Chapter 15B - Fluids in Motion

A PowerPoint Presentation by
Paul E. Tippens, Professor of Physics
Southern Polytechnic State University

© 2007
 Fluid Motion
The lower falls at
Yellowstone
National Park: the
water at the top of
the falls passes
through a narrow
slot, causing the
velocity to increase
at that point. In this
chapter, we will
study the physics of
Paul E. Tippens
fluids in motion.
Objectives: After completing this
module, you should be able to:
• Define the rate of flow for a fluid and
solve problems using velocity and cross-
section.
• Write and apply Bernoulli’s equation for
the general case and apply for (a) a fluid
at rest, (b) a fluid at constant pressure,
and (c) flow through a horizontal pipe.
 Fluids in Motion
All fluids are assumed
in this treatment to
exhibit streamline flow.

•• Streamline
Streamline flow
flow isis the
the motion
motion ofof aa fluid
fluid in
in
which
which every
every particle
particle inin the
the fluid
fluid follows
follows the
the
same
same path
path past
past aa particular
particular point
point as
as that
that
followed
followed by
by previous
previous particles.
particles.
Assumptions for Fluid Flow:
•• All
All fluids
fluids move
move with
with streamline
streamline flow.
flow.
•• The
The fluids
fluids are
are incompressible.
incompressible.
•• There
There isis no
no internal
internal friction.
friction.

Streamline flow Turbulent flow

 Rate of Flow
The rate of flow R is defined as the volume V of a fluid
that passes a certain cross-section A per unit of time t.
The volume V of fluid is given by
the product of area A and vt:
V  Avt
A vt

Volume = A(vt)

Avt
R  vA Rate of flow = velocity x area
t
 Constant Rate of Flow
For an incompressible, frictionless fluid, the velocity
increases when the cross-section decreases:

R  v1 A1  v2 A2 v d  v2 d
1 1
2 2
2

A1
R = A1v1 = A2v2
A2
v2
v1
v2
Example 1: Water flows through a rubber
hose 2 cm in diameter at a velocity of 4 m/s.
What must be the diameter of the nozzle in
order that the water emerge at 16 m/s?
The area is proportional to
the square of diameter, so:
v1d12  v2 d 22
2 2
vd (4 m/s)(2 cm)
d 
2
2 
1 1
dd22 == 0.894
0.894 cm
cm
v2 (20 cm) 2
 Example 1 (Cont.): Water flows through a
rubber hose 2 cm in diameter at a velocity of
4 m/s. What is the rate of flow in m3/min?

R  v1 A1  v2 A2

d2
R  v1 A1 ; A1  1
4
 d1 (4 m/s) (0.02 m)
2 2
R1  v1  R1 = 0.00126 m3/s
4 4
m3  1 min 
R1  0.00126   RR11 == 0.0754 m33/min
0.0754 m /min
min  60 s 
Problem Strategy for Rate of Flow:
•• Read,
Read, draw,
draw, and
and label
label given
given information.
information.
•• The
The rate
rate of
of flow
flow RR isis volume
volume per
per unit
unit time.
time.
•• When
When cross-section changes,
cross-section changes, RR isis constant.
constant.

R  v1 A1  v2 A2

•• Be
Be sure
sure to
to use
use consistent
consistent units
units for
for area
area
and
and velocity.
velocity.
 Problem Strategy (Continued):

•• Since
Since the area AA of
the area of aa pipe
pipe isis proportional
proportional to
to its
its
diameter dd,, aa more
diameter more useful
useful equation
equation is:
is:

v d  v2 d
1 1
2 2
2

•• The
The units
units of
of area,
area, velocity,
velocity, or
or diameter
diameter chosen
chosen
for
for one
one section
section of
of pipe
pipe must
must bebe consistent
consistent with
with
those
those used
used for
for any
any other
other section
section of
of pipe.
pipe.
 The Venturi Meter

A C
B
The higher velocity in the constriction B causes a
difference of pressure between points A and B.

PPAA -- PPBB == gh

gh
Demonstrations of the Venturi Principle

Examples of the Venturi Effect

The increase in air velocity produces a difference

of pressure that exerts the forces shown.
Work in Moving a A2 Note
Volume of Fluid P2 differences in
pressure P
A1 and area A
F2
P1 P2  ; F2  P2 A2
A2
A2
Volume
F1 V P2 , F2
P1  ; F1  PA
1 1
A1
A1 h
P1
F1
Fluid is raised
to a height h.
 Work on a Fluid (Cont.)
v2 F2 = P2A2 Net
Net work
work donedone onon
fluid
fluid isis sum
sum of of work
work
A2 done
done by by input
input force
force
F1 = P1A1
v1
FFiiless
less the
the work
work
A1 s2 h2 done
done by by resisting
resisting
h1 s1 force
force FF22,,asas shown
shown in
in
figure.
figure.

Net Work = P1V - P2V = (P1 - P2) V

 Conservation of Energy
v2 F2 = P2A2
Kinetic Energy K:
K  ½ mv22  ½ mv12 v1 A2
F1 = P1A1
Potential Energy U: A1 s2 h2
U  mgh2  mgh1 h1 s1

Net Work = K + U also Net Work = (P1 - P2)V

( P1  P2 )V  (½ mv  ½ mv )  (mgh2  mgh2 )
2
2
2
1
 Conservation of Energy
( P1  P2 )V  (½ mv  ½ mv )  (mgh2  mgh2 )
2
2
2
1

Divide by V, recall that density m/V, then simplify:

P1   gh1  ½  v12  P2   gh2  ½  v22

v2
Bernoulli’s Theorem: v1
P1   gh1  ½  v  Const
2
1
h2
h1
 Bernoulli’s Theorem (Horizontal Pipe):
P1   gh1  ½  v12  P2   gh2  ½  v22

Horizontal Pipe (h1 = h2) v1 h v2


P1  P2  ½  v22  ½  v12
h1 = h2

Now, since the difference in pressure P = gh,

Horizontal
P   gh  ½  v22  ½  v12
Pipe
 Example 3: Water flowing at 4 m/s passes through
a Venturi tube as shown. If h = 12 cm, what is the
velocity of the water in the constriction?

Bernoulli’s Equation (h1 = h2) h v2


P   gh  ½  v  ½  v
2
2
2
1
v1 = 4 m/s h = 6 cm

Cancel , then clear fractions: 2gh = v22 - v12

v2  2 gh  v12  2(9.8 m/s 2 )(0.12 m)  (4 m/s) 2

vv22 == 4.28
4.28 m/s
m/s Note that density is not a factor.
Bernoulli’s Theorem for Fluids at Rest.
For many situations, the fluid remains at rest so that
v1 and v2 are zero. In such cases we have:
P1   gh1  ½  v12  P2   gh2  ½  v22

P1 - P2 = gh2 - gh1 = g(h

PP = g(h22-- hh11))

This is the same relation

 = 1000
seen earlier for finding the h kg/m3
pressure P at a given depth
h = (h2 - h1) in a fluid.
 Torricelli’s Theorem
When there is no change of pressure, P1 = P2.

P1   gh1  ½  v  P2   gh2  ½  v
2
1
2
2

Consider right figure. If

surface v2  and P1= v2  
P2 and v1 = v we have:
h2 h v  2 gh
Torricelli’s theorem: h1
v  2 gh
 Interesting Example of
Torricelli’s Theorem:
Torricelli’s theorem:
v
v  2 gh v
v
• Discharge velocity
increases with depth.
• Maximum range is in the middle.
• Holes equidistant above and below midpoint
will have same horizontal range.
 Example 4: A dam springs a leak
at a point 20 m below the surface.
What is the emergent velocity?
Torricelli’s theorem:
v  2 gh h
v  2gh
Given: h = 20 m
g = 9.8 m/s2

v  2(9.8 m/s 2 )(20 m)

vv == 19.8 m/s22
19.8 m/s
 Strategies for Bernoulli’s Equation:
•• Read,
Read, draw,
draw, and
and label
label aa rough
rough sketch
sketch with
with givens.
givens.
•• The
The height
height hh ofof aa fluid
fluid isis from
from aa common
common reference
reference
point
point to
to the
the center
center of of mass
mass of of the
the fluid.
fluid.
•• In
In Bernoulli’s
Bernoulli’s equation,
equation, the density is
the density is mass
mass
density and the appropriate units are kg/m 33.
density and the appropriate units are kg/m .
•• Write
Write Bernoulli’s
Bernoulli’s equation
equation for
for the
the problem
problem andand
simplify
simplify by
by eliminating
eliminating those
those factors
factors that
that do
do not
not
change.
change.

P1   gh1  ½  v12  P2   gh2  ½  v22

 Strategies (Continued)
P1   gh1  ½  v12  P2   gh2  ½  v22

• For a stationary fluid, v1 = v2 and we have:

 = 1000
= g(h
PP = g(h22-- hh11)) h kg/m3

• For a horizontal pipe, h1 = h2 and we obtain:

P1  P2  ½  v22  ½  v12
 Strategies (Continued)
P1   gh1  ½  v12  P2   gh2  ½  v22

• For no change in pressure, P1 = P2 and we have:

Torricelli’s Theorem

v  2 gh
General Example: Water flows through the pipe at
the rate of 30 L/s. The absolute pressure at point A is
200 kPa, and the point B is 8 m higher than point A.
The lower section of pipe has a diameter of 16 cm and
the upper section narrows to a diameter of 10 cm.
Find the velocities of the stream at points A and B.

R = 30 L/s = 0.030 m3/s B

R=30 L/s
D
A   R2 ; R 8m
2
AA = (0.08 m)2 = 0.0201 m3 A
AB = (0.05 m)2 = 0.00785 m3

R 0.030 m3/s R 0.030 m3/s

vA   2
 1.49 m/s; v2   2
 3.82 m/s
AA 0.0201 m A2 0.00785 m

vA = 1.49 m/s vB = 3.82 m/s

 General Example (Cont.): Next find the absolute
pressure at Point B.
B
Given: vA = 1.49 m/s R=30 L/s
vB = 3.82 m/s 8m
PA = 200 kPa
A
hB - h A = 8 m
Consider the height hA = 0 for reference purposes.
0
PA + ghA +½vA2 = PB + ghB + ½vB2
PB = PA + ½vA2 - ghB - ½vB2

PB = 200,000 Pa + 1113 Pa –78,400 Pa – 7296 Pa

PB = 200,000 Pa + ½1000 kg/m3)(1.49 m/s)2
– (1000 kg/m3)(9.8 m/s2)(8 m) - ½1000 kg/m3)(3.82 m/s)2
PPBB == 115
115 kPa
kPa
 Summary
Streamline Fluid Flow in Pipe:
R  v1 A1  v2 A2 v1d12  v2 d 22

Fluid at Rest: Horizontal Pipe (h1 = h2)

PA - PB = gh P1  P2  ½  v22  ½  v12

Bernoulli’s Theorem: Torricelli’s theorem:

P1   g h1  ½  v 12  C o n s ta n t v  2 gh
 Summary: Bernoulli’s Theorem
•• Read,
Read, draw,
draw, and
and label
label aa rough
rough sketch
sketch with
with givens.
givens.
•• The height hh of
The height of aa fluid
fluid isis from
from aa common
common reference
reference
point
point to
to the
the center
center of of mass
mass of of the
the fluid.
fluid.
•• In
In Bernoulli’s
Bernoulli’s equation,
equation, the
the density
density rr isis mass
mass
density and the appropriate units are kg/m 33.
density and the appropriate units are kg/m .
•• Write
Write Bernoulli’s
Bernoulli’s equation
equation for
for the
the problem
problem andand
simplify
simplify by
by eliminating
eliminating those
those factors
factors that
that do
do not
not
change.
change.

P1   gh1  ½  v12  P2   gh2  ½  v22

CONCLUSION: Chapter 15B
Fluids in Motion