T E C H N O L O G Y W H I T E PA P E R

Mobile Network Evolution:

From 3G Onwards

One target : making 3G a success in a

pervasive wireless world after the triumph of
2G. One ultimate goal : an heterogeneous
flexible network architecture that adapts
dynamically to the changing environments.
Although this target can be years away,
“Beyond 3G” brings the capability to introduce
into 3G new Air-interfaces and seamless mobility
across different radio access technologies. And
then will safely come 4G.

ARCHITECTS OF AN INTERNET WORLD

J-L. Hurel, C. Lerouge, C. Evci, L. Gui

MOBILE NETWORK EVOLUTION:

FROM 3G ONWARDS
3G includes the genes needed to evolve to the promise of universal
wireless networking.

Introduction in the pocket” on light, low-cost terminals, as well as for

After many years during which Second Generation (2G) radio technologies that boost data throughput and reduce
mobile systems, especially the Global System for Mobile the cost per bit. Mobile networks are now going
communication (GSM), have been incredibly successful multimedia, potentially leading to an explosion in
with double figure growth rates, the wireless panorama is throughput from a few bytes for the Short Message Service
now changing “fast and furious”. The new forces that are (SMS) to a few kbit/s for the Multimedia Messaging Service
now driving mobile network evolution could turn threats (MMS), to several 100 kbit/s for video content.
into opportunities both for the mobile operators and their This trend to higher data rates over wireless networks
network suppliers. will culminate in the introduction of Third Generation
These new trends are being shaped by two major (3G) ITU International Mobile Telecommunications 2000
factors: (IMT2000) systems [1].
In addition to these wide area cellular networks, diverse
• Mobile network evolution is strongly influenced by wireless transmission technologies are being deployed,
business challenges and the need to optimize including Digital Audio Broadcast (DAB) and Digital
investment. In this article we
focus on the radio access part
of mobile networks. Fig. 1 Various wireless technologies with their bitrates and suitability
• Major technical advances are for users moving at different speeds
gradually being standardized, Personal Area Network (PAN)
Bandwidth
making it more complex for an Connectivity, cable replacement
operator to choose a suitable Mbit/s
Local Area Network (LAN) Wide Area Network
evolutionary path. Many 100 Hotspot coverage (WAN) Overall coverage
standards variants already
exist or will arrive in the near
10
future, including: Universal
UMTS-TDD/ DVB-T
Mobile Telecommunications LAN WLAN TD-SCDMA/ DVB-S
System – Frequency Division 1 HSPDA
Duplex (UMTS-FDD), UMTS –
Time Division Duplex (TDD),
Time Division – Synchronous 0.1 UMTS - TDD, CDMA2000 1x EvDO/DV
Code Division Multiple Access
Bluetooth GPRS/EDGE / CDMA2000 1x
(TD-SCDMA), and Code 0.01
Division Multiple Access 2000
(CDMA2000) - 1x-EvDO/DV. GSM/CDMA/TDMA/PDC2

Both factors will lead to the Mobility

continuous evolution of mobile
networks, which will in turn
considerably change the way in
which mobile operators use their EDGE: Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution PDC: Personal Digital Communication
networks. GPRS: General Packet Radio Service TDMA: Time Division Multiple Access
The recent convergence of the HSDPA: High Speed Download Packet Access TD-SCDMA: Time Division - Synchronous
Internet and mobile radio has also LAN: Local Area Network Code Division Multiple Access
PAN: Personal Area Network WAN: Wide Area Network
accelerated the demand for “Internet

2 | Alcatel Telecommunications Review - 4 th Quarter 2003/1 st Quarter 2004

MOBILE NETWORK EVOLUTION: FROM 3G ONWARDS

Video Broadcast (DVB) for wide area broadcasting, Local
Multipoint Distribution System (LMDS) and Microwave
Multipoint Distribution System (MMDS) for fixed wireless
access, and IEEE 802.11b, 11a, 11g and 11h for Wireless
Local Area Networking (WLAN) extending from the
enterprise world into the public and residential domains.
All these technologies are optimized for operation in a
particular range of service bitrates according to how fast
the user is traveling, as depicted in Figure 1.
Because they complement cellular networks, these new
wireless network technologies and their derivatives may
well prove to be the infrastructure components of future
mobile networks when multi-standard terminals become
widely available [2,3]. This is already the case for WiFi
public “hotspots”, which are being deployed by mobile
operators around the world with the aim of offering
seamless mobility with cellular networks.
Mobile network evolution will be driven on the one
hand by the users’ appetite for new high-speed services
and their desire, while on the move, to replicate their
experience of broadband at home and work. On the other
hand, in developing countries innovative solutions are
required that reduce the cost of ownership to foster the
Fig. 2 Evolution of mobile networks from 2G to B3G with time lines
2G 3G Beyond 3G
Digital Transmission:
Digital Speech and
Services
adoption of mobile technology by people in the lower
income mass market. This will have an impact on the
evolution of the radio access network according to
different evolutionary paths and targeted availability
dates.
Figure 2 shows the evolution of cellular systems from
2G to 3G as well as the predicted evolution of 3G to
systems Beyond 3G (B3G) in terms of services and
technologies.
At the heart of 3G is the promise to connect users
anytime, anywhere and provide them with the same
experience as a fixed broadband user receives. Although
current 3G deployments are still some way from achieving
this goal, both in throughput and capacity, their design
includes the genes needed to reach this objective.
The strategy is to continuously enhance 3G by
deploying and improving current 3G technologies over the
next ten years or so. From the perspective of radio
access, evolved 3G means higher transmission rates and a
much lower cost per bit to foster the development of an
increasing number of bandwidth-hungry services and
applications. As shown in Figure 3, future development
and new 3G capabilities are the keys to B3G systems [5].
Future steps towards B3G
systems will improve coverage in
highly populated areas to carry
more traffic by creating a new air
interface and promoting a vision of
cooperating wireless networks. B3G
systems will utilize diverse access
technologies to deliver the best
possible services to subscribers,
taking into account both cost and
bandwidth efficiency. Rather than
targeting multi-megabit/s capability

Messaging Services, Digital Transmission: per user, the objective of B3G is to

Fixed Wireless Loop. Integrated Audio and Digital Transmission:
Video, allow users to connect through a
Tele Location/Presence,
Mainly Digital Data, Media Conversion, variety of devices, anywhere, at a
Narrowband/Broadband True Wireless Internet, wide range of speeds.
Multimedia Services IN Wireless - Wireline
merge. A major issue is the timing for the
Digital Cellular Broadband Transparency.
development of evolved 3G and B3G
Technology

Technology and
Intelligent Network (IN) Efficient Radio systems. Previous experience with
Emergence, Micro/Pico Transmission, Mobile PAN/WAN, 2G and 3G indicates that standards
Cellular Capacity, Data Compression, Ad-Hoc Networks,
Circuit Switched, Higher Frequency Symmetric Asymmetric development for each new
Enhanced Cordless Spectrum Use, Transmission, generation system technology takes
Telephony. IN+Network Integration, Software Defined Radio,
Packet Switched. Ultra Wideband,
about a decade, and that a further
Higher Frequency Use, decade is required before the
Full Packet Switched. technology reaches commercial
IN: Intelligent Network maturity. Hence, as 3G systems are
NB: Narrow Band already being deployed in many
BB: Broadband countries, the time has come to
PAN: Personal Area Network Evolved 3G Matured B3G start preparing for the future.
10-20 Mbit/s 100 Mbit/s - 1 Gbit/s However, the time line also
depends on market trends, user
1990 2001 2010 2015
demands and spectrum availability;
the allocation of new bands and their

Alcatel Telecommunications Review - 4 th Quarter 2003/1 st Quarter 2004 | 3

MOBILE NETWORK EVOLUTION: FROM 3G ONWARDS

assignment is a long process as in Fig. 3 Potential capabilities of 3G/UMTS and B3G

many countries these bands are Mobility
already being used by other services.
B3G with Capabilities
ITU-R studies show that in the of Previous systems
short-term (up to about 2010), the
future development of 3G will be
High
based on enhancing the capabilities
New capabilities
of the initial deployments within the of B3G Systems
3G Evolved New
frequency bands identified by the 3G Mobile
World Radiocommunication Access
Conference 2000 (WRC2000). It is
also believed that the interfaces for
B3G systems will exploit the new Enhancement
frequency spectrum that is to be
identified by WRC2007. Hence, a Low Nomadic/Local New Nomadic/Local
speculative time scale for a mature Access Systems Area Wireless Access
B3G system is around 2010 to 2015, Data Rate (Mbit/s)
as depicted in Figure 2.
This article stresses the reasons: 1 10 100 1000

Interconnection between systems

• why we need more proactive
approaches linking the
business, strategic and Fig. 4 Where should I go?
technological challenges for
the evolution of 3G and B3G
systems; Public
WLAN?
• where we stand on the 3G
evolutionary path, and in
• which time period new
EDGE? TD-SCDMA? i-Mode?
features may be deployed, and GPRS?
finally
• what is Alcatel’s vision of
evolved 3G and B3G. Satellite
UMTS TDD? DVB-T/S?
Key Drivers for
Network Evolution
Irrespective of the network UMTS FDD?
evolution paths, mobile operators I want my networks to
face one major business challenge: be efficient, flexible
and future-safe!
attracting subscribers by smoothly
introducing a large number of
CDMA1x?
compelling new services that satisfy
their needs and combine high
quality with acceptable prices. This
needs to be achieved while T/S: Terrestrial / Satellite
optimizing network investment.
Consequently, mobile operators are
asking their suppliers: “how could
you build my mobile network with maximum efficiency • Scalability, allowing gradual investment.
and flexibility, and how do you guarantee future-safe • Hardware and software flexibility, taking
network evolution?” See Figure 4. advantage of economies of scale and cost
Alcatel’s approach to network evolution and its mobile reduction programs.
network strategy are customer driven and not technology • Full backward compatibility for high investment
centric. In line with this approach, our access reusability.
technologies and our Evolium radio solutions meet four • Rapid introduction of new technologies where it
major criteria for cost efficiency: makes sense for the operator.

4 | Alcatel Telecommunications Review - 4 th Quarter 2003/1 st Quarter 2004

MOBILE NETWORK EVOLUTION: FROM 3G ONWARDS
Meeting these criteria is the only way to solve the paradox
faced by the mobile industry: how to efficiently implement
technology improvements while optimizing the use of earlier
investments and ensuring safe network migration.
It is also essential to realize that mobile system
deployment should take account of increasing environmental
concerns. The deployment of new radio systems should
comply with new regulations. However, worldwide it is
proving an enormous challenge to find new radio sites.
Consequently there is a need for innovative coverage
solutions, ranging from outdoor to deep indoor.
The following looks at the impact of these factors on the
evolution of the 3G radio access network and what we call
Beyond 3G. Nevertheless, these forces also affect all
2G/2.5G/3G networks, as we are now living in a multi-
standard, multi-access radio technology world.
Technological Challenges for Evolved
3G and B3G
The key technological challenges that are shaping the
future of mobile networks fall into two main areas [6,7]:
• Evolution of the air interface to make more
efficient use of the available spectrum and provide
higher bitrates.
• Multi-standard heterogeneous network
architectures.
This issue of the Alcatel Telecommunications Review
provides a detailed look at what these new technologies
are bringing to the mobile environment. Here we stress in
which time frame these new technologies will be realized.
Air interface evolution
Air interface selection is crucial as it determines both
the performance of the system and the complexity of the
radio segment. The definition of the air interface includes
radio modulation technologies as well as adaptive antenna
schemes (smart antennas) that use beam forming to
enhance capacity by suppressing interference channels.
Two time scales for the evolution of the air interface
can be considered: a medium term in the time frame of
evolved 3G with the Third Generation Partnership Project
(3GPP) releases 5 and 6, and a longer term in the Beyond
3G context.
Medium-Term Air Interface Evolution (Evolved 3G)
Medium-term air interfaces are targeting data rates of
around 10 to 20 Mbit/s using the currently assigned
frequency spectrum.
Two main approaches are being used to improve data
communication performance, with increased spectral
efficiency and higher data rates. The first, which is based
on single carrier modulation, is a direct evolution of the 3G
air interface; High Speed Downlink Packet Access
(HSDPA), already specified in 3GPP, aims to provide rates
Alcatel Telecommunications Review - 4 th Quarter 2003/1 st Quarter 2004 | 5
of up to 10.8 Mbit/s per carrier. This will be achieved by
using higher level modulation with improved adaptive
modulation and coding schemes that ensure a high quality
connection even in poor propagating conditions, together
with Hybrid Automatic Repeat reQuest (HARQ) methods.
The second approach is based on multiple carrier
modulation techniques: Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplexing (OFDM) is currently being studied by the
3GPP with the aim of achieving peak data rates of more
than 20 Mbit/s. The main principle is to transmit the signal
on N parallel and orthogonal (in time) subcarriers, each
with a symbol duration N times higher than the data
symbol duration. This is a very efficient and robust
modulation technique in time and frequency dispersive
channels, especially when using redundancy and
interleaving. Systems using OFDM already exist for other
applications (broadcast DAB, DVB, IEEE 802.11g and
IEEE 802.11a WLANs); its adaptation to the cellular
environment is feasible in the medium term.
Long-Term Air Interface Evolution (Beyond 3G)
Long-term evolution to higher data rates of from 100 Mbit/s
up to 1 Gbit/s will be possible with additional spectrum,
improved signal processing, and better waveform definition.
The most important technologies for achieving higher
capacities and data rates are expected to be:
• Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) techniques,
which are also very promising to improve spectrum
efficiency. MIMO requires several sufficiently spaced
antennas in the terminal and a higher processing
capability.
• Improved signal processing techniques, including
joint detection1, improved receivers, beam forming,
and improved channel estimation and prediction for
efficient link adaptation. These techniques require
high processing powers, but will significantly
enhance performance.
• Use of OFDM as a multiple access (OFDMA)
technology in combination with CDM, adaptive
modulation and coding, and fast scheduling
techniques to optimize spectral efficiency.
• Software Defined Radio (SDR) is a concept whereby
functions previously carried out in hardware
(generation of transmitted radio signal and tuning of
the received radio signal) are performed by software
in (re)configurable high-speed digital signal
processors. SDR could offer very interesting ways of
implementing multi-band, multi-standard equipment.
Multi-standard heterogeneous network architecture
Today each radio access technology requires a
dedicated access network, with interworking between the
technologies being performed mainly by the core network,
1
A signal processing technology that improves the bit error rate in the
presence of multiple signals.
MOBILE NETWORK EVOLUTION: FROM 3G ONWARDS
which has only some of the information needed for the
envisaged optimization. Moreover, as several parts of the
network are involved in this type of interworking, which
increases overheads and delay, the frequency of changes
to the air interfaces is limited, further reducing the
possible benefits.
The solution to improving spectral efficiency is to
integrate the air interfaces within a multi-standard radio
network. This allows a more efficient deployment of
whichever radio technology is needed to match the
particular traffic requirements.
In the context of evolved 3G, the multiple air interfaces
will be combined, keeping 3G as a network architecture
based on current 3GPP protocols and interworking
scenarios. Benefits will come from deploying unified
network elements across a single Internet Protocol (IP)
transport architecture, leading to lower operating
expenses and improved efficiency.
In the B3G time frame, the emphasis will be on service
delivery capabilities enabling the user to access the most
appropriate service in accordance with his or her user
profile, type of terminal, location, service, etc, without the
need for tedious additional inputs.
Evolved 3G by Alcatel
The introduction highlighted the key success factors for
radio access network evolution. To challenge the market
with constant innovation, Alcatel decided to go one step
further with a program called Octopus. This program
brings the Evolium concept to new heights with the
evolution of the Evolium™ Multi-standard Base Station
platform encompassing the air interface evolution
introduced by the UMTS and CDMA standards. The
Octopus program has seen Evolium move from a
centralized base station architecture to multiple radio
access points all connected to the same central unit, as
depicted in Figure 5.
The remote access points support various radio access
technologies: UMTS FDD, UMTS TDD, TD-SCDMA, GSM,
EDGE, and possibly satellite, WLAN, DVB-T, etc.
A digital interface between the central unit and the
different remote radio heads allows a wide variety of
Fig. 5 Octopus concept
TDD
Satellite
CDMA2000
TD-SCDMA
From Evolium FDD GSM/
Multi-standard EDGE
Base Station
To Evolium distributed architecture
6 | Alcatel Telecommunications Review - 4 th Quarter 2003/1 st Quarter 2004
remoting techniques to be used, such as direct optical
fiber transmission or all-digital transmission techniques
using microwave, point-to-multipoint, etc.
This step forward is compatible with the three
cornerstones of the Evolium concept:
• Cleverly designed single multi-standard platform: It
goes beyond the current GSM/EDGE/WCDMA
capability implemented in our multi-standard base
station, and includes other radio access techniques.
• Reengineering every nine months to continuously
reduce the cost of the platform (compared with the
industry average of four years). The different steps
of the Octopus program are fully coordinated with
the overall Evolium re-engineering program.
• Easy introduction of new technologies via software
upgrades, always ensuring backward compatibility.
The new evolution is fully compatible with the
existing Evolium™ Multi-standard Base Station.
The main architectural concepts of Octopus are as
follows:
• Networks can be expanded even in environments
where regulations specify stringent limits on the
emitted power for safety reasons.
• Site acquisition is a lot easier because the radio site
is small and the processing part can be hosted in a
so-called “Base Transceiver Station (BTS) hotel”.
• Simplifies the operation and maintenance of
multiple networks: common spare parts, less
training of maintenance staff, common supervision
systems for 2G, 3G and other technologies, as
necessary.
• Allows existing 2G sites to be reused for 3G as the
remote radio unit can easily fit onto any existing 2G
site, either of Alcatel or of another supplier.
• Minimizes the number of central units because of
their high capacity, and enhances the flexibility of
remote unit installation as they are very compact.
• Facilitates the flexible addition of new capacity
using whatever technology is needed to meet traffic
evolution.
• Higher reliability as heat dissipation is reduced by
decentralizing the amplifiers.
• Compatible with Evolium technology installed in
the field.
• Can be used for coverage of special areas, such as
indoors, motorways and hotspots.
• Powerful substitute for micro Node Bs or micro-
BTS.
Beyond 3G Vision
Our vision is of future mobile communication
networks with a very flexible networking infrastructure
that dynamically adapts to changing requirements and
MOBILE NETWORK EVOLUTION: FROM 3G ONWARDS

aggregates the various radio access technologies that high-speed vehicles such as trains, buses and
are depicted in Figure 6. automobiles. Techniques include the realization of
As stated earlier, we foresee that there should be a new automatic switching functions for such flexible networks,
air interface capable of supporting speeds of 100 Mbit/s mobility control, and coordination functions between
for highly mobile users traveling on autoroutes or fast layers 2 and 3 to realize fast handover, rapid routing
trains (60 km/h to 250 km/h), or even higher speeds of switching of packets, packet loss compensation
1 Gbit/s for pedestrian users. If bandwidth is allocated to techniques, fast cell search in and out of networks, fast
each user, then there should be at least 1 Mbit/s cell selection techniques, etc [7,8].
At the service level there will be
an efficient delivery system over
Fig. 6 Beyond 3G vision the different air interfaces by
deploying seamless networking
capabilities that enable the
terminal, in coordination with the
Services and
applications network, to automatically select and
communicate with the most suitable
New radio access in an environment where
interface
Download multiple access networks are
e access system
channel DAB Mod Wireline available. Different techniques
DVB xDSL
make it possible to optimize, over
IP based core network
the combination of access systems,
Cellular WLAN
the different user and terminal
Return channel
e.g. GSM GSM IMT-2000 type contexts, the applications being
UMTS used, the techniques used to collect
and manage context information,
coordination techniques between
Other access systems and networks,
entities portability techniques like
Short range addresses, etc.
connectivity
In the end, B3G will bring
complementary coverage to existing
and new mobile networks, and will
always provide the best connection

Fig. 7 Two-tier radio traffic aggregation concept

peak/session in order to provide high
quality multimedia services. Despite Indoor and outdoor low
mobility environment
this evolution, the cost of B3G
services will have to decrease to
ensure the same penetration as in IP transport
network
today’s 2G networks.
By introducing OFDM, HARQ,
MIMO, Adaptive Modulation and Access
station
Coding (AMC), etc, it is possible to
achieve 100 Mbit/s for rapidly moving Short range
Access radio
users, but the cell radius will become station
High mobility
much smaller than in 3G networks. environment
Will we still want to have a system
with full coverage or would it be
acceptable to have discontinuous
coverage that is highly service
dependent? Anyway, this requires
technologies that could handle rapid
handover of high capacity Onboard
Mobile access vehicle
communication services without proxy
interruption for fast downloading in

Alcatel Telecommunications Review - 4 th Quarter 2003/1 st Quarter 2004 | 7

MOBILE NETWORK EVOLUTION: FROM 3G ONWARDS
for users. Alcatel is currently working on a two-tier radio
traffic aggregation concept for B3G access, as shown in
Figure 7. This concept optimizes performance and cost
as radio traffic is aggregated differently for high
throughput with low mobility, and medium throughput
with high mobility.
Terminals will, of course, have a key role in this vision;
terminals for B3G should be multi-band and multi-mode
capable, and able to handle various types of content.
Conclusion
This article has answered four fundamental questions:
Why we need B3G, where we stand at present, which is
the time scale, and what type of system will be
deployed. We have presented our vision of mobile
network evolution from 3G onwards; key technology
advances will be implemented gradually, shaping a
universal wireless communications future. In this
complex picture, the crucial words are evolution,
scalability and flexibility. All new technologies will be
introduced to enable services to be rapidly created and
deployed over mobile networks.
The ultimate target is an heterogeneous flexible
networking architecture which dynamically adapts to the
changing environment. Although this target is years
away, the introduction into 3G systems of a new air
interface and seamless mobility between different radio
standards will be a stepping stone to B3G.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to acknowledge the valuable
contributions and constructive comments of their
colleagues, namely Ulrich Barth and Ralf Sigle of the R&I
Department in Germany, and Jerome Brouet of Alcatel
Jean-Louis Hurel is Marketing Director, focusing on
mobile radio solutions, in the Mobile Radio Business
Unit of the Alcatel Mobile Networks Division, Vélizy,
France (jean-louis.hurel@alcatel.fr)
Christophe Lerouge is Mobile and Wireless
Strategy Director in the Network Strategy Group within
the Alcatel CTO organization in Paris, France.
(christophe.lerouge@alcatel.fr)
8 | Alcatel Telecommunications Review - 4 th Quarter 2003/1 st Quarter 2004
R&I in Marcoussis, France. In addition, the authors thank
their colleagues within international groups, such as ITU-
R WP 8F, UMTS Forum and ECC/PT1, for fruitful
discussions on B3G systems.
References
[1] A. Lightman: “Brave New Unwired world - Digital Big
Bang and the Infinite Internet”, John Wiley & Sons, New
York, USA, 2002.
[2] H. Honkasalo et al: “WCDMA and WLAN for 3G and
Beyond “,IEEE Wireless Communications, volume 9, no 2,
pp 14-18, April 2002.
[3] M. Frodigh: “Future Generation Wireless Networks”, IEEE
Transactions on Personal Communications, volume 8, no 5,
October 2001, pp 10-17.
[4] C. Evci et al: “Strategic and Technological Challenges for
Wireless Communications beyond 3G”, Journal of
Communications and Networks: Special Issue on “Evolving
from 3G Deployment to 4G Definition”, volume 4, no 4,
December 2003, pp 302-313.
[5] “Vision Group Preliminary Draft New
Recommendations (PDNR)”, ITU-R WP8F, 8F/TEMP/311
and 316, 8th WP8F Meeting, Ottawa, Canada, June
2002.
[6] Pehkonen et al: “Key Technologies and concepts for
beyond 3G Networks”, Proceedings of SPIE Conference -
Wireless and Mobile Communications, Beijing, China, vol-
ume 4586, November 2001, pp 43-57.
[7] W. Mohr, W. Konhauser: “Access Network Evolution
Beyond Third Generation Mobile Communications”, IEEE
Communications Magazine, December 2000, pp 122-
133.
[8] W.W. Lu: “Broadband Wireless Mobile: 3G and Beyond”,
John Wiley & Sons, England, 2002.
Cengiz Evci is Chief Frequency Officer in the Mobile
Communication Group (MCG) / Mobile Network Division
(MND), Vélizy, France, as well as a Director on the board
of 3G Patents Ltd. He is also a regular member of the
Alcatel Technical Academy. (cengiz.evci@alcatel.fr)
Luoning Gui is Director of the Research & Innovation
Center, Shanghai, China. (Luoning.Gui@alcatel-
sbell.com.cn)
MOBILE NETWORK EVOLUTION: FROM 3G ONWARDS

Abbreviations
3G Third Generation
3GPP Third Generation Partnership Project
AMC Adaptive Modulation and Coding
B3G Beyond 3G
BTS Base Transceiver Station
CDMA Code Division Multiple Access
DAB Digital Audio Broadcast
DVB Digital Video Broadcast
EDGE Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution
FDD Frequency Division Duplex
GPRS General Packet Radio Service
GSM Global System for Mobile Communication
HARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request
HSDPA High Speed Download Packet Access
IMT2000 International Mobile Telecommunications 2000
IP Internet Protocol
IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
ITU International Telecommunications Union
LAN Local Area Network
LMDS Local Multipoint Distribution System
MIMO Multiple Input Multiple Output
MMDS Microwave Multipoint Distribution System
MMS Multimedia Messaging Service
OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
PAN Personal Area Network
PDC Personal Digital Communication
SCDMA Synchronous Code Division Multiple Access
SDR Software Defined Radio
SMS Short Message Service
T/S Terrestrial/Satellite
TD Time Division
TDD Time Division Multiplex
TDMA Time Division Multiple Access
UMTS Universal Mobile Transmission System
WAN Wide Area Network
WLAN Wireless Local Area Network
WRC2000 World Radiocommunication Conference 2000

Alcatel Telecommunications Review - 4 th Quarter 2003/1 st Quarter 2004 | 9

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