Basic Grammar For CLAT and AILET Exams

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BASIC GRAMMAR A FOCUSSED APPROACH
Basic Grammar
SENTENCE 4. Why did come late today?
A sentence has two main parts. They are the 5. Where is the Taj Mahal situated?
subject and predicate. Wh questions
In a sentence the doer of any action is called These ate questions that begin with the wh
subject and whatever is stated about the words— who, what, where, why, when,
subject is called the predicate. which, how etc.
1. Sachin will win us the match. Yes/No type questions
Sachin  subject, The questions that begin with auxiliary
verbs—am, is, are, was, were, do, does, did,
will win us the match  predicate.
has, have, had, will, would, shall, should, can,
Kind of Sentences could, may, might, etc.
Declarative Sentence  In an interrogative sentence the helping
A declarative sentence simply states facts or verb always comes before the subject and an
opinions. interrogative sentence always ends with a
question mark (?)
1. The sun rises in the east. (FACT)
Exclamatory Sentences
2. Ramesh is intelligent. (OPINION)
A sentence that expresses a strong feeling like
Imperative Sentence
sorrow, joy, surprise or excitement is called an
An imperative sentence expresses a exclamatory sentence.
command/order/request/advice/suggestion etc.
1. What a fine sight!
In an imperative sentence, the subject is
invariably the second person (you). For 2. What a lovely flower it is!
example: 3. What a lovely flower!
1. Post the letter. (You post the letter.) 4. How hot the weather is!
2. Use me. (You use it) 5. What an idea!
3. Sit down. (You sit down) 6. How nice of you!
Please and kindly are used in sentences in 7. hurrah!, oh no!, wow!, ah!
which a request is made.
Simple sentence
Interrogative Sentence A simple sentence is one which consists of a
They are questions. Questions sentences are single clause. Because it is a sentence, it
two types: one is yes/no type question and the makes complete sense.
other is wh word type. For example:
1. I knew him well.
1. Is he tall?
Compound Sentences
2. Is he intelligent?
A compound sentence, as the name suggests,
3. What is your name? is one which consists of more than one main
clause.
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1. The house was quiet and the birds could conjunction, connecting the clauses. If a
be heard in the garden. sentence is Complex divide it into its clauses,
Complex Sentences and state the Principal Clause and the
Subordinate Clause or clauses.
A complex sentence consists of more than one
clause, but one is dependent or subordinate 1. The horse reared and the rider was
and the other is a main clause. thrown.
1. I saw him when he came up the driveway. 2. Walk quickly, else you will not overtake
him.
There are three kinds of sub-ordinate clauses
joined by their respective sub-ordinating 3. The town in which I live is very large.
conjunction. For example 4. I called him, but he gave me no answer.
(a) I know that he is a good boy. 5. I agree to your proposals, for I think them
(b) I know the man who was here yesterday. reasonable.
(c) When you do this work, I shall give you 6. I went because I was invited.
money. 7. Either he is drowned or some passing ship
These sentences represent three kinds of sub- has saved him.
ordinate clauses 8. I returned home because I was tired.
1. Noun Clause In the sentence (a) ‘I know’ 9. They always talk who never think.
is a principal clause. ‘that he is a good 10. He came oftener than we expected.
boy’ is a noun clause. Noun clause
explains the verb, noun and pronoun of Answers
the main or some other clause.
1. compound, and
(Explanation)
2. compound, else
2. Adjective Clause In the sentence (b) ‘I
know the man’ is a principal clause. ‘who 3. complex, the town is very large (main
was here yesterday’ is an adjective clause), in which I live (adjective clause)
clause. Adjective clause qualifies an 4. compound, but
antecedent (noun or pronoun) as the case
5. compound, for
may be. (Qualification)
6. complex, I went (main clause), because I
3. Adverb Clause In the sentence (c) ‘I
was invited (adverb clause)
shall give you money’ is a principal
clause. ‘When you do this work’ is an 7. compound, either…or..
adverb clause. Adverb clause is required 8. complex, I returned home (main clause),
to modify a verb, adverb or adjective in because I was tired (adverb clause)
the main or some other clause.
9. complex, they always talk (main clause),
(Modification)
who never think (adjective clause)
Quiz 10. complex, he came oftener (main clause),
than we expected (adverb clause)
State which of the following sentences are
Compound, and which are Complex. In the
case of a Compound sentence mention the
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PHRASES AND CLAUSES limbs perform different functions and so do
the words in a sentence. According to these
One of the most puzzling pair of speeches is a
different parts of speech. They are:
clause and a phrase. Clauses and phrases are
two very different parts of a sentence but some 1. Noun  naming word
of their similar features make it difficult for
2. Verb  doing word
the learners of English language to distinguish
between the two. 3. Adjective  word that describes a noun
4. Adverb  word that describes a verb, an
Clause
adjective or another adverb
A clause is a group of words in a sentence
which contains a subject and a verb. 5. Pronoun  word that substitutes a noun
1. The boy is playing. 6. Preposition  word that shows the

relation between the subject and the
In the above simple sentence, boy is the
object
subject and playing is the verb so the part boy
is playing is a clause because it has both 7. Conjunction  joining word
subject and verb. 8. Interjection  exclamatory
word/expression
Phrase
A phrase is a group of words in a sentence that Quiz
does NOT contain a subject and a verb. In
Name the part of speech of each italicized
other words, in a sentence, one part with
word in the following sentences, giving in
subject and verb is a clause while the rest of it
each
without those two parts of speeches is a
phrase. case your reason for the classification:
Example  On the wall, in the water, over the 1. Still waters run deep.
horizon. 2. He still lives in that house
All of the above examples are parts of 3. After the storm comes the calm
different sentences which are void of a subject
4. The after effects of the drug are bad.
and verb thus they are classified as phrases.
5. The up train is late.
A clause and a phrase may co-exist in a
sentence. 6. It weights about a pound.
Example  He is playing in the field. 7. He told us all about the battle.
He is playing is a clause (subject + verb) and 8. He was only a yard off me.
in the field in a phase. 9. Suddenly one of the wheels came off.
 A phrase does not make complete sense on 10. Muslims fast in the month of Ramzan.
its own and requires the help of other words to
11. He kept the fast for a week.
make it a complete sentence.
Answers
PARTS OF SPEECH
All words together make a sentence just as all 1. Adjectiveadds something to the
limbs together make a body. But, different meaning of the noun 'waters’.
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2. Adverbadds something to the meaning Rivers  The Satluj, The Ganges
of the verb ‘lives’.
Seas & oceans  The Pacific Ocean, The Bay
3. Preposition—shows the relation between of Bengal, The Red Sea
’storm’ and ‘comes’.
Common Noun
4. Adjective-adds something to the meaning
A common noun is the name given in common
of the noun ‘effects’.
to every person, or thing or animal of the same
5. Adjectiveadds something to the kind or class.
meaning of the noun ‘train’.
Examples  king, boy, girl, and city.
6. Adverbadds something to the meaning In the above words king, boy, girl, and city are
of the verb ‘weigh’. general terms for all kings. boys, girls and
7. Prepositionshows the relation between cities respectively. So they are common noun.
‘all’ and ‘battle’. Common nouns are divided into two kinds:
8. Prepositionshows the relation between 1. Countable  Table, chair, book, pen,
yard’ and ‘me’. man, girl
9. Adverb—adds something to the meaning 2. Uncountable  Ice, rice, flour, water, oil,
of the verb ‘came’. wheat, air, sugar, sand
10. Verbsays something about 'muslims'. Collective Noun
11. Noun—the name of something. A collective noun is the name of a group of
persons or things taken together and spoken as
Nouns one whole.
A Noun is a word used as a name of a person,
Example  The class is writing a test. (Here
place or thing.
class means all the pupils of the class)
There are five kinds of Noun:
Family, nation, parliament, committee are
(a) Proper Noun some of the collective nouns.
(b) Common Noun Example  Bunch, herd, flock, group, bundle,
(c) Collective Noun chain, gang, pile, team, suit, flight, library,
pack, heap, swarm, shoal, range, litter
(d) Abstract Noun
Abstract Noun
(e) Material Noun
An abstract noun is the name of a quality,
Proper Noun
feeling, action or state.
A proper noun is the name of a particular
Quality  Patience, honesty, wisdom, courage
person or place or a thing. Besides, the name
of mountains, rivers, seas and oceans are Feeling  surprise, fear, joy, sorrow
usually considered as proper nouns. A proper Action  hatred, growth, obedience, motion
noun always with a capital letter.
State  boyhood, prosperity, slavery,
Persons  Ravi, Sachin
manhood
Places  Chennai, Mumbai  The names of arts, science, and subject of
Mountains  The Himalayas, The Everest study are also called abstract nouns. For
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example, poetry, music, painting, literature, 2. Singular nouns ending in ‘o’, ‘ss’, ‘ch’, or
drawing, history, science etc. ‘x’ form their plurals by adding “es”
 Some abstract nouns can be used as Potato  Potatoes, Class  Classes
countable nouns. For example, departure,
3. Some nouns ending in ‘o’ are of foreign
pilgrimages, thefts, agreements.
origin. They form their plurals by
 Abstract nouns may be formed from adding‘s’. Photo  Photos
adjectives, verbs or common nouns.
4. Singular nouns ending in ‘y’ and their
From adjectives: bravery (from brave), valour plurals by changing their ‘y’ into ‘I’ and
(valiant), goodness (good), wisdom (wise), adding ‘es’. Baby  Babies
darkness (dark), length (long), silence (silent),
5. Nouns ending in ‘f’ or ‘fe’ drop their ‘f’
bankruptcy (bankrupt).
or ‘fe’ and add ‘ves’. Leaf  Leaves
From verbs: speech (from speak), deed (do),
6. Some nouns ending in ‘f’ or ‘fe’ add ‘s’
development (develop), enticement (entice),
pleasure (please), departure (depart), arrival to form their plurals. Chief  Chiefs
(arrive), punishment (punish). 7. Some nouns form their plurals by
From common nouns: slavery (from slave), changing the inside vowel.
manhood (man), infancy (infant), cowardice Man  Men, Foot  Feet
(coward), patriotism (patriot), heroism (hero),
8. Compound nouns generally add ‘s’ to the
agency (agent).
main word to form their plural.
Changing the gender
Governor-general  Governors-general
1. By using entirely different words
Son-in-law  Sons-in-law
Boy  girl, brother  sister
9. Some nouns are plural in form and are
2. By adding a syllable used as singular nouns.
Author  authoress, Lion  Lioness Example,  Mathematics, Physics,
3. By omitting the last vowel and adding Mechanics, Politics, Economics, News,
‘ess’ Athletics, Innings, furniture, etc
Actor  actress, Tiger  Tigress 10. Some nouns, like names of instruments
and articles of dress,(denoting two things
4. By placing a word before or after the
joined together) games, diseases and
masculine form
others are used only in the plural.
Peacock  Peahen, He-goat  She-goat
Examples  Scissors, pincers, tongs,
5. Some nouns are used for both males and spectacles, draughts, goods, thanks,
females. They are said to be of the measles
common gender. For example, Parent,
11. Many nouns from foreign languages
child, friend.
make their plurals in that language.
Singular to plural
a  ae (Formulae  Formula)
1. Usually the plurals are formed by adding
ex  ices (Indices  Index)
‘s’ to the singular form. Boy  Boys
um  a (Memorandum  Memoranda)
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us  I (Radius  Radii) bankCommon;
is  es (Basis  Bases) year Common
on  a (Phenomenon  phenomena)
Example (AILET 2016)
Quiz Which set of words are only nouns?
Point out the Nouns in the following sentences, (a) Pompous, ridiculous, photographic
and say whether they are Common, Proper, (b) Penance, science, porous
Collective or Abstract.
(c) Analysis, praxis, thesis
1. The crowd was very big.
(d) Poisonous, vocalize, stupidity
2. Always speak the truth.
Answer
3. We all love honesty.
4. Our class consists of twenty pupils. (c) Analysis[countable/uncountable noun],
praxis [formal noun], thesis [singular
5. The elephant has great strength.
noun]are all nouns. Pompous [adjective],
6. Solomon was famous for his wisdom. ridiculous [adjective], photographic
7. Cleanliness is next to godliness. [adjective] ; Penance[noun],
science[noun], porous [adjective];
8. We saw a fleet of ships in the harbour.
Poisonous[adjective], vocalize [verb],
9. The class is studying grammar. stupidity[noun].
10. The Godavari overflows its banks every
Verbs
year.
Verbs are generally thought of as ‘doing
Answer words’. They refer to an action or a state. A
verb is the most important part of a sentence.
1. crowd—Collective
There can be no sentence without a verb.
2. truthAbstract
A verb may state:
3. honestyAbstract
What a person or thing does:
4. class—Collective; pupils—Common
1. He watches television all day.
5. elephantCommon; Strength-Abstract
2. The ship travelled at a leisurely rate.
6. Solomon—Proper; wisdom—Abstract
What is done to a person or thing:
7. cleanliness—Abstract;
1. The apple was cut with a knife.
godlinessAbstract
2. The thief was punished severely.
8. fleetCollective;
What a person or thing is:
shipsCommon;
1. The man is unconscious.
harbour-Common
2. The flowers are beautiful.
9. class—Collective;
3. I feel guilty.
grammar—Abstract
Transitive verbs
10. NileProper;
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A verb that shows an action that passes over 9. Put away your books.
from a subject to an object is called a transitive 10. The moon rose early.
verb. In short, we can say that a transitive verb
takes an object. A good way to identify a Answers
transitive verb is to ask the question, ‘What?’
1. shines, Intransitive, 
or 'Whom?' For instance, ‘Carried what?’,
‘Found what?’ 2. cut, Transitive his, hand
1. They are building a house. 3. stopped, Intransitive, —
(They are building  what?) 4. blew, Transitive, his whistle
2. Sheela likes her little sister. 5. rises , Intransitive, —
(Sheela likes  whom?) 6. stood, Intransitive, —
Intransitive verb 7. ticks, Intransitive, —
A verb that shows an action that does not pass 8. looked, Intransitive, —
over from a subject to an object, is called an 9. put, Transitive your, books
intransitive verb. In short, an intransitive verb
10. rose, Intransitive
does not take an object.
1. The baby cries. Example (AILET 2018)
2. The ball rang. For each question, identify the correct subjects
 In order to find out whether a verb is a and verbs. The subjects are in bold and the
transitive verb or an intransitive verb, we must verbs are italics.
ask the questions—what and whom. If we get 1. (a) Every environmental regulation has
at least one answer it is a transitive verb and if been undermined by that industry.
we do not get an answer it is an intransitive (b) Every environmental regulation has
verb. been undermined by that industry.
Quiz (c) Every environmental regulation has
been undermined by that industry.
Name the Verbs in the following sentences,
and tell in each case whether the Verb is (d) Every environmental regulation has
Transitive or Intransitive. Where the Verb is been undermined by that industry.
Transitive name the Object. 2. (a) My gift for singing and dancing
1. The sun shines brightly. simultaneously did not fail to attract
attention.
2. The boy cut his hand with a knife.
(b) My gift for singing and dancing
3. The clock stopped this morning.
simultaneously did not fail to attract
4. The policeman blew his whistle. attention.
5. The sun rises in the east. (c) My gift for singing and dancing
6. An old beggar stood by the gate. simultaneously did not fail to attract
attention.
7. The clock ticks all day long.
8. I looked down from my window.
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(d) My gift for singing and dancing (b) This gorgeous grand sitar is tuned to
simultaneously did not fail to attract perfection.
attention. (c) This gorgeous grand sitar is tuned to
3. (a) Every attempt to flatter her failed perfection.
miserably. (d) This gorgeous grand sitar is tuned to
(b) Every attempt to flatter her failed perfection.
miserably.
Answer
(c) Every attempt to flatter her failed
miserably. 1. (c) 'regulation' is the subject (noun) while
'every' and 'environmental' are its
(d) Every attempt to flatter her failed
qualifiers. The complete verb form is
miserably.
given by 'has been undermined'.
4. (a) If all is lost, why am I still playing
2. (d) 'gift' is the subject (noun) qualified by
cricket?
'my…for singing and dancing
(b) If all is lost, why am I still playing simultaneously'. The verb form is 'did
cricket? (not) fail'; 'not' is not given in bold
(c) If all is lost, why am I still playing because it is actually an adverb used
cricket? within the verb to convey the idea of
negation.
(d) If all is lost, why am I still playing
cricket? 3. (c) 'attempt' is the noun and 'every…to
flatter her' its qualifier; 'failed is the verb
5. (a) “Buses” has only one s in the middle
here and 'miserably', its adverb.
of it.
4. (a) 'If' is the conjunction introducing the
(b) “Buses” has only one s in the middle
conditional clause 'all is lost', in which
of it
'all' is the subject and 'is', the verb. The
(c) “Buses” has only one s in the middle main clause, 'why am…cricket?' has 'I' as
of it. the subject and 'am playing' as the verb.
(d) “Buses” has only one s in the middle 5. (d) 'Buses' is the noun and 'has', the main
of it. verb, while the whole of 'only one….it'
6. (a) Have you memorized all the chemical forms the rest of the predicate.
symbols on the chart? 6. (a) 'you' is the subject about which the
(b) Have you memorized all the chemical whole sentence is; and, 'have..
symbols on the chart? memorized', the main verb.
(c) Have you memorized all the chemical 7. (b) The subject here is 'guitar' with 'this',
symbols on the chart ? 'gorgeous' and 'grand' as its qualifiers;
and, 'is tuned' is the verb form.
(d) Have you memorized all the chemical
symbols on the chart? Adjectives
7. (a) This gorgeous grand sitar is tuned to An adjective is a word that describes or
perfection. qualifies a noun or pronoun or adds something
to its meaning.
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1. Mary is a clever girl. 3. Every dog has his day.
2. Mary is clever. 4. A live ass is better than a dead lion,
In these sentences the word clever qualifies the 5. Every man has his duties.
noun girl. It states what kind of girl Mary is. 6. Say the same thing twice over.
So, it is an adjective
7. Several persons were present at the time,
Kind of adjectives
8. He is a man of few words.
1. Adjective of Quality  Ugly, heavy,
9. Neither party is quite in the right.
dry, good, red
10. What time is if?
2. Demonstrative Adjectives  This, that,
these, those Answers
3. Distributive Adjectives  Each, every, 1. heavy—Adjective of Quality.
either, neither (Descriptive Adjective)
4. Quantitative Adjectives  Some, any, 2. several—Indefinite Numeral Adjective
no, little
3. EveryDistributive NumeralAdjective
5. Numerical Adjectives  few, many all,
4. liveAdjective of Quality
several, one, first
better—Adjective of Quality
6. Interrogative Adjectives  Which, what,
whose dead—Adjective of Quality
7. Possessive Adjectives  My, our, your, 5. EveryDistributive Numeral Adjective

his, her, their, its 6. same—Demonstrative Adjective
8. Present/Past Participle Adjectives  A 7. Several—Indefinite Numeral Adjective
moving bus, a wounded driver, a burnt presentDescriptive Adjective
man, tiring journey
8. few—Indefinite Numeral Adjective
9. Relative Adjectives  who, which, that
9. NeitherDistributive Numeral Adjective
10. Emphatic Adjectives  Own, such,
10. WhatInterrogative Adjective
same, very
11. Proper Adjectives  Indian, Asian, Example (AILET 2016)
American
Which set of words are only adjectives?
12. Exclamatory Adjectives  What, which,
(a) Ridiculous, native, psychologise
how
(b) Astronomy, sympathy, privacy
Quiz (c) Nation, action, privacy
Pick out all the Adjectives in the following (d) Chemical, mathematical, French
sentences, and say to which class each of them
Answer
belongs.
1. The ship sustained heavy damage. (d) Chemical[Relating to or produced by
means of chemistry], mathematical
2. I have called several times.
[elating to, or of the nature of
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mathematics], French [belonging to 3. Adverb of place  Here, everywhere,
France]are all adjectives. down, near, away, backward, upward.
Ridiculous[adjective], native[noun],
4. Adverb of manner  Slowly, so,
psychologise[verb] ; Astronomy[noun],
soundly, delightfully.
sympathy [noun], privacy[noun];
Nation[noun], action[noun], 5. Adverb of affirmation and negation 
privacy[noun] Certainly, apparently, obviously, no,
undoubtedly.
Example (AILET 2016)
6. Adverb of degree  Almost, fully, very,
In which set each word is a noun, adjective enough, rather, quite, too, really.
and verb also? 7. Interrogative adverb  How, what,
(a) Delegate, defeat, temporary, tertiary when, why.
(b) Chronic, incumbency, parent, proponent 8. Relative adverb  When, where, why,
(c) Topic, alacrity, android, auditory how.
(d) Square, precipitate, collect, free Quiz

Answer In the following sentences (1) pick out the
Adverbs and tell what each modifies; (2) tell
(d) Square, precipitate, collect, free are all a
whether the modified word is a Verb, an
noun, adjective and a verb.
Adjective, or an Adverb; (3) classify each
Delegate[noun, verb], defeat[noun, verb],
Adverb as an Adverb of time, place, manner,
temporary [noun, adjective],
degree, etc.
tertiary[noun, adjective]; Chronic
[adjective], incumbency[noun], 1. He was ill pleased.
parent[noun, verb], proponent[noun]; 2. Try again.
Topic[noun], alacrity[noun], android
3. He is too shy.
[noun], auditory[adjective].
4. We rose very early.
Adverbs
5. I am so glad to hear it.
An adverb is a word used to add something to
the meaning of a verb, adjective or another 6. Cut it lengthwise.
adverb. It is said to modify verbs, adjectives 7. Too many cooks spoil the broth.
and adverbs. 8. Are you quite sure.
1. She is walking slowly. 9. That is well said.
2. She is very intelligent. 10. Once or twice we have met alone.
3. She is walking very slowly.
Answers
Kinds of adverb
Refer following answers in following
1. Adverb of time  Before, ago, lately,
sequence: Adverb, Modified Word, Its Part of
yet, now, soon, yesterday, already, never.
Speech, Kind of Adverb
2. Adverb of frequency  Always, once, 1. ill, pleased, Adjective, manner
seldom, usually, rarely etc.
2. again, Try, Verb, frequency
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3. loo, shy , Adjective, degree or quantity reflexive pronouns, but they have a different
4. very, early, Adverb, degree or quantity function.
early, rose, Verb, time 1. We ourselves saw the king.
5. so, glad , Adjective, degree or quantity 2. They themselves did it.
6. lengthwise, cut, Verb, manner Demonstrative pronouns
7. Too, many, Adjective, degree or quantity Pronouns used to point out the objects (nouns)
referred to in a sentence are called
8. quite, sure, Adjective, degree or quantity demonstrative pronouns.
9. well , is said, Verb, manner 1. That is a good umbrella.
10. once/twice, have met, Verb, frequency 2. This is a present from my brother.
alone, have met, Verb, manner 3. Those are their houses
Pronouns 4. These are your books.
A pronoun is a word that is used in place of a Relative pronouns
noun (‘pro’ means ‘for’).
Examples of relative pronouns include
Pronouns have exactly the same uses as nouns.
who, which, that, whose, whom, etc.
Instead of repeating names we use pronouns:
as—Mary is an intelligent girl. She studies 1. I met a man who could eat fire.
well. 2. I had a car that worked by remote control.
In the above sentence, instead of repeating the 3. I saw something which would frighten
name Mary, we have used the word she. even the bravest of men.
Some common pronouns are:  Usually the pronoun ‘who’ is used for
I, we, he, she, it, you, they, us, me, him, her persons; ‘which’ is used for animals and
things; ‘that’ is used for persons, animals, and
Personal Pronouns
things.
The pronouns that stand for persons are called
personal pronouns. Distributive pronouns
Examples  I, you , he, theirs, yours, My, our, A distributive pronoun refers to persons or
your, his, her, its, and their things  one at a time.
Reflexive pronouns 1. Every one of you must com.
A reflexive pronoun is formed by adding self 2. Each of the children deserves a prize.
or selves to my, you etc. A reflexive pronoun 3. You can take either of the toys.
reflects back on the subject.
Interrogative pronouns
Example  myself, yourself, himself, Pronouns used to ask questions are called
themselves. interrogative pronouns.
Emphatic (intensive) pronouns 1. Whose is this book?
Pronouns used to emphasize (stress) a noun or 2. Which is your book?
pronouns are called emphatic pronouns.
Emphatic pronouns have the same form as Indefinite pronouns
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Indefinite pronouns refer to persons or things Quiz
in general. They do not point to any one
Name the Relative Pronouns in the following
person or thing in particular.
sentences, tell the case of each, and mention
1. Some are born great. its antecedent.
2. One must not praise oneself. 1. The pen that you gave me is a very good
3. Many of them were sick. one.
4. Anybody can do it. 2. The answer which you gave is not right.
3. I know the woman whose child was hurt.
Quiz
4. Bring me the letters which the postman
Write the correct form of pronoun in the left.
following.
5. This is the house that Jack built.
1. We scored as many goals as . (They,
them) Answers
2. Rama and  were present. (I, me) 1. that 2. which
3. Can you sing as well as ? (They, them) 3. whose 4. which
4. Let you and  try what we can do. (I, 5. that

me)
Quiz
5. Wait for Hari and . (I, me)
Use the correct form of the Interrogative
Answers Pronoun in the following.
1. them 2. I 3. them 4. me 5. me 1.  wishes to see you?
Quiz 2.  do you wish to see?

3.  did she say was the winner?
Tell which Pronouns in the following
sentences are Reflexive and which Emphatic. 4.  did he invite?
1. I will go myself. 5.  shall I give this to?

2. Rama has hurt himself. Answers
3. We often deceive ourselves.
1. Who 2. Who(m)/What
4. I myself heard the remark.
3. Who 4. Who(m)
5. You express yourself very imperfectly.
5. Who
Answers
Prepositions
1. myself—Emphatic A preposition is a word that is placed before a
2. himself—Reflexive noun or pronoun. It shows the relation
between the noun and pronoun that comes
3. ourselves—Reflexive
after it and some other word or words in the
4. myself—Emphatic same sentence.
5. yourselfReflexive 1. Baby is standing on a bridge.
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2. The birds are in the cage. 10. John Gilpin was a citizen of credit and
Simple prepositions renown.
A simple preposition is a word used before a Answers

noun or pronoun.
1. in—corner 2. to—cupboard
1. The book is on the table.
3. for—crown 4. on—wall
2. He goes to school by bus.
5. through-town 6. by—fire
Here is a list of words often used as simple
7. to—Spain 8. under—tree
prepositions: In, on, at, up, of, till, by, to, with,
for. 9. of—rocks; over—head
Compound prepositions 10. of—credit, renown
A compound preposition is a little longer word Conjunctions

used before a noun or pronoun.
A conjunction is a link word that connects
1. The number behind me is always behind words, phrases, clauses or sentences together.
me.
1. I bought three books and one pens.
2. Behind, within, among, long, against,
2. Though he studied hard, he has failed the
amidst, beyond, around, inside, before,
test.
between, underneath, until, above, below,
without, another, through, after. 4. He is clever but lazy.
Coordinating conjunctions
Quiz
A coordinating conjunction joins together
Name the Preposition the following sentences, words, phrases or clauses of equal rank or
and tell the word which each governs. independent statements.
1. Little Jack Horner sat in a corner. Example  and, nor, but, for, yet, so, or
2. Old Mother Hubbard, she went to the Subordinating conjunctions
cupboard.
A subordinating conjunction joins a
3. The lion and the unicorn fought for the subordinate clause or subordinate clauses to a
crown. main clause on which they depend for its
4. Humpty Dumpty sat on a wall. complete meaning.
5. Wee Willie Winkie runs through the 1. If you work hard, you will succeed.
town. 2. Though it was raining, yet we played the
6. She sat by the fire, and told me a tale. match.
7. Rain, rain, go to Spain, and never come 3. after, before, till, where, although, for, so
back again. that, unless, whereas, as, if, than, until,
wherever, as if, once, that, when,
8. A fair little girl sat under a tree.
whether, because, since, though,
9. Such a number of rocks came over her whenever, while, why, how, yet, last,
head. whence, whither.
Correlative Conjunctions
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Some conjunctions are used in pairs. They are 7. Wait  I return.
called correlatives.
8. Do not go  I come.
1. Either….or, neither….nor, both…and, not
9. He finished first  he began late.
only…but also, whether…or,
between…and, hardly…when, no 10. Take care  you fall.
sooner…than.
Answers
2. Either keep silence or leave the room.
1. and 2. but 3. for
3. The boy is neither clever nor active.
4. or/else/otherwise 5. Unless
4. The leader don’t care whether the poor
live or die. 6. that 7. till 8. till
Compound conjunctions 9. though/although 10. lest
Some compound expressions are used as

conjunctions.
1. Even if, as though, as well as, as soon as, ARTICLES
as if, as much as, so that, in order that.
There are two kinds of articles.
2. They sell books as well as newspapers.
1. Indefinite Articles A, An
3. As soon as I heard his statement, I
2. Definite Articles The
became angry.
Interjection Indefinite Articles ‘A’, ‘An’
An interjection is a word that is used to 1. The article ‘a’ (or ‘an’) is known as the
express some sudden feeling or emotion like Indefinite Article because it does not
sorrow, joy, surprise. etc. definitively determine the noun. That is,
‘a company’ can refer to any company. It
1. Aha, alas, bravo, hello, lo, hey, hurrah,
does not refer to a specific company.
hark, oh, oh, no, umph, ouch, phew,
behold, ugh, well, wow, yoo-yoo 2. ‘An’ is used when the following word
begins with a vowel sound.
2. Oh! I can’t believe how nice you look.
Examples  an elephant an apple
3. Alas! The great leader is no more.
3. ‘An’ is used before a word beginning
Quiz with a consonant pronounced but with the
sound of a vowel.
Fill the blanks with appropriate Conjunctions:-
an L.L.B student, an M.P., an hour etc.
1. Be just  fear not.
4. Used before singular nouns that are
2. I ran fast,  I missed the train.
unspecified:
3. He fled,  he was afraid.
a pencil, an orange
4. Make haste,  you will be late. 5. Used before number collectives and some
5.  you try, you will not succeed. numbers:
6. I am sure  he said so. a dozen, a gallon
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6. Used before a singular noun followed by 5. Honest men speak  truth.
a restrictive modifier:
6. Rustum is .
A girl who was wearing a yellow hat
7. Do you see  blue sky.
7. Used with nouns to form adverbial
8. Varanasi is  holy city.
phrases of quantity, amount, or degree:
I felt a bit depressed. 9. Aladdin had  wonderful lamp.
10. The world is  happy place.
Definite Article (the)
1. Used to indicate a noun that is definite or Answers
has been previously specified in the 1. a 2. an 3. An 4. The
context:
5. the 6. a 7. the 8. a
Please close the door.
9. a 10. a
I like the clothes you gave me.
2. Used to indicate a noun that is unique:
MODALS
A verb used to express the mood (mode) or
Praise the Lord!
attitude of a speaker is called Modal
The Columbia River is near here. Auxiliary.
3. Used to designate a natural phenomenon: 1. You should regularly go for a morning
The nights get shorter in the summer. walk.
The wind is blowing so hard. 2. They must attend tomorrow’s meeting.
4. Used to refer to a time period: 3. May I use your pen please?
I was very naïve in the past. Most Commonly Used Modals are:
This song was very popular in the 1980s. Can, Could, May, Might, Should Would
Must Ought to, Am/Was to, Have/Had to,
5. Used to indicate all the members of a
Used to, Need, Dare, Shall, Will
family:
All these Modals Suggest:
I invited the Bakers for dinner.
Permission , Ability, Possibility ,
This medicine was invented by the
Suggestion, Advice, Promise , Intention,
Smiths.
Request , Necessity, Compulsion,
Quiz Prohibition , Wish or Prayer, Duty,
Obligation
Complete the following sentences by filling in
Examples:
a or an or the as may be suitable.
1. You must stop when the traffic lights turn
1. Copper is  useful metal.
red.  strong obligation
2. He is not  honourable man.
2. He must be very tired. He's been working
3.  able man has not always a all day long.  logical conclusion
distinguished look.
3. You must not smoke in the hospital.
4.  reindeer is a native of Norway.
 prohibition
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4. I can swim.  ability 8. He said T (can, might, should) use his
telephone at any time.
5. Can I use your phone please?
9. If you (shall, should, would) see him,
 permission
give him my regards.
6. Smoking can cause cancer.  possibility
10. He (need, dare, would) not ask for a rise,
7. When I was younger I could run fast. for fear of losing his job.
8. Excuse me, could I just say something? Answers
9. It could rain tomorrow!
1. shall 2. will 3. should
10. May I use your phone please?
4. would 5. Shall 6. Would
11. It may rain tomorrow!
7. ought 8. might 9. should
12. Might I suggest an idea?
10. dare
13. I might go on holiday to Australia next
year. INFINITIVES
14. I need not buy tomatoes. There are plenty Infinitive is a non-finite verb. Mostly an
of tomatoes in the fridge. infinitive is made by placing ‘to’ before the
verb form. In certain cases infinitives are used
15. I should/ought to see a doctor. I have a
without placing ‘to’ before them.
terrible headache.  50 % obligation
The form of an infinitive remains the same in
16. You should/ought to revise your lessons
all tenses, persons (1st, 2nd, 3rd) and numbers
 advice (singular or plural). The infinitive belongs to
17. He should/ought to be very tired. He's the verb family.
been working all day long. 1. They want to go.
18. You had better revise your lessons 2. He has to work.
Quiz 3. Children love to play.
Choose the correct alternative. TENSES

1. I don't think I (shall, should, can) be able Simple Present
to go. Rule  Subject + V1 + s/es + object
2. He (shall, will, dare) not pay unless he is  We use s/es with verb, when subject is
compelled. singular.
3. You (should, would, ought) be punctual.  If the subject is plural, then we don't use
4. I wish you (should, would, must) tell me e/es.
earlier. A: He speaks.
5. (Shall, Will, Would) I assist you? Girls play hockey.
6. (Shall, should would) you please help me N: He does not speak.
with this?
Q: Does he speak?
7. You (ought, should, must) to pay your
Present Continuous Tense
debts.
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Rule  Subject + is/am/ are + V1 + ing + N: He had not spoken.
object. Q: Had he spoken?
A: He is speaking. Past Perfect Continuous Tense
N: He is not speaking. Rule  Subject + had been + V1 + ing +
Q: Is he speaking? object
Present Perfect Simple A: He had been speaking.
Rule  Subject + has/have + V3 + object N: He had not been speaking.
 Has is used with singular subjects. Q: Had he been speaking?
 Have is used with plural subjects. Future Tense
A: He has spoken. Rule  Subject + will/shall + object
N: He has not spoken.  Will is used with he/she/it/they/we etc.
Q: Has he spoken?  Shall is used with 'I'.
Present Perfect Continuous Tense A: He will speak.
Rule  Subject + has been/ have been + V1 + I will/shall go for a movie.
ing + object N: He will not speak.
A: He has been speaking. Q: Will he speak?
N: He has not been speaking. Future Continuous Tense
Q: Has he been speaking? Rule  Subject + will/shall + be + ing + V1 +
Simple Past object
Rule  Subject + V2 + object A: He will be speaking.
A: He spoke. N: He will not be speaking.
N: He did not speak. Q: Will he be speaking?
Q: Did he speak? Quiz
Past Continuous Tense
Choose the correct verb form from those in
Subject + was/were + V1 + ing + object brackets.
 Was is used with singular subjects. 1. The earth  round the sun. (move,
 Were is used with plural subjects. moves, moved)
A: He was speaking. 2. My friends  the Prime Minister
N: He was not speaking. yesterday, (see, have seen, saw)
Q: Was he speaking? 3. I  him only one letter up to now. (sent,

have sent, send)
Past Perfect Simple
4. She  worried about something, (looks,
Subject + had + V3 + object
looking, is looking)
 Always use V3 with has/ have/ had.
A: He had spoken.
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5. It started to rain while we  tennis, (are 8. She  unconscious since four o'clock,
playing, were playing, had played). (is, was, has been)
6. He  fast when the accident happened, 9. He used to visit us every week, but he 
(is driving, was driving, drove) now. (rarely comes, is rarely coming,
7. He  asleep while he was driving, (falls, has rarely come)
fell, has fallen) 10. We  for his call since 4.20. (are
8. I'm sure I  him at the party last night, waiting, have been waiting, were waiting)
(saw, have seen, had seen).
Answers
9. He  a mill in this town, (have, has, is
having) 1. wants 2. bought
3. have just cleaned 4. has been raining
10. He  here for the last five years,
(worked, is working, has been working). 5. have done 6. smell
Answers 7. is rising 8. has been

9. rarely comes 10. have been waiting
1. moves 2. saw
3. have sent 4. looks ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE
5. were playing 6. was driving Active Voice
7. fell 8. saw A sentence is said to be in active voice when
the subject is the doer of the action. In active
9. has 10. has been working
voice subject is given importance.
Quiz Example  The boy kicked the ball.
Choose the correct alternative from those Order of the sentence
given in brackets.
subject + verb + object
1. The Headmaster  to speak to you.
(wants, is wanting, was wanting)
Passive Voice
A sentence is said to be in passive voice when
2. I  a new bicycle last week, (bought,
the subject is not the doer of the action. In
have bought, had bought)
passive voice object is given importance.
3. Here are your shoes ; I  them, (just
Example  The ball was kicked by the boy.
clean, just cleaned, have just cleaned)
Order of the sentence
4. It  since early morning, (rained, is
raining, has been raining) object + verb + subject
5. I  a lot of work today, (did, have done, Tips to change a sentence from
had done) active voice to passive voice
6. I  something burning, (smell, am 1. Subject in active voice takes the place of
smelling, have been smelling) object in passive voice.
7. Look ! The sun  over the hills, (rises, is 2. Object in the active voice takes the place
rise, is rising) of subject in passive voice.
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3. In most of the sentences ‘by’ is used Active Voice: You can not teach an old dog
before object in passive voice. new tricks.
4. The past participle [3rd form] of the verb Passive Voice: An old dog can not be taught
is used with the proper form of the verb new tricks by you.
‘to be’. The tense of the verb ‘to be’ agree Passive Voice: An old dog can not be taught
in number [singular or plural] and person new tricks.
[1st, 2nd, 3rd] with the subject. Various
forms of the verb be in various tenses are Quiz
as under.
Turn the following sentences from the Active
Present tense  is/am/are Voice to the Passive Voice.
Present continuous  is/am/are + being 1. The cat killed the mouse.
Present perfect  has/have + been 2. The man cut down the tree.
Past tense  was/were 3. Columbus discovered America.
Past continuous  was/were + being 4. His teacher praised him.
Past perfect  had + been 5. The boy teased the dog.
Future tense  will be/shall be Answer

Future continuous  Nil 1. The mouse was killed by the cat.
Future perfect  shall/will + have been 2. The tree was cut down by the man.
Examples: 3. America was discovered by Columbus.
Active: Rita writes a letter. 4. He was praised by his teacher.
Passive: A letter is written by Rita. 5. The dog was teased by the boy.
Active: Rita has written a letter.
Quiz
Passive: A letter has been written by Rita.
In the following sentences change the Voice :
Active: Rita will write a letter.
1. We elected Balu captain.
Passive: A letter will be written by Rita.
2. I saw him opening the box.
Active: Rita is writing a letter.
3. We must listen to his words.
Passive: A letter is being written by Rita.
4. Shall I ever forget those happy days?
Active: Rita had written a letter.
5. By whom was this jug broken ?
Passive: A letter had been written by Rita.
6. His subordinates accused him of various
Active: Rita would write a letter.
offences.
Passive: A letter would be written by Rita.
7. One cannot gather grapes from thistles.
Active: Rita wrote a letter to me.
8. The telegraph wires have been cut.
Passive: A letter was written to me by Rita.
9. Alas! We shall hear his voice no more.
Passive: I was written a letter by Rita.
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10. The 1998 Asian Games were held in Changes from direct to indirect
Bangkok, Thailand.
 Marks of quotation have been omitted.
Answers  Conjunction ‘that’ has been used.
1. Balu was elected captain.  The pronoun ‘I’ is changed into ‘he’.
2. He was seen opening the box.  The verb ‘am’ is changed into ‘was’.
3. His words must be listened to.  The adverb ‘now’ is changed into ‘then’.
4. Will those happy days ever be forgotten? Rules for changing direct into indirect
5. Who broke this jug? speech
6. He was accused of various offences by 1. When the reporting verb is in the past
his subordinates. tense
7. Grapes cannot be gathered from thistles.  a simple present becomes a simple past.
8. Someone has cut off the telegraph wires.  a present continuous becomes a past
continuous.
9. Alas ! his voice will be heard no more.
 a present perfect becomes a past perfect.
10. They held the 1998 Asian Games in
Bangkok, Thailand.  shall/will of the future tense become
should/would.
DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH
 a simple past becomes a past perfect.
Reporting Speech
 if the reported speech expresses a
The exact words of the speaker are known as universal truth, its tense remains
reported speech. They are put within marks of unchanged.
quotation.
2. When the reporting verb is in the
The speech is classified into two: present/future tense, the tense of the
Direct speech reported speech does not change.
It is to quote one’s actual words. 3. The first person pronoun (I, we, my, our,
1. Rosy said, “I am very busy now” etc.,) of the direct speech are changed
according to the person of the subject of
Indirect speech
the reporting verb.
It is to report what one has said without
4. The second person pronouns (you, your)
quoting his/her exact words.
change according to the person of the
1. John said that he was very busy then. object of the reporting verb.
Reporting Verb 5. The third person pronouns (he, she, it, his,
The verb that introduces the reported speech is her, they, their, etc.,) generally remain
called reported verb. The reporting verb is unchanged.
always outside the marks of quotation. Change of some special words
1. John said, “I am very busy now.” Now  then
Said is the reporting verb and “I am very busy Thus  go
now” is the reporting speech.
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Today  that day Indirect: Ramu ordered Arun to go away.
To night  that night Changing of exclamations and wishes into
indirect speech
Ago  before
Reporting verb ‘said’ is changed into
This  that
‘exclaimed’. Interjection is removed and the
Tomorrow  the next day words for the feeling expressed in the reported
speech are attached to it.
Last night  the night before
Direct: He said, “Alas! I am undone”
Here  there
Indirect: He exclaimed sadly that he was
These  those
undone.
Yesterday  the day before
PUNCTUATION
Today morning  that morning
Changing of questions into indirect speech
Use of capital letters
1. At the beginning of each sentence.
If the reported speech contains a question
sentence starting with some question word 2. We use capital letters to begin proper
(when, why, where etc) no conjunction is used noun and the adjective derived from
and reporting verb said is changed into ask, them.
asks, will ask or asked, enquired etc. 3. Fresh line of a poem
depending upon the tense of the reporting
4. The name of mountains, rivers, and seas
verbs. Also the question sentence becomes a
statement. 5. The name of months, days and festivals.
Direct: They said to me, “What are you 6. We use capital letters for the first word of
doing?” direct speech.
Indirect: They asked me what I was doing. 7. Capital letters are used to write pronoun
‘I’ and the interjections
If the reported speech is a question sentence
starting with a helping verb (is, am, are, will, 8. Capital letters are used to begin all the
shall, etc.) the conjunction ‘if’ / ‘whether’ is noun and pronouns that indicate God
used and the reporting verb ‘said’ is changed 9. We use capital letters for titles and
into asked. Also the question sentence abbreviations
becomes a statement.
10. Capital letters are used to write the titles
Direct: He said to you, “Are you a student?” of books.
Indirect: He asked you if you were a student.
Full stop or period
Changing of commands and requests into
It shows a long pause or stop.
indirect speech
We use preposition “to” or “not to” to make Comma (,)
it into indirect. The reporting verb changes It shows a short pause.
into order, advise, request, purpose etc. and
takes the tense of the reporting verb.
Direct: Ramu said to Arun, “Go away”
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Semicolon (;) III. Our two-year-old is starting to talk.
The semicolon marks a pause longer than the IV. Our two year old is starting to talk.
comma. The semicolon is used to separate the (a) I, III (b) I & IV
clauses of a compound sentence.
(c) II, III (d) III
1. Go soon; or you will be late.
2. I. Jan asked; “What did Joe mean when
Colon (:) he said, ‘I will see you later.’”
It shows a stop longer than the semicolon. The II. Jan asked, “What did Joe mean when
colon is used before enumeration, examples he said, ‘I will see you later?’”
etc. III. Jan asked, “What did Joe mean when
Question Mark (?) he said, ‘I will see you later?’”
Question marks are used at the end of a direct IV. Jan asked, “What did Joe mean when
question he said, ‘I will see you later’?”
(a) II (b) I
Exclamation (!)
(c) IV (d) III
Exclamation marks are used after interjections
and exclamatory sentences. 3. I. You are my friend; however, I cannot
afford to lend you any more money.
Quotation ("…")
II. Truly, a popular error has as many
1 When we want to quote somebody’s lives as a cat: it comes walking in, long
exact words, the marks of quotation after you have imagined it effectually
(inverted commas) are used. strangled.
2. A quotation within a quotation is usually III. There is only one cure for the evils
marked by single quotation marks. which newly acquired freedom produces,
and that cure is freedom.
Apostrophe (‘)
IV. There is a slavery that no legislation
1. The apostrophe is used in contractions;
can abolish; the slavery of caste.
as—Don’t, I’ll, l’ve
(a) I, II, III (b) II, IV
2. It is used in the possessive case—Arun’s
(c) I, II, III, IV (d) II, III
3. When we want to form the plural of
letters and figures we use the 4. I. Yes, Jagrit, you were right about that
apostrophe—two A’s and six 5’s. answer.
II. Yes Jagrit, you were right about that
Example (AILET 2018) answer.
Choose the sentence (s) which is/ are III. I saw our town’s ex-Mayor Prakash
punctuated correctly. Kumar in the mall.
1. I. Our daughter will be three years old IV. I saw our town’s ex-mayor in the
next week. market.
II. Our son will be two-years-old next (a) I, III (b) I, III, IV
week.
(c) I, IV (d) II, III
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ENGLISH
5. I. As Caesar loved me, I wept for him; as hyphens) is an attributive adjective form
he was fortunate, I rejoice at it; as he was which is used before a noun; its noun is
valiant, I honour him; but as he was understood in the context. So, III is
ambitious, I slew him. correct, and IV incorrect.
II. Danish, my friend from Chandigarh, 2. (d) III
Punjab, will join us. The sentence has a main clause 'Jan
III. Danish, my friend, from Chandigarh, asked' with three dependent clauses: (1)
Punjab will join us. what did Joe mean (2) when he said (3) I
IV. As Caesar loved me, I wept for him; will see you later. It is clear that whatever
as he was fortunate, I rejoice at it; as he Jan is asking will end in a question mark
was valiant, I honour him: but as he was and will be enclosed within inverted
ambitious I slew him. commas: Jan asked, "What did…….?"
Now Jan's question contains the statement
(a) II (b) II, IV of Joe, which has to be put in single
(c) I, III (d) I, II inverted commas to demarcate it from
6. I. A liberally sprinkled dose of humour other words in Jan's question: 'I will see
was very much appreciated. you later' So, option (d) shows the correct
punctuation.
II. Right now I want two things: peace
and quiet. 3. (a) I, II, III
III. Our liberal-minded clergyman IV makes a statement 'There is a

managed to unite the entire congregation. slavery….abolish' and then specifies the
slavery in 'the slavery of caste'. This
IV. Right now I want two things; peace specification needs a dash before it. Use
and quiet. of a semi colon is incorrect.
(a) II, III (b) I, IV 4. (b) I, III, IV
(c) I, II, III (d) III, IV 'Yes', the adverb of affirmation, is always
7. I. It may not be the correct part, but I bet followed by a comma. A person's name
that it works. used for addressing is also followed by a
II. It may not be the correct part but: I bet comma. So, II is incorrect. III does not
that it works. require parenthetical commas for the ex-
Mayor's name because 'ex-Mayor' is his
III. O father! I hear the sound of guns. title just like 'Doctor Prakash Kumar'.
IV. O Hamlet, speak no more! Therefore, both III and IV are correct.
(a) I, III (b) I, III, IV 5. (d) I, II
(c) II, III (d) I, IV I and IV: There are four co-ordinate
clauses, each of which has a dependent
Answer
clause of its own that needs to be
1. (a) I and III separated from it with the use of a
comma. Also, all the four co-ordinate
'Two year old' (without hyphens) is a
clauses need to be separated and this can
predicative adjective form. So, I is correct
be done only by using semi colons. The
and II, incorrect. 'Two-year-old' (with
CLAT STUDY CIRCLE
ENGLISH
comma between 'ambitious' and 'I' is
missing in IV. II and III: Danish is
qualified by 'my friend from Chandigarh'
and Chandigarh is qualified by 'Punjab' in
parenthetical commas which stands for
'which lies in Punjab'. The comma after
Punjab is missing in III.
6. (c) I, II, III
A colon precedes a list of items. The
names of the 'two things' will follow a
colon.
7. (b) I, III, IV
'but' is a conjunction of contrast that
connects two contrasting coordinate
clauses['It may….part' and 'I bet…
works']and is preceded by a comma.
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Basic Grammar For CLAT and AILET Exams

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CLAT STUDY CIRCLE

1. The boy is playing. 6. Preposition  word that shows the

Example  He is playing in the field. 7. He told us all about the battle.

1. They are building a house. 3. stopped, Intransitive, —

(They are building  what?) 4. blew, Transitive, his whistle

2. Sheela likes her little sister. 5. rises , Intransitive, —

(Sheela likes  whom?) 6. stood, Intransitive, —

Intransitive verb 7. ticks, Intransitive, —

7. Possessive Adjectives  My, our, your, 5. EveryDistributive Numeral Adjective

(d) Square, precipitate, collect, free Quiz

early, rose, Verb, time 1. We ourselves saw the king.

5. so, glad , Adjective, degree or quantity 2. They themselves did it.

6. lengthwise, cut, Verb, manner Demonstrative pronouns

Reflexive pronouns 1. Every one of you must com.

2. Rama and  were present. (I, me) 1. that 2. which

3. Can you sing as well as ? (They, them) 3. whose 4. which

4. Let you and  try what we can do. (I, 5. that

Quiz 2.  do you wish to see?

1. I will go myself. 5.  shall I give this to?

A simple preposition is a word used before a Answers

Compound prepositions 10. of—credit, renown

A compound preposition is a little longer word Conjunctions

Compound conjunctions 9. though/although 10. lest

Some compound expressions are used as

The wind is blowing so hard. 2. They must attend tomorrow’s meeting.

4. Used to refer to a time period: 3. May I use your pen please?

Quiz 3. Children love to play.

Choose the correct alternative. TENSES

Q: Was he speaking? 3. I  him only one letter up to now. (sent,

Answers 7. is rising 8. has been

Future tense  will be/shall be Answer

III. Our liberal-minded clergyman IV makes a statement 'There is a

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