Oey Xa ate lee Student's Book Mini-grammar and Audioscript pan + Korea Merc» Singapore «pin «United Kingdom - United Sates Zz é S an1_QUESTION FORMS a a) Question forms ‘There are four question forms, ‘Type 1: for questions which expect a yes no answer, we reverse the subject and verb order: Its winter already, Is it winter already? T might be able to get there on time. -» Might you be able to get there on time? ah If there is no auxiliary verbve use do : 1 ike listening to music. + Do you like listening to music? 1 saw er atthe seminar yesterday. -» Did you see her at the seminar yesterday? ‘Type 2: we can make sentences into questions by adding a question tag using the auxiliary verb. Generally, ifthe sentence is negative, the ta is affirmative, Ifthe sentence is affirmative, the tag is negative: You're unhappy, aren't you? It’s not going to happen, is it? If there is no auxiliary verb in the afirmative or negative clause, we use do: You didn’t see him, did you? She arived late, didn’t she? ‘We sometimes use “same way” question tags to express surprise, ete (same way = atfirmative verb followed by affirmative tag) 1s going to rain is it? (= I don't believe you) You like classical music, do you? (= that is surprise) For questions which expect more open answers, we use “open” questions with uestion words and phrases such as who, what, when, why, how often, how much, etc: How often do you rebearse? How much will you have to pay to have your computer repaired? Why is he making such a fuss? ‘Type 3: if we are asking about anything except the subject or agent of an action, we invert the subject and the auxiliary (or do if there is no auxiliary): They arrived at 8 o'clock. -» When did they arrive? I bumped into Tony at the airport yesterday. + Who did you bump into at the airport yesterday? Type 4: however, when we ask about the subject or agent of an action, we do not reverse the order of subject and auxiliary: A team is going to win. -» Which team is going to win? (a team / which team is the subject / agent of the sentence or question) Sally is traveling to Caracas. -» Who is traveling to Caracas? (Sally / who is the subject / agent of the sentence or question) mini-grammar 31ake exclamations, we often use question forms. Sometimes we stion forms: di Aren't you lucky! ies We use question tags, and the voice generally falls when we use them: Is day, isn't ith It isn’t very nice weath When we ask questions because we don’t know or are not sure about the answers, we sometimes use yes / no or closed questions: Is it raining over Have you ever heard the music of Ennio Morricone? Or we use open questions with question words: What's the weather like over there? How soon will you be able to get bere? (Or we use question tags, but with a rising intonation on the tag You couldn't give me a lift, could you? The removal truck is Grriving at 7 in the moruing, isn’t it? When we ask questions to confirm information we think we know, we sometimes use Weren't you at Jane's Didn't they tell us ro get here early ags, but with falling intonation on the tag shout bim, isn't she? done your homework, have you? f we wane to tty and persuade someone to agree with us, we sometimes use tons Aren't you going to turn on the light? Don't you want t0 do well om your exams? ‘Or we use question tags, with a falling intonation on the tag You're not going to let me down, are you? were at 9 o'clock, won't yout ‘When we are trying to make sure that we heard something correctly (or if we want to {question what we have heard), we sometimes use echo questions (where we repeat what the other person said, but with a rising intonation} A: I'm never coming back 2: You're never coming back? (Or we repeat the speaker's whole sentence, but replace the information we don’t understand with a question word or phrase (who, what, how often, etc. ss Twas as the party until 3 in the morning. You were at the party until when? Or, when our question is about an action, we replace the verb with do and the other information with a question word: A: My daughter jumped out of an airplane last week, She did what? nt to express surprise, concern or interest, We can use “same way” (cg, where an affirmative verb is matched with an affirmative tag] I'm getting married. ig married, are you? That is a surpriseIf we want t0 q jon a question, we can echo the speaker’s original quest ve may have to change the pronoun—I, you, she, etc. When are you con i: When am I coming home? When the party ends, of course 2 PAST TENSES: 2A Past s WOULD We use the past simple to talk about single, complete events in the past She came around the corner of the house and saw the truck, France won the World Cup, ents in the past ‘We use the past simple to talk about repeated 1¢ wrote to him once a week We use d past but is now fins! We lived in - She studied philosophy for three years - " 2B Past continuous—us : - particular time in the past nat 100 I was playing in the g She was studying for ber exa terday evening. 2.0 Verbs which don’t usually take the continuous form Some verbs usually take the present simple rather than the present continuous, whatever the context: © mental states * wants and likes: like © appearance: a T knew her very well. (NOT: Leas knowing her-very sell.) Olivia seems rather tired today. (NOT: Ofivieisseeming-rather tired. ize, suppose, think, understand 1, hate, need, prefer, want ar, seen, [ook ‘The past perfect is used to talk past event or situation: Sam walked into bis When b he train had gone. [Note: if we want to use more than one verb with the same subject in the past t something which took place before another living room and saw that someone had painted i perfect, we only need to use the auxiliary once: . | Ned had picked up the box, opened it, | 2E Used to—form Used #0 followed by an infinitive verb form 1 used to like tzed t0 live next door We use did (not) to make questions and n past-d ending} Did you use to dri I did't use to havea d thrown the contents away.|Bae el pn uae You used to be ‘my school, didn't you? In writing, we sometimes keep the past tense -d ending in questions and negative Did your friend used to go to a private school? In formal (and rather old-fashioned) English, did is not used for questions and © Used you to argue cases in He used not to be so d 2 F Used to and Supreme Court? Used to and would re 10 repeated actions and repeated events at an earlier stage of someone of something’ life Wh we would / used to go skating every winter. In the Middle Ages, people used to / would go to bed when it got dark. This isthe past equivalent of the present simple We go skating every Sund We go to bed shen it gets dark, Used to and would Tused to ride around on my fa But NOT Used to can refer to past states (see 2 E), but would cannot: used to be rather un! Lused to know mo But NOT Hoonld-be-mnbappy Hoonld-know more thar t-do-note: fe not used to talk about things that happened recently st-night: SB ADV RBS IND ADJECTIVES form “ly t0 the adjective: bad > extreme» extremely If the adjective ends in - busy > busily noisy > noisily jective ends in -le, we take off the final -e and add -y: possible > possibly wwe change -y to and add -Iy reasonable -» reasonably When adjectives end in -e, we sometimes take off the final -e rue -+ truly prolly But we more often leave -e where it is whole > frees When the adjective ends in -ic, we usually add -ally mtastically » futuristically 34° mint-grammar 3BA Adverbs Adverbs Adver Adverbs Adverbs We do no Adverbial clauses, In litererBut there are a few exceptions to this: public -» publicly 3B Adverb meaning Adverbs (and adverbial phrases) of somethi znner modify verbs by describing how or was done angrily in a friendly way, noisily, with great patience Adverbs (or adverbial phrases) of place modify verbs by describing wh. 2 something is or was done: cat home, in the park, out of the window, ups Adverbs (or adverbial phrases) of time modify verbs by saying u was done at 6 o'clock, before, eventually, finally, next week, on April 30% Adverbs (and adverbial phrases) of insdefin lency modify verbs by saying, in an imprecise way, how often something is or was done: 4 lot, from time to time, hardly ever, now and then, often Adverbs (or adverbial pfirases) of definite frequency modify ow often somethis bs by saying precisely is of was done: daily, never, twice a year Adverbs (or adverbial phrases) of certainty modify verbs by saying how s speaker is certainly, clearly, probably Adverbs (or adverbial phrases) of degree modify verbs by saying nething is or was done: very much, a little, a bit, alot 3.0 Adverh in put adverbs in in Tomorrow will be a | From time to time he eats in the restaurant across the street Or in tion (rogether with the ver) never forget her generosity I totally disagree with you. Or in fin fon (at the end of a clause): Where were you He opened the pa sterday? with great care We do not usually pur adverbs between a verb and its object I like you very much, (NOT Hike-very-miveb-yow: Adverbial phrases of m clauses, not in the middle He talked to her in a kind way They met outside the police station. He arrived later in the evening, Aadverbial phrases of time can also go at th On September 15%, e By 6 o'clock he'll be arriving i In literary English, adverbial phrases of place lause or sentence: At the foot of tl and time usually go eginning of a claus bed st00Adverbs of i nite frequency and com zeness usually go in the middle of clauses 40 Pres He's usually ru ¢ that mistake aga Iwill definitely be home before 7 With the pr Heler Sh o'clock He praca me Ds Not the aves sal ace fc an uy eb ba fore aman verb reuse tat initial position Normally I wouldn't Occasionally I fall asleep at my desk We do not normally use always, ever, rarel We use the p Have She has lunchtime, dom or never in initial position, except for always and never in literary English or in commands: Never have I seen Always take off your shoes 1 he like! 1 into this house. 4 PRESENT PE CONTINUOUS 4A Present “The present perfect simple is formed by using the auxiliary bas /have withthe past je make the participle of the main ver: the past par Thave found He has left for . In conversation, we often contract the auxiliary to ’s J -“ve, particularly after pronouns (e.g. I, be, they} In conversation ve found He's left pronouns (c We make the negative by adding not or -n’t after the auxiliary have: She's Robins has not seen the movie Casablanca AF Present John hasn't fixed the com (Note: when we are answer 18 2 question in the present perfect, we can use the short We use the pre with the auxiliary have: 1 Toualk “Have you found your scarf?" “Yes, [have."| ae ‘yes / no ansy EXCEPTION: The verb go changes to has been in the present per visited” My moth hhas been to America. (= She has visited America.) Bur My mother has gone to America. (= She is in America nov) 4B P ct simple—usi We often use th We use the present perfect when we talk about something which started in the past How lo __ Phil as onown his friend Ross since they were seve REMEMBER We use the present perfect to talk about something which happened in the past but ims, for insta which has consequences in the present other stat He has bought a new computer, so b selling his old one fect when we talk about things which happened in a period of ime that is not yet finished (e.g. today, this week} He has had ons this month. We use the present ree drivingReet the past Bs: but Helen bas never been to France. She has often forgotten her door key David bas just found some n Has Pa arrived? We use ever in questions and negative statements: We use the present perfect with yet to mean “up till now Have you finished your homework yet? She hasn't arrived y 4D Present perfect simple with since and fo We often use the present perfect with since and for. We use since with a time (e.g 6 o'clock, last week) and for with a period of time (e.g. three weeks, three hours Paul bas been Jenny bas ly been here for about half.an bow 4E Present perfect continuous—form We make the present perfect continuous by using the auxiliary verb has / have with the past participle been and the -ing form of ch She bas been waiting for h They have been preparing for th. Joanna and I have been talking for over an hour contract the auxiliary to ~’s ve, particularly after oa arty all day In conversation, ¥ pronouns (e.g. I, she, they) She's been waiting They’ 4F Present been preparing We use the present perfect continuous in two ways. 1 To talk about something which began in the past and is still continuing; I've been waiting for the fridge to be delivered since 4 o'clock, To talk about something which has very recently finished, but which continue or some time: has been ‘We often use the present perfect continuous with since and for: Annette bas been thinking about sw house for about a year. She has been looking We often use the present perfect continuous in questions with how long to ask Jong something has been happening: How long has Jane been working in Brussels REMEMBER: There a certain verbs which are not usually used in th Jings such as want, like, hate, hope 4 other stative verbs such as remember, recognize, belong (see 2 C5 CONDITIONALS (THE THIRD CONDITIO' 5A Conditional sentences ee eee eer ee nd See ‘We use conditional sentences when we want to say that something is the consequence of, or depends on, somethi g else: THE CONDITION THE CONSEQUENCE If it rains, Twill get sve If Twas Twould buy an airp If Thad known you were coming, I would have been here to welcome you. The if clause can come first or second in a sentence: Ife d the bill, they wouldn't have cut off the electricity They wouldn't have cut off t ty if he had paid the bill. 5B Zero conditional —————EEEEE ee We use the zero conditional when we are talking about things that are generally true all the time and that are re, both clauses: In this of conditional, we use the present simple in If you heat wax, it (always) melts. The dog runs away if we Teave the door open [Note ¢ can use the continuous form in a zero conditional When Iam running, | always get out of 5C First conditional a_i ii ins ot nO sec We use the first conditional when we are talking about something which may Possibly happen in the future. In this type of conditional sentence, we usually choose will for the consequence clause, with the if clause in the present simple If Llose my job, I will emigrate She'll marry him if he asks her. [Note: we can use the continuous form in a conditional sentence: If you tell bi the truth, you will be doing the right tl 5D Second conditional ‘We use the second conditional to talk about the consequence of impossible or unlikely events or situations in the present or future. They are hypothetical because they probably won't happen. The verb pattern is past simple in the if elause and ‘would + infinitive in the consequence THE CONDITION THE CONSEQUENCE If there was a war, the stock market would boom, If Lpassed Meg on the street, I wouldn't recognize her. We use even if to mean *it wouldn't matter if? and wnless to mean “if... not”: Even if he was the king, she wouldn't marry him, (= It wouldn't matte was the king, she still wouldn't marry him.) I wouldn't vote for her unless she changed her policies change her policies.) fhe if she did not We often use the subjunctive form were in place of was in the if clause, If I were you, I wouldn't spend so much hat dog if it were mine. Wwe use was, it sounds a litle bit more informal. SE Third cond We use t situations, They are im cannot be changed — the if clause and 1 THE CON she hadw'd If he had c right nun Weeanu the consequence He might Ii sh The conseq If she hadn't m G FUTURE PERA 6 A Future conti ‘We form the future ca They'll bere He won't be What tin We can use may, mig We're goin I might be see Remember that som 6B Future conti We use the future com ‘moment in the fuss Good luck se ¢ future contin no indication of any pe Profess: You're going # Don't She'll pr The future contin ‘ded: Will yos What time wowe 5E Third conditional We use situations. They are impossible because they occurred in the past an ot be changed ~ except hypothetically. The construction pattern is pas 2 he if clause and would (not) + have + past participle in the consequence HE CONDITION HE CONSEQUENCE If she hadn't seen him, she wouldn't have known be 8 did see him, so she did kn he would have won the lottery. (But he didn’t choose the right numbers so he 1 third conditional to ealk about the consequence of im If be had didn’t win the loctery We can use other modal auxiliary verbs like could, might, etc. (instead of would) consequence clause: He might not bout the game if be hadn't read about it in th If she hadn't known how to swim, she could ‘owned. The consequence of a third conditional if clause can octur in the present or the farure too; If she hadn't me late Ip he -e wouldn’t be getting married to FUTURE PERF 6A Fut We form the future continuous with will + be + the -ing form of They'll be returning in He won't be seeing her a What time will you be arriving? We can use may, might or going to instead of will We're going to be living in Amman next year I might be seeing his paler this evening Remember that some verbs aren't usually used with continuous forms (see 6B Future continuous—use ‘We use the future continuous to say that something will be in progress a icu moment in the future This time tomorrote, I'l be lying on the beach Good luck 1 aieen n. We'll be thinking of you The future continuous is used for furure events which are & decided, no indication of any personal intention is given: Professor Barton will be giving her lecture at 6, not at 7 as pr. You're going to be hearing from my lawyers ‘We use the furure continuous to guess / predict what is happening r Don't phone now—they might be She'll probably be getting up ever raving lr 5 we speak. The future continuous is used as a polite way of asking whether s decided: Will you be staying for diner? What tine will you be arriving?6C Future perfect—form ‘We make the future perfect with will + have + past participle TU have finished by 6. They won't have ba ‘enough tins Will you have arrived by me I get home We can use going to or might instead of will Might you have had enough time by ther They're going to have been there for about two weeks. We can use the future perfect with a continuous verb too: They're going to have been living there for three years by then Will you have been cooking for long? 6D Future perfect—u ‘We use the future perfect to say that something will have been done, completed or achieved by a certain time in the fueuee: F'l have finished cooking the meal in abou We will have 30 minutes tablished a colony on Mars by 2050, perfect in conjunction with before, emphasize the time of the completion or achievement: We won't have completed the work until the second week in December By 3 o'clock, he'll have traveled about 100 mil Before you read this, ll have left Hong Kong, We often use the fru 1, and not. until to “The foture p is often used after verbs such as believe, expect, hope, suppose: expect you'll have checked his Monday. I don't believe the work will have been finished in I hope they won't have changed for the party ‘We sometimes use the future perfect co been completed "no use Dh Tea ess / predict something that has already I have left by now cher to class: "You'll all have done your homework, I expect.” We use the continuous (progressive) form to emphasize continuity of a future achievement, and when we are interested in how long things have been happening: We'll have been living in this bouse for 20 years this summer! T'U have been training for six years by the time the Olympics come around. EDS DOING; HA TANee ing—form Need is followed by -ing when used as a passive construction: four shirt needs ironing. ose plates need drying. 7B Needs doi We use need in a passive sense ¢0 s My suit needs cleaning. The tires on the car need checking. 's going to need caring for that something is necessary or desirable 1en be comes out of the hospital. 40. mint-grammar In informal spok Your batter Th 76 Causative ‘We use the pa n got his If we say who d ‘She h They 7D Causativ ‘We use have (som to do for ws She bad ber We're goine We can use have s We had our They ha We can use get instes English; laa But we can’t use it im Get sometimes s I got my He got his p Get is stronger than Get your T would gee We sometimes prefer happened co us 1 got my lic She got her ARTICLES BA Articles Articles (a / an, the a child the young man The indefinite article a terrific id a zoological expIn informal spoken English, need is sometimes replaced by want Your battery wants replacing, I reckon. They'll want checking after a cou 7.C Causative have and ‘We use the pattern have or get followed by an object and a pas am going to have my roof repaired. He got his hair cut in sat salon across the street If we say who does the action, this comes at the end of the clause and follows by: She bad ber portrait painted by Lucien Freud. They had their picture taken by a press photographer. 1D Causative have and get—use ‘We use have (something) done to talk about things that other people did or to do for us: She bad her arm tattooed last We're going to have the walls painted green. We can use have something done to describe some We had our house burgled l They had their meeting canceled hat happened 0 us ing uations. It is more common in spoken ‘We can use get instead of have in a lot o English We're going to get a new window put in. nn going to get my work checked But we can’t use it in every situation Get sometimes suggests that something was achieved after some difficulty 1 got my bicycle fixed in the en wait ages He got his passport stamped after a lengthy delay Get is stronger than have, especially in imperatives and s Get your hair cut 10s dis 3 I would get that suit cleaned if I were you. We sometimes prefer to use get when we are describing unfortunate experiences that happe: 1 got my license taken away. She got her cell phone confiscated b ARTICLES BA Articles Articles (a / an, the) come first in a noun phrase a child the young man aan extremely well-brow d form p person The indefinite article is a before words which start with consonants 4 zoological expeditionBut we say art if it is used before a word which starts with a vowel or yowel-like sound: an architect ant early night Howeves, sometimes we do not use any article at all before general nouns or now phrases T like music People who live in glass houses shouldn't throw stones, 8B The indefinite article (c We use the indefinite article (a, an) before singular countable nouns (e.g. meal article, car, etc.) which specific :0 something “in general,” rather than son ‘oF where everyone knows which “something” we are talking about Thad a marvelous meal at that res rant on the beach yesterday. It was very interesting ‘an article A and an are used before professions: My father’s a teacher Twould like to be an A and an are used at the beginning of some quantifying expressions There were a lot of people there. used to check my email three ti She wanted a few A and an are used when we use an exam be le of a person or thing to make a general point: A thing Agorapho 8C The definite article (the}—use We use the hefore a noun which has already been mentioned — so now the listener / reader knows which specific noun is being talked about: Once you bave chosen school, you ean visit the school. He bought a new cap. He wore the cap it rained next. We use the to talk about a specific noun when we assume our listener / reader will know which specific noun that is: Tate the b na which 6 on the table Tm going to be at the office all afternoon. We use the before a noun which is consi them): The Earth is round. The Moon is very bright tonight. The Director is in his office at idered unique (there is only one of it or ¢ he to talk about groups of people that are clearly plural The Japanese are known for producing new and exciting technology The Democrats are getting ready fort In more formal language situations, we use the to refer to classes of objects is in danger In less formal situations, we omit the with such general nouns (see 8 D below The is use The is used We use the by However, Mountains d Mou Some prope Th The And some nam the Le the 8D Noar We don't they refer to sos about som: 1k Love We don’t use other word Elepha Politi Note: wh We don't use a school, prison He's The p aed We don't us He Tal> ‘The is used before superlative forms: ry I have ever 1 is the most interestin He's the craziest guy I've ‘We use the before certain proper nowns, especially geographical names - It is extremely cold at the North Pole They live in the Shetland Islands However, we don’t usually need the definite article for public build institutions: — I went to a concert at Carnegie Hall Ee He's a studen s College. —- Mountains don't usually need the definite article either Mount Everest is the the world, : fexico City r Some proper (geographical) nouns are exceptions and so need the. They include s The United States is. great country ic of China is gaining éonomic power ever 7 And some names of towers, pyramids, etc: the Leaning Tower of Pi the Pyramid of the Su 8D No articl 0 article ’ ‘We don’t use a / an or the before singular countable or uncountable nouns when = they refer to something in general”—in other words when they are not talking about something specific I like to drink milk OE ants human ye most impor We don't use the before plural nouns when they refer to something “in general” — out anything specific Do you like wate Elephants — Politicians are sel in de general pub ) [Note: when we want to refer to classes of things in a more formal sense (eg, elephants), we use the (see 8 C above),] We don't use a / am or the when we talk about people in certain institutions like - : school, prison, college, etc = He's been in prison for 16 years When I was at college, | didn’t 0 ‘when we talk about specific hospitals, prisons, ete, or when we use the institution as an example of a class, we do use articles: - The prison I was sent to was a dark sinister . A university is like a microcosm of societ We don't usually need an article when we talk about meals: ad lunch lways have breakfast on the way to workADJECTIVES And we usually p 9A Adjecti with When we use more than one adjective after be, seem, etc., we usually put and before Adjectives the last adjective: a blu He seems well and happy ada She was tall, sins, and incredibly be. If only two o rally use and berween two color adj + noun, OU + a He was wearing a yellow and green tie a pink M Te was a black and w ‘We generally use and to connect two d ctu Adjectives of s a large p rent adjectives if they are describing different characteristics of the same noun: A concrete and steel structure cepa When we use more than two adjectives before a noun, they are usually separated by ‘commas (,): ia rOCESS, We do not usually im endle 3s, boring, frustrating p lar, attractive man. However, when we use two short common adjectivés before a noun, we sometimes don’t use commas a all: 1O NAR lt rd meeting. 10 A Simple He was a tall, mi You're It asa long First, next, and last come b all going to be deci ve been waiting bere f re the numbers they are describing: ded in the next two minutes the last 30 minutes But many com 9B Two-word adjectives The participle: Jane Many adjectives are formed from two words: a 4 good-looking ma a world-famous artist Th Two-word adjectives can be made by joining an adjective or an adverb with a present He w or past participle wanes She has @ very easygoing nature. past perfect si Tr was a badly designed pl ie Did Or by joining an adjective or a noun with a preposition: a a sawn-off shotgun aa ‘an example of top-down planning : 7 nt We make ne; music-rich environ a dirt-poor existence verb (did or Or by joining a noun and a participle: T eeeteereed spiral Sen eee Wh A ae TES 0 teas life-changing experience that she will never forget. (NOT: fear 108 Conti fe changing experience she-wilt-never forget) The past con 9 Adjective ler before nouns the main verb; Although itis impossible to give absolute rules about adjective order before nouns, we usually put genera a big Belgia ualities before specific ones: fe (NOT: 1 Belgian big-chacolate)And we usually put opinions before description: a fantastic blue s a horrible old Adjectives of col 4 blue Egyptian pottery vase dark woolen outdoor jacket ‘origin, material or use usually go in that order (COMU If only ewo or three of these types of adjectives are used, the order still remains + noun, OU + noun, ete.) 2 pink Mexican tablecloth a second-century figurative painting Adjectives of size and shape generally come before COMU adjectives (soe above) a round blue Egyptian pottery vase a large pink Mexican tablecloth snerally comes before shape: a large round hai small rectangular picture We do not usually put a long list of adjectives (say six oF seven) before a noun. 1. NARRATIVE (SIMPLE AND CONTINUOUS 10 A Simple forms in the past ‘ORMS The st simple of regular verbs is formed by adding -ed to the infinitive form of the verb: walk > walked jump > jumped Bur many common verbs have izregulas past simple forms: buy > bought see > saw The past perfect simple is made by using the auxiliary had or “d and the pa partici climbed that mounta sachers had already left the He was sure that he'd paid 0 We form questions by adding the auxiliary did (for the past simple) or had (for the past perfect simple) before the subject of Did the doctor get to the meeting in ti When did Annette win the prie Had the train gone? Where had Monica left her keys We make negatives sentences and questions by adding mot or -n’t to the auxiliary verb (did or had): The animals did not stay ith ara had not met Colin before Why didn’s David finish b Why hadn't Liam and Stephanie finished their dinner whe 10.B Continuous for The pal the main verb: Jean was playing the The nurses were singing in the children's wa s in the past ‘continuous is formed with the past form of the verb net.he past perfect continuous by using the auxiliary verb had with the past een and the -ing form of the main verb: They had been waiting had been preparing for her we We had been talking fi in conversation, we often contract the auxiliary to ~d, particularly after pronouns g. I, she, they) Th She'd been preparing He'dh 7 the plane to take ‘an hour tue had met before 'd been waiting playing the flute? rge been writing before then? What were the nurses singing? What had been happening to the boxes of pasta? ‘We make negatives sentences and q bs ions by adding not or -n't to the auxiliary She wasn’t playing the g He hadn't been writing ey singing v What hadn't they b sn Planning for their wedd the past simple to talk about single, complete events in the past: house and saw the truck. the past simple ¢o talk about repeated events in the past ‘She wrote to bins once a week, She went to work by car every day We use the past simple to talk about a situation that continued for some time in past but is now finished: We lived in the country ime si idied philosophy for three years. We use the past perfect to talk about something which took pla -vent or situation: Sam walked into h When Ta before another past ing room and saw that someon red at the st n, the train had gone. 1001 We use the past ‘continuous to talk about actions which we particular time in the past I was playing in the ge was studying for len at 10 o'clock, We use the past perfect continuous to talk about actions which were in progress (or situations which were continuing) a¢ or just before a particular time in the past: sfore the storm broke, we had been sitting out in The rain had been pouring down for at least that moment, I realized that she had not been telling ard. n we arrived. he truth ree ho 46 mini-qramme Remember that some past, whatever the cos 10 E More th If we want to use m to use the subject put We often put a be put on when the subj Ned bad pic She bad beem Knot When we use m form after a simple ve The editors ba cate 11 PHRASAL 41 A Phrasal yerby Phrasal verbs (as one word He He loo Phrasal verbs sometins know the meaning ‘She put up He got off Bur sometimes it is dit different from the my She pu He got on Some phrasal verbs a We put off # Some phrasal verbs are When we say phe adverb, the preposition The car broke We musRemember that some verbs usually take simple rather than continuou past, whatever the context (see 2 C 10 E More than one verb If we want to use more than one verb with the same subject in the pa to use the subject (or agent of the action) once: put on a coat and rushed out of the hou We often put and before the last verb whethe three: She put om a c umbrella, and rushed out of the With verb forms which have an auxiliary verb, we only need to use the auxiliary ‘once when the subject of all the verbs is the same ad picked up the box, opened it and thrown She bad been watching ening to ber Knowles track and thinking about what to do next be sunse vorite Beyoncé When we use more than one verb with the same subject, we can use a continuous form after a simple verb, but not had been ai bo prep. rectly placed, leaning 1 light, making shadows on the wall he other catching t RASAL VERBS (MULT erbs (also called mu than one word: Her career r He looked the re verbs which are made up of mor took off. rd up in a di Phrasal verbs sometimes have a literal meaning (they ar know the meaning of the two words); She put up a painting. He got off the tran. Bue sometimes iris difficule to understand the m different from the meanings of the individual w She put ber brother up fo sat on well with easy to understand if you ning of a phrasal verb because it is Some phrasal verbs are formed with a verb and an adverb: The meeting broke up. We put off the meeting uni Some phrasal verbs are made from a verb and a preposition Please look after the ch He put across his point of view ldren, Some phrasal verbs are made from a Pm going t0 cut down on fe run out of milk rb with an adv When we say phrasal verbs, we usually stess the adverb (not the adverb, preposition is stressed The car broke down and we had to We must put it off for another week. can't put up with bim anymore.11 B Phrasal verbs with no object (Type 1 But some h M cbs (verb + adverb) ate intransitive, which means that they don’t take Some phrasal n object He gets up at S am. The plane took off immedia [Note: we cannot put anything between the verb and the adverb: The plane took-immediately off is not possible] call the se about the Look at the You can pu There is no passive form with Type 1 phrasal verbs. clause and 11 € Separable phrasal verbs with an object (Type ” Sard ‘Type 2 phrasal verbs are transitive. That means they take an object. We can put the Some object of Type 2 phrasal verbs (verb + adverb) after the adverb or we can separate the cane verb and the adverb and put the object between them 9 She turned on the TV. 4 She tured the TV on an However ifthe object is a pronoun, we MUST separate the verb and the adverb and 1 put the object between them She turned it on. (NOT: She tered -on 2 T She put him off. (NOT: Ske put off bint.) . Sometimes the same phrasal verb can be either Type 1 ot Type 2, but it will have a different meaning in each case 12B De The plane took off. (Type 1 = to leave the ground) When the s He took off his clothes. (Type 2 o remove) explaining 11D Inseparable phrasal verbs with an objec The singer Han Type 3 phrasal verbs (verb + preposition) are transitive, That mi “object. But the two parts of the verb can't be separated. The object always comes en when / why + We after the preposition She takes after 1 looked for my book. (NOT: Hooked-my-book-for.) AVE Three-wo ‘Type 4 phrasal verbs (verb + (usually) adverb + preposition) are always transitive oe This means they always take an object. The parts of the verb cannot be separated, so M the object always comes after the preposition: i I'm looking forward to my birthday. ea I never give in to temptation, 3 Type 4 verbs usually have nonliteral meanings (the meaning of the phrasal verb is When different from the meaning of the individual words which form the verb): Ch How well do you two get along with each other? She spends her days runsting around after the children We came up against terr Who's going to take le problems. are of the # We use w 1.2 RELATIVE CLAUS j 12A Relative clauses and relative pronouns oan Some sencences have just one clause We can lay He shouted at the computer. Th 48, mini-grammarBut some have two or more clauses: MAIN CLAUSE SECOND CLAUSE He shouted at the computer that bad just stopped wor We call the second clause a relative clause. Relative clauses give us more inf bout the person or thing in the main clause. Look at the following sentences: Sarab is a writer She lives in the Dominican R 5 You can put the two sentences together by making the second sentence a relative clause and adding who: Sarah is a writer who lives in the Dominican Republic. 3 Some relative pronouns are subject pronouns because they refer to the subject of the . clause: ‘The dog that ome barked all the way. (That is the subject of lause “(the dog) followed us. The woman who saw me at the gym is nice. (Who is the subject of th clause “(the woman) saw me.”) ’ Some relative pronouns, on the other hand, cefer to the object of the clause == That's the dog which we shouted at. (Which is the object of the clause “we shouted at (thedog) woman who I sate he gym: is Rice. (Who is the object of the claus (the woman). 12B Defining re orm and use When the second clause in a sentence identifies n in the first clause (by explaining who or what we are talking about), we call ita defining relative clause Harry is the singer who won that talent competition. ——— The defining relative clause (who won that talent competition) has told us which = singer Harry is. ~ We usually need to add a relative pronoun such as who, that, which, or where | when / why, when we join a main clause to a relative clause '* We use who for people and for animals that we think of as nearly human: People who do not sleep enough are more likely to pick up an infection. The dog who ate n rs has become a good friend. - * We can also use that for people, but it is slightly less formal: : 2 Mary is the woman that sits next to mie in class. People that eat © We use which or that for things: Books which don't sell are destroyed. a Water that is clean and pure is goo. > is ‘© When we are talking about something belonging to someone, we use whose: F Children whose pare I didn't really like the ‘© We use when ro speak about time: many carbohydrates tend to g bealth. take th 10 parties get used to noise acher whose class I used to attend. That was the moment when Eating when you are very hi vereat. 1 We use where to refer to pl: Jean went into the room where Peter was waiting for ber In countries where a lot of people read books, there are usuall writers We can leave out the object pronoun in defining rel The woman (who) | saw at the gym is nic That's the dog (which) we shouted atBut this is not possible with subj * pronouns: woman who saw me at the gy the gymris-tice is nice. (NOT: Fhewomansast-meat We often use a relative clause in the middle of a sentence with th ost important information ae the end: The painting which Sue bung in the hall is The meat that Pete left in the fridge is com reprodu 12.C Nondefining relative clauses—form and use Nondefining relative cla refers to because we already know what iti, Instead they are used to give extra information which is not essential The farmers, who w know which farmers t es do not have to identify the thing or the person the clause to the sense of the sentence: re from the north, marched to the city, (We already wey were. The fact that they were from the north is extra information, fact that Ihave Joor, who I have never spoken to before, ay e already know which lady is being talked about. The never spoken jo her is extra information.) ‘When we write, we put commas bef that the clause contains extea information nd after nondefining selative clauses to show Shakespeare's Tempest, which is one of his last plays, is his most stobiograpbical work. ers sister, who'll be visiting us tomorrow, lives in Australia, ‘When we use nondefining relative clauses in speech, we use rising intonation before the clause and pauses before and after it Shakespeare's Tempest [PAUSE], which is one of his last plays, [PAUSE] is bis most autobiographical work My mother’s sister [PAU ], who'll be visiting us tomorrow, (P © When we refer to people, we use the pronoun who: That woman, who is much older than she looks, is my son’s My friend Tim, who is just finishing his first nov ‘+ When we refer to things, we use which: watch, which had cost him a fortune, s wo weeks, Her latest book, which isa hi got engaged yesterday His gol ped working after only torical romance, has receive reviews in the paper. en we talk about something that somebody owns, or about the relations, sveen people, we use whose: with mine, only came to country th 1 Years ago. Mr. Gordon, whose house was for * We use when to talk about time: In 1961, when I wasn't even born, things were so different. ived in the Dark Ages, when life was very hard. We use where when we want to talk about place: Tom bas rented a cottage in Char 1 often travel to Mexico, where I once >: where he used to live 2 iy friends. Notice that you can’t leave out the pronoun before nondefining relative clauses: I served them all a meal, which they ate very fast. (NOT: Eserved-thene alka- meal they-atevery fast) 50. mini-grammar TB THE 18.A The When we s (the doer) is the end of donesto} 1 is placed The passive is the main vert the passive s Present sim © Present lamin © Past contin delivering © Past perfec © Future p * Going to Fucure per We often us coll We form pi beginning of W 13B The ina passive @ who of wh We use the ps don’t want Tha = = 13 THE PASSIVE 13, The passive—form When we say what people and things do, we use active constructions, and the agent (the doer) is usually the subject of the sentence. The object (what is done) comes at the end of the sentence ommitted a terrible crime (what is done he government (agent) introduced a new law (obj However, when we use ictions, the object of the active sentence (th done-to) now becomes the subject of the passive construction and the agent (or doer) is placed after by at the end of the sentence: rrible crimes (what is done) were committed by him (the agent / doer). A new law (what is don He (agent) was introduced by the government (the agent The passive is formed by adding a form o the n the passive sentence. * Present simple passive: A Jot of money’ is lost to crime. (Active: Ce lot of mont = in verb. The object of the active se * Present continuous passive: Innocent people are being blamed. (Active: ipiadeent people * Present perfect passive: My © Past simple passive: Jane w has been fixed. (Active: They last seen in Paris. (Active: Someone ‘ Past continuous passive: Our new PC was being delivered. delivering our new PC.) ‘+ Past perfect passive: My car had been stolen. (Active: Someone had stolen my + Going to future: The trial is going to be shown on TY. (Active: They are show the tra fect: He will bave been caught by 1 ‘on TV * Fucure (Active: They will have c the passive with modal verbs (e.g. car, must, should) to express ax instruction or rule in a courteous and impersonal way The doors must be kept locked at all im Cellphones should be turned off The suspect should have been caught by now We form passive questions by putting a form of the aux beginning of the sentence, or after the question word Was the picture painted by Who were the curtains made by? 13B The passive - use In a passive sentence, the important thing is what happens to the subject, and not who or what did it The little boy is being kidnapped ve been robbed! We use the passive voice when we do not know who the agent of the action is (or we don’t want to say who itis) eezer was left open ed window had been broken. mini-grammar 81Or if the agent is known but not significant The mail is delivered every day, My car is being fixed. Or so that the subject of the verb is not a very long phase: by the way in which Derek managed the company. NOT Phe-way-it-avhich- Berek-rmanaiged-the eompany impressed om ‘We frequently use the passive in scientific and technical writing 4are then analyzed in the laboratory When phosphorus is exposed to oxygen, it burns We use the passive in historical and geographical texts Mexico was conquered by the Spaniards in th The English king, C 16% cer arles 1, was executed in 1649. is used for more formal, written language such as forms, legal documents and academic reports The defendant bas been accused of murder. Five subjects were interviewed and 25 questions were asked. 13.€ Using the passive with by If we want to specify who or what d the main verb or the object: The suspect was arrested by two police officers. My father was left a fortune by an uncle. We use by when we want to ind unexpected: agent isin a passive sentence, we use by after ate that the agent is particularly significant or ist chocolai h twas eaten by Jose raded by the barbarians, 1 by Mary), The country was ir 13D Two-object passive Some sentences have a direct and an indirect objec They awarded the Nobel Prize for literature to Nadine Gordimer These sentences can be made passive in two different ways. * They can start with the direct abject (with to or for after the verb The Nobel Prize for Literature was awarded to Nadine Gordimer. A sweater was knitted for Paul by his mom. * Or they can start with the indirect object dine Gordimer was awarded The Nobel Prize for literature, Paul was knitted a sweater by his mom: 1.4 DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH 149A Dir In direct speech, we can say exactly what was said or thought, using verbs lke said, thought, shouted, etc. We use inverted commas around the speech: Paul said, “You're late T thought, “He doesn't realy like me! She speech ited, “Get away from there! We can put the ditect speech first (i often put the name after the verb: ‘Larry is my before said thought, et). IF itis first, we actor,” said Tom, thought Andy. But if we We usual We someria He Sh 14B Indi When we m (Note: that We also us When we Wecan someone h 146 Indire When we w past. We cha ast pe When we w before the ps In informal § indirect speed [Note: this iBur if we a sing a pronoun, we always put it before the verb: “Tim hungry!” be thought. Don’t worry!” she said. We usually use this style in writing and not very often in speaking. We sometimes use to be like or to go before direct speech, but only in informal conversational Englis He's like "Ave you OK? She goes “See you late 14B Indirect peech in the present ‘When we report what someone is saying or thinking af the moment chat th speaking / thinking, we use indirect speech with the present tense Gail, “I'm just leavin L Fran worry about it INote: that is often used, but is not obligatory ‘We also use this formavien we want to say sontéething that is always true: He says he doesn't like rock music. ~ When we wane & ) she's just leaving “You mustn't worry about it.” -» Frank says (that) we mustn't ymething that someone says about the futur same tense they have used in the di speech: Keith: “I’m going to Boston tomorrow Boston Ian: + Tam thinks Jane w We can use verbs that express the feelings of the speaker when we report what someone has said or thought, for example hope, feel, be afraid, want, wish: David hopes you He wants to see He's afraid you me will be here aroun be here around 4. am got some tickets tbe able to get s 146 Indirect speech in the past ‘When we want to say what someone said to us in the past, we put the tense into the past. We change the present simple to the past simple and the present perfect to the past perfect: Irma: “I’m swriting a poem. Keith: “I'm much too busy.” -> Keith rma said she was writing a p id be was much ‘When we want co report something that was said about something that happe before the person spoke, we have to use the past Mary: “I've known the artist for ages.” -» M + im the indirect speech cl artist for ages John: “I lost my billfold in the street." — Job ost fold in the street. When we report someone using wil Paul “I'll be at the museus.” — P. at the museum, Joanne: “I can't come to the poetry reading.” -» Joanne said she couldn't come to the poetry re In informal speech, we sometimes use the same tense that the person used in the indirect speech clause Harry said he’s bought three tickets for the concert tonig [Note: this is nor common in written English, mini-grammar 5314D Asking, wondering, saying, and telling ‘When we report questions, we can use the vers ask / wonder + if or ask / wonder + whether: He Sa 1 if he could come to the meet wondered whether I had read the poem. ‘Notice that when we report questions, the subject-verb order is generally the same as for statemer Carlos: “Who was the poet?” -» Ci me who the poet was. (NOT: -y gone?” + I wondered where the mon NOT: where-tad-the money-gome) We often report statements by using say and tell: He said (th sas going to the show He told me (that) he was going to the show Note: say is never followed immediate by a personal (indirect) object 1 said she was He told his brother -goinnganaye) xy had gone an indirect object; tells always followe says (NOT: He-told-that he was When someone asks someone else to do something and we want to report it, we use ‘ask / tell + someone + to + infinitiv The teacher asked Karen to stand up. The teacher told Karen to stand up. When we want to say that someone told someone else not to do something, we have to change the order of ro and not: Geraldine: “Don't shout, Denn Michael: “Don’t make such + Geral ‘old Dennis not to shout » Michael said not to: make such a mess. Other verbs like invite, advise, order and want behave in the same way as ask and tel: M leleine invited us to come to her party on Sunday acher advised the cl ‘ful with their punctuation, The policeman ordered Frank to move bis c We wanted our team to win the game A4E Other reporti ss to be ‘There are many other words used for reporting what people said. They are used in © Verb + object + t0 + infinitive advise: He advised me to come. order: They ordered her to abey persuade: She pers rarn: She warne + Verb + that + clause ided him to listen to the song. swith matches, im not t0 pl y would go together: he had won the prize. boast: She boasted th complain: He complain wouldn't have time to see the picture deny: He denied that he had taken the money explain: He explained that he would have to leav insist: She insis she would come. suggest: Sh for the others. 54. mini-grammar Verb + direc accept: Hi ‘comple? deny: He d explain: Hi forgive: H. suggest: blame someone Verb + t0 agree: The refuse: threaten: Hi + Verb + prep: apologize fo boast about complain insist on: SI Many verbs She s However, this the indi When we use indi place, time and pes Place today: “Tod. going to b yesterday tomorrow next day * People T/ me / my on be* Verb + direct object accept: He deny: He de explain: He explai forgive: He forgave her mistake suggest: She s © Verb + ditect object + clause blame someone for: He Verb + fo + infinitive agree: They agreed to go. refuse: She refused to threaten: He threa Verb +p apologize for: SI boast about: H. ned me for breaking the window bins position + object apologized for break sted about win complain about: She complained about the lack of food. insist on: She insisted om seeing the picture ‘Many verbs are like say and cannot be followed immediately by an indirect object: She explained the instructio at we wait for 1 ait for the others However, this is sometimes the indirect obj She explai She suggested to us that we wait 14 F Changes to time, place, and peop NOT: She explained-me-the instrirctions: others. (NOT: She-suggested-we-that we She suggested ossible when we add to, depending on the position of ned the instructions to me When we use indirect speech, we often have to change the words which refer to place, time and people © Place here: “Tl se this / these that when thi + Time now: “T'l see him now." -» She today: “Today's going to b going t0 be fans. yesterday: “I saw him yesterday.” ou bere at 6." -» She said she would see him there at 6. -xplain all this when we meet.” > He said he would explain al met. or 1'd see him then be promised the J that day was tomorrow: “My birthday is tomorrow.” -» He told us next day. * People 1/ me / my: homework. we / our: Jack: “We'll be back be back cd seen him the de before sat his birthday was the T'll do my homework." > She said she would do her our house by 5 o'clock." + He they