ZIX ZlY 24 a3 * = Standard, 0 = Optional, m= Shaped mho, q = Quadrilateral Q= Offset quadrilateral/reverse quadrilateral L = Offset lenticular/reverse shaped mhozozr168 Full Scheme Distance Relay | 18 measuring elements Extend teach to ZIX,ZIY.PHASE FAULTS GROUND FAULTS Ca) WITH OFFSET ZONE 3 > 1 - R 23 cae PHASE FAULTS GROUND FAULTS Cb) WITH REVERSE ZONE 3 FIGURE 1 LF2P111 RELAY CHARACTERISTICSLFZP 11x SERLES SERVICE MANUAL CHAPTER 2 Page 296 Section 7. TECHNICAL DATA ———eFeeeSeSeSeSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSMMMssesee TA 12 Input Ratings AC voltage Vn: 100 to 120V rms phase-phase. AC current In. 1A or SA mms per phase. Frequency fn 50Hz or 60Hz, Operative frequency 47 to 51Hz or 56.4 to 61.2Hz. range: DC supply Vil: For power supply, available in 3 versions. Vxl [___ Operative Range Maximum Withstand | 48/54V ! 37.5 to 60V. | 64.8V | 10/125V | 87.5 to 137.5V | 150V 220/250V | 175 to 275V | 300V There is negligible change of accuracy with change of voltage within the operative range. DC supply Vx2: For optical isolators. available in the same options as Vx1. For 220/250V option the 110/125V version is used with an external resister box GJ0229 002 Maximum Overload Ratings AC voltage: 1.5Vn continuous withstand. 2.5Vn withstand for 10s. AC current: 2.4In continuous withstand 25In for fault location and instrumentation accuracy (when fault locator fitted) 56In for distance measuring accuracy. 100In withstand for 1s (In = 1A). 80In withstand for Is (In = 5A).LFZP 11x SERIES R-S911C SERVICE MANUAL CHAPTER 2 13 14 14d Page 297 Burdens AC voltage circuits:0.1VA per phase at Vn ‘AC current circuits: 0.08VA per phase (In = 1A). 0.5VA per phase (In = 5A) DC supply 1 18W under healthy live line conditions at Vx 28W maximum. DC supply 2: __-10mA per energised optical isolator at Vx2. Distance Elements Settings Impedance: Range of positive sequence settings referred to line VT and CT secondaries: Zone 1, Zone 1X, Zone 1Y, Zone 2 and Zone 3 reach: In=1Arangeis 0.2 to 250 ohms (All version except LFZP113) 0.1 to 125 ohms (LFZP113) In=SArangeis 0.04 to 50 ohms (Alll version except LFZP113) 0.02 to 25 ohms (LFZP113) Zone 3 reverse: In=1A range is 0.04 to 250 ohms (All version except LFZP113) 0.02 to 125 ohms (LFZP113) In=SA range is 0.008 to 50 ohms (All version except LFZP113) 0.004 to 25 ohms (LFZP113) Reach setting method is by digitally controlled analogue attenuators. Attenuation factors KZPh and KZN operate on current signals and are common to all zones ‘Attenuation factors KZ1, KZ1X, KZ1Y, KZ2, KZ3 and KZ3' operate on voltage signals ‘and are specific to Zone 1, Zone 1X, Zone 1Y, Zone 2, Zone 3 and Zone 3 reverse respectively. The positive sequence reach for Zone | is given by:- Zone1 =KZI.KZPh.S/in_(All versions except LFZP113) = KZ1.KZPh.5/2.In (LFZP113) Either KZPh or KZ is set to unity. To obtain the formula for other zones employed, replace KZ1 by the appropriate attenuation factor for the zone.LFZP 11x SERIES R-S91IC SERVICE MANUAL CHAPTER 2. Page 298 . 7 KZN _|ZLO-ZLI| jual 7 = Residual compensation factor: KZPh 3ZL1 Where ZLO and ZL1 are the vector values of zero and positive sequence impedance of the protected line. Quadrilateral resistive reach settings: Right-hand reach = KR.S/In Left-hand reach = KR.6/In Zone 3 aspect ratio: The aspect ratio a/b of the lenticular elements is 1.0, 0.67 or 0.41 where b is the sum of the forward and reverse reach setting and a is the maximum width of the impedance characteristic measured perpendicular to the characteristic angle. Setting ranges: SETTING MINIMUM | MAXIMUM STEP KZPh 0.04 10 0,001 KZN 0.0 1.360 0.001 Kz1 1.00 49.98 0.02 KZIX 1.00 49.98 0.02 Kz1Y 1.00 49.98 0.02 Kz2 1.00 49.98 0.02 Kz3 1.00 49.98 0.02 Kz3" 02 49.9 01 KR 1 30 1 Z3 Lenticular af 1.00, 0.67, 0.41 Characteristic angle: THETA Ph= arg ZL1 to nearest available setting Residual compensation THETA N= arg (ZLO- ZL1) to nearest angle: available setting Note LFZP113 is mot designed to be used with a ground fault loop setting (2ZL1 + ZLO0)/3 with an argument less than 30°.LFZP 11x SERIES R-S9LIC SERVICE MANUAL CHAPTER 2 Page 299 Setting ranges: SETTING MINIMUM [MAXIMUM | _STEP THETA Ph 30° 85° i THETA N 30° 8s° ss THETA Ph 45° 80° s° jee THETA N ~45°, -35°, -25°. to 80° in steps of S° lex * LFZP Versions 111, 112 & 114, “*LEZP 113 7.4.2 Accuracy Of Distance Elements Reach +£5% at 2in and 20°C Characteristic angle 2° Resetting ratio: 105%. 7.4.3 Current Sensitivity Determined by the low set current level detectors. The sensitivity varies inversely with the base setting (KZPh) and is given by 0.05 » In/ KZPh Amp 74.4 Timers Timer ranges: {SETTING MINIMUM MAXIMUM STEP TZIX 100ms 9980ms 20ms TZyYi 100ms 9980ms 20ms 122 100ms 9980ms 20ms TZ3 100ms 9980ms 20ms TP Oms 98ms 2ms TD Oms 98ms 2ms TDW Oms 98ms 2ms TPG Oms 98ms 2ms TDG Oms 98ms 2ms Timer accuracy: 1% of setting and i3ms145 7.4.6 R-S9LIC CHAPTER 2 Page 300 Polarising Proportion and type of cross polarising for Zones 1 and 2 partially cross polarised mho and for Zones 1 and 2 directional lines. Phase to Ground fault ) Phase to Phase to Ground fault: ) 16% square wave from healthy Phase to Phase fault: ) phases 3 Phase fault: 16% square wave from synchronous memory Synchronous memory is effective for 16 cycles after fault incidence and is available 12.5 cycles after energising the line. Operate And Reset Times Operate times: Typical relay operate times for Zone | are shown in Figures 7-1 to 7-8 SOHz and Figures 7-9 to 7-16 60Hz. Mho characteristic S0H2 minimum: 14ms typical: 18ms 60Hz minimum; 12ms typical: 16ms Quad characteristic SOHz minimum: 16ms typical: 23ms 60Hz minimum: 1Sms typical: 20ms Reset times: The trip contacts are sealed in for 60ms following the initial contact closure. Thereafter, the maximum reset time is 35ms.LFZP 11x SERIES R-59LIC SERVICE MANUAL CHAPTER 2 Page 301 G/F Mho Characteristic 50Hz SIR 1 YVNw Sas We 40 60 70 Fault Position (% of setting) Operaing Time(ms) ouca ° Figure 7-1 Zone 1 Typical Operating Times G/F Quad Characteristic 50Hz SIR 1 a E = & = D> £ Ss s o a fo) 20 40 60 70 80 Fault Position (% of setting) Figure 7-2 Zone 1 Typical Operating Times~ LFZP 11x SERIES SERVICE MANUAL 78 Switch On To Fault (SOTF) R-S9LIC CHAPTER 2 Page 309 SOTF can be disabled, or enabled in 200ms or 110s after all poles of the line have been de-energised. Once the SOTF feature has been enabled, it remains enabled for 250ms after the line has been re-energised, or until a SOTF trip has been cleared, The menu allows for a choice of fault detectors. The three options available are Tripping via the operation of any distance comparator Tripping via the operation of any current level detector provided that its corresponding voltage level detector has not picked up within 20ms. Tripping via the operation of any distance comparator or any current level detector provided that its corresponding voltage level detector has not picked up within 20ms, Voltage level detector setting: Current level detector setting: 44.5V (70% Vn) 0.05 * In/ KZPh The operating time for close up 3 Phase faults and close up Phase to Ground faults were measured for each of the modes of SOTF operation and for Line VTs and Bus Bar VTs, SOTF times (S0Hz relays) Fault | Source | Any comparator By Level detectors Type | Impedance SOTF operate times (ms) or) Line VTs | BusBar | Line VTs | Bus Bar angle 88° Vis Vis min [max | min [max | min | max | min | max 3PF [1082935 «fie [24 [32 137 |2s |32 | 36 29 [34 [1s ]23 |31 36 22 |32 I 3 29 |35_ [14 |22 |30 |35_ [24 | 32 GF 108 29 37 16 27 32 39 27 43 mho 36 28 [37 J 1s [2s |31 39 |a7 33 3 30_|37_|is_|27_|31_ |38_ |25_ [34 GF 108 30-137 [is [29 [32 [39 [27 [43 quad 36 30 |38 |i4 |26 |31 |39 |27 [33 3 29 [37_|is_ [23 |31_|38_|as_ {34 Zone | set to 5Q angle 75°, Zone 3 set to 25Q angle 75° 100% Ground fault compensated, Source angle 88° LagLFZP 11x SERIES R-S911C SERVICE MANUAL CHAPTER 2. 1.6 1 18 Page 310 Voltage Transformer Supervision (VTS) The VTS operates when zero sequence voltage is detected without the presence of zero sequence current. The VTS does not limit the current sensitivity of the distance ‘measuring elements. Setting of VO detector: 15% Power Swing Blocking (PSB) Power swing detected by transit time of impedance between Zone 6, which can be an offset mho or a lenticular characteristic, and either Zone 3 or Zone 2 as selected. Setting ranges: SETTING | __ MINIMUM MAXIMUM STEP KZ6 1.00 49.98 0.02 Kze 02 49.9 ol Z6 20ms 90ms Sms 26 Lenticular a/b 1.00, 0.67 & 0.41 The PSB feature may be enabled or disabled, and can be set to surround either Zone 3 or Zone 2. The later option is used if Zone 3 is set reverse looking. When enabled the PSB feature can be set to give alarms only or to block individually selected zones. Blocking disabled if a ground fault occurs or (if DEF fitted) a phase fault occurs during a power swing. Block Auto-Reclose Auto-reclose is blocked after SOTF trips and Zone 3 time delayed trips. Auto-reclose may be enabled or blocked on: Zone | or aided trip caused by 2 or 3 phase fault Zone | or aided trip caused by 3 phase fault Zone 1X time delayed trip Zone 1Y time delayed trip Zone 2 time delayed trip Channel out of service DEF aided trip DEF time delay tripDEF Features (Options) ~ oe Time delayed tripping Instantaneous high set tripping if no zone 1 ground distance Aided tripping Choice of directional measurement by comparison of : — V2 against lo ~ Ip against Io transmission models — Vo against Ip only — Votlp against Io) QO Magnetising inrush detector OO oo zo27198 Directional Earth Fault Protection A B Ee, ey S7Nle -!Common afer] signalling channel O Covers high resistance faults which are undetectable with distance protection alone O Time delayed back up and/or signal—aided fast DEF tripping is possible O To cover all applications a choice of directional element polarizing quantity is ideal EB Pcss0s8Source Distance to fault ’m Optimho Fault Locator Data Selection t 10 cycles 6 cycles Pre-trip post-trip data data la Fault position ° '* Breaker open 1 Position Pre-fault data|> + Post fault data be] Relay trip position eu) Optimho Fault Locator ie © Line impedance =ZR © Source impedance P =Zsp © Source impedance Q =ZsqEquivalent Circuit ~ O Vp =mlpZp + [eRe _~ O Vp, Ip and Zp are known O If the equation is solved when Ie =0, m can be deduced 203810 ¢ Optimho Fault Location Source vp ipZR The figure ’m’ can be displayed in miles, km or as a Percentage of the line length. Accuracy + 2% of line length pm zoecza2r1s ¢ Zon N B iC CA HBL Full Scheme Reach Stepped Distance Extend reach to Zone 2 ~ ZIXSZIY |_ Extend veach to 21K, 21Y timers 12 Measuring elementsLFZP 12x SERIES SERVICE MANUAL = Table 1 LEZP_12x SUMMARY CHART LFZP MODEL 121 122 123 Phase Distance = . = Ground Distance ® = . Fault Location with ° ° Mutual Compensation Overhead Lines * * Underground cables ® No. of Distance elements 12 12 12 Independent Zones Z 2 2 73 23 23 ~ Reach Stepped Zones 21x ix 21x zy | zy | zy 22 22 22 Reversible Zones = 2 = VT Suoervisien . 2 : Loss of Load Accelerated . = = Trip feature No. of output contacts 16 1 | 16 Schemes BASIC * * 21 EXTENSION = * ACCELERATION = * Distance characteristic 21,21X,Z1¥,22 Phase m m e 21121X,21Y,22 Ground vm | om ¢ -~ 73 Phase N N N 23 Ground om | ow N Standard, 0 = Optional Offset Quadrilateral Offset Lenticular Shaped mho, ¢ = Shaped mho for cables, q = QuadrilateralPhase Distance and DEF Relay Instantan.. high-set DEF Definite or inverse | time DEF 9 distance measuring elements 227140