MICROWAVE TUBES

OBJECTIVE : HISTORY

SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES USED AS AMPLIFIERS AND OSCILLATORS FOR A LONG TIME

AS FREQUENCY OF OPERATION KEPT INCREASING, SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES FELL SHORT

ON POWER AND JUNCTION CAPACITANCES PLAYED HAVOC WITH SIGNALS

TUBES LIKE DIODE, TRIODE, PENTODE etc CONTINUED TO BE USED FOR AMPLIFICATION

EVEN HIGHER FREQUENCIES MADE TUBES NOISY WITH UNWANTED CAPACITANCES AND
INDUCTANCES

TRANSIT TIME OF ELECTRONS BECAME COMPARABLE TO 𝟏ൗ𝒇 & i/p POLARITY CHANGES
TOOK TIME TO BE REFLECTED AT THE o/p

TRANSIT TIME WAS PUT TO USE THROUGH A SLEW OF DEVICES LIKE THE KLYSTRON,
MAGNETRON AND TWT FOR AMPLIFICATION

THESE TUBES CAME TO BE REFERRED AS LINEAR TUBES OR “O” TYPE TUBES

 MICROWAVE TUBES
OBJECTIVE : SNAPSHOT OF FEW OF THE TUBES COVERED IN THE COURSE

THE FIGURES ARE ONLY TYPICAL OF THE TUBE

THERE ARE DEVICES WITH SPECIFIC DESIGN THAT EXCEED THESE FIGURES
 KLYSTRON TUBE
OBJECTIVE : BASICS

IT IS A ROBUST DEVICE WITH η OF 40%, PULSED POWER UPTO 30 MW @ 10 GHz AND

OPERATIONAL UPTO 40GHz

POWER GAIN CAN BE AS MUCH AS 30 dB WITH A BANDWIDTH OF ABOUT 5%

USED AS AN AMPLIFIER EXCLUSIVELY

CONSISTS OF MINIMUM 2 CAVITIES (i/p & o/p) WHERE RF IS INDUCED TO AND TAPPED
FROM RESPECTIVELY

MORE CAVITIES CAN BE USED FOR SHARPER AMPLIFICATION, INCREASED BW etc

IT HAS A CATHODE FROM WHICH ELECTRONS ARE EMITTED WHICH ARE ACCELERATED TO
THE ANODE.

THEY PASS THE ANODE THROUGH A GRID AND MOVE ALONG THE TUBE AND GET
COLLECTED AT THE COLLECTOR PASSING THROUGH THE CAVITIES

THE WHOLE GAME IS PLAYED IN THE DRIFT SPACE BETWEEN THE i/p & o/p CAVITIES
 KLYSTRON - CONSTRUCTION
OBJECTIVE : SCHEMATIC OF PARTS & DEFINITIONS
L
𝒗𝟎

𝒗(𝒕𝟏 )
FILAMENT
VOLTAGE

RF AMPLIFICATION

BEAM
VOLTAGE 𝑽𝟎

𝑹𝑭 𝑰𝑵𝑷𝑼𝑻 𝑹𝑭 𝑶𝑼𝑻𝑷𝑼𝑻

0 d L+d L+2d
𝒕𝟎 𝒕𝟏 𝒕𝟐 𝒕𝟑
 KLYSTRON – REENTRANT CAVITIES
OBJECTIVE : WHAT IS THE FREQUENCY SUPPORTED BY A CAVITY

AT LOWER FREQUENCIES, RESONANT CAVITIES CAN BE 2b 2a d

REPRESENTED BY LUMPED CONSTANTS

AS FREQUENCY GROWS, COILS BECOME LESSER 𝒍 𝒍

AND CAPACITANCE BECOME SIGNIFICANT BETWEEN TERMINALS / GAPS 𝒛𝒊𝒏

IN THE MICROWAVE RANGE, A SHORT WIRE REPRESENTS A SIGNIFICANT INDUCTANCE

CAVITIES WITH METAL WALLS (INTERNAL) BEHAVES LIKE A COAXIAL CAVITY AND CAN BE
APPROXIMATED BY A SHORTED COAXIAL TRANSMISSION LINEFOR WHICH

𝟏 𝝁 𝒃
𝒁𝟎 = 𝒍𝒏 AND 𝒁𝒊𝒏 = 𝒋𝒁𝟎 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜷𝒍
𝟐𝝅 𝝐 𝒂
 KLYSTRON – REENTRANT CAVITIES
𝒁𝒍 = 𝟎 SINCE REENTRANT COAXIAL CAVITY IS
OBJECTIVE : HOW IS L DERIVED
EQUIVALENT TO A SHORTED TRANSMISSION LINE
𝒁𝒍 + 𝒁𝟎 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒉(𝜸𝒍) 𝒁𝟎 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒉(𝜸𝒍) 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉(𝜸𝒍)
𝒁𝒊𝒏 = 𝒁𝟎 = 𝒁𝑶 = 𝒁𝑶 = 𝒋𝒁𝑶 𝒕𝒂𝒏(𝜷𝒍)
𝒁𝑶 + 𝒁𝒍 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒉(𝜸𝒍) 𝒁𝑶 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉(𝜸𝒍)
𝜸 = 𝜶 + 𝒋𝜷 AND 𝜶 = 𝟎 FOR A LOSSLESS LINE
AND A REENTRANT COAXIAL CAVITY IS LOSSLESS
𝒁𝒊𝒏 = 𝒋𝒁𝟎 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜷𝒍 1

𝟏 𝝁 𝒃
𝒁𝟎 = 𝒍𝒏 2
𝟐𝝅 𝝐 𝒂
FOR A LOSSLESS LINE WITH INNER & OUTER
SUBSTITUTING 2 IN 1
DIMENSIONS OF 𝒂 & 𝒃
𝟏 𝝁 𝒃
𝒁𝒊𝒏 =𝒋 𝒍𝒏 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜷𝒍
𝟐𝝅 𝝐 𝒂
3
𝑿𝒊𝒏 𝟐 𝟏 𝝁 𝒃 𝟏 𝝁 𝒃
𝑳=𝟐 = 𝒍𝒏 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜷𝒍 = 𝒍𝒏 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜷𝒍
𝝎 𝝎 𝟐𝝅 𝝐 𝒂 𝝅𝝎 𝝐 𝒂
 KLYSTRON – REENTRANT CAVITIES
OBJECTIVE : FREQUENCY OF REENTRANT CAVITIES

THE CAPACITANCE OF THE GAP IS GIVEN BY

𝝐𝝅𝒂𝟐
𝑪𝒈𝒂𝒑 = 4
𝒅
𝟏
AT RESONANCE, 𝝎𝑪 = 𝝎𝑳 USING EQUATIONS 3 & 4, WE GET
𝒈𝒂𝒑

𝟏 𝝁 𝒃 𝟏 𝒅
𝝎 𝒍𝒏 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜷𝒍 =
𝝅𝝎 𝝐 𝒂 𝝎 𝝐𝝅𝒂𝟐

READJUSTING THE TERMS AND SOLVING FOR THE FREQUENCY 𝝎 , WE GET,

𝒅𝒄 𝟏
𝝎= 𝒄= 𝒂
𝝁𝝐
𝒂𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜷𝒍 𝒍𝒏 𝒃ൗ𝒂
 KLYSTRON – FREQUENCY OF OPERATION
OBJECTIVE : CONSEQUENCE OF THE LITTLE BIT OF ALGEBRA ON REENTRANT CAVITIES

𝒅𝒄
𝝎=
𝒂𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜷𝒍 𝒍𝒏 𝒃ൗ𝒂

SOLUTION TO THIS EQUATION GIVES FREQUENCY OF THE RESONANT CAVITY

DUE TO 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜷𝒍 THERE ARE INFINITE SOLUTIONS DEPENDING ON THE CAVITY DIMENSIONS

𝒅 & 𝒂 ARE RELATIVELY DIFFICULT TO CHANGE; BUT 𝒃 CAN BE CHANGED WITH TUNING SCREW

THUS THE CAVITY CAN BE TUNED TO ANY FREQUENCY OF CHOICE

WHEN THERE IS ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY IN THE CAVITY, NOISE WILL BE PRESENT

THE CAVITY WILL RESONATE AT THE TUNED FREQUENCY AMONG ALL PRESENT FREQUENCIES

THIS WILL PROVIDE ALTERNATING RF AT THE GAP. @ RESONANCE MAGNETIC AND ELECTRIC
ENERGIES ARE EQUAL
 KLYSTRON – RF COUPLING
OBJECTIVE : LIFE OF ELECTRONS ACROSS THE GAP

𝒆− EMITTED BY THE CATHODE ARE ACCELERATED BY THE BEAM VOLTAGE (𝑽𝟎 ) AND GAIN
KINETIC ENERGY

EQUATING THE KE WITH ENERGY GAINED BY 𝒆− DUE TO 𝑽𝟎 , WE GET

𝟏 𝟐 𝟐𝒆𝑽𝟎
𝒎𝒗 𝟎 = 𝒆𝑽𝟎 AND 𝒗𝟎 = (INITIAL VELOCITY ASSUMED ZERO)
𝟐 𝒎

VOLTAGE ACROSS THE GAP IS DUE TO INPUT RF SIGNAL IS 𝑽𝒔 = 𝑽𝟏 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝝎𝒕)

TIME OF ENTRY OF THE 𝒆− INTO THE GAP IS 𝒕𝟎

TIME OF EXIT OF THE 𝒆− FROM THE GAP IS 𝒕𝟏
TRANSIT TIME OF 𝒆− ACROSS THE GAP IS 𝝉
𝒅
𝝉 = 𝒕𝟏 − 𝒕𝟎 =
𝒗𝟎
AVERAGE PHASE DIFFERENCE CREATED IN THE RF SIGNAL BETWEEN THE GAP (OR
TRANSIT ANGLE ACROSS THE GAP IS
𝝎𝒅
𝜽𝒈 = 𝝎𝝉 =
𝒗𝟎
 KLYSTRON – RF COUPLING
OBJECTIVE : VOLTAGE FACED BY ELECTRONS ACROSS THE GAP

THE AVERAGE VOLTAGE IN THE GAP WILL TELL US WHAT ENERGY IS GETTING
TRANSFERRED TO THE GAP AND IS GIVEN BY
𝟏 𝒕𝟏 𝑽𝟏
𝑽𝒔 = න 𝑽𝟏 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝝎𝒕) 𝒅𝒕 = − 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝎𝒕𝟏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝎𝒕𝟎 𝜽𝒈
𝝉 𝒕𝟎 𝝎𝝉
𝑽𝟏 𝑽𝟏 𝝎𝒅
𝑽𝒔 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝎𝒕𝟎 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝎(𝒕𝟎 +𝝉) = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝎𝒕𝟎 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝎𝒕𝟎 + )
𝝎𝝉 𝝎𝝉 𝒗𝟎

𝜽𝒈 𝜽𝒈
APPLYING 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝑨 − 𝑩 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔 (𝑨 + 𝑩) = 𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝑨 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝑩 WHERE 𝐀 = 𝝎𝒕𝟎 + &𝐁=
𝟐 𝟐
𝒅
𝟐𝑽𝟏 𝒗𝟎 𝝎𝒅 𝝎𝒅
𝑽𝒔 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝎𝒕𝟎 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏
𝝎𝝉 𝟐𝒗𝟎 𝟐𝒗𝟎

REARRANGING THE TERMS WE GET,

𝝎𝒅
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝒗 𝝎𝒅
𝟎
𝑽𝒔 = 𝑽𝟏 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝎𝒕𝟎 +
𝝎𝒅 𝟐𝒗𝟎
𝟐𝒗𝟎
 KLYSTRON – RF COUPLING
OBJECTIVE : CONSEQUENCE OF THE MATH SO FAR

THE BEAM COUPLING COEFFICIENT 𝜷 IS DEFINED AS

𝝎𝒅 𝜽𝒈
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝒗 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐
𝟎
𝜷= =
𝝎𝒅 𝜽𝒈
𝟐𝒗𝟎 𝟐

RF COUPLING IS HIGH IF 𝜽𝒈 IS SMALL

FOR SMALL 𝜽𝒈 THE BEAM COUPLING COEFFICIENT IS NEARLY UNITY

ANODE VOLTAGE INCREASES 𝒆− VELOCITY AND SHOULD BE AS HIGH AS POSSIBLE

GAP 𝒅 SHOULD BE AS SMALL AS POSSIBLE. AS IT INCREASES, COUPLING DECREASES

NOTATION FOR BEAM COUPLING FUNCTION IS GENERALLY 𝜷𝒊 DENOTING THE 𝒊𝒕𝒉 CAVITY
THOUGH TWO CAVITY KLYSTRONS ARE MOST COMMON
 KLYSTRON – VELOCITY MODULATION
OBJECTIVE : LIFE OF ELECTRONS AS IT ENTERS THE DRIFT SPACE

𝒆− VELOCITY (DENOTED AS 𝒗 𝒕𝟏 ) WILL CHANGE AS IT LEAVES THE GAP

THE KINETIC ENERGY WILL CHANGE DUE TO 𝑽𝟎 AS WELL AS 𝑽𝒔 (WITH TRANSIT ANGLE)

THE VELOCITY OF THE 𝒆− AS IT LEAVES THE GAP IS GIVEN BY

𝜽𝒈
𝟐𝒆 𝑽𝟎 + 𝜷𝒊 𝑽𝟏 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝎𝒕𝟎 + 𝟐 𝟏/𝟐
𝟐𝒆𝑽𝟎 𝜷𝒊 𝑽𝟏 𝜽𝒈
𝒗 𝒕𝟏 = = 𝟏+ 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝎𝒕𝟎 +
𝒎 𝒎 𝑽𝟎 𝟐

𝜷𝒊 𝑽𝟏 ≪ 𝟐𝑽𝟎 SINCE BEAM VOLTAGE IS VERY HIGH, BINOMIAL EXPANSION YIELDS

𝜷𝒊 𝑽𝟏 𝜽𝒈
𝒗 𝒕𝟏 = 𝒗𝟎 𝟏+ 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝎𝒕𝟎 +
𝟐𝑽𝟎 𝟐
OR
𝜷𝒊 𝑽𝟏 𝜽𝒈
𝒗 𝒕𝟏 = 𝒗𝟎 𝟏+ 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝎𝒕𝟏 −
𝟐𝑽𝟎 𝟐
 KLYSTRON – VELOCITY MODULATION
OBJECTIVE : LIFE OF ELECTRONS AS IT ENTERS THE DRIFT SPACE

𝒆− AFTER LEAVING THE GAP, DRIFT IN THE SPACE OF LENGTH 𝑳

DUE TO FAST CHANGING POLARITY OF THE RF SIGNAL, THE ELECTRONS ARE ACCELERATED
OR RETARDED

THERE ARE THREE CLASSES OF ELECTRONS AT THE EXTREMITIES OF THE RF CYCLE

• 𝒆− THAT PASS THROUGH WHEN 𝑽𝒔 IS @ MAX -ve OF RF CYCLE

THESE GET DECELERATED (THOUGH MOVING FORWARD TOWARDS THE COLLECTOR)

• 𝒆− THAT PASS THROUGH WHEN 𝑽𝒔 = 𝟎

THESE WILL PASS THROUGH UNMOLESTED

• 𝒆− THAT PASS THROUGH WHEN 𝑽𝒔 IS @ MAX +ve OF RF CYCLE

THESE WILL BE ACCELERATED

SLOWER 𝒆− WILL BE RETARDED ENOUGH & WILL MEET THE UNACCELERATED 𝒆−

FASTER 𝒆− WILL ACCELERATE & MEET THE GROUP OF 𝒆− EMITTED EARLIER
THUS THERE WILL BE 𝒆− BUNCHES IN THE DRIFT SPACE SAY @ A DISTANCE OF ∆𝑳
 KLYSTRON – VELOCITY MODULATION
OBJECTIVE : VELOCITY MODULATION OF ELECTRONS IN THE DRIFT SPACE
∆𝐋

𝒕𝒂 𝒕𝒃 𝒕𝒄 𝒕𝒅
ASSUMPTIONS MADE ARE
RF IN DRIFT SPACE IS ZERO
𝒅 IS VERY SMALL & THERE IS NO VOLTAGE CHANGE OF RF AS THE 𝒆− PASSES THROUGH
TRANSIT TIME IS VERY SMALL COMPARED TO PERIOD OF RF
𝑽𝟏 ≪ 𝑽𝟎 AND 𝒆− WILL PROGRESS ALONG THE TUBE
SPACE CHARGE IN 𝒆− CLOUD IS NEGLIGIBLE AND NO DE-BUNCHING DUE TO REPULSION
 KLYSTRON – VELOCITY MODULATION
OBJECTIVE : VELOCITY MODULATION OF ELECTRONS IN THE DRIFT SPACE

𝜷𝒊 𝑽𝟏 𝝅 𝜷𝒊 𝑽𝟏 𝝅
𝒗𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝒗𝟎 𝟏 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏 AND 𝒗𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝒗𝟎 𝟏 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏 −
𝟐𝑽𝟎 𝟐 𝟐𝑽𝟎 𝟐

FOR THE UNMOLESTED 𝒆− ∆𝐋 = 𝒗𝟎 𝒕𝒅 − 𝒕𝒃

FOR THE FASTER 𝒆− ∆𝐋𝒇 = 𝒗𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝒕𝒅 − 𝒕𝒄 = 𝒗𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝒕𝒅 − 𝒕𝒃 − 𝝅Τ𝟐𝝎

𝜷𝒊 𝑽𝟏
∆𝐋𝒇 = 𝒗𝟎 𝟏 + 𝒕𝒅 − 𝒕𝒃 − 𝝅ൗ𝟐𝝎
∆𝐋 𝟐𝑽𝟎
1
𝒗𝟎 𝜷𝒊 𝑽𝟏 𝒗 𝝅 𝒗𝟎 𝜷𝒊 𝑽𝟏 𝝅
∆𝐋𝒇 = 𝒗𝟎 𝒕𝒅 − 𝒕𝒃 + 𝒕𝒅 − 𝒕𝒃 + 𝟎 ൗ𝟐𝝎 +
𝟐𝑽𝟎 𝟐𝑽𝟎 𝟐𝝎

FOR THE SLOWER 𝒆− ∆𝐋 = 𝒗𝒎𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒅 − 𝒕𝒂 = 𝒗𝒎𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒅 − 𝒕𝒃 + 𝝅Τ𝟐𝝎

𝜷𝒊 𝑽𝟏
∆𝐋𝒔 = 𝒗𝟎 𝟏− 𝒕𝒅 − 𝒕𝒃 + 𝝅ൗ𝟐𝝎
𝟐𝑽𝟎
∆𝐋 2
𝒗𝟎 𝜷𝒊 𝑽𝟏 𝒗𝟎 𝝅 𝒗𝟎 𝜷𝒊 𝑽𝟏 𝝅
∆𝐋𝒔 = 𝒗𝟎 𝒕𝒅 − 𝒕𝒃 − 𝒕𝒅 − 𝒕 𝒃 + ൗ𝟐𝝎 −
𝟐𝑽𝟎 𝟐𝑽𝟎 𝟐𝝎
 KLYSTRON – VELOCITY MODULATION
OBJECTIVE : VELOCITY MODULATION OF ELECTRONS IN THE DRIFT SPACE

FROM EITHER OF THE EQUATIONS, 𝒕𝒅 − 𝒕𝒃 IS TO BE EVALUATED

EQUATION 1 WILL GIVE + &
EQUATION 2 WILL YIELD -
𝒗𝟎 𝜷𝒊 𝑽𝟏 𝒗𝟎 𝝅 𝒗𝟎 𝜷𝒊 𝑽𝟏
𝒕𝒅 − 𝒕𝒃 = 𝟏±
𝟐𝑽𝟎 𝟐𝝎 𝟐𝑽𝟎

SINCE 𝜷𝒊 𝑽𝟏 ≪ 𝟐𝑽𝟎 THE SECOND TERM IN THE RHS MAY BE NEGLECTED

𝑽𝟎 𝝅
𝒕𝒅 − 𝒕𝒃 ≅
𝜷𝒊 𝑽𝟏 𝝎
AND
𝑽𝟎 𝝅
∆𝐋 = 𝒗𝟎
𝜷𝒊 𝑽𝟏 𝝎

THE SAME RESULT CAN BE DERIVED BY EQUATING EQUATIONS 1 & 2 SINCE ∆𝐋 (WITH
APPROPRIATE PHASE SHIFTS IS THE SAME FOR SLOWER AND FASTER 𝒆−
 KLYSTRON – VELOCITY MODULATION
OBJECTIVE : CONSEQUENCES OF THE ANALYSIS THUS FAR

𝒆− THAT ENTER THE DRIFT SPACE, DOES NOT HAVE ANY RF FIELD FOR ACCELERATION
HENCE THEY WILL PROGRESS ALONG THE TUBE WITH INERTIA

BUNCHING DOES INDEED TAKE PLACE @ A DISTANCE OF ∆𝐋

THIS IS CALLED VELOCITY MODULATION AND RESULTS IN BUNCHING

AS THE FASTEST AND SLOWEST 𝒆− MEET @ ∆𝐋 AS DO THE INTERVENING 𝒆−

DUE TO RESONANT CAVITY AND INPUT EXCITATION, OTHER FREQUENCIES DO NOT EXIST

BUNCHING TAKES PLACE @ ∆𝐋 BUT NO WORD SO FAR ON OPTIMAL BUNCHING POINT

FLOW OF BUNCHED 𝒆− REPRESENT CURRENT THAT WILL RISE & EBB @ THE CHOSEN RF

ENERGY FROM THE 𝒆− IS TO BE CAPTURED @ THE CATCHER CAVITY

HOW AND @ WHAT DISTANCE i.e. L IS THE NEXT DISCUSSION

 KLYSTRON – LENGTH OF DRIFT SPACE
OBJECTIVE : BUSINESS OF CATCHING OR RATHER CAPTURING ENERGY

TRANSIT TIME IN THE DRIFT SPACE IS GIVEN BY 𝒕𝟐 − 𝒕𝟏

NOTE THAT 𝒕𝒅 − 𝒕𝒃 WAS EVALUATED IN ANALYSIS OF FASTEST AND SLOWEST 𝒆−

𝑳 𝑳
𝑻 = 𝒕𝟐 − 𝒕𝟏 = =
𝒗 𝒕𝟏 𝜷𝒊 𝑽𝟏 𝜽𝒈
𝒗𝟎 𝟏 + 𝟐𝑽 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝎𝒕𝟏 − 𝟐
𝟎

BINOMIAL EXPANSION YIELDS

𝜷𝒊 𝑽𝟏 𝜽𝒈
𝑻 = 𝑻𝟎 𝟏 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝎𝒕𝟏 −
𝟐𝑽𝟎 𝟐

ARRIVAL ANGLE @ CATCHER CAVITY IS GIVEN BY 𝛚𝑻

𝜷𝒊 𝑽𝟏 𝜽𝒈 𝜽𝒈
𝝎𝑻 = 𝝎𝑻𝟎 𝟏− 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝎𝒕𝟏 − = 𝜽𝟎 − 𝑿𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝎𝒕𝟏 −
𝟐𝑽𝟎 𝟐 𝟐

𝝎𝑳 𝜷𝒊 𝑽𝟏
𝜽𝟎 = 𝝎𝑻𝟎 = 𝑿= 𝜽
𝒗𝟎 𝟐𝑽𝟎 𝟎
 KLYSTRON – MAIN DESIGN PARAMETERS
OBJECTIVE : FOUR MAIN DESIGN PARAMETERS OF THE KLYSTRON

𝝎𝒅
TRANSIT ANGLE ACROSS GAP 𝜽𝒈 = 𝟐𝒗
𝟎
THIS IS KEPT AS LOW AS POSSIBLE TO ENSURE RF VOLTAGE DOES NOT CHANGE DURING THE
TRANSIT OF THE ELECTRON
ACHIEVED BY LEAST POSSIBLE GAP 𝒅 & LARGEST POSSIBLE 𝒗𝟎 -EFFECT OF BEAM VOLTAGE𝑽𝟎

𝜽𝒈
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐
BEAM COUPLING COEFFICIENT 𝜷𝒊 = 𝜽𝒈
𝟐
KEPT AS CLOSE TO UNITY TO ENSURE MAXIMUM COUPLING OF RF ENERGY TO 𝒆− BEAM

𝝎𝑳
TRANSIT ANGLE ACROSS DRIFT SPACE 𝜽𝟎 = 𝒗𝟎
𝑳 ADJUSTED SO THAT RF CYCLE IS @ -ve MAX AT CATCHER CAVITY TO ENSURE MAX
RETARDATION OF 𝒆− & CONSEQUENT MAX ENERGY TRANSFER FROM 𝒆− BEAM TO CAVITY
(RF o/p)

𝜷𝒊 𝑽𝟏
BUNCHING PARAMETER 𝑿 = 𝜽
𝟐𝑽𝟎 𝟎
WILL BE SEEN LATER THAT THIS PARAMETER FIGURES IN A BESSEL’s FUNCTION AND IS TO BE
SET @ 1.841 FOR MAXIMUM CURRENT a.k.a POWER
 KLYSTRON – OUTPUT CURRENT
OBJECTIVE : EVALUATION OF CURRENT @ CATCHER CAVITY

IF THE QUIESCENT CURRENT IN THE KLYSTRON (WITHOUT THE RF ) IS 𝑰𝟎

CHARGE ACROSS GAP 𝒅 @ INPUT CAVITY IS GIVEN BY 𝐝𝐐 = 𝑰𝟎 𝒅𝒕𝟎

BY LAW OF CONSERVATION OF CHARGES, THE SAME CHARGE PASSES THROUGH THE

CATCHER CAVITY
𝑰𝟎
𝑰𝟎 𝒅𝒕𝟎 = 𝒊𝟐 𝒅𝒕𝟐 AND 𝒊𝟐 = 𝒅𝒕𝟐
1
ൗ𝒅𝒕
𝟎

𝒆− BUNCHES ARRIVE AT CATCHER CAVITY @ -ve MAX OF RF CYCLE (𝑳 IS SO ADJUSTED)

𝑳
TRANSIT TIME IN THE DRIFT SPACE IS GIVEN BY 𝒕𝟐 − 𝒕𝟏 = 𝒗 𝒕
𝟏

𝑳 𝑳 𝜷𝒊 𝑽𝟏 𝜽𝒈
𝒕𝟐 = 𝒕𝟎 + 𝝉 + = 𝒕𝟎 + 𝝉 + 𝟏− 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝎𝒕𝟎 +
𝒗 𝒕𝟏 𝒗𝟎 𝟐𝑽𝟎 𝟐

DIFFERENTIATING wrt 𝒕𝟎 WE GET 𝜽𝟎

𝒅𝒕𝟐 𝝎𝑳 𝜷𝒊 𝑽𝟏 𝜽𝒈 2
=𝟏− 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝎𝒕𝟎 +
𝒅𝒕𝟎 𝒗𝟎 𝟐𝑽𝟎 𝟐
 KLYSTRON – OUTPUT CURRENT
OBJECTIVE : THAT BESSEL’s FUNCTION AGAIN
𝑿
𝜷𝒊 𝑽𝟏 𝜽𝒈
𝒅𝒕𝟐 = 𝒅𝒕𝟎 𝟏 − 𝜽𝟎 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝎𝒕𝟎 +
𝟐𝑽𝟎 𝟐

𝑰𝟎
𝒊𝟐 =
𝒅𝒕𝟐
ൗ𝒅𝒕
𝟎

𝑰𝟎 𝑰𝟎
𝒊𝟐 = =
𝜽𝒈 𝜽𝒈
𝟏 − 𝑿 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝎𝒕𝟎 + 𝟐 𝟏 − 𝑿 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝎𝒕𝟐 − 𝜽𝟎 − 𝟐

THE CURRENT BEING PERIODIC CAN BE EXPANDED THROUGH FOURIER SERIES YIELDING
nth ORDER BESSEL FUNCTION OF THE FIRST KIND
∞
𝜽𝒈
𝒊𝟐 = 𝑰𝟎 + ෍ 𝟐𝑰𝟎 𝑱𝒏 𝒏𝑿 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒏 𝝎𝒕𝟐 − 𝜽𝟎 −
𝟐
𝒏=𝟏

AS IS EXPECTED THERE ARE MULTIPLE FREQUENCIES CREATED BY THE PULSED CURRENT

 KLYSTRON – OUTPUT CURRENT
OBJECTIVE : THAT BESSEL’s FUNCTION AGAIN

THE OUTPUT CAVITY IS TUNED FOR THE RESONANT FREQUENCY OF INTEREST

AS THE OTHER FREQUENCIES HAVE A SHORT LIFE, THE FUNDAMENTAL FREQUENCY

SURVIVES AND IS GIVEN BY
𝑰𝒇 = 𝟐𝑰𝟎 𝑱𝟏 𝑿

THE FUNDAMENTAL COMPONENT OF CURRENT HAS A MAX AMPLITUDE @ 𝑿 = 𝟏. 𝟖𝟒𝟏

𝑱𝟏 𝟏. 𝟖𝟒𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟖𝟐

𝟑. 𝟔𝟖𝟐𝑽𝟎 𝒗𝟎
𝑳𝒐𝒑𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒎 =
𝝎𝜷𝒊 𝑽𝟏
EARLIER 𝑳 WAS COMPUTED AS
𝑽𝟎 𝝅
∆𝐋 = 𝒗𝟎
𝜷𝒊 𝑽𝟏 𝝎

DIFFERENCE TO THE TUNE OF 15% IS DUE TO APPROXIMATIONS MADE IN THE BINOMIAL

SERIES EXPANSION & DERIVATION OF 𝒕𝒅 − 𝒕𝒃
KLYSTRON – POWER OUTPUT & EFFICIENCY
OBJECTIVE : MEAT OF THE MATTER

THE 𝒆− BUNCHES ARRIVE AT CATCHER CAVITY WHEN RF IS AT ITS MAX RETARDING PHASE

DUE TO THESE 𝒆− CURRENT INDUCED ON WALLS OF THE RESONANT CAVITY IS MAXIMUM

THE FUNDAMENTAL COMPONENT OF CURRENT IS GIVEN BY

𝒊𝟐𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒇 = 𝜷𝟎 𝟐𝑰𝟎 𝑱𝟏 𝑿 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒏𝝎 𝒕𝟐 − 𝝉 − 𝑻𝟎

THE FUNDAMENTAL COMPONENT OF CURRENT HAS A MAX AMPLITUDE

𝑰𝟐𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒇 = 𝜷𝟎 𝑰𝟐 = 𝜷𝟎 𝟐𝑰𝟎 𝑱𝟏 𝑿

OUTPUT POWER IS
𝜷𝟎 𝑰𝟐 𝑽𝟐
𝑷𝒐𝒖𝒕 =
𝟐
EFFICIENCY OF THE KLYSTRON IS
𝜷𝟎 𝑰𝟐 𝑽𝟐
𝜼=
𝟐𝑽𝟎 𝑰𝟎
 PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS KLYSTRON
OBJECTIVE : PRACTICAL ASPECTS (MAY NOT BE NOT COVERED IN PRESCRIBED TEXT BOOK)

𝒆− BUNCHING IS NEVER COMPLETE IN A KLYSTRON & THE TUBE IS NOISY

𝜼
𝟔𝟎
𝟓𝟎
4𝟎
𝟑𝟎
𝟐𝟎
1𝟎
𝝅 𝜽𝒈
𝟎 𝝅 𝟑𝝅 2𝝅
𝟐 𝟐
THEORETICAL EFFICIENCY IS 58% BUT PRACTICAL KLYSTRONS HAVE EFFICIENCIES
BETWEEN 15 TO 30 %

TUBES WITH 75 % EFFICIENCY & 50kW POWER HAVE BEEN DEMONSTRATED

TUBES WITH 250kV, 24 MW @ 2.5 GHz ARE IN USE

 PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS KLYSTRON
OBJECTIVE : PRACTICAL ASPECTS (MAY NOT BE NOT COVERED IN PRESCRIBED TEXT BOOK)

LIFE OF KLYSTRON IS BETWEEN 5 TO 10 YEARS

MULTICAVITY CAVITY KLYSTRONS USED FOR ENHANCING POWER & SOME INCREASED BW

PEAK TUNING AND SWEEP TUNING

FAN and COOLING

MAJOR ALARMS (BEAM CURRENT, AIRFLOW, DOOR OPEN, EXCESSIVE VSWR, TEMP

MINOR ALARMS

DEHYDRATORS
 KLYSTRON – ASSUMPTIONS
OBJECTIVE : ASSUMPTIONS MADE IN ANALYSIS OF KLYSTRON THAT ARE BORNE OUT

𝒆− FLOW IN THE FORM OF A BEAM BETWEEN THE CATHODE & COLLECTOR / REPELLER

THE 𝒆− BEAM HAS UNIFORM CHARGE DENSITY

THE 𝒆− BEAM WILL CREATE A SPACE CHARGE AND THE RESULTANT FIELD IS NEGLIGIBLE
COMPARED TO THE FIELD GENERATED BY THE BEAM VOLTAGE

THE COLLECTOR GETS HEATED AND SPECIAL AIR FLOW ARRANGEMENTS ARE MADE TO
COOL THE KLYSTRON

𝒆− PASS THROUGH THE GRILL-LIKE ANODE & CONTINUE ITS TRAVEL IN THE DRIFT SPACE

VERY POWERFUL MAGNETS PROVIDE NECESSARY FIELD TO FOCUS THE 𝒆− BEAM

𝒆− AT THE END OF THE TRAVEL GET COLLECTED @ THE COLLECTOR WHICH IS AT A +ve
POTENTIAL (NOT AS HIGH AS THE BEAM VOLTAGE) & WALLS OF CAVITY IN REFLEX
KLYSTRON