Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • Han Et Al. - 2001 - Shear Capacity of Reinforced Concrete Beams Made With Recycled-Aggregate

    Uploaded by

    Asset Ongo
    3 views9 pages

    Original Title

    [10] Han et al. – 2001 – Shear capacity of reinforced concrete beams made with recycled-aggregate

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Report this Document

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    3 views9 pages

    Han Et Al. - 2001 - Shear Capacity of Reinforced Concrete Beams Made With Recycled-Aggregate

    Uploaded by

    Asset Ongo

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 9
    North Dakota State University ILL (NWQ) NDSU - Dept 2080/PO Box 6050 Fargo, ND 58108-6050 Email: NDSU. Library ill@ndsu.edu Borrower: NETUE Lending String UAT ERL CUY GAT, UIU,UMC,"NWO.NUR,OKS UPN, TAP Patron: Journal Title: Fifth CANMETIACI International Conference on Recent ‘Advances in Concrete Technology / Volume: 200 Issue: Month/Year: 2001 Pages: 503-516 ‘Articlo Author: Malhotra, V. M. Canada Centre for Mineral and Energy Technology; American Concrete Institute; CANME Aticlo Title: Shear Capacity of Reinforced Concrete Beams Made with Recycled-Aggregate 2 6 a g Ss S z= g S 2 L Number: 202617924 iii Notice Location: Main I 2nd Floor Available Call #: TA439 .C33 2001 rary Stacks ~ Request Date: 20200330 Need By: Shipping Address: Eindhoven University of Technology (Library) De Rondom 70 Eindhoven 5612 AP Netherlands Fax: +3140 2472521 Ariel: Email: |EC.IBL@tue.n! Max Cost: 15.001FM Borrowing Notes: WARNING CONCERNING COPYRIGHT RESTRICTION The copyright law of the United States (Title 17, United States Code) governs the making of photocopies of other reproductions of copyrighted materials. Under certain conditions specified in law, libraries and archives are authorized to furnish a photocopy or other reproduction. One of these specified conditions is that the photocopy or reproduction is not to be “used for any purpose other than private study, scholarship or research.” If a user makes a request for, or later uses, a photocopy or reproduction for purposes in excess of “fair use,” that user may be liable for copyright Thi Infringement. itution reserves the right to refuse to accept a copying order if, in its judgement, fulfillment of the order would involve violation of copyright law. 502 Tamura et al. Durability factor 120; 60 a SSSe3 80 —O—Nonaral agg, Normal Natural agg. DC-RR 0 100 = 200-300 cycles Fig.7 Changes in durability factor Fig. 8 Measurement points | te recycled agg, Normal mixing mar revyeled agg. DCRR ang | 400 SP 200-31 Shear Capacity of Reinforced Concrete Beams Made with Recycled-Aggregate by B. C. Han, H. D. Yun, and S. Y. Chung ‘Synopsis: The use of recycled-aggregate concrete is increasing faster than the development of appropriate design recommendations. This paper reports limited experimental data on the shear capacity of reinforced co led-aggrogate, Twelve beams were tested to determine their diagonal cracking and ultimate shear capacities. The variables in the test program were sheat-span/depth ratio a/d = 1.5, 2.0, 3.0, and 4.0; aggregate types; and shear reinforcement ratio p,= 0, 0.089, 0.244, 0.507, and 0.823 percent. Six of the test beams had no web ceinforcement and the other six had web reinforcement along the entire length of the beam. Test results indicate that the ACI Building Code predictions of Eg, (11-3) and (11-5) for recycled aggregate coneretes are unconservative for beams with a tensile steel ratio of 1.11 percent, and ald ratios greater than 3.0. fe beams Keywords: aggregate; beam; shear reinforcement; span-depth ratio 503 504 Hanet al. B.CHan is a PAD candidate at the Chungnam National University, Taejon, Korea. His current research work involves structural performance in concrete steuetures H.D.Yun is an assistant professor of Architectural Engineering, at the University of Konyang, Chungnam, Korea, His research interests are in experimental testing, characterization of structural damage under earthquake foads, and analysis and design of concrete structues. S.¥.Chung is a professor of Architectural Engineering at Chungaam National University, Taejon, Korea. His research interests include analysis and ‘mechanieul behavior of reinforced concrete structures. INTRODUCTION For environmental and other reasons the number of readily accessible disposal sites for waste products around major cities in the world have decreased in recent years. On the other band, both the disposal volume and maximum sizes of wastes have been getting bigger every yeat. Moreover, the distance between the demolition sites and the disposal areas is inereasing as ‘well as the transportation cost is becoming higher. It has been estimated that approximately 7 million tons of concrete are currently demolished each year in Korea! OF which about 2 t0 3 million tons is available for recycling on some scale, It is estimated that between now and the year 2010, two times more demolished concrete than today will be generated cach year 1m the laboratory it has been found that compressive, tensile, and flexural swength of recycled-aggregate concrete ean be equal to ot higher than that of, ‘original concrete when the recycled-aggregate concrete is made with the same ‘or lower water-cement ratio than the conventional concrete”, Although these characteristics are very desirable, very limited information is available to the structural engineer about the structural properties of recycled aggregate cconezetes, ‘A substantial amount of research work on shear had been done from 1950 to the early 1960s. Since 1963, the investigations on the shear capacity of structural concrete have concentrated on normal conventional concrete and, hence information on recycled aggregate concrete is practically nonexistent. ‘There is @ need to develop information on the structural behavior of recycled rggregate coneretes 10 insure proper and adequate use of this material in ‘construction. With the commercial availability of recycled aggregate concretes, ‘many questions have been raised regarding the applicability of the design provisions stipulated in ACI 318-99", Many of the design parameters and ‘equations in ACI 318-99 were derived from results of experimental research programs using conventional concrete, Therefore, itis reasonable to question — Recent Advances in Concrete Technology 505 ‘whether many of the design provisions in ACI 318-99 are applicable or appropriate for reinforced conerete beams made with eeycled-ageregate ‘The objectives of this study were (1) to investigate the shear behavior of reinforced recyeled-aggregate concrete beams; (2) 0 study the shear capacity of reinforced concrete beams made with reeyeled-aggregates and (3) t0 study the validity of the currently used ACI recommendations for V; forthe shear design of structural elements made with recycled-aggregate conerotes. These three objectives were achieved by condueting a test program consisting of 12 beams. Six beams had no web tcinforcement, and the other six beams had web reinforcement along the entire length of the beam. The variables studied in this investigation are shear spanvdepth ratio afd; aggregate types; and shear (web) reinforcement ratio py EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM ‘The experimental variables were the shear-spanfdepth ratio ald=1.5, 2. 3, and 4J; aggregate types (natural, washed recycled, and non-washed recycled aggregatel; and percentage of shear reinforcement [p,= 0, 0.089, 0.244, 0.507, and 0.823 percent). Description of beam specimens ‘The summary of the testing program and the specimen details are presented in Table | and Fig. 1, All 12 beams were 170 mm wide and 300 mm deep with an effective depth of 270 mm. Bach beam is designated to indicate aggregate type, shear span/depth ratio, and shear reinforcement percentage. ‘Tae fist letter indicates aggregate types: R for the washed recycled aggregate, NR for the non-washed recycled aggregete, or C for the nator aggregate. The fist number indicates the sheat-spanidpth ratio aid. Six beams were Type Ny which did not have any shear reinforcement, and the other six were Type W, whieh had shear reinforcement in the form of stops. Two- legged vertical closed tics, anchored inthe compression zone by 138-deg hooks, were used as shear reinforcement. ‘The percentage of shear reinforcement were O(N), 0.089(1), 0.2442), 0.5075), and 0.823(8)percent respectively, The tensile steel ratio was kept constant at 1.11 pescent for the test beams without web ceinforcement and 2.21 percent for the beams with wed reinforcement, The reinforcement on the tension side consisted of four 13 mm diametcr deformed bars, as shown in Fig |. These bars were anchored by 180 deg hooks bent and dimensioned according to the requirements of ACI 318-99", Dye to the small concrete side covers around the hooks, tics. were provided between the supports andthe ends of the beams. The reinforcement on the compression side consisted of two 10mm diameter deformed bers 506 Hanetal. tater ‘Table 2 gives the mixture proportions of the two types of concrete and Fig. 2 shows typical compressive stress-strain responses of the conventional and recycled aggregate coneretes having average compressive strengths f’ of 3OMPa at the time of testing. Ordinary portland cement (Type 1) was used with natural sand having a fineness modulus of 2.87. The coarse recycled aggregale was crushed waste concrete with maximum size of 25mm. The properties of the aggregates are presented in Table 3. The workability of the mixture was improved by using a high-range water-reducing admixture (superplasticizer), Measured conercte strength was based on an average of three specimens. Cylindrical specimens, 300mm high and 150mm in diameter, were used to determine the compressive and splitting tensile strengths, All beams and control specimens were cast and cured under similar conditions. The curing condition of specimens was kept covered with polyethylene sheets until 24hr before testing at 28 days to prevent ‘moisture loss. Fig. 3 shows typical stress-strain responses and the average yield strengths for the two different sizes of the reinforcing bars used in the specimens. ‘Test procedure ‘The beams were simply supported and subjected to a two-point load, as shown in Fig. I(a). The distance between the two-point loads was Kept constant ‘at 540mm, The beam vertical deflection and the strains at the top and bottom faces of the beam at its midspan were measured, Five intemal strain gages were slucd to the main reinforcement to measure the tensile strain of the reinforcing bats, and two extemal strain gage was glued to the surface of the conerete t0 ‘measure the bi-axial strain, ‘The two-point loads were applied to the beams by a S00-kN hydraulic testing machine. Initially, the beam was loaded in increments of 10kN until the loud reached ISOKN. At higher loads, a ram rate of 2.0-mn/min was used. Close to failure, the load increments were approximately 10 to 2SKN. After fare each beam was photographed to show the eack pate andthe mode of failure. RESULTS OF THE EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ‘Test results from the 12 beams are presented in Table 4, This includes the experimentally observed values for shear at eracking, at ultimate, and the values predicted by ACI Bq(11.3)" and Zsutty’s Equation. The reported values for cracking are at the slage when the critical inelined crack crosses the mmidheight of the beam. The discussion of the test results is divided into three Recent Advances in Concrete Technology 807 major sections = (1) evack pattems and failure mode, (2) lond-dflection behavior and (3) predicted shear capacities. Crack patterns and failure mode ‘The crack patterns at ultimate for the six beams without web reinforcement and six beams with web reinforcement are shown in Fig, 4. The failure characteristics of the recycled-aggregate concrete beam without shear reinforcement are as follows. ‘The first flexural crack was observed at the bottom end of the flexural span as shown in Fig, 4, Initial crack propagation outside the pure moment region is similar to flexural cracking. However, inclined cracking then began due to the presence of increasing shear stresses as the load increased. For ull beams. failure occurred due to the propagation of these eracks toward the vicinity of the point load at the compression face ofthe beam, ‘The crack pattems for beams without web reinforcement show that the angle of critical inclined crack with the horizontal axis decreases. with Increasing ald. It was also observed that for beams with the same ald, more inclined cracks occurred for beams with web reinforcement compased to beams without web reinforcement. The crack patterns for beams with web reinforcement show that the shear crack width was smaller in the specimens with larger amounts of shear reinforcement. While comparing beams without web reinforcement, and with different types of aggregate, ic. R2.0-N, NR2.0,N, and C2.0N, it can be seen that all the ‘beams had similar failure mode, The test trend indicates that there was almost negligible effect of the aggregate type on the failure mode. This means that the fhilure mode of reinforced concrete beams made with recycled-aggregate is similar to that of conventional reinforced concrete beams. However, differences in the texture of the cracks were also observed during testing, In ease of recycled-azgregate concrete beams, the cracks became smoother and jagged due to reduced strength differences between the aggregate and the concrete matrix, Load-deflection behavior To a large extent, the behavior of a concrete beam subjected to bending and shear is affected by the shear-spanidepth ratio ald. It is generally accepted that when ald is greater than 2.5, the flexural effects will dominate, while the ‘mode of failure is likely to be one of shear with lower values of afd. As shown in Table 4 and Fig. 5(a), there is little difference in shear strength for beams with ald from 3.0 to 4.0. However, the shear sirengih increased sharply when afd decreased below 2.50. The higher shear capacities of the short beams were due to arch action that must have developed in those beams, While comparing beams, which have the same shear-span/depth ratio but different types of aggregate, Fig. 5(b) and (¢), it can be seen that the 508 Han et al. Conventional concrete beam had more ductile response in terms of load eflection. This trend is primarily duc to the larger effective aggregate interlock ‘mechanism. For the beams with web reinforcement (Fig, 5(d)), the V; reaches a ‘maximum value at a load prior to the ultimate load of the beam. After the load at which the concrete reaches its maximum resistance in shear, the concrete redistibutes the load (o the stirup. At this stage of loading, widening of the diagonal cracks was also observed. ‘This phenomenon of stress redistribution and the capacity of concrete to withstand shear even after reaching the ‘maximum shear capacity suggesis a ductile behavior may include in a way the strength of the aggregate interlock mechanism. While comparing beams, which have the same shear-spankiepth ratio but different shear reinforcement ratios, Fig. 5(@), it can be seen that the beam With the larger amount of shear reinforcement has a stiffer and more ductile response in the posteracking stage, Predicted capacities Beams without web reinforcement ~ Table 4 shows that the ati of cbserved values for shear at eracking acconding to ACI Eq (11-3) predictions ie larger than 1.0 for the recycled-aggregnte concrete beams with the shear Span/dep rato aid of 1.5 and 2.0. However, for the beams with al of 3.0 and 4.0, this ratio of observed-to-predicted value is less than 1.0. ‘This suggests that ven the simplified ACI Eg. 11-3 ofthe code overestimates th shea copacity of recycled aggregate concrete beams with ald of 3.0 and 4.0 Inthe tase ot bredition by Zsuty's equation results become unconservaive forall beams by about 10 percent The effects ofthe ald on the digonelteasion parameter (V, bd YF) 35 observed and as predicted by ACI building Code Eq (11-3), Eq (11 SY ond Zsotty’s equation are shown in Fig. 6. A similar observation ean be made fiom Fig, 508). which shows the change of the diagonal cracking parameter wih different a/d Fig. (a) also shows that the degree of conservativences offered by ACI 318 £4 (11-5) reduces as the concrete strength increase, for increasing aid, and the code predictions become unconservative for beams with ad of 36 and 4.0. At ultimate condition, the estimation of the diagonal tension parameter & per ACI Code is adequate, The reverse capacity of Beams fer ctacking i ‘ore forbeams with afd less than 2.5 (see Fg. 6()) ‘Beams with web reinforcement - All the beams with web reinforcement failed in flexure. From Table 4, it cam be seen that the ratio of observed values for shear at cracking to ACI Eq, (11-3) predictions is larger than 1.0 for the all recycled aggregate concrete beam with web reinforcement. However, the scatter ‘was very large and the test trend was not obvious. Recent Advances in Concrete Technology 509 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS ‘The results of the experimental investigation on the shear capacity of| reinforced beams using recycled aggregate concrete are summarized. The \ariables considered were shear-span/depth ratio 1.0 < ald < 4, aggregate types, and shear reinforcement ratio 0

    You might also like